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New Zealand Annex 2.00, Amendment 46

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Reference of SARP's
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Chapter 1
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS Civil Aviation Rules No Difference Note: The Civil Aviation
Reference (CAR) Part 1. Act, Civil Aviation Rules,
and Advisory Circulars are
CHAPTER 1. DEFINITIONS available on the CAANZ
website,
Definition http://www.caa.govt.nz/.
AIP New Zealand is
available on
Note 1.— Throughout the text of this document the term
http://www.aip.net.nz/.
“service” is used as an abstract noun to designate functions,
or service rendered; the term “unit” is used to designate a
collective body performing a service.

Note 2.— The designation (RR) in these definitions

indicates a definition which has been extracted from the
Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication
Union (ITU) (see Handbook on Radio Frequency Spectrum
Requirements for Civil Aviation including statement of
approved ICAO policies (Doc 9718)).

When the following terms are used in the International

Standards for Rules of the Air, they have the following
meanings:

Acrobatic flight. Manoeuvres intentionally performed by an

aircraft involving an abrupt change in its attitude, an abnormal
attitude, or an abnormal variation in speed.

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Chapter 1
ADS-C agreement. A reporting plan which establishes the CARs. Less protective Not specifically defined in
Reference conditions of ADS-C data reporting (i.e. data required by the or partially CA Rules.
air traffic services unit and frequency of ADS-C reports which implemented or
have to be agreed to prior to using ADS-C in the provision of not
air traffic services). implemented
Definition
Note.— The terms of the agreement will be exchanged
between the ground system and the aircraft by means of a
contract, or a series of contracts.

Chapter 1
Advisory airspace. An airspace of defined dimensions, or CARs. Not Applicable New Zealand does not
Reference designated route, within which air traffic advisory service is have advisory airspace.
available.

Definition

Chapter 1
Advisory route. A designated route along which air traffic Not Applicable New Zealand does not
Reference advisory service is available. have advisory routes.

Definition

Chapter 1
Aerodrome. A defined area on land or water (including any CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be used
either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface
movement of aircraft.

Definition

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Chapter 1
Aerodrome control service. Air traffic control service for CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference aerodrome traffic.

Definition

Chapter 1
Aerodrome control tower. A unit established to provide air CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference traffic control service to aerodrome traffic.

Definition

Chapter 1
Aerodrome traffic. All traffic on the manoeuvring area of an CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference aerodrome and all aircraft flying in the vicinity of an
aerodrome.

Note.— An aircraft is in the vicinity of an aerodrome

Definition when it is in, entering or leaving an aerodrome traffic circuit.

Chapter 1
Aerodrome traffic zone. An airspace of defined dimensions Not Applicable Not used in New Zealand.
Reference established around an aerodrome for the protection of
aerodrome traffic.

Definition

Chapter 1
Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP). A publication CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference issued by or with the authority of a State and containing
aeronautical information of a lasting character essential to air
navigation.

Definition

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Chapter 1
Aeronautical station (RR S1.81). A land station in the CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference aeronautical mobile service. In certain instances, an
aeronautical station may be located, for example, on board
ship or on a platform at sea.

Definition

Chapter 1
Aeroplane. A power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces
which remain fixed under given conditions of flight.

Definition

Chapter 1
Airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS). An aircraft CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference system based on secondary surveillance radar (SSR)
transponder signals which operates independently of
ground-based equipment to provide advice to the pilot on
potential conflicting aircraft that are equipped with SSR
Definition transponders.

Chapter 1
Aircraft. Any machine that can derive support in the CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than the
reactions of the air against the earth’s surface.

Definition

Chapter 1
Air-ground control radio station. An aeronautical CARs. Less protective Not specifically defined in
Reference telecommunication station having primary responsibility for or partially CA Rules.
handling communications pertaining to the operation and implemented or
control of aircraft in a given area. not
implemented
Definition

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Chapter 1
Air-taxiing. Movement of a helicopter/VTOL above the AIPNZ GEN 2.2. No Difference
Reference surface of an aerodrome, normally in ground effect and at a
ground speed normally less than 37 km/h (20 kt).

Note.— The actual height may vary, and some

Definition helicopters may require air-taxiing above 8 m (25 ft) AGL to
reduce ground effect turbulence or provide clearance for
cargo slingloads.

Chapter 1
Air traffic. All aircraft in flight or operating on the Civil Aviation (CA) Act No Difference
Reference manoeuvring area of an aerodrome. 1990 s2; CAR Part 1.

Definition

Chapter 1
Air traffic advisory service. A service provided within CAR Part 1. Different in CAR Part 1 definition New Zealand does not
Reference advisory airspace to ensure separation, in so far as practical, character or substitutes "Class F have advisory airspace.
between aircraft which are operating on IFR flight plans. other means of airspace" for "advisory
compliance airspace".

Definition

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Chapter 1
Air traffic control clearance. Authorization for an aircraft to CA Act 1990 s2; CAR No Difference
Reference proceed under conditions specified by an air traffic control Part 1.
unit.

Note 1.— For convenience, the term “air traffic control

Definition clearance” is frequently abbreviated to “clearance” when
used in appropriate contexts.

Note 2.— The abbreviated term “clearance” may be

prefixed by the words “taxi”, “take-off”, “departure”, “en
route”, “approach” or “landing” to indicate the particular
portion of flight to which the air traffic control clearance
relates.

Chapter 1
Air traffic control service. A service provided for the purpose CA Act 1990 s2; CAR No Difference Note: in 2)b) the words "a
Reference of: Part 1. safe and efficient" are
used insteao of "an
a) preventing collisions: orderly".

Definition 1) between aircraft, and

2) on the manoeuvring area between aircraft and

obstructions, and

b) expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air

traffic.

Chapter 1
Air traffic control unit. A generic term meaning variously, CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference area control centre, approach control unit or aerodrome
control tower.

Definition

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Chapter 1
Air traffic service. A generic term meaning variously, flight CA Act 1990 s2; CAR No Difference
Reference information service, alerting service, air traffic advisory Part 1.
service, air traffic control service (area control service,
approach control service or aerodrome control service).

Definition

Chapter 1
Air traffic services airspaces. Airspaces of defined CARs. Different in Not specifically defined in Rules for designation and
Reference dimensions, alphabetically designated, within which specific character or CARs. classification of airspace
types of flights may operate and for which air traffic services other means of are prescribed in CAR Part
and rules of operation are specified. compliance 71 Designation and
Classification of Airspace.
Definition Note.— ATS airspaces are classified as Class A to G.

Chapter 1
Air traffic services reporting office. A unit established for the CARs. Less protective Not specifically defined in
Reference purpose of receiving reports concerning air traffic services or partially CA Rules.
and flight plans submitted before departure. implemented or
not
Note.— An air traffic services reporting office may be implemented
Definition established as a separate unit or combined with an existing
unit, such as another air traffic services unit, or a unit of the
aeronautical information service.

Chapter 1
Air traffic services unit. A generic term meaning variously, air CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference traffic control unit, flight information centre or air traffic
services reporting office.

Definition

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Chapter 1
Airway. A control area or portion thereof established in the Not Applicable No control areas in New
Reference form of a corridor. Zealand are designated
"airways".

Definition

Chapter 1
Alerting service. A service provided to notify appropriate CA Act 1990 s2; CAR No Difference
Reference organizations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue Part 1.
aid, and assist such organizations as required.

Definition

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Chapter 1
Alternate aerodrome. An aerodrome to which an aircraft may CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference proceed when it becomes either impossible or inadvisable to
proceed to or to land at the aerodrome of intended landing
where the necessary services and facilities are available, where
aircraft performance requirements can be met and which is
Definition operational at the expected time of use. Alternate aerodromes
include the following:

Take-off alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which an

aircraft would be able to land should this become necessary
shortly after take-off and it is not possible to use the
aerodrome of departure.

En-route alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which an

aircraft would be able to land in the event that a diversion
becomes necessary while en route.

Destination alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which

an aircraft would be able to land should it become either
impossible or inadvisable to land at the aerodrome of intended
landing.

Note.— The aerodrome from which a flight departs may

also be an en-route or a destination alternate aerodrome for
that flight.

Chapter 1
Altitude. The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference considered as a point, measured from mean sea level (MSL).

Definition

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Chapter 1
Approach control service. Air traffic control service for CA Act 1990 s2; CAR No Difference
Reference arriving or departing controlled flights. Part 1.

Definition

Chapter 1
Approach control unit. A unit established to provide air CAR Part 1. Different in "Office" used instead of
Reference traffic control service to controlled flights arriving at, or character or "unit".
departing from, one or more aerodromes. other means of
compliance

Definition

Chapter 1
Appropriate ATS authority. The relevant authority CARs. Less protective Not defined in CA Rules. Actual designation is in
Reference designated by the State responsible for providing air traffic or partially CA Act 1990 s99.
services in the airspace concerned. implemented or
not
implemented
Definition

Chapter 1
Appropriate authority. CARs. Less protective Not defined in CA Rules.
Reference or partially
a) Regarding flight over the high seas: The relevant implemented or
authority of the State of Registry. not
implemented
Definition b) Regarding flight other than over the high seas: The
relevant authority of the State having sovereignty over the
territory being overflown.

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Chapter 1
Apron. A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading
passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking or maintenance.

Definition

Chapter 1
Area control centre. A unit established to provide air traffic CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference control service to controlled flights in control areas under its
jurisdiction.

Definition

Chapter 1
Area control service. Air traffic control service for controlled CA Act 1990 s2; CAR No Difference
Reference flights in control areas. Part 1.

Definition

Chapter 1
Area navigation (RNAV). A method of navigation which CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference permits aircraft operation on any desired flight path within the
coverage of ground- or space-based navigation aids or within
the limits of the capability of self-contained aids, or a
combination of these.
Definition
Note.— Area navigation includes performance-based
navigation as well as other operations that do not meet the
definition of performance-based navigation.

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Chapter 1
ATS route. A specified route designed for channelling the AIP New Zealand ENR 3.1 No Difference
Reference flow of traffic as necessary for the provision of air traffic and ENR 3.2.
services.

Note 1.— The term “ATS route” is used to mean

Definition variously, airway, advisory route, controlled or uncontrolled
route, arrival or departure route, etc.

Note 2.— An ATS route is defined by route specifications

which include an ATS route designator, the track to or from
significant points (waypoints), distance between significant
points, reporting requirements and, as determined by the
appropriate ATS authority, the lowest safe altitude.

Chapter 1
Automatic dependent surveillance — broadcast (ADS-B). A AIPNZ GEN 2.2. No Difference
Reference means by which aircraft, aerodrome vehicles and other objects
can automatically transmit and/or receive data such as
identification, position and additional data, as appropriate, in a
broadcast mode via a data link.
Definition

Chapter 1
Automatic dependent surveillance — contract (ADS-C). A AIPNZ GEN 2.2. No Difference To be added to AIPNZ
Reference means by which the terms of an ADS-C agreement will be definitions.
exchanged between the ground system and the aircraft, via a
data link, specifying under what conditions ADS-C reports
would be initiated, and what data would be contained in the
Definition reports.

Note.— The abbreviated term “ADS contract” is

commonly used to refer to ADS event contract, ADS demand
contract, ADS periodic contract or an emergency mode.

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Chapter 1
Ceiling. The height above the ground or water of the base of CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference the lowest layer of cloud below 6 000 metres (20 000 feet)
covering more than half the sky.

Definition

Chapter 1
Changeover point. The point at which an aircraft navigating AIPNZ GEN 2.2. No Difference
Reference on an ATS route segment defined by reference to very high
frequency omnidirectional radio ranges is expected to transfer
its primary navigational reference from the facility behind the
aircraft to the next facility ahead of the aircraft.
Definition
Note.— Changeover points are established to provide
the optimum balance in respect of signal strength and
quality between facilities at all levels to be used and to
ensure a common source of azimuth guidance for all aircraft
operating along the same portion of a route segment.

Chapter 1
Clearance limit. The point to which an aircraft is granted an CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference air traffic control clearance.

Definition

Chapter 1
Command and control (C2) link. The data link between the AC102-1, 102.11(b)(8) No Difference
Reference remotely piloted aircraft and the remote pilot station for the reference.
purposes of managing the flight.

Definition

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Chapter 1
Control area. A controlled airspace extending upwards from a CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference specified limit above the earth.

Definition

Chapter 1
Controlled aerodrome. An aerodrome at which air traffic CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference control service is provided to aerodrome traffic.

Note.— The term “controlled aerodrome” indicates that

air traffic control service is provided to aerodrome traffic but
Definition does not necessarily imply that a control zone exists.

Chapter 1
Controlled airspace. An airspace of defined dimensions CA Act 1990 s2; CAR No Difference
Reference within which air traffic control service is provided in Part 1.
accordance with the airspace classification.

Note.— Controlled airspace is a generic term which

Definition covers ATS airspace Classes A, B, C, D and E as described in
Annex 11, 2.6.

Chapter 1
Controlled flight. Any flight which is subject to an air traffic CA Act 1990 s2; CAR No Difference
Reference control clearance. Part 1.

Definition

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Chapter 1
Controller-pilot data link communications (CPDLC). A AIPNZ GEN 2.2. No Difference Not specifically defined. To be incorporated in
Reference means of communication between controller and pilot, using 2017.
data link for ATC communications.

Definition

Chapter 1
Control zone. A controlled airspace extending upwards from CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference the surface of the earth to a specified upper limit.

Definition

Chapter 1
Cruise climb. An aeroplane cruising technique resulting in a CARs. Less protective Not specifically defined.
Reference net increase in altitude as the aeroplane mass decreases. or partially
implemented or
not
implemented
Definition

Chapter 1
Cruising level. A level maintained during a significant portion CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference of a flight.

Definition

Chapter 1
Current flight plan. The flight plan, including changes, if any, CAR Part 1. Less protective Not specifically defined in
Reference brought about by subsequent clearances. or partially respect of "current".
implemented or
not
implemented
Definition

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Chapter 1
Danger area. An airspace of defined dimensions within which CAR 71.161. No Difference
Reference activities dangerous to the flight of aircraft may exist at
specified times.

Definition

Chapter 1
Data link communications. A form of communication CAR Part 1. Less protective Not specifically defined.
Reference intended for the exchange of messages via a data link. or partially
implemented or
not
implemented
Definition

Chapter 1
Detect and avoid. The capability to see, sense or detect CARs. Less protective Not specifically defined.
Reference conflicting traffic or other hazards and take the appropriate or partially
action. implemented or
not
implemented
Definition

Chapter 1
Estimated off-block time. The estimated time at which the AIPNZ GEN 2.2. No Difference
Reference aircraft will commence movement associated with departure.

Definition

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Chapter 1
Estimated time of arrival. For IFR flights, the time at which it AIPNZ GEN 2.2. No Difference
Reference is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over that designated
point, defined by reference to navigation aids, from which it is
intended that an instrument approach procedure will be
commenced, or, if no navigation aid is associated with the
Definition aerodrome, the time at which the aircraft will arrive over the
aerodrome. For VFR flights, the time at which it is estimated
that the aircraft will arrive over the aerodrome.

Chapter 1
Expected approach time. The time at which ATC expects that AIPNZ ENR 1.5, 3.8. No Difference Not specifically a
Reference an arriving aircraft, following a delay, will leave the holding fix definition, which can be
to complete its approach for a landing. inferred from the reference.

Note.— The actual time of leaving the holding fix will

Definition depend upon the approach clearance.

Chapter 1
Filed flight plan. The flight plan as filed with an ATS unit by CAR Part 1. Less protective Not specifically defined in
Reference the pilot or a designated representative, without any or partially respect of "filed".
subsequent changes. implemented or
not
implemented
Definition

Chapter 1
Flight crew member. A licensed crew member charged with CAR Part 1. Different in Flight crew member means Flight crew licences other
Reference duties essential to the operation of an aircraft during a flight character or a crew member assigned by than pilot and flight
duty period. other means of an operator for duty in an engineer are not issued by
compliance aircraft during flight time as New Zealand.
a pilot or flight engineer.
Definition

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Chapter 1
Flight information centre. A unit established to provide CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference flight information service and alerting service.

Definition

Chapter 1
Flight information region. An airspace of defined CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference dimensions within which flight information service and
alerting service are provided.

Definition

Chapter 1
Flight information service. A service provided for the CA Act 1990 s2; CAR No Difference
Reference purpose of giving advice and information useful for the safe Part 1.
and efficient conduct of flights.

Definition

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Chapter 1
Flight level. A surface of constant atmospheric pressure CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference which is related to a specific pressure datum, 1 013.2
hectopascals (hPa), and is separated from other such surfaces
by specific pressure intervals.

Definition Note 1.— A pressure type altimeter calibrated in

accordance with the Standard Atmosphere:

a) when set to a QNH altimeter setting, will indicate

altitude;

b) when set to a QFE altimeter setting, will indicate

height above the QFE reference datum;

c) when set to a pressure of 1 013.2 hPa, may be used

to indicate flight levels.

Note 2.— The terms “height” and “altitude”, used in

Note 1 above, indicate altimetric rather than geometric
heights and altitudes.

Chapter 1
Flight plan. Specified information provided to air traffic CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference services units, relative to an intended flight or portion of a
flight of an aircraft.

Definition

Chapter 1
Flight visibility. The visibility forward from the cockpit of an CARs. Less protective Not defined in CA Rules.
Reference aircraft in flight. or partially
implemented or
not
implemented
Definition

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Chapter 1
Ground visibility. The visibility at an aerodrome as reported CARs. Less protective Not defined in CA Rules.
Reference by an accredited observer or by automatic systems. or partially
implemented or
not
implemented
Definition

Chapter 1
Heading. The direction in which the longitudinal axis of an CARs. Less protective Not specifically defined
Reference aircraft is pointed, usually expressed in degrees from North or partially (common usage term).
(true, magnetic, compass or grid). implemented or
not
implemented
Definition

Chapter 1
Height. The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference considered as a point, measured from a specified datum.

Definition

Chapter 1
IFR. The symbol used to designate the instrument flight rules. CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference

Definition

Chapter 1
IFR flight. A flight conducted in accordance with the CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference instrument flight rules.

Definition

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Chapter 1
IMC. The symbol used to designate instrument CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference meteorological conditions.

Definition

Chapter 1
Instrument approach operations. An approach and landing CARs, Part 1. No Difference Note: two separate Part 1
Reference using instruments for navigation guidance based on an definitions, 2D instrument
instrument approach procedure. There are two methods for approach operation; and
executing instrument approach operations: 3D instrument approach
operation.
Definition a) a two-dimensional (2D) instrument approach
operation, using lateral navigation guidance only; and

b) a three-dimensional (3D) instrument approach

operation, using both lateral and vertical navigation guidance.

Note.— Lateral and vertical navigation guidance refers

to the guidance provided either by:

a) a ground-based radio navigation aid; or

b) computer-generated navigation data from

ground-based, space-based, self-contained
navigation aids or a combination of these.

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Chapter 1
Instrument approach procedure. A series of predetermined CARs, Part 1. Different in The IAP definition does
Reference manoeuvres by reference to flight instruments with specified character or not include the three
protection from obstacles from the initial approach fix, or other means of classifications; precision
where applicable, from the beginning of a defined arrival route compliance and non-precision
to a point from which a landing can be completed and approaches are defined
Definition thereafter, if a landing is not completed, to a position at which separately, as are 2D and
holding or en-route obstacle clearance criteria apply. 3D instrument approach
Instrument approach procedures are classified as follows: operations; and Types A
and B.
Non-precision approach (NPA) procedure. An instrument
approach procedure designed for 2D instrument approach
operations Type A.
Note.— Non-precision approach procedures may be
flown using a continuous descent final approach (CDFA)
technique. CDFAs with advisory VNAV guidance calculated
by on-board equipment are considered 3D instrument
approach operations. CDFAs with manual calculation of the
required rate of descent are considered 2D instrument
approach operations. For more information on CDFAs, refer
to PANS-OPS (Doc 8168) Volume I, Part II, Section 5.

Approach procedure with vertical guidance (APV). A

performance-based navigation (PBN) instrument approach
procedure designed for 3D instrument approach operations
Type A.

Precision approach (PA) procedure. An instrument approach

procedure based on navigation systems (ILS, MLS, GLS and
SBAS Cat I) designed for 3D instrument approach operations
Type A or B.

Note.— Refer to Annex 6 for instrument approach

operation types.

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Chapter 1
Instrument meteorological conditions. Meteorological CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from
cloud, and ceiling, less than the minima specified for visual
meteorological conditions.

Definition Note.— The specified minima for visual meteorological

conditions are contained in Chapter 4.

Chapter 1
Landing area. That part of a movement area intended for the AIPNZ GEN 2.2. No Difference
Reference landing or take-off of aircraft.

Definition

Chapter 1
Level. A generic term relating to the vertical position of an CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference aircraft in flight and meaning variously, height, altitude or
flight level.

Definition

Chapter 1
Manoeuvring area. That part of an aerodrome to be used for CA Act 1990 s2; CAR No Difference
Reference the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, excluding aprons. Part 1.

Definition

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Chapter 1
Movement area. That part of an aerodrome to be used for the CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the
manoeuvring area and the apron(s).

Definition

Chapter 1
Operator. A person, organization or enterprise engaged in or CA Act 1990; CAR Part 1 No Difference
Reference offering to engage in an aircraft operation. "operate".

Note.— In the context of remotely piloted aircraft, an

aircraft operation includes the remotely piloted aircraft
Definition system.

Chapter 1
Pilot-in-command. The pilot designated by the operator, or in CA Act 1990 s2; CAR No Difference
Reference the case of general aviation, the owner, as being in command Part 1.
and charged with the safe conduct of a flight.

Definition

Chapter 1
Pressure-altitude. An atmospheric pressure expressed in CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference terms of altitude which corresponds to that pressure in the
Standard Atmosphere.*

-------------------------------------------------------------
Definition * As defined in Annex 8.

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Chapter 1
Problematic use of substances. The use of one or more CARs. Less protective Not specifically defined in
Reference psychoactive substances by aviation personnel in a way that: or partially CARs, but related rules are
implemented or 67.103(c)(4) and (5).
a) constitutes a direct hazard to the user or endangers not
the lives, health or welfare of others; and/or implemented
Definition
b) causes or worsens an occupational, social, mental or
physical problem or disorder.

Chapter 1
Prohibited area. An airspace of defined dimensions, above Not Applicable Term not used in New
Reference the land areas or territorial waters of a State, within which the Zealand.
flight of aircraft is prohibited.

Definition

Chapter 1
Psychoactive substances. Alcohol, opioids, cannabinoids, CAR 67.3. No Difference
Reference sedatives and hypnotics, cocaine, other psychostimulants,
hallucinogens, and volatile solvents, whereas coffee and
tobacco are excluded.

Definition

Chapter 1
Radiotelephony. A form of radiocommunication primarily CARs. Less protective Not defined in CA Rules. Common usage term.
Reference intended for the exchange of information in the form of or partially
speech. implemented or
not
implemented
Definition

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Chapter 1
Remote pilot. A person charged by the operator with duties CARs. Less protective Not specifically defined.
Reference essential to the operation of a remotely piloted aircraft and or partially
who manipulates the flight controls, as appropriate, during implemented or
flight time. not
implemented
Definition

Chapter 1
Remote pilot station. The component of the remotely piloted AIPNZ GEN 2.2. No Difference
Reference aircraft system containing the equipment used to pilot the
remotely piloted aircraft.

Definition

Chapter 1
Remotely piloted aircraft (RPA). An unmanned aircraft which AIPNZ GEN 2.2. No Difference
Reference is piloted from a remote pilot station.

Definition

Chapter 1
Remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS). A remotely piloted AIPNZ GEN 2.2. No Difference .
Reference aircraft, its associated remote pilot station(s), the required
command and control links and any other components as
specified in the type design.

Definition

Chapter 1
Repetitive flight plan (RPL). A flight plan related to a series AIPNZ ENR 1.10, 3. Different in Not specifically defined,
Reference of frequently recurring, regularly operated individual flights character or but explained in the
with identical basic features, submitted by an operator for other means of reference.
retention and repetitive use by ATS units. compliance

Definition

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Chapter 1
Reporting point. A specified geographical location in relation CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference to which the position of an aircraft can be reported.

Definition

Chapter 1
Restricted area. An airspace of defined dimensions, above CAR 71.153. No Difference
Reference the land areas or territorial waters of a State, within which the
flight of aircraft is restricted in accordance with certain
specified conditions.

Definition

Chapter 1
RPA observer. A trained and competent person designated by AIPNZ GEN 2.2. No Difference
Reference the operator who, by visual observation of the remotely
piloted aircraft, assists the remote pilot in the safe conduct of
the flight.

Definition

Chapter 1
Runway. A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference prepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft.

Definition

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Chapter 1
Runway-holding position. A designated position intended to AC 139-6. No Difference
Reference protect a runway, an obstacle limitation surface, or an ILS/
MLS critical/sensitive area at which taxiing aircraft and
vehicles shall stop and hold, unless otherwise authorized by
the aerodrome control tower.
Definition
Note.— In radiotelephony phraseologies, the expression
“holding point” is used to designate the runway-holding
position.

Chapter 1
Safety-sensitive personnel. Persons who might endanger CARs. Less protective Not defined in CA Rules.
Reference aviation safety if they perform their duties and functions or partially
improperly including, but not limited to, crew members, aircraft implemented or
maintenance personnel and air traffic controllers. not
implemented
Definition

Chapter 1
Signal area. An area on an aerodrome used for the display of Not Applicable No longer used in New
Reference ground signals. Zealand.

Definition

Chapter 1
Special VFR flight. A VFR flight cleared by air traffic control CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference to operate within a control zone in meteorological conditions
below VMC.

Definition

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Chapter 1
Taxiing. Movement of an aircraft on the surface of an CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference aerodrome under its own power, excluding take-off and
landing.

Definition

Chapter 1
Taxiway. A defined path on a land aerodrome established for AC 139-6. No Difference
Reference the taxiing of aircraft and intended to provide a link between
one part of the aerodrome and another, including:

a) Aircraft stand taxilane. A portion of an apron

Definition designated as a taxiway and intended to provide access to
aircraft stands only.
b) Apron taxiway. A portion of a taxiway system
located on an apron and intended to provide a through taxi
route across the apron.

c) Rapid exit taxiway. A taxiway connected to a

runway at an acute angle and designed to allow landing
aeroplanes to turn off at higher speeds than are achieved on
other exit taxiways thereby minimizing runway occupancy
times.

Chapter 1
Terminal control area. A control area normally established at Not Applicable No New Zealand airspace
Reference the confluence of ATS routes in the vicinity of one or more is designated "Terminal
major aerodromes. control area".

Definition

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Chapter 1
Total estimated elapsed time. For IFR flights, the estimated AIPNZ ENR 1.10, Table Different in Not specifically defined in
Reference time required from take-off to arrive over that designated 1.10 - 1, item 16. character or these terms, but the
point, defined by reference to navigation aids, from which it is other means of explanation is clear
intended that an instrument approach procedure will be compliance enough.
commenced, or, if no navigation aid is associated with the
Definition destination aerodrome, to arrive over the destination
aerodrome. For VFR flights, the estimated time required from
take-off to arrive over the destination aerodrome.

Chapter 1
Track. The projection on the earth’s surface of the path of an CAR Part 1. Less protective Not specifically defined
Reference aircraft, the direction of which path at any point is usually or partially (common usage term).
expressed in degrees from North (true, magnetic or grid). implemented or
not
implemented
Definition

Chapter 1
Traffic avoidance advice. Advice provided by an air traffic CAR Part 172. No Difference
Reference services unit specifying manoeuvres to assist a pilot to avoid
a collision.

Definition

Chapter 1
Traffic information. Information issued by an air traffic CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference services unit to alert a pilot to other known or observed air
traffic which may be in proximity to the position or intended
route of flight and to help the pilot avoid a collision.

Definition

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Chapter 1
Transition altitude. The altitude at or below which the vertical AIPNZ GEN 2.2. No Difference
Reference position of an aircraft is controlled by reference to altitudes.

Definition

Chapter 1
Unmanned free balloon. A non-power-driven, unmanned, CAR Part 101. Different in CAR Part 101 includes
Reference lighter-than-air aircraft in free flight. character or "unmanned" in the
other means of definition of "free balloon".
Note.— Unmanned free balloons are classified as heavy, compliance Manned balloons are
medium or light in accordance with specifications contained referred to simply as
Definition in Appendix 5. "balloons".

Chapter 1
VFR. The symbol used to designate the visual flight rules. CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference

Definition

Chapter 1
VFR flight. A flight conducted in accordance with the visual CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference flight rules.

Definition

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Chapter 1
Visibility. Visibility for aeronautical purposes is the greater of: CAR Part 1. Different in Visibility mean the ability,
Reference character or as determined by
a) the greatest distance at which a black object of other means of atmospheric conditions
suitable dimensions, situated near the ground, can be seen compliance and expressed in units of
and recognized when observed against a bright background; measurement, to see and
Definition identify prominent
b) the greatest distance at which lights in the vicinity of unlighted objects by day
1 000 candelas can be seen and identified against an unlit and prominent lighted
background. objects by night.

Note 1.— The two distances have different

values in air of a given extinction coefficient, and
the latter b) varies with the background
illumination. The former a) is represented by the
meteorological optical range (MOR).

Note. 2.— The definition applies to the

observations of visibility in local routine and
special reports, to the observations of prevailing
and minimum visibility reported in METAR and
SPECI and to the observations of ground visibility.

Chapter 1
Visual line-of-sight (VLOS) operation. An operation in which AC102-1. Different in Not specifically defined,
Reference the remote pilot or RPA observer maintains direct unaided character or but explained in the AC.
visual contact with the remotely piloted aircraft. other means of
compliance

Definition

Chapter 1
Visual meteorological conditions. Meteorological conditions CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and
ceiling, equal to or better than specified minima.

Note.— The specified minima are contained in Chapter

Definition 4.

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Chapter 1
VMC. The symbol used to designate visual meteorological CAR Part 1. No Difference
Reference conditions.

Definition

Chapter 2
CHAPTER 2. APPLICABILITY OF CA Act 1990 s4. No Difference
Reference
2.1.1 THE RULES OF THE AIR

Standard
2.1 Territorial application of the rules of the air

2.1.1 The rules of the air shall apply to aircraft bearing

the nationality and registration marks of a Contracting State,
wherever they may be, to the extent that they do not conflict
with the rules published by the State having jurisdiction over
the territory overflown.

Note.— The Council of the International Civil Aviation

Organization resolved, in adopting Annex 2 in April 1948
and Amendment 1 to the said Annex in November 1951, that
the Annex constitutes Rules relating to the flight and
manoeuvre of aircraft within the meaning of Article 12 of the
Convention. Over the high seas, therefore, these rules apply
without exception.

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Chapter 2
2.1.2 If, and so long as, a Contracting State has not CA Act 1990 s99. No Difference
Reference notified the International Civil Aviation Organization to the
2.1.2 contrary, it shall be deemed, as regards aircraft of its
registration, to have agreed as follows:

Standard For purposes of flight over those parts of the high

seas where a Contracting State has accepted, pursuant to a
regional air navigation agreement, the responsibility of
providing air traffic services, the “appropriate ATS authority”
referred to in this Annex is the relevant authority designated
by the State responsible for providing those services.

Note.— The phrase “regional air navigation

agreement” refers to an agreement approved by the Council
of ICAO normally on the advice of a Regional Air Navigation
Meeting.

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Chapter 2
2.2 Compliance with the rules of the air CA Act 1990 s4; CAR No Difference
Reference Part 91.
2.2 The operation of an aircraft either in flight or on the movement
area of an aerodrome shall be in compliance with the general
rules and, in addition, when in flight, either with:
Standard
a) the visual flight rules; or

b) the instrument flight rules.

Note 1.— Information relevant to the services provided

to aircraft operating in accordance with both visual flight
rules and instrument flight rules in the seven ATS airspace
classes is contained in 2.6.1 and 2.6.3 of Annex 11.

Note 2.— A pilot may elect to fly in accordance with

instrument flight rules in visual meteorological conditions or
may be required to do so by the appropriate ATS authority.

Chapter 2
2.3 Responsibility for compliance with the rules of the air CA Act 1990 s13, s13A. No Difference
Reference
2.3.1
2.3.1 Responsibility of pilot-in-command

Standard The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall, whether

manipulating the controls or not, be responsible for the
operation of the aircraft in accordance with the rules of the air,
except that the pilot-in-command may depart from these rules
in circumstances that render such departure absolutely
necessary in the interests of safety.

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Chapter 2
2.3.2 Pre-flight action CAR 91.217. No Difference
Reference
2.3.2 Before beginning a flight, the pilot-in-command of an aircraft
shall become familiar with all available information appropriate
to the intended operation. Pre-flight action for flights away
Standard from the vicinity of an aerodrome, and for all IFR flights, shall
include a careful study of available current weather reports
and forecasts, taking into consideration fuel requirements and
an alternative course of action if the flight cannot be
completed as planned.

Chapter 2
2.4 Authority of pilot-in-command of an aircraft CA Act 1990 s13. No Difference
Reference
2.4 The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall have final authority
as to the disposition of the aircraft while in command.

Standard

Chapter 2
2.5 Problematic use of psychoactive substances CAR 19.7. No Difference
Reference
2.5 No person whose function is critical to the safety of aviation
(safety-sensitive personnel) shall undertake that function
while under the influence of any psychoactive substance, by
Standard reason of which human performance is impaired. No such
person shall engage in any kind of problematic use of
substances.

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Chapter 3
CHAPTER 3. GENERAL RULES CA Act 1990 s43A. No Difference
Reference
3.1.1

3.1 Protection of persons and property

Standard

3.1.1 Negligent or reckless operation of aircraft

An aircraft shall not be operated in a negligent or reckless

manner so as to endanger life or property of others.

Chapter 3
3.1.2 Minimum heights CAR 91.311. No Difference
Reference
3.1.2 Except when necessary for take-off or landing, or except by
permission from the appropriate authority, aircraft shall not be
flown over the congested areas of cities, towns or settlements
Standard or over an open-air assembly of persons, unless at such a
height as will permit, in the event of an emergency arising, a
landing to be made without undue hazard to persons or
property on the surface.

Note.— See 4.6 for minimum heights for VFR flights and
5.1.2 for minimum levels for IFR flights.

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Chapter 3
3.1.3 Cruising levels CAR 91.313; CAR 91.425. No Difference
Reference
3.1.3 The cruising levels at which a flight or a portion of a flight is
to be conducted shall be in terms of:

Standard a) flight levels, for flights at or above the lowest usable

flight level or, where applicable, above the transition
altitude;

b) altitudes, for flights below the lowest usable flight

level or, where applicable, at or below the transition
altitude.

Note.— The system of flight levels is prescribed in the

Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Aircraft Operations
(Doc 8168).

Chapter 3
3.1.4 Dropping or spraying CAR 91.235. No Difference
Reference
3.1.4 Nothing shall be dropped or sprayed from an aircraft in flight
except under conditions prescribed by the appropriate
authority and as indicated by relevant information, advice
Standard and/or clearance from the appropriate air traffic services unit.

Chapter 3
3.1.5 Towing CAR 91.709, CAR 91.711. No Difference
Reference
3.1.5 No aircraft or other object shall be towed by an aircraft, except
in accordance with requirements prescribed by the appropriate
authority and as indicated by relevant information, advice
Standard and/or clearance from the appropriate air traffic services unit.

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Chapter 3
3.1.6 Parachute descents CAR 91.705; CAR Part No Difference
Reference 105.
3.1.6 Parachute descents, other than emergency descents, shall not
be made except under conditions prescribed by the
appropriate authority and as indicated by relevant information,
Standard advice and/or clearance from the appropriate air traffic
services unit.

Chapter 3
3.1.7 Acrobatic flight CAR 91.701. No Difference
Reference
3.1.7 No aircraft shall be flown acrobatically except under
conditions prescribed by the appropriate authority and as
indicated by relevant information, advice and/or clearance
Standard from the appropriate air traffic services unit.

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Chapter 3
3.1.8 Formation flights CAR 91.227. No Difference
Reference
3.1.8 Aircraft shall not be flown in formation except by
pre-arrangement among the pilots-in-command of the aircraft
taking part in the flight and, for formation flight in controlled
Standard airspace, in accordance with the conditions prescribed by the
appropriate ATS authority(ies). These conditions shall include
the following:

a) the formation operates as a single aircraft with regard

to navigation and position reporting;

b) separation between aircraft in the flight shall be the

responsibility of the flight leader and the
pilots-in-command of the other aircraft in the flight
and shall include periods of transition when aircraft
are manoeuvring to attain their own separation within
the formation and during join-up and breakaway; and

c) a distance not exceeding 1 km (0.5 NM) laterally and

longitudinally and 30 m (100 ft) vertically from the
flight leader shall be maintained by each aircraft.

Chapter 3
3.1.9 Remotely piloted aircraft CAR Part 102. Different in Rule 102.11(4) requires the
Reference character or operator to have a hazard
3.1.9 A remotely piloted aircraft shall be operated in such a manner other means of register that identifies
as to minimize hazards to persons, property or other aircraft compliance known and likely hazards,
and in accordance with the conditions specified in Appendix and provides for
Standard 4. associated risk assessment
and mitigation.

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Chapter 3
3.1.10 Unmanned free balloons CAR Part 101 Subpart C. No Difference
Reference
3.1.10 An unmanned free balloon shall be operated in such a manner
as to minimize hazards to persons, property or other aircraft
and in accordance with the conditions specified in Appendix
Standard 5.

Chapter 3
3.1.11 Prohibited areas and restricted areas CAR 91.129. No Difference
Reference
3.1.11 Aircraft shall not be flown in a prohibited area, or in a
restricted area, the particulars of which have been duly
published, except in accordance with the conditions of the
Standard restrictions or by permission of the State over whose territory
the areas are established.

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Chapter 3
3.2 Avoidance of collisions CAR 91.229(a)(2). No Difference
Reference
3.2 Nothing in these rules shall relieve the pilot-in-command of an
aircraft from the responsibility of taking such action, including
collision avoidance manoeuvres based on resolution
Standard advisories provided by ACAS equipment, as will best avert
collision.

Note 1.— It is important that vigilance for the purpose of

detecting potential collisions be exercised on board an
aircraft, regardless of the type of flight or the class of
airspace in which the aircraft is operating, and while
operating on the movement area of an aerodrome.

Note 2.— Operating procedures for use of ACAS

detailing the responsibilities of the pilot-in-command are
contained in PANS-OPS (Doc 8168), Volume I, Part III,
Section 3, Chapter 3.

Note 3.— Carriage requirements for ACAS equipment

are addressed in Annex 6, Part I, Chapter 6 and Part II,
Chapter 6.

Chapter 3
3.2.1 Proximity CAR 91.227. No Difference
Reference
3.2.1 An aircraft shall not be operated in such proximity to other
aircraft as to create a collision hazard.

Standard

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Chapter 3
3.2.2 Right-of-way CAR 91.229(a)(2). No Difference
Reference
3.2.2 The aircraft that has the right-of-way shall maintain its
heading and speed.

Standard

Chapter 3
3.2.2.1 An aircraft that is obliged by the following rules CAR 91.229(a)(3). No Difference
Reference to keep out of the way of another shall avoid passing over,
3.2.2.1 under or in front of the other, unless it passes well clear and
takes into account the effect of aircraft wake turbulence.

Standard

Chapter 3
3.2.2.2 Approaching head-on. When two aircraft are CAR 91.229(b). No Difference
Reference approaching head-on or approximately so and there is danger
3.2.2.2 of collision, each shall alter its heading to the right.

Standard

Chapter 3
3.2.2.3 Converging. When two aircraft are converging at CAR 91.229(c). No Difference
Reference approximately the same level, the aircraft that has the other on
3.2.2.3 its right shall give way, except as follows:

a) power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft shall give way

Standard to airships, gliders and balloons;

b) airships shall give way to gliders and balloons;

c) gliders shall give way to balloons;

d) power-driven aircraft shall give way to aircraft which

are seen to be towing other aircraft or objects.

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Chapter 3
3.2.2.4 Overtaking. An overtaking aircraft is an aircraft CAR 91.229(d), (e). No Difference
Reference that approaches another from the rear on a line forming an
3.2.2.4 angle of less than 70 degrees with the plane of symmetry of
the latter, i.e. is in such a position with reference to the other
aircraft that at night it should be unable to see either of the
Standard aircraft’s left (port) or right (starboard) navigation lights. An
aircraft that is being overtaken has the right-of-way and the
overtaking aircraft, whether climbing, descending or in
horizontal flight, shall keep out of the way of the other aircraft
by altering its heading to the right, and no subsequent change
in the relative positions of the two aircraft shall absolve the
overtaking aircraft from this obligation until it is entirely past
and clear.

Chapter 3
3.2.2.5 Landing CAR 91.229(f). No Difference
Reference
3.2.2.5.1 3.2.2.5.1 An aircraft in flight, or operating on the ground
or water, shall give way to aircraft landing or in the final stages
of an approach to land.
Standard

Chapter 3
3.2.2.5.2 When two or more heavier-than-air aircraft are CAR 91.229(f). No Difference
Reference approaching an aerodrome for the purpose of landing, aircraft
3.2.2.5.2 at the higher level shall give way to aircraft at the lower level,
but the latter shall not take advantage of this rule to cut in in
front of another which is in the final stages of an approach to
Standard land, or to overtake that aircraft. Nevertheless, power-driven
heavier-than-air aircraft shall give way to gliders.

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Chapter 3
3.2.2.5.3 Emergency landing. An aircraft that is aware CAR 91.229(i). No Difference
Reference that another is compelled to land shall give way to that
3.2.2.5.3 aircraft.

Standard

Chapter 3
3.2.2.6 Taking off. An aircraft taxiing on the CAR 91.229(g). No Difference
Reference manoeuvring area of an aerodrome shall give way to aircraft
3.2.2.6 taking off or about to take off.

Standard

Chapter 3
3.2.2.7 Surface movement of aircraft CAR 91.229(h). No Difference
Reference
3.2.2.7.1 3.2.2.7.1 In case of danger of collision between two
aircraft taxiing on the movement area of an aerodrome the
following shall apply:
Standard
a) when two aircraft are approaching head on, or
approximately so, each shall stop or where
practicable alter its course to the right so as to keep
well clear;

b) when two aircraft are on a converging course, the

one which has the other on its right shall give way;

c) an aircraft which is being overtaken by another

aircraft shall have the right-of-way and the
overtaking aircraft shall keep well clear of the other
aircraft.

Note.— For the description of an overtaking aircraft see

3.2.2.4.

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Chapter 3
3.2.2.7.2 An aircraft taxiing on the manoeuvring area CAR Part 91. Less protective Not specified in CA Rules.
Reference shall stop and hold at all runway-holding positions unless or partially
3.2.2.7.2 otherwise authorized by the aerodrome control tower. implemented or
not
Note.— For runway-holding position markings and implemented
Standard related signs, see Annex 14, Volume I, 5.2.10 and 5.4.2.

Chapter 3
3.2.2.7.3 An aircraft taxiing on the manoeuvring area CAR Part 91. Less protective Not specified in CA Rules.
Reference shall stop and hold at all lighted stop bars and may proceed or partially
3.2.2.7.3 further when the lights are switched off. implemented or
not
implemented
Standard

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Chapter 3
3.2.3 Lights to be displayed by aircraft CAR 91.233, CAR 91.511, No Difference
Reference CAR 91.517.
3.2.3.1 Note 1.— The characteristics of lights intended to meet
the requirements of 3.2.3 for aeroplanes are specified in
Annex 8. Specifications for navigation lights for aeroplanes
Standard are contained in the Appendices to Parts I and II of Annex 6.
Detailed technical specifications for lights for aeroplanes
are contained in Volume II, Part A, Chapter 4 of the
Airworthiness Manual (Doc 9760) and for helicopters in Part
A, Chapter 5 of that document.

Note 2.— In the context of 3.2.3.2 c) and 3.2.3.4 a) an

aircraft is understood to be operating when it is taxiing or
being towed or is stopped temporarily during the course of
taxiing or being towed.

Note 3.— For aircraft on the water see 3.2.6.2.

3.2.3.1 Except as provided by 3.2.3.5, from sunset to

sunrise or during any other period which may be prescribed
by the appropriate authority all aircraft in flight shall display:

a) anti-collision lights intended to attract attention to

the aircraft; and

b) navigation lights intended to indicate the relative

path of the aircraft to an observer and other lights
shall not be displayed if they are likely to be mistaken
for these lights.

Note.— Lights fitted for other purposes, such as landing

lights and airframe floodlights, may be used in addition to
the anti-collision lights specified in the Airworthiness
Manual, Volume II (Doc 9760) to enhance aircraft
conspicuity.

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Chapter 3
3.2.3.2 Except as provided by 3.2.3.5, from sunset to CAR 91.233, CAR 91.511, No Difference
Reference sunrise or during any other period prescribed by the CAR 91.517.
3.2.3.2 appropriate authority:
a) all aircraft moving on the movement area of an
aerodrome shall display navigation lights intended to
Standard indicate the relative path of the aircraft to an observer
and other lights shall not be displayed if they are
likely to be mistaken for these lights;

b) unless stationary and otherwise adequately

illuminated, all aircraft on the movement area of an
aerodrome shall display lights intended to indicate
the extremities of their structure;

c) all aircraft operating on the movement area of an

aerodrome shall display lights intended to attract
attention to the aircraft; and

d) all aircraft on the movement area of an aerodrome

whose engines are running shall display lights which
indicate that fact.

Note.— If suitably located on the aircraft, the navigation

lights referred to in 3.2.3.1 b) may also meet the requirements
of 3.2.3.2 b). Red anti-collision lights fitted to meet the
requirements of 3.2.3.1 a) may also meet the requirements of
3.2.3.2 c) and 3.2.3.2 d) provided they do not subject
observers to harmful dazzle.

Chapter 3
3.2.3.3 Except as provided by 3.2.3.5, all aircraft in flight CAR 91.233. Less protective No requirement for aircraft
Reference and fitted with anti-collision lights to meet the requirement of or partially in flight to display
3.2.3.3 3.2.3.1 a) shall display such lights also outside the period implemented or anti-collision lights outside
specified in 3.2.3.1. not the period from sunset to
implemented sunrise.
Standard

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Chapter 3
3.2.3.4 Except as provided by 3.2.3.5, all aircraft: CAR 91.233. Less protective No requirement for aircraft
Reference or partially operating on the movement
3.2.3.4 a) operating on the movement area of an aerodrome and implemented or area of an aerodrome to
fitted with anti-collision lights to meet the not display anti-collision lights
requirement of 3.2.3.2 c); or implemented or lights to indicate
Standard engines are running
b) on the movement area of an aerodrome and fitted outside the period from
with lights to meet the requirement of 3.2.3.2 d); sunset to sunrise.

shall display such lights also outside the period specified in

3.2.3.2.

Chapter 3
3.2.3.5 A pilot shall be permitted to switch off or reduce CAR 91.233(c). No Difference
Reference the intensity of any flashing lights fitted to meet the
3.2.3.5 requirements of 3.2.3.1, 3.2.3.2, 3.2.3.3 and 3.2.3.4 if they do or
are likely to:

Standard a) adversely affect the satisfactory performance of

duties; or

b) subject an outside observer to harmful dazzle.

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Chapter 3
3.2.4 Simulated instrument flights CAR 91.125. Less protective Outside controlled airspace
Reference or partially simulated instrument flight
3.2.4 An aircraft shall not be flown under simulated instrument implemented or is permitted in an aircraft
flight conditions unless: not that is not equipped with
implemented fully functioning dual
Standard a) fully functioning dual controls are installed in the controls or pitch, roll, yaw
aircraft; and and engine power controls
that can be operated from
b) a qualified pilot occupies a control seat to act as either pilot station if the
safety pilot for the person who is flying under means of simulating
simulated instrument conditions. The safety pilot instrument flight can be
shall have adequate vision forward and to each side removed rapidly by the
of the aircraft, or a competent observer in pilot in command.
communication with the safety pilot shall occupy a
position in the aircraft from which the observer’s field
of vision adequately supplements that of the safety
pilot.

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Chapter 3
3.2.5 Operation on and in the vicinity of CAR 91.223. No Difference
Reference an aerodrome
3.2.5
An aircraft operated on or in the vicinity of an aerodrome
shall, whether or not within an aerodrome traffic zone:
Standard a) observe other aerodrome traffic for the purpose of
avoiding collision;

b) conform with or avoid the pattern of traffic formed by

other aircraft in operation;

c) make all turns to the left, when approaching for a

landing and after taking off, unless otherwise
instructed;

d) land and take off into the wind unless safety, the
runway configuration, or air traffic considerations
determine that a different direction is preferable.

Note 1.— See 3.6.5.1.

Note 2.— Additional rules may apply in aerodrome

traffic zones.

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Chapter 3
3.2.6 Water operations CAR 91.231. No Difference Note: rule incorporates by
Reference reference the International
3.2.6.1 Note.— In addition to the provisions of 3.2.6.1 of this Regulations for Preventing
Annex, rules set forth in the International Regulations for Collisions at Sea.
Preventing Collisions at Sea, developed by the International
Standard Conference on Revision of the International Regulations for
Preventing Collisions at Sea (London, 1972) may be
applicable in certain cases.

3.2.6.1 When two aircraft or an aircraft and a vessel are

approaching one another and there is a risk of collision, the
aircraft shall proceed with careful regard to existing
circumstances and conditions including the limitations of the
respective craft.

Chapter 3
3.2.6.1.1 Converging. An aircraft which has another CAR 91.231. No Difference
Reference aircraft or a vessel on its right shall give way so as to keep
3.2.6.1.1 well clear.

Standard

Chapter 3
3.2.6.1.2 Approaching head-on. An aircraft approaching CAR 91.231. No Difference
Reference another aircraft or a vessel head-on, or approximately so, shall
3.2.6.1.2 alter its heading to the right to keep well clear.

Standard

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Chapter 3
3.2.6.1.3 Overtaking. The aircraft or vessel which is CAR 91.231. No Difference
Reference being overtaken has the right of way, and the one overtaking
3.2.6.1.3 shall alter its heading to keep well clear.

Standard

Chapter 3
3.2.6.1.4 Landing and taking off. Aircraft landing on or CAR 91.231. No Difference
Reference taking off from the water shall, in so far as practicable, keep
3.2.6.1.4 well clear of all vessels and avoid impeding their navigation.

Standard

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Chapter 3
3.2.6.2 Lights to be displayed by aircraft on the water. CAR 91.233(a)(2). No Difference
Reference Between sunset and sunrise or such other period between
3.2.6.2 sunset and sunrise as may be prescribed by the appropriate
authority, all aircraft on the water shall display lights as
required by the International Regulations for Preventing
Standard Collisions at Sea (revised 1972) unless it is impractical for them
to do so, in which case they shall display lights as closely
similar as possible in characteristics and position to those
required by the International Regulations.

Note 1.— Specifications for lights to be shown by

aeroplanes on the water are contained in the Appendices to
Parts I and II of Annex 6.

Note 2.— The International Regulations for Preventing

Collisions at Sea specify that the rules concerning lights
shall be complied with from sunset to sunrise. Any lesser
period between sunset and sunrise established in accordance
with 3.2.6.2 cannot, therefore, be applied in areas where the
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
apply, e.g. on the high seas.

Chapter 3
3.3 Flight plans CAR 91.307, CAR 91.407. No Difference
Reference
3.3.1.1
3.3.1 Submission of a flight plan

Standard 3.3.1.1 Information relative to an intended flight or

portion of a flight, to be provided to air traffic services units,
shall be in the form of a flight plan.

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Chapter 3
3.3.1.2 A flight plan shall be submitted prior to CAR 91.307, CAR 91.407. No Difference Note: a) VFR flight in
Reference operating: controlled airspace may be
3.3.1.2 permitted without a flight
a) any flight or portion thereof to be provided with air plan.
traffic control service;
Standard
b) any IFR flight within advisory airspace;

c) any flight within or into designated areas, or along

designated routes, when so required by the
appropriate ATS authority to facilitate the provision
of flight information, alerting and search and rescue
services;

d) any flight within or into designated areas, or along

designated routes, when so required by the
appropriate ATS authority to facilitate coordination
with appropriate military units or with air traffic
services units in adjacent States in order to avoid the
possible need for interception for the purpose of
identification;

e) any flight across international borders.

Note.— The term “flight plan” is used to mean variously,

full information on all items comprised in the flight plan
description, covering the whole route of a flight, or limited
information required when the purpose is to obtain a
clearance for a minor portion of a flight such as to cross an
airway, to take off from, or to land at a controlled
aerodrome.

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Chapter 3
3.3.1.3 A flight plan shall be submitted, before departure, AIPNZ ENR 1.10. No Difference
Reference to an air traffic services reporting office or, during flight,
3.3.1.3 transmitted to the appropriate air traffic services unit or
air-ground control radio station, unless arrangements have
been made for submission of repetitive flight plans.
Standard

Chapter 3
3.3.1.4 Unless otherwise prescribed by the appropriate CAR 91.307, CAR 91.407; No Difference Note: IFR flight plans may
Reference ATS authority, a flight plan for a flight to be provided with air AIPNZ ENR 1.10. be submitted 30 minutes
3.3.1.4 traffic control service or air traffic advisory service shall be before departure.
submitted at least sixty minutes before departure, or, if
submitted during flight, at a time which will ensure its receipt
Standard by the appropriate air traffic services unit at least ten minutes
before the aircraft is estimated to reach:

a) the intended point of entry into a control area or

advisory area; or

b) the point of crossing an airway or advisory route.

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Chapter 3
3.3.2 Contents of a flight plan CAR 91.307. CAR 91.407; No Difference
Reference AIPNZ ENR 1.10.
3.3.2 A flight plan shall comprise information regarding such of the
following items as are considered relevant by the appropriate
ATS authority:
Standard
— Aircraft identification

— Flight rules and type of flight

— Number and type(s) of aircraft and wake turbulence

category

— Equipment
— Departure aerodrome (see Note 1)

— Estimated off-block time (see Note 2)

— Cruising speed(s)

— Cruising level(s)

— Route to be followed

— Destination aerodrome and total estimated elapsed

time

— Alternate aerodrome(s)

— Fuel endurance

— Total number of persons on board

— Emergency and survival equipment

— Other information.

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Note 1.— For flight plans submitted during flight, the

information provided in respect of this item will be an
indication of the location from which supplementary
information concerning the flight may be obtained, if
required.

Note 2.— For flight plans submitted during flight, the

information to be provided in respect of this item will be the
time over the first point of the route to which the flight plan
relates.

Note 3.— The term “aerodrome” where used in the flight

plan is intended to cover also sites other than aerodromes
which may be used by certain types of aircraft, e.g.
helicopters or balloons.

Chapter 3
3.3.3 Completion of a flight plan CAR 91.307, CAR 91.407; No Difference
Reference AIPNZ ENR 1.10.
3.3.3.1 3.3.3.1 Whatever the purpose for which it is submitted, a
flight plan shall contain information, as applicable, on relevant
items up to and including “Alternate aerodrome(s)” regarding
Standard the whole route or the portion thereof for which the flight plan
is submitted.

Chapter 3
3.3.3.2 It shall, in addition, contain information, as CAR 91.307, CAR 91.407; No Difference
Reference applicable, on all other items when so prescribed by the AIPNZ ENR 1.10.
3.3.3.2 appropriate ATS authority or when otherwise deemed
necessary by the person submitting the flight plan.

Standard

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Chapter 3
3.3.4 Changes to a flight plan CAR 91.307(d), CAR No Difference
Reference 91.409; AIPNZ ENR 1.10.
3.3.4 Subject to the provisions of 3.6.2.2, all changes to a flight plan
submitted for an IFR flight, or a VFR flight operated as a
controlled flight, shall be reported as soon as practicable to
Standard the appropriate air traffic services unit. For other VFR flights,
significant changes to a flight plan shall be reported as soon
as practicable to the appropriate air traffic services unit.

Note 1.— Information submitted prior to departure

regarding fuel endurance or total number of persons carried
on board, if incorrect at time of departure, constitutes a
significant change to the flight plan and as such must be
reported.

Note 2.— Procedures for submission of changes to

repetitive flight plans are contained in the PANS-ATM (Doc
4444).

Chapter 3
3.3.5 Closing a flight plan CAR 91.307(d), CAR No Difference
Reference 91.407(a)(5); AIPNZ ENR
3.3.5.1 3.3.5.1 Unless otherwise prescribed by the appropriate 1.10.
ATS authority, a report of arrival shall be made in person, by
radiotelephony or via data link at the earliest possible moment
Standard after landing, to the appropriate air traffic services unit at the
arrival aerodrome, by any flight for which a flight plan has
been submitted covering the entire flight or the remaining
portion of a flight to the destination aerodrome.

Chapter 3
3.3.5.2 When a flight plan has been submitted only in CAR 91.307(d), CAR No Difference
Reference respect of a portion of a flight, other than the remaining 91.407(a)(5); AIPNZ ENR
3.3.5.2 portion of a flight to destination, it shall, when required, be 1.10.
closed by an appropriate report to the relevant air traffic
services unit.
Standard

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Chapter 3
3.3.5.3 When no air traffic services unit exists at the CAR 91.307(d), CAR No Difference
Reference arrival aerodrome, the arrival report, when required, shall be 91.407(a)(5); AIPNZ ENR
3.3.5.3 made as soon as practicable after landing and by the quickest 1.10.
means available to the nearest air traffic services unit.

Standard

Chapter 3
3.3.5.4 When communication facilities at the arrival CAR 91.307(d), CAR No Difference
Reference aerodrome are known to be inadequate and alternate 91.407(a)(5); AIPNZ ENR
3.3.5.4 arrangements for the handling of arrival reports on the ground 1.10.
are not available, the following action shall be taken.
Immediately prior to landing the aircraft shall, if practicable,
Standard transmit to the appropriate air traffic services unit, a message
comparable to an arrival report, where such a report is
required. Normally, this transmission shall be made to the
aeronautical station serving the air traffic services unit in
charge of the flight information region in which the aircraft is
operated.

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Chapter 3
3.3.5.5 Arrival reports made by aircraft shall contain the CAR 91.307(d), CAR Less protective Level of detail not
Reference following elements of information: 91.407(a)(5); AIPNZ ENR or partially specified in CARs or
3.3.5.5 1.10. implemented or AIPNZ.
a) aircraft identification; not
implemented
Standard b) departure aerodrome;

c) destination aerodrome (only in the case of a

diversionary landing);

d) arrival aerodrome;

e) time of arrival.

Note.— Whenever an arrival report is required, failure

to comply with these provisions may cause serious disruption
in the air traffic services and incur great expense in carrying
out unnecessary search and rescue operations.

Chapter 3
3.4 Signals CARs; AIPNZ. Less protective No actions are specified in
Reference or partially respect of receiving
3.4.1 3.4.1 Upon observing or receiving any of the signals implemented or distress or urgency
given in Appendix 1, aircraft shall take such action as may be not signals. Visual ground
required by the interpretation of the signal given in that implemented signals are not applicable
Standard Appendix. except for that denoting
closed runways or
taxiways. Marshalling
signals are not specified in
rules or AIPNZ.

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Chapter 3
3.4.2 The signals of Appendix 1 shall, when used, have CARs; AIPNZ. Less protective No actions are specified in
Reference the meaning indicated therein. They shall be used only for the or partially respect of receiving
3.4.2 purpose indicated and no other signals likely to be confused implemented or distress or urgency
with them shall be used. not signals. Visual ground
implemented signals are not applicable
Standard except for that denoting
closed runways or
taxiways. Marshalling
signals are not specified in
rules or AIPNZ.
Chapter 3
3.4.3 A signalman shall be responsible for providing CARs. Less protective Not specified in CA Rules.
Reference standard marshalling signals to aircraft in a clear and precise or partially
3.4.3 manner using the signals shown in Appendix 1. implemented or
not
implemented
Standard

Chapter 3
3.4.4 No person shall guide an aircraft unless trained, CARs. Less protective Not specified in CA Rules.
Reference qualified and approved by the appropriate authority to carry or partially
3.4.4 out the functions of a signalman. implemented or
not
implemented
Standard

Chapter 3
3.4.5 The signalman shall wear a distinctive fluorescent CARs. Less protective Not specified in CA Rules.
Reference identification vest to allow the flight crew to identify that he or or partially
3.4.5 she is the person responsible for the marshalling operation. implemented or
not
implemented
Standard

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Chapter 3
3.4.6 Daylight-fluorescent wands, table-tennis bats or CARs. Less protective Not specified in CA Rules.
Reference gloves shall be used for all signalling by all participating or partially
3.4.6 ground staff during daylight hours. Illuminated wands shall be implemented or
used at night or in low visibility. not
implemented
Standard

Chapter 3
3.5 Time CAR 19.3, CAR 172.101. No Difference
Reference
3.5.1 3.5.1 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) shall be used
and shall be expressed in hours and minutes and, when
required, seconds of the 24-hour day beginning at midnight.
Standard

Chapter 3
3.5.2 A time check shall be obtained prior to operating a CAR 172.101. No Difference
Reference controlled flight and at such other times during the flight as
3.5.2 may be necessary.

Note.— Such time check is normally obtained from an

Standard air traffic services unit unless other arrangements have been
made by the operator or by the appropriate ATS authority.

Chapter 3
3.5.3 Wherever time is utilized in the application of data CARs. Less protective Not specified in CA Rules.
Reference link communications, it shall be accurate to within 1 second of or partially
3.5.3 UTC. implemented or
not
implemented
Standard

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Chapter 3
3.6 Air traffic control service CAR 91.245. No Difference
Reference
3.6.1.1
3.6.1 Air traffic control clearances

Standard 3.6.1.1 An air traffic control clearance shall be obtained

prior to operating a controlled flight, or a portion of a flight as
a controlled flight. Such clearance shall be requested through
the submission of a flight plan to an air traffic control unit.

Note 1.— A flight plan may cover only part of a flight, as

necessary, to describe that portion of the flight or those
manoeuvres which are subject to air traffic control. A
clearance may cover only part of a current flight plan, as
indicated in a clearance limit or by reference to specific
manoeuvres such as taxiing, landing or taking off.

Note 2.— If an air traffic control clearance is not

satisfactory to a pilot-in-command of an aircraft, the
pilot-in-command may request and, if practicable, will be
issued an amended clearance.

Chapter 3
3.6.1.2 Whenever an aircraft has requested a clearance CAR 172.83; AIPNZ ENR No Difference
Reference involving priority, a report explaining the necessity for such 1.1, 10.
3.6.1.2 priority shall be submitted, if requested by the appropriate air
traffic control unit.

Standard

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Chapter 3
3.6.1.3 Potential reclearance in flight. If prior to AIPNZ ENR 1.10. No Difference
Reference departure it is anticipated that depending on fuel endurance
3.6.1.3 and subject to reclearance in flight, a decision may be taken to
proceed to a revised destination aerodrome, the appropriate air
traffic control units shall be so notified by the insertion in the
Standard flight plan of information concerning the revised route (where
known) and the revised destination.

Note.— The intent of this provision is to facilitate a

reclearance to a revised destination, normally beyond the
filed destination aerodrome.

Chapter 3
3.6.1.4 An aircraft operated on a controlled aerodrome CAR 91.225. No Difference
Reference shall not taxi on the manoeuvring area without clearance from
3.6.1.4 the aerodrome control tower and shall comply with any
instructions given by that unit.

Standard

Chapter 3
3.6.2 Adherence to current flight plan CAR 91.409. No Difference
Reference
3.6.2.1
3.6.2.1 Except as provided for in 3.6.2.4, an aircraft shall
adhere to the current flight plan or the applicable portion of a
current flight plan for a controlled flight within the tolerances
Standard
defined in paragraphs 3.6.2.1.1 to 3.6.2.2 unless a request for a
change has been made and clearance obtained from the
appropriate air traffic control unit, or unless an emergency
situation arises which necessitates immediate action by the
aircraft, in which event as soon as circumstances permit, after
such emergency authority is exercised, the appropriate air
traffic services unit shall be notified of the action taken and
that this action has been taken under emergency authority.

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Chapter 3
3.6.2.1.1 Unless otherwise authorized by the appropriate CAR 91.409. No Difference
Reference ATS authority, or directed by the appropriate air traffic control
3.6.2.1.1 unit, controlled flights shall, in so far as practicable:

a) when on an established ATS route, operate along the

defined centre line of that route; or
Standard
b) when on any other route, operate directly between
the navigation facilities and/or points defining that
route.

Chapter 3
3.6.2.1.2 Subject to the overriding requirement in AIPNZ ENR 3.1. No Difference
Reference 3.6.2.1.1, an aircraft operating along an ATS route segment
3.6.2.1.2 defined by reference to very high frequency omnidirectional
radio ranges shall change over for its primary navigation
guidance from the facility behind the aircraft to that ahead of it
Standard at, or as close as operationally feasible to, the changeover
point, where established.

Chapter 3
3.6.2.1.3 Deviation from the requirements in 3.6.2.1.1 CAR 91.409(c). No Difference
Reference shall be notified to the appropriate air traffic services unit.
3.6.2.1.3

Standard

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Chapter 3
3.6.2.2 Deviations from the current flight plan. In the CAR 91.411. More Exacting Re c) the current tolerances Rule to be updated as
Reference event that a controlled flight deviates from its current flight or Exceeds in the rule sill apply soon as practicable.
3.6.2.2 plan, the following action shall be taken: pending amendment.
These are plus or minus
a) Deviation from track: if the aircraft is off track, action five per cent of true
Standard
shall be taken forthwith to adjust the heading of the airspeed, or plus or minus
aircraft to regain track as soon as practicable. 0.1M.
b) Deviation from ATC assigned Mach
number/indicated airspeed: the appropriate air traffic
services unit shall be informed immediately.

c) Deviation from Mach number/true airspeed: if the

sustained Mach number/true airspeed at cruising
level varies by plus or minus Mach 0.02 or more, or
plus or minus 19 km/h (10 kt) true airspeed or more
from the current flight plan, the appropriate air traffic
services unit shall be so informed.

d) Change in time estimate: except where ADS-C is

activated and serviceable in airspace where ADS-C
services are provided, if the time estimate for the next
applicable reporting point, flight information region
boundary or destination aerodrome, whichever
comes first, changes in excess of 2 minutes from that
previously notified to air traffic services, or such
other period of time as is prescribed by the
appropriate ATS authority or on the basis of regional
air navigation agreements, the flight crew shall notify
the appropriate air traffic services unit as soon as
possible.

Chapter 3
3.6.2.2.1 When ADS-C services are provided and ADS-C AIPNZ ENR 1.1, 4.4. Less protective Not specified (depends on
Reference is activated, the air traffic services unit shall be informed or partially contract terms).
3.6.2.2.1 automatically via data link whenever changes occur beyond implemented or
the threshold values stipulated by the ADS event contract. not
implemented
Standard

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Chapter 3
3.6.2.3 Change Requests. Requests for current flight AIPNZ ENR 1.10. No Difference
Reference plan changes shall include information as indicated hereunder:
3.6.2.3
a) Change of cruising level: aircraft identification;
requested new cruising level and cruising Mach
Standard
number/true airspeed at this level; revised time
estimates (when applicable) at subsequent reporting
points or flight information region boundaries.

b) Change of Mach number/true airspeed: aircraft

identification; requested Mach number/true airspeed.

c) Change of route:

1) Destination unchanged: aircraft identification;

flight rules; description of new route of flight
including related flight plan data beginning with
the position from which requested change of
route is to commence; revised time estimates;
any other pertinent information.
2) Destination changed: aircraft identification;
flight rules; description of revised route of flight
to revised destination aerodrome including
related flight plan data, beginning with the
position from which requested change of route is
to commence; revised time estimates; alternate
aerodrome(s); any other pertinent information.

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Chapter 3
3.6.2.4 Weather deterioration below the VMC. When it CAR Part 91 Subpart D Less protective Level of detail not
Reference becomes evident that flight in VMC in accordance with its or partially specified in CA Rules.
3.6.2.4 current flight plan will not be practicable, a VFR flight operated implemented or
as a controlled flight shall: not
implemented
Standard a) request an amended clearance enabling the aircraft to
continue in VMC to destination or to an alternative
aerodrome, or to leave the airspace within which an
ATC clearance is required; or

b) if no clearance in accordance with a) can be obtained,

continue to operate in VMC and notify the
appropriate ATC unit of the action being taken either
to leave the airspace concerned or to land at the
nearest suitable aerodrome; or

c) if operated within a control zone, request

authorization to operate as a special VFR flight; or

d) request clearance to operate in accordance with the

instrument flight rules.

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Chapter 3
3.6.3 Position reports CAR 91.309, CAR 91.427; No Difference
Reference AIPNZ ENR 1.1 s4 to 7.
3.6.3.1 3.6.3.1 Unless exempted by the appropriate ATS
authority or by the appropriate air traffic services unit under
conditions specified by that authority, a controlled flight shall
Standard report to the appropriate air traffic services unit, as soon as
possible, the time and level of passing each designated
compulsory reporting point, together with any other required
information. Position reports shall similarly be made in relation
to additional points when requested by the appropriate air
traffic services unit. In the absence of designated reporting
points, position reports shall be made at intervals prescribed
by the appropriate ATS authority or specified by the
appropriate air traffic services unit.

Chapter 3
3.6.3.1.1 Controlled flights providing position AIPNZ ENR 1.1 s4. No Difference
Reference information to the appropriate air traffic services unit via data
3.6.3.1.1 link communications shall only provide voice position reports
when requested.

Standard Note.— The conditions and circumstances in which

ADS-B or SSR Mode C transmission of pressure-altitude
satisfies the requirement for level information in position
reports are indicated in the PANS-ATM (Doc 4444).

Chapter 3
3.6.4 Termination of control CAR 91.307, CAR 91.407. No Difference
Reference
3.6.4 A controlled flight shall, except when landing at a controlled
aerodrome, advise the appropriate ATC unit as soon as it
ceases to be subject to air traffic control service.
Standard

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Chapter 3
3.6.5 Communications CAR 91.245, CAR 91.427. No Difference
Reference
3.6.5.1 3.6.5.1 An aircraft operated as a controlled flight shall
maintain continuous air-ground voice communication watch
on the appropriate communication channel of, and establish
Standard two-way communication as necessary with, the appropriate air
traffic control unit, except as may be prescribed by the
appropriate ATS authority in respect of aircraft forming part of
aerodrome traffic at a controlled aerodrome.

Note 1.— SELCAL or similar automatic signalling

devices satisfy the requirement to maintain an air-ground
voice communication watch.

Note 2.— The requirement for an aircraft to maintain an

air-ground voice communication watch remains in effect
after CPDLC has been established.

Chapter 3
3.6.5.2 Communication failure. If a communication CAR 91.429 (IFR); AIPNZ No Difference
Reference failure precludes compliance with 3.6.5.1, the aircraft shall ENR 1.15.
3.6.5.2 comply with the voice communication failure procedures of
Annex 10, Volume II, and with such of the following
procedures as are appropriate. The aircraft shall attempt to
Standard establish communications with the appropriate air traffic
control unit using all other available means. In addition, the
aircraft, when forming part of the aerodrome traffic at a
controlled aerodrome, shall keep a watch for such instructions
as may be issued by visual signals.

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Chapter 3
3.6.5.2.1 If in visual meteorological conditions, the CAR 91.429; AIPNZ ENR No Difference
Reference aircraft shall: 1.15.
3.6.5.2.1
a) continue to fly in visual meteorological conditions;
land at the nearest suitable aerodrome; and report its
Standard arrival by the most expeditious means to the
appropriate air traffic services unit;

b) if considered advisable, complete an IFR flight in

accordance with 3.6.5.2.2.

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Chapter 3
3.6.5.2.2 If in instrument meteorological conditions or CAR 91.429; AIPNZ ENR Less protective Times in a) and c) not
Reference when the pilot of an IFR flight considers it inadvisable to 1.15. or partially specified in rule and
3.6.5.2.2 complete the flight in accordance with 3.6.5.2.1 a), the aircraft implemented or AIPNZ.
shall: not
implemented
Standard a) unless otherwise prescribed on the basis of regional
air navigation agreement, in airspace where radar is
not used in the provision of air traffic control,
maintain the last assigned speed and level, or
minimum flight altitude if higher, for a period of 20
minutes following the aircraft’s failure to report its
position over a compulsory reporting point and
thereafter adjust level and speed in accordance with
the filed flight plan;

b) in airspace where radar is used in the provision of air

traffic control, maintain the last assigned speed and
level, or minimum flight altitude if higher, for a period
of 7 minutes following:

1) the time the last assigned level or minimum flight

altitude is reached; or

2) the time the transponder is set to Code 7600; or

3) the aircraft’s failure to report its position over a

compulsory reporting point;

whichever is later, and thereafter adjust level and

speed in accordance with the filed flight plan;

c) when being radar vectored or having been directed

by ATC to proceed offset using area navigation
(RNAV) without a specified limit, rejoin the current
flight plan route no later than the next significant
point, taking into consideration the applicable
minimum flight altitude;

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d) proceed according to the current flight plan route to

the appropriate designated navigation aid or fix
serving the destination aerodrome and, when
required to ensure compliance with e) below, hold
over this aid or fix until commencement of descent;

e) commence descent from the navigation aid or fix

specified in d) at, or as close as possible to, the
expected approach time last received and
acknowledged; or, if no expected approach time has
been received and acknowledged, at, or as close as
possible to, the estimated time of arrival resulting
from the current flight plan;

f) complete a normal instrument approach procedure as

specified for the designated navigation aid or fix; and

g) land, if possible, within 30 minutes after the estimated

time of arrival specified in e) or the last acknowledged
expected approach time, whichever is later.

Note 1.— The provision of air traffic control service to

other flights operating in the airspace concerned will be
based on the premise that an aircraft experiencing
communication failure will comply with the rules in 3.6.5.2.2.

Note 2. — See also 5.1.2.

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Chapter 3
3.7 Unlawful interference AIPNZ ENR 1.13. No Difference
Reference
3.7.1 3.7.1 An aircraft which is being subjected to unlawful
interference shall endeavour to notify the appropriate ATS
unit of this fact, any significant circumstances associated
Standard therewith and any deviation from the current flight plan
necessitated by the circumstances, in order to enable the ATS
unit to give priority to the aircraft and to minimize conflict with
other aircraft.

Note 1.— Responsibility of ATS units in situations of

unlawful interference is contained in Annex 11.

Note 2.— Guidance material for use when unlawful

interference occurs and the aircraft is unable to notify an
ATS unit of this fact is contained in Attachment B to this
Annex.

Note 3.— Action to be taken by SSR-, ADS-B- and

ADS-C-equipped aircraft which are being subjected to
unlawful interference is contained in Annex 11, the
PANS-ATM (Doc 4444) and the PANS-OPS (Doc 8168).

Note 4.— Action to be taken by CPDLC-equipped

aircraft which are being subjected to unlawful interference is
contained in Annex 11, the PANS-ATM (Doc 4444), and
guidance material on the subject is contained in the Manual
of Air Traffic Services Data Link Applications (Doc 9694).

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Chapter 3
3.7.2 If an aircraft is subjected to unlawful interference, CARs. Less protective Not specified in CA Rules.
Reference the pilot-in-command shall attempt to land as soon as or partially
3.7.2 practicable at the nearest suitable aerodrome or at a dedicated implemented or
aerodrome assigned by the appropriate authority unless not
considerations aboard the aircraft dictate otherwise. implemented
Standard
Note 1.— Requirements for State authorities with respect
to aircraft on the ground that are subject to unlawful
interference are contained in Annex 17, Chapter 5, 5.2.4.

Note 2.— See 2.4 regarding the authority of the

pilot-in-command of an aircraft.

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Chapter 3
3.8 Interception AIPNZ ENR 1.12. No Difference
Reference
3.8.1 Note.— The word “interception” in this context does not
include intercept and escort service provided, on request, to
an aircraft in distress, in accordance with Volumes II and III
Standard of the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and
Rescue (IAMSAR) Manual (Doc 9731).

3.8.1 Interception of civil aircraft shall be governed by

appropriate regulations and administrative directives issued
by Contracting States in compliance with the Convention on
International Civil Aviation, and in particular Article 3(d)
under which Contracting States undertake, when issuing
regulations for their State aircraft, to have due regard for the
safety of navigation of civil aircraft. Accordingly, in drafting
appropriate regulations and administrative directives due
regard shall be had to the provisions of Appendix 1, Section 2
and Appendix 2, Section 1.

Note.— Recognizing that it is essential for the safety of

flight that any visual signals employed in the event of an
interception which should be undertaken only as a last
resort be correctly employed and understood by civil and
military aircraft throughout the world, the Council of the
International Civil Aviation Organization, when adopting
the visual signals in Appendix 1 to this Annex, urged
Contracting States to ensure that they be strictly adhered to
by their State aircraft. As interceptions of civil aircraft are, in
all cases, potentially hazardous, the Council has also
formulated special recommendations which Contracting
States are urged to apply in a uniform manner. These special
recommendations are contained in Attachment A.

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Chapter 3
3.8.2 The pilot-in-command of a civil aircraft, when AIPNZ ENR 1.12. No Difference
Reference intercepted, shall comply with the Standards in Appendix 2,
3.8.2 Sections 2 and 3, interpreting and responding to visual signals
as specified in Appendix 1, Section 2.

Standard Note.— See also 2.1.1 and 3.4.

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Chapter 3
3.9 VMC visibility and distance from cloud minima CAR 91.301 Table 4. More Exacting Where Table 3-1 specifies
Reference or Exceeds 1 500 m horizontally from
3.9 VMC visibility and distance from cloud minima are contained cloud, the rule specifies 2
in Table 3-1. km.

Standard

Table 3-1* (see 4.1)

Altitude band Airspace class Flight visibility
Distance from cloud
At and above 3 050 m (10 000 ft) AMSL A*** B C D E F G
8 km 1 500 m horizontally 300 m (1 000 ft) vertically

Below 3 050 m (10 000 ft) AMSL and above 900 m (3 000
ft) AMSL, or above 300 m (1 000 ft) above terrain,
whichever is the higher A***B C D E F G 5 km 1
500 m horizontally 300 m (1 000 ft) vertically
At and below 900 m (3 000 ft) AMSL, or 300 m (1 000 ft)
above terrain, whichever is the higher A***B C D E 5
km 1 500 m horizontally 300 m (1 000 ft) vertically
F G 5 km** Clear of cloud and with the surface in
sight
* When the height of the transition altitude is lower than
3 050 m (10 000 ft) AMSL, FL 100 should be used in lieu of
10 000 ft. ** When so prescribed by the appropriate ATS
authority: a) flight visibilities reduced to not less than 1
500 m may be permitted for flights operating: 1) at speeds
that, in the prevailing visibility, will give adequate
opportunity to observe other traffic or any obstacles in
time to avoid collision; or 2) in circumstances in which
the probability of encounters with other traffic would
normally be low, e.g. in areas of low volume traffic and for
aerial work at low levels. b) HELICOPTERS may be
permitted to operate in less than 1 500 m flight visibility, if
manoeuvred at a speed that will give adequate opportunity
to observe other traffic or any obstacles in time to avoid
collision. *** The VMC minima in Class A airspace are
included for guidance to pilots and do not imply
acceptance of VFR flights in Class A airspace.

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Chapter 4
CHAPTER 4. VISUAL FLIGHT CAR 91.301 Table 4. More Exacting Where Table 3-1 specifies
Reference or Exceeds 1 500 m horizontally from
4.1 RULES cloud, the rule specifies 2
km.

Standard
4.1 Except when operating as a special VFR flight, VFR
flights shall be conducted so that the aircraft is flown in
conditions of visibility and distance from clouds equal to or
greater than those specified in Table 3-1.

Chapter 4
4.2 Except when a clearance is obtained from an air CAR 91.301(b). No Difference
Reference traffic control unit, VFR flights shall not take off or land at an
4.2 aerodrome within a control zone, or enter the aerodrome traffic
zone or traffic pattern:

Standard a) when the ceiling is less than 450 m (1 500 ft); or

b) when the ground visibility is less than 5 km.

Chapter 4
4.3 VFR flights between sunset and sunrise, or such CAR 91.511. No Difference
Reference other period between sunset and sunrise as may be prescribed
4.3 by the appropriate ATS authority, shall be operated in
accordance with the conditions prescribed by such authority.

Standard

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Chapter 4
4.4 Unless authorized by the appropriate ATS authority, CAR 91.313, 91.805. No Difference Note: VFR not permitted in
Reference VFR flights shall not be operated: Class A airspace.
4.4
a) above FL 200;

Standard b) at transonic and supersonic speeds.

Chapter 4
4.5 Authorization for VFR flights to operate above FL AIPNZ ENR 1.8, 1. Less protective VFR flights may be
Reference 290 shall not be granted in areas where a vertical separation or partially authorised in RVSM
4.5 minimum of 300 m (1 000 ft) is applied above FL 290. implemented or airspace (FL 290 – FL 410)
not in the New Zealand FIR
implemented (NZZC). There is no Class
Standard A airspace in the FIR.

Chapter 4
4.6 Except when necessary for take-off or landing, or CAR 91.311. No Difference
Reference except by permission from the appropriate authority, a VFR
4.6 flight shall not be flown:

a) over the congested areas of cities, towns or

Standard settlements or over an open-air assembly of persons
at a height less than 300 m (1 000 ft) above the
highest obstacle within a radius of 600 m from the
aircraft;

b) elsewhere than as specified in 4.6 a), at a height less

than 150 m (500 ft) above the ground or water.

Note.— See also 3.1.2.

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Chapter 4
4.7 Except where otherwise indicated in air traffic control CAR 91.313; AIPNZ ENR Different in In level cruising flight at Applies within the New
Reference clearances or specified by the appropriate ATS authority, VFR 1.7 – 4. character or more than 3000 feet AMSL Zealand FIR (NZZC).
4.7 flights in level cruising flight when operated above 900 m (3 other means of or 1000 feet AGL Because of the general
000 ft) from the ground or water, or a higher datum as specified compliance (whichever is the higher: north-south (MAG)
by the appropriate ATS authority, shall be conducted at a between 090 and 269 orientation of the FIR, a
Standard cruising level appropriate to the track as specified in the tables degrees, even thousands north-odd, south-even
of cruising levels in Appendix 3. plus 500; and between 270 (NOSE) system is applied,
and 089 degrees, odd rather than the east-odd,
thousands plus 500. west-even (EOWE) system
specified in the Annex. See
AIPNZ ENR 1.7 – 4 for
details. Note: the EOWE
system applies in the
Auckland Oceanic FIR
(NZZO).
Chapter 4
4.8 VFR flights shall comply with the provisions of 3.6: CAR 91.245, 91.225, No Difference
Reference 91.303.
4.8 a) when operated within Classes B, C and D airspace;

b) when forming part of aerodrome traffic at controlled

Standard aerodromes; or

c) when operated as special VFR flights.

Chapter 4
4.9 A VFR flight operating within or into areas, or along CAR 91.307. Not Applicable No such areas or routes
Reference routes, designated by the appropriate ATS authority in designated.
4.9 accordance with 3.3.1.2 c) or d) shall maintain continuous
air-ground voice communication watch on the appropriate
communication channel of, and report its position as
Standard necessary to, the air traffic services unit providing flight
information service.

Note.— See Notes following 3.6.5.1.

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Chapter 4
4.10 An aircraft operated in accordance with the visual AIPNZ ENR 1.10. No Difference
Reference flight rules which wishes to change to compliance with the
4.10 instrument flight rules shall:

a) if a flight plan was submitted, communicate the

Standard necessary changes to be effected to its current flight
plan; or

b) when so required by 3.3.1.2, submit a flight plan to

the appropriate air traffic services unit and obtain a
clearance prior to proceeding IFR when in controlled
airspace.

Chapter 5
CHAPTER 5. INSTRUMENT CAR 91 Subpart F. No Difference
Reference
5.1.1 FLIGHT RULES

Standard
5.1 Rules applicable to all IFR flights

5.1.1 Aircraft equipment

Aircraft shall be equipped with suitable instruments and with

navigation equipment appropriate to the route to be flown.

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Chapter 5
5.1.2 Minimum levels CAR 91.423. No Difference
Reference
5.1.2 Except when necessary for take-off or landing, or except when
specifically authorized by the appropriate authority, an IFR
flight shall be flown at a level which is not below the minimum
Standard flight altitude established by the State whose territory is
overflown, or, where no such minimum flight altitude has been
established:

a) over high terrain or in mountainous areas, at a level

which is at least 600 m (2 000 ft) above the highest
obstacle located within 8 km of the estimated position
of the aircraft;

b) elsewhere than as specified in a), at a level which is at

least 300 m (1 000 ft) above the highest obstacle
located within 8 km of the estimated position of the
aircraft.

Note 1.— The estimated position of the aircraft will take

account of the navigational accuracy which can be achieved
on the relevant route segment, having regard to the
navigational facilities available on the ground and in the
aircraft.

Note 2.— See also 3.1.2.

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Chapter 5
5.1.3 Change from IFR flight to VFR flight AIPNZ ENR 1.10. No Difference
Reference
5.1.3.1 5.1.3.1 An aircraft electing to change the conduct of its
flight from compliance with the instrument flight rules to
compliance with the visual flight rules shall, if a flight plan was
Standard submitted, notify the appropriate air traffic services unit
specifically that the IFR flight is cancelled and communicate
thereto the changes to be made to its current flight plan.

Chapter 5
5.1.3.2 When an aircraft operating under the instrument AIPNZ ENR 1.10. No Difference
Reference flight rules is flown in or encounters visual meteorological
5.1.3.2 conditions it shall not cancel its IFR flight unless it is
anticipated, and intended, that the flight will be continued for
a reasonable period of time in uninterrupted visual
Standard meteorological conditions.

Chapter 5
5.2 Rules applicable to IFR flights within CAR 91.245; 91.409; No Difference
Reference controlled airspace 91.427; 91.407; 91.245,
5.2.1 91.427.
5.2.1 IFR flights shall comply with the provisions of 3.6
when operated in controlled airspace.
Standard

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Chapter 5
5.2.2 An IFR flight operating in cruising flight in CAR 91.425; AIPNZ ENR Different in In level cruising flight Applies within the New
Reference controlled airspace shall be flown at a cruising level, or, if 1.7 – 4. character or between 090 and 269 Zealand FIR (NZZC).
5.2.2 authorized to employ cruise climb techniques, between two other means of degrees, even thousands Because of the general
levels or above a level, selected from: compliance or flight levels as north-south (MAG)
a) the tables of cruising levels in Appendix 3; or appropriate; and between orientation of the FIR, a
Standard 270 and 089 degrees, odd north-odd, south-even
b) a modified table of cruising levels, when so thousands or flight levels (NOSE) system is applied,
prescribed in accordance with Appendix 3 for flight as appropriate. rather than the east-odd,
above FL 410; west-even (EOWE) system
specified in the Annex. See
except that the correlation of levels to track prescribed therein AIPNZ ENR 1.7 – 4 for
shall not apply whenever otherwise indicated in air traffic details. Note: the EOWE
control clearances or specified by the appropriate ATS system applies in the
authority in Aeronautical Information Publications. Auckland Oceanic FIR
(NZZO). ENR 1-7, 4.2.6
provides for international
flights entering, leaving or
transiting the NZ FIR to
flight plan that portion of
the flight within the NZ
FIR at a level appropriate
to the Auckland Oceanic
FIR.

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Chapter 5
5.3 Rules applicable to IFR flights outside CAR 91.425; AIPNZ ENR Different in In level cruising flight Applies within the New
Reference controlled airspace 1.7 – 4. character or between 090 and 269 Zealand FIR (NZZC).
5.3.1 other means of degrees, even thousands Because of the general
compliance or flight levels as north-south (MAG)
5.3.1 Cruising levels appropriate; and between orientation of the FIR, a
Standard 270 and 089 degrees, odd north-odd, south-even
An IFR flight operating in level cruising flight outside of thousands or flight levels (NOSE) system is applied,
controlled airspace shall be flown at a cruising level as appropriate. rather than the east-odd,
appropriate to its track as specified in: west-even (EOWE) system
specified in the Annex. See
a) the tables of cruising levels in Appendix 3, except AIPNZ ENR 1.7 – 4 for
when otherwise specified by the appropriate ATS details. Note: the EOWE
authority for flight at or below 900 m (3 000 ft) above system applies in the
mean sea level; or Auckland Oceanic FIR
(NZZO). ENR 1-7, 4.2.6
b) a modified table of cruising levels, when so provides for international
prescribed in accordance with Appendix 3 for flight flights entering, leaving or
above FL 410. transiting the NZ FIR to
flight plan that portion of
Note.— This provision does not preclude the use of the flight within the NZ
cruise climb techniques by aircraft in supersonic flight. FIR at a level appropriate
to the Auckland Oceanic
FIR.
Chapter 5
5.3.2 Communications CAR 91.427. No Difference Note: rule requires
Reference continuous listening
5.3.2 An IFR flight operating outside controlled airspace but within watch regardless of area or
or into areas, or along routes, designated by the appropriate route.
ATS authority in accordance with 3.3.1.2 c) or d) shall maintain
Standard an air-ground voice communication watch on the appropriate
communication channel and establish tw o - w a y
communication, as necessary, with the air traffic services unit
providing flight information service.

Note.— See Notes following 3.6.5.1.

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Chapter 5
5.3.3 Position reports CAR 91.427. No Difference
Reference
5.3.3 An IFR flight operating outside controlled airspace and
required by the appropriate ATS authority to:

Standard — submit a flight plan,

— maintain an air-ground voice communication watch

on the appropriate communication channel and
establish two-way communication, as necessary, with
the air traffic services unit providing flight
information service,

shall report position as specified in 3.6.3 for controlled flights.

Note.— Aircraft electing to use the air traffic advisory

service whilst operating IFR within specified advisory
airspace are expected to comply with the provisions of 3.6,
except that the flight plan and changes thereto are not
subjected to clearances and that two-way communication
will be maintained with the unit providing the air traffic
advisory service.

- END -

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