Chapter 15
Cardiovascular
Disease:
Reducing Your Risk
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation
prepared by
Michael Hall
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Objectives
Discuss the incidence, prevalence, and outcomes of
cardiovascular disease.
Describe the anatomy and physiology of the heart and
circulatory system and the importance of healthy heart
function.
Review major types of heart disease, factors that contribute to
their development, diagnostic and treatment options and the
importance of fundamental lifestyle modifications aimed at
prevention.
Discuss controllable and uncontrollable risk factors for
cardiovascular disease; your own risk profile, and determine
the risk factors you can and cannot control.
Discuss methods of diagnosing and treating cardiovascular
disease.
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2001 Total Cardiovascular Disease Rates by State
and Gender, Age Adjusted
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2001 Total Cardiovascular Disease Rates by State
and Gender, Age Adjusted (continued)
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An Epidemiological Overview
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of
death in the U.S.
In 2005 CVD accounted for approximately 38 percent
of all deaths
CVD has been the number one killer in the U.S. since
1900 except for 1918 (influenza)
More that 2,500 Americans die from CVD each day
Among women, 1 in 2.6 deaths from CVD
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Prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases in
American Men and Women, Ages 20 and Older
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Death Rates for Cardiovascular Disease, Including
CHD and Stroke for Selected Countries
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ABC News: Cardiovascular Disease
Play
Video
| Cardiovascular Disease
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ABC News: Cardiovascular Disease
Discussion Questions:
How does inflammation account for nearly 85% of all
heart attacks?
What test measures inflammation and how expensive
is it?
Why have physicians been hesitate to order tests to
measure inflammation?
What dietary changes are recommended to lower
inflammation?
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Understanding The Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular system includes: the heart, arteries,
arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
The heart
• Muscular, four chambered pump
• Contracts 100,000 times per day
• Two upper chambers: atria
• Two lower chambers: ventricles
• Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic valves
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Heart Function
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium
From the right atrium blood moves to the right
ventricle, pumped through the pulmonary artery to the
lungs
Oxygen blood enters the left atrium
Blood from the left atrium is forced into the left
ventricle
The left ventricle pumps blood through the aorta to
various parts of the body
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Anatomy of the Heart
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Types Of Cardiovascular Disease
Atherosclerosis
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Chest pain (angina pectoris)
Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Congenital and rheumatic heart disease
Stroke
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Percentage Breakdown of Deaths from
Cardiovascular Disease in the United States, 2001
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Artherosclerosis
Characterized by deposits of fatty substances,
cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and
fibrin in the inner lining of the artery
Hyperlipidemia – abnormally high blood lipid level
Plaque – the buildup of deposits in the arteries
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Coronary Heart Disease
Myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack – blood
supplying the heart is disrupted
Coronary thrombosis – blood clot in the artery
Embolus – when the blood clot is dislodged and
moves through the circulatory system
Collateral circulation - if blockage to the heart is
minor, an alternative blood flow is selected
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Angina Pectoris
Ischemia – reduction of the heart’s blood and oxygen
supply
The more serious the oxygen deprivation the more
severe the pain
Nitroglycerin – drug used to relax (dilate) the veins
Beta blockers control potential overactivity of the
heart muscle
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Arrythmias
An irregularity in heart rhythm
Tachycardia – racing heart in the absence of exercise
or anxiety
Bradycardia – abnormally slow heartbeat
Fibrillation – heart beat is sporadic, quivering pattern
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Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Damaged or overworked heart muscle is unable to
keep blood circulating normally
Affects over 5 million Americans
Damage to heart muscle may result from: rheumatic
fever, pneumonia, heart attack, or other cardiovascular
problem
Lack of proper circulation may allow blood to
accumulate in the vessels of the legs, ankles, or lungs
Diuretics relieve fluid accumulation
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Congenital And Rheumatic Heart Disease
Congenital heart disease affects 1 out of 125 children
born
May be due to hereditary factors, maternal diseases,
or chemical intake (alcohol) during fetal development
Rheumatic heart disease results from rheumatic fever
which affects connective tissue
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Stroke
Occurs when the blood supply to the brain is
interrupted
Thrombus – blood clot
Embolus – free flowing clot
Aneurysm – bulging or burst blood vessel
Transient ischemic attack (TIA) – brief interruptions
that cause temporary impairment
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Common Blood Vessel Disorders
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Reducing Your Risk For Cardiovascular Diseases
Risks you can control
• Avoid tobacco
• Cut back on saturated fat and cholesterol
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Modify dietary habits
• Exercise regularly
• Control diabetes
• Control blood pressure
• Systolic – upper number
• Diastolic – lower number
• Manage stress
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Reducing Your Risk For Cardiovascular Diseases
Risks you cannot control
• Heredity
• Age
• Gender
• Race
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Classification of LDL, Total, and HDL Cholesterol
(mg/dl) and Recommended Levels for Adults
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Women And Cardiovascular Disease
2003, CVD deaths
• 426,800 men
• 483,800 women
Estrogen
• Once estrogen production stops, risk for CVD death increases
Diagnostic and therapeutic differences
• Delay in diagnosing possible heart attack
• Complexity in interpreting chest pain in women
• Less aggressive treatment of female heart attack victims
• Smaller coronary arteries in women
Gender bias in CVD research – typically CVD research has been
conducted on male subjects
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New Weapons Against Heart Disease
Techniques for diagnosing heart disease
• Electrocardiogram (ECG)
• Angiography
• Positron emission tomography (PET)
• Single positron emission color tomography
(SPECT)
• Radionuclide imaging
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Ultrafast CT
• Digital cardiac angiography (DSA)
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Angioplasty Versus Bypass Surgery
Angioplasty – a thin catheter is threaded through the
blocked arteries. The catheter has a balloon on the tip
which is inflated to flatten the fatty deposits against
the wall of the artery
Coronary bypass surgery – a blood vessel is taken
from another site and implanted to bypass blocked
arteries and transport blood
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Aspirin For Heart Disease?
Research shows that 80 milligrams of aspirin every
other day is beneficial to heart patients due to its
blood thinning properties
Some side effects of aspirin: gastrointestinal
intolerance and a tendency for difficulty with blood
clotting
Should only be taken under the advice of your
physician
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Thrombolysis
If victim reaches an emergency room and is diagnosed
quickly, thrombolysis can be performed
Thrombolysis involves injecting an agent such as
tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) to dissolve the
clot and restore some blood flow
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Cardiac Rehabilitation
Every year, 1 million people survive heart attacks
Cardiac rehabilitation exercise training increases
stamina and strength, and promotes recovery
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Personal Advocacy And Heart-Smart Behaviors
Know your rights as a patient
Find out about informed consent procedures, living
wills, durable power of attorney, organ donation, and
other legal issues BEFORE you become sick
Ask about alternative procedures
Remain with your loved one as a personal advocate
Monitor the actions of health care providers
Be considerate of your care provider
Be patient with the patient
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