But if the Guide is inefficient, ends are improper, goals can’t be achieved,

About the Book ends can’t be met. Keeping in mind the loopholes and lackings of other study
materials, we have strategically planned this book, so that it played a role of
CONTENTS
Guide for all those who are appearing in the various competitive examinations.
MEN ARE BORN TO SUCCEED, NOT TO FAIL Information About Ashokan
�� How will it Cater to the needs of the competitive examination’s INDIAN HISTORY
-H.D. Thoreau aspirants ? Inscriptions .........................................68
......................................... 17-178
General Study Constitutes a major portion of almost all competitive This book is meticulously designed to cater the needs of aspirants as : Facts About Ashokan Inscriptions .... 69
Examinations. Therefore, it is important to master General Knowledge to help (i) The book is compiled after a deep analysis of the various examinations’s Indian History Chart .......................... 17 18 Tirthas mentioned in
you get the career of your dreams. The think-tank of Kiran Prakashan is qestions. Indian History : At a Glance .............. 18 Arthashastra .......................................70
producing before you revised and enlarged edition of Kiran’s One Liner (ii) Materials for various sections is based on the type of questions generally Source of Ancient Indian History ..... 30 Important Adhyakshas and their
Approach General Knowledge (A Dictionary of Facts), which is especially asked.
Important Dynasties, Founder and Duties ................................................. 70
designed to cover the required General Knowledge. (iii) Important datas and useful informations are tabulated for qick revision.
Capital ................................................ 39
But being a reader naturally some qestions arise in your mind such as; Post-Mauryan Dynasties ................... 71
(iv) The book covers almost all the topics generally asked in different Important Battles of Indian History .... 41
Why and how this book is written ? What is the need of this book ? etc. competitive examinations. (Sungas, Kanvas, Satvahanas,
So, before going into the detail about this book we feel it is our Important Indian Ruler, Dynasty and
��Will this is only helpful for competitive students ? Indo -Greeks, Sakas, Kushanas)
esteemed duty to clear your doubts and for this very purpose we are Titles ................................................... 42
discussing some points here. John Milton once said “A good book is the life blood of a master spirit, The Guptas .........................................73
ANCIENT INDIA
embalmed and treasured up on purpose for life beyond life”. Harshvardhana ....................................75
��Why and How this book is written ? Pre-Historic Period ............................. 43
Arnold Toynbee, a British historian and author says that the ”Only good General Knowledge is not only a part of examination’s syllabus but it is South Indian Dynasties (The Chalukyas
useful in our daily life also. Paleolithic Age ................................... 43
reason......... is because one’s wishes to write it is a master of passion”. We of Badami, The Pallavas, The Gangas, The
This book is a treasure house of knowledge, wisdom and information for Mesolithic Age ................................... 44 Kadambas, The Cholas) Triparties Struggle
have felt this desire, but how this passion developed ? After all, there are
many other General Knowledge books available. all those who seek to whet their appetities. This book has in it the maximum Neolithic Age ..................................... 44 (Palas, Partiharas and Rastrakutas)......75
Infact the idea of this book came from the feedback received time to possible coverage of general knowledge which is also useful in our daily life. Stone-copper phase ............................ 44 Regional Dynasties (The Parmars, The
time from our readers. We feel proud to say that we enjoy the faith of millions For example, It’s General Science section deals with the balanced diet, vitamins, Harappan Civilisation ......................... 44 Gahadavals, The Chauhans, Kashmir, The
of readers and receive a number of letters full of suggestions and demands various diseases, Immunisation Schedule, Electricity, Functioning of Camera,
Important Harappan Sites ................... 47 Chandellas, The Senas).......................79
etc. and Indian Polity & Constitution section describe our duties, rights, etc.
from them everyday. After going through these letters we revealed that The Sangam Age .................................81
which are of common use. All the sections have more or less informations of The Vedic Age .................................... 48
maximum of them are feeling the absence of a General Knowledge book
general interests and uses. The Vedic Literature ............................ 49 Ancient Indian Books &
which is not only comprehensive and exhaustive but digestive and objective
also. Hence this book is like a bouquet of flowers which can be used to enhance Religious Movements, Saivism, Its Authors ........................................... 84
Hence, respecting the suggestions and meeting the demands of our the beauty of knowledge. Vaishnavism, Tantrism, Buddhism & Famous Scholars and their Patrons ...85
readers we have set out to give you a book which : At Last we believe that the book in the Present form is almost a complete Jainism ............................................... 54
MEDIEVAL INDIA
(i) is strictly planned to the latest NCERT syllabus. dictionary of General Knowledge from A to Z and has everything which a Rise of Mahajanapadas ...................... 64
student desires to get success in the upcoming examinations. Map of Medieval India : .....................85
(ii) is readable and enjoyable. Rise of Magadha
(iii) is especially prepared keeping in mind the various competitive We have done our job with great care and attention, however, omissions Muslim Invasion ................................87
Haryank Dynasty ............................... 65
examinations. are human weakness. There may be some printing mistakes, some doubts about (The Ghazanuids, The Turkish Conquest)
text and explanations which might have been escaped from ourselves. We shall Shisunaga Dyansty ............................ 65
(iv) is designed objectively. Delhi Sultanate
be grateful to all readers who will be kind enough to point out the errors. Yours Nanda Dynasty .................................. 65
Initially we published a book on this idea in Hindi medium and after The Slave Dynasty .............................88
comments, corrections, suggestions and criticisms are eagerly solicited. Factors for the rise of Magadha ......... 66
its huge success and heavy demands from our English medium readers we
Wishing you Good Luck for Coming Examinations ! The Khalji Dynasty ............................ 90
planned this book. Foreign Invasion ................................ 66
The Mauryan Empire ......................... 67 The Tughlaq Dynasty ......................... 92
��What is the utility of this book ?
As mentioned above that mastering general knowledge is the primary
Publisher Ashoka ............................................... 67 The Sayyids and The Lodhis ............. 94
need to compete, each and every student should have a book of General S.N. Prasad Edicts of Ashoka and related Important Departments and officials
Knowledge. Jermey Miller once said that “Book are a Guide in Youth” Email : info@kiranprakashan.com under Delhi Sultanate ......................... 95
places .................................................. 68

OLE - 5
Sultanate Rulers : At a Glance ............ 96 Anglo-Maratha Wars ...................... 120 Carnatic Music ................................. 206 Citizenship .........................................225
WORLD HISTORY GEOGRAPHY
The Vijay Nagar Empire .................... 96 Anglo-Sikh Wars ............................ 121 Famous Personalities ....................... 207 Fundamental Rights ..........................226
...................................... 179-200 ...................................... 301-520
Rulers of the Vijaynagar Empire : 1857 Revolt ..................................... 121 Musical Instruments and Persons ... 208 Writs–Types and Scope ....................228
Ancient Civilization of the world .....179 Paintings ........................................... 208 Fundamental Duties ..........................229 Meaning of Geography .................... 301
At a Glance ........................................ 98 Major Tribal Movements :
Ancient Egyptian Civilization ...........179 Art, Architecture and Sculpture Directive Principles of Universe and Solar System ............. 301
The Bahmani Kingdom ..................... 99 At a Glance ...................................... 123
Ancient Chinese Civilization ............180 Important caves ................................ 211
Rulers of the Bahmani Dynasty : Foundation of Indian National State Policy ........................................ 230 (Universe, Galaxy, Constellation, Stars, The
Ancient Greek Civilization ...............180 Important Monuments/Structure ..... 211 Solar system, Solar Eclipse, Lunar Eclipse,
At a Glance ......................................100 Congress .......................................... 123 Union Executive ................................232
The Persian Civilization ....................180 Important Sculpture ......................... 213 The Sun, The Eight Planets)
Towns and Founders .......................100 The Second Stage of National President and Vice President ............232
The Roman Civilization ....................181 Fairs and Festivals of India ............. 213
The Attorny-General of India ...........236 Solar System-Fact File..................... 308
Establishment of the Mughal Rule Movement ........................................ 127 The Aztecs Civilization .....................181 Regional Festivals ............................ 214
The Comptroller and Auditor- Facts to Remember .......................... 310
Babur ................................................101 Some Socio-religious Reform The Incas Civilization .......................181 Temples of India ............................... 215
World History : Chronology of General of India ................................237 Planets and their satellite .................. 311
Humayun ........................................... 102 Movements and Organisations ....... 141 Cultural Institutions ......................... 216
Events ................................................183 The Parliament .................................. 238 International Date Line..................... 311
Sher Shah .........................................102 Muslim Socio-relisious Reform
INDIAN POLITICAL SYSTEM Prime Minister .................................. 243 Earth Movements ............................. 313
Akbar ................................................. 103 Movements and Organisations ....... 143 Some Terminologies Related to
AND CONSTITUTION
World History ...................................187 The State Executive Governor .......... 243 Tilt of Earth axis ............................... 313
Jahangir ............................................104 Lower Caste Movement and ......................................... 217-300
The American Revolution .................190 Articles Related with Governor ........245 Latitudes and Longitudes ................. 313
Shahjahan .........................................105 Organisations ................................... 144
The French Revolution .....................191 Evolution of the Constitution of The State Legislature ......................... 246 Structure of the Earth ....................... 314
Aurangzeb ........................................ 106 Popular Movements ........................ 146
The Russian Revolution ................... 193 India .................................................. 217 Chief Minister ...................................247 Rocks and Soils ............................... 318
Mughal Gardens ..............................107 Peasent Movements ........................ 147
The Regulating Act, 1773 ............... 217 Special Status of Jammu &
Political and Nationalist Organisations World War–I ......................................194 (Rocks, Classification of Rocks, The soil
Mughal rulers : At a Glance ............. 107 The Pitts India Act, 1784 ................ 217 Kashmir .............................................248
World War–II ....................................195 profile, soil classification, Mountains,
Religious Movements of Medieval of Modern India .............................. 147
The Charter Act, 1793 ..................... 217 Judiciary in India ..............................248 Earthquakes, Volcanoes)
Indian National Congress-Facts to The Cold war ....................................196
India ...................................................110 The Charter Act, 1813 ..................... 217 Union Public Service Commission . 251
Remember ....................................... 149 World History : Important Facts ....... 197 Atmosphere ...................................... 325
Sufi Movement ................................111 The Charter Act, 1833 ..................... 217 Centre-State Relations ...................... 251
Annual Sessions of the INC .......... 149 (Composition, Structure of Atmosphere,
Literary Developments during the ART & CULTURE : The Charter Act, 1853 ..................... 217 Finance Commission ........................253 Atmospheric Pressure, Types of Wind,
Important Congress Sessions .......... 151
Medieval Period ............................... 112 INDIA The Government of Idnia Non Constitutional Bodies ...............258 Humidity, Evaporation, condesation,
Secret Revolutionary Societies ........ 151
Foreign Travellers during the Medieval ...................................... 201-216 Act, 1858 ......................................... 218 The Election Commission .................258 Precipitation)
Famous Cases .................................. 152
period ................................................. 114 The Indian Council Act, 1861 ........ 218 Glossary of Constitutional Terms .... 260 Drainage ........................................... 333
Revolutionary Organisation Outside Dance
The Marathas ...................................114 The Indian Council Act, 1892 ........ 218 Important Amendments of (Sequent and Inseqent drainage system)
India .................................................. 152 Classical Dance .................................201
MODERN INDIA The Indian Council Act, 1909 the Constitution .................................263 Hydrosphere..................................... 333
Governor General of Bengal ........... 153 Folk, Tribal and Regional Dances .... 202
Decline of the Mughal Empire ........116 (The Morley-Minto Reforms) ....... 218 Constitution of India : Ocean Relief ..................................... 334
Governor General of India .............. 154 Puppet Dances .................................. 203
Coming of Europeans ...................... 117 The Government of India Act, 1919 At a Glance ........................................ 273
Martial Dances .................................. 203 Salinity .............................................. 337
Viceroys of India .............................. 155 (Montague-Chelmsford Reforms) .. 218 Schedules of the Constitution ...........285
Important Settlements of Europeans in Drama Ocean Movements ........................... 337
Major committies/Commissions ...... 161 The Government of India Act, States and Union Territories ............. 291
India ...................................................119 Modern Drama in India ....................203 Miscellaneous Information
Important Personalities of 1935 .................................................. 218 Political Parties .................................. 292
Entry of European Powers ..............119 Folk Theatres ....................................204 Zones of Jurisdictions ...................... 337
Freedom Struggle ............................. 162 Indian Independence Act, 1947 ....... 219 Table of Precedence ..........................296
Establishment of British Rules ........119 Modern Theatre .................................204 Ocean currents ................................. 338
News-papers of British India .......... 171 Interim Government ......................... 219 Important Offices of India ................ 298
The Carnatic Wars ............................ 119 Music
Important Book and Their Authors Important Facts ............................... 220 Constitutional Offices of India .........299 Major Trenches ................................ 338
Conquest of Bengal ......................... 119 Hindustani Music .............................205
During Freedom Struggle ................ 172 The Preamble ................................. 222 High Courts of India ......................... 300 Regional Geography ...................... 339
Six Ragas ..........................................206
Anglo-Mysore Wars ......................... 120 The Continents ................................. 344
India After Independence ............... 175 Gharanas ........................................... 206 Source of the constitution ................ 223 Special Status Granted to States ....... 300

OLE - 6 OLE - 7 OLE - 8

Africa-Facts File ............................... 346 The Himalayan Mountain Chain ..... 391 Transport System of India ................ 432 Money & Banking ............................ 566 Magnetism
Facts to Remember-Africa ................ 347 Highest Peak of the greater Passes ................................................439
INDIAN ECONOMY
Balance of Payments ......................... 569 Electromagnetic Induction ............... 611
...................................... 521-594
Facts to Remember- Himalayas ......................................... 392 International Airports of India .......... 436 Export Import Policy ........................570 Some Important Facts About
North America ...................................349 Important Peaks of India ................. 393 Valleys of India .................................440 National Income ............................... 521 Magnetism ........................................ 612
National Foreign Trade Policy 2015-2020
Facts to Remember- The North Indian Plains .................. 393 Major Cities of India ......................... 440 Economy and Economics ................ 522 Basic Electronics .............................. 614
...........................................................571
South America ...................................351 (Rajasthan or Western Plains, The Punjab, Population : 211 census ....................445 Various types of Economy .............. 523
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) .....572 Electricity ........................................ 615
Facts to Remember- Australia .......... 353 Harayana Plains, The Ganga Plains, The Census–2011 : At Glance .................449 Inflation ............................................ 527 Faraday’s Law of Electrolysis ......... 617
Brahmaputra Plains) Largest Indian States (Areawise) .....450 Important Committees ...................... 573
Facts to Remember - Asia .................355 Social and Economic Development Direct and Alternative Current ......... 617
The Peninsular Plateau ..................... 394 Largest Indian States Index ................................................. 528 Pay Commission ............................... 574
Facts to Remember - Europe ............358 Electric Motor .................................. 617
Climate.............................................. 397 (Population wise) ..............................450 India : Amixed Economy ................. 529 Banking System in India ..................575
Major Crops : Geographical Conditions for Dynamo ............................................ 617
Cultivation, Leading Producer and Drainage ........................................... 399 Largest Union Territories Indian Tax Structure ......................... 534 Scheduled Commercial Banks in
Transformer ...................................... 617
Exporter in world ..............................360 (The Himalayan River system, The (Areawise) .........................................450 Infrastructure in the Indian Economy India ...................................................576
Famous Places/Structures and their Peninsular river system) Coulumb’s Law ................................ 618
Largest Union Territories .......................................................... 537 The first, oldest, largest, biggest
Location .............................................365 Rivers System of India .................... 400 Intensity of Electric Field ................. 618
(Population wise) ..............................450 Industrial Policy ............................... 538 Bank in India ..................................... 577
Miscellaneous Information (World Multipurpose Projects ...................... 405 State of India Electric Potential ............................... 618
List of Maharatna, Navratna and Tag lines of some Banks ................... 578
Geography) River water disputes and state involved Andhra Pradesh ................................451 Potential Difference ......................... 618
Miniratna .......................................... 539
Subriquests ........................................ 370 Reserve Bank of India ...................... 579 Effect of Temperature upon
.......................................................... 409 Telangana ........................................... 452 Major Industrial Finance Institutions .. 540
Geographical discoveries ..................372 Arunachal Pradesh ............................ 456 Important Terminology .....................584 Resistance ......................................... 618
Important Places on River Banks .... 409 Export development centres ............. 541
Principal Mountain Peaks .................373 Natural Vegetation and wildlife ....... 410 Assam ...............................................458 LASER ............................................. 618
History of Planning in India ............ 542 GENERAL SCIENCE
Great Deserts ....................................373 Minerals ........................................... 410 Goa .................................................... 462 Electric Power .................................. 619
NITI Ayog ........................................ 542 .................................. 595–760
Political Boundaries ..........................374 Soils in India .................................... 418 Karnataka ..........................................464 Ohm’s Law ....................................... 619
Five Year Plans ................................ 543 PHYSICS ................................. 595-640
Important Straits ................................374 Kerala ................................................468 Optics
Agriculture in India Poverty and the Planning Process in
Principal Water Falls ......................... 374 Some SI Drived units .......................595
Crop Classification .......................... 421 Manipur .............................................472 Mirrors ............................................. 622
India .................................................. 546 Mechanics
Local Winds ......................................374 Meghalaya .........................................476 Lenses ............................................... 625
Cropping Season .............................. 421 Unemployment and under Employment in
Oceans ...............................................375 Displacement ..................................... 596
Mizoram ............................................478 India .................................................. 548 Functioning of the Camera .............. 626
Largest Producers of Major
Shifting Cultivation ...........................377 Laws of Motion ................................598
Nagaland ........................................... 481 Types of Unemployment ................. 548 Human Eye ....................................... 627
Crops/Agricultural Products............ 421 Force and Inertia ............................... 599
Ten Biggest and smallest countries Odisha ...............................................483 Various Development and Employment
Important crops and their Producing Light and Colour .............................. 629
(Areawise) .........................................377 Sikkim ...............................................487 programme in India : At a Glance.... 550 Momentum ........................................ 599
Areas ................................................ 422 Accoustics
Ten Biggest and smallest countries Tamil Nadu ........................................ 490 Agriculture ....................................... 559 Gravity .............................................. 599
Major Industries and its centres ...... 422 Sound and Wave Motion ................. 631
(Populationwise) ............................... 378 Tripura ...............................................498 Land Reforms .................................. 560 Mass and Weight ..............................600
Towns Associated with Industries .. 423 Communication ................................ 634
Country, Capital, Area, Currency, West Bengal ......................................500 Green Revolution ............................. 560 Friction .............................................. 601
Lakes of India .................................. 424 Some Conversion Factors ............... 636
Parliament and Religion ....................379 Andaman & Nicobar Islands ............504 Agriculture Price Policy .................. 561 Types of Friction ............................... 601
Water falls ......................................... 426 CHEMISTRY ......................... 641-684
Geography (India) Chandigarh ........................................ 507 NABARD ........................................ 562 Work, Power and Energy .................603
Human Geography .......................... 426 States of Matter ................................ 641
Zonal Map of India ...........................387 Dadra & Nagar Haveli ...................... 508 Classification of Irrigation Projects .. 562 Interconversion of energy .................605
Tribes of India .................................. 427 Classification of Matter.................... 642
India : Some Facts ............................ 387 Daman & Diu ....................................510 Significance of animal husbandry in Indian Fluid Pressure ...................................606 (Elements, Compounds, Mixtures)
Location .............................................389 National Insignia .............................. 428 Delhi ..................................................512 economy ........................................... 563
Heat and Thermodynamics ...............609 Properties of Gases and Gas Laws.... 645
The Indian States on International State Animals, Birds, Trees and Lakshadweep ....................................515 Agricultural marketing and ware
Transmission of Heat ........................609 Atomic Structure .............................. 647
Boundries ..........................................390 Flowers of India ............................... 431 Puducherry ........................................ 518 housing ............................................. 564

OLE - 9 OLE - 10 OLE - 11

Symbols of some Important BIOLOGY ............................... 685-695 The Circulatory System ....................719 Diseases of Major Crops ................. 751 Indian Satellite System .....................781 Pollutants and Trophic Levels ......... 813
particles .............................................648 Branches of Biology ........................ 685 The Excretory System ...................... 719 Plant Diseases Caused by Launch Vehicles ................................784 Biotic Interaction .............................. 814
Some Principles ................................649 Biological Classification .................. 688 The Nervous System ........................720 Biodiversity ..................................... 818
Mycoplasma ..................................... 752 Cryogenic Technology ...................... 785
Isotopes .............................................649 Kingdom of Living Beings .............. 690 The Skeletal system ..........................721 Wild Life Protection ......................... 824
Insect Pests of Major Crops ............ 752 Antrix ................................................785
Isobars ...............................................649 The Endocrine system ...................... 723 Important Policies and Central Legislations
Cytology .......................................... 691 Chemical Ferlilizers ......................... 753 Important Terminology .....................786
Isotones .............................................649 Endocrine System and its Relavant to Biodiversity .................. 828
Difference between Plant cell and Some Common Weeds ..................... 753 Institution Associated with Space
Periodic Table of Elements ...............649 functioning ........................................ 723 Pollution .......................................... 829
Animal cell ....................................... 693 Some Common Weedicides ............. 753 Research ............................................786
Chemical Bonding ............................ 651 Blood ................................................. 725 National Green Tribunal (NGT) ...... 830
Difference between DNA and Some Common Pesticides ............... 753 Atomic Research ............................... 787
Chemical Reaction and Chemical Functions of Blood ...........................726 Mangrove Forest .............................. 830
RNA ................................................. 694 Blood Coagulation ............................ 726 Botanical names of common plants Atomic Research Institutes and
Equations ........................................... 652 List of Sacred Groves ...................... 834
BOTANY ................................. 695-707 Blood Groups ...................................726 .......................................................... 754 Other Organisations
Acids, Bases and Salts .....................654 Ramsar Wetland sites of India ......... 835
Classification of Plants .................... 695 Antigens and Antibodies ..................727 Animal Husbandary ......................... 754 Research Centre ................................787
Some Important uses of Acids, Bases Tiger Reserve in India ...................... 835
Plant Tissues .................................... 697 Blood Group Chart ...........................727 Breeds of Animals ........................... 755 Autonomous Scientific Research
and Salts ............................................655 Forest Research Institutes ................ 837
Plants Structure and Functions ..... 698 Reproductive System ........................727 Diseases in Animals ......................... 758 Institututions ..................................... 787
Electrolysis ........................................ 657 Climate Change ................................ 838
The Root ........................................... 698 Genetics .............................................729 Important Institute ............................ 758 Nuclear Power Programme ..............788
Metals and Non-metals .....................659 Global Warming ............................... 838
The Stem .......................................... 699 Genetic Disorders .............................730 India’s Nuclear Reactors ................... 791
Compounds of Sodium ....................662 The Green House Effect .................. 839
The Leaf ........................................... 700 Food and Nutrition ...........................730 SCIENCE AND Heavy Water Plants ...........................793
Compounds of Calcium ....................663 Environmentally Significant Days .. 842
Balanced Diets .................................. 730 TECHNOLOGY Nuclear Tests Conducted by India ...794
Difference Between Metals and The Flower ....................................... 700
Mineral Deficiency Diseases ............732 National Organisations .................... 843
Non-Metals .......................................665 Pollinations ....................................... 701 .......................................... 759-800 Defence
Diseases Caused by Protozoans ....... 735 International Organisation ............... 845
Elements and their occurrence in Plants Hormones and their Defence Undertakings ...................... 794
Diseases Caussed by Worms ...........736 Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Statewise List of National Parks in India
their Earth ..........................................666 Functions .......................................... 702 .......................................................... 759 Integrated Guided Missile
Diseases caused by viruses ..............737 ......................................................... 850
Fuels ..................................................667 Fruits ................................................ 702 Nanotechnology ............................... 762 Development Programme .................796
Diseases Caused by Bacteria ............739
Fractinos of Petrolium .....................668 Nutrition in Plants ............................ 703 Important Medical Terms ..................740 Bionanotechnology .......................... 762 Other Technological Achievements COMPUTER
Calorific Value of some Fuels .......... 669 Nitrogen Nutrition in Plants ............ 703 Diseases and Associated Body Information & Communication ....... 763 in Defence Sector ..............................797 ...................................... 853-864
Noble Gases ......................................669 Mineral Elements in Plants and Part .................................................... 742 Consumers Goods ........................... 764 Missiles .............................................800 History .............................................. 853
Common Organic Comppounds ......669 their Deficiency Symptoms ............. 704 Types of Cancer ................................742 Nano Science in India ...................... 764 The Antarctic Treaty ..........................800 Classification of Computers ............ 855
Some uses of Elements and Photosynthesis ................................. 704 Milestones in Medicines ................... 742 Conventional Source of Energy ...... 765 Bodies connected with Antarctica Next Generation of computer .......... 856
Compounds .......................................670 Role of Mineral elements in Plants ... 705 Important Discoveries ...................... 743 Public Sector undertakings and Treaty ................................................. 800
Carbon and Compounds ................... 674 Types of software............................. 856
Respiration ....................................... 706 Important Institutes of Medical Research other orgnisations............................. 766
Commonly used Chemicals at The Antarctica Expeditions ...............800 Operating system ............................. 857
ZOOLOGY .............................. 708-715 and Biotechnology ............................ 747 Non-conventional source of
Household .........................................678 Database Management system ........ 858
Non-Chordates ................................. 708 AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL Energy .............................................. 769 ECOLOGY AND
Important Compounds/Minerals Sturctural Terminology .................... 858
Chordates ......................................... 711 HUSBANDRY ........................ 747-760 Power stations of India .................... 773 ENVIRONMENT
and Formulas ....................................679 Types of Cultivation ..........................748 Type of SQL statement .................... 859
Animal Tissues ................................ 714 Space Science and Development ...................................... 801-852
Different type of Polymers with uses Important Insuitutes of Agriculture Networking ...................................... 859
ELEMENTARY PHYSIOLOGY AND in India ............................................ 774
...........................................................681 and Allied Activities ..........................749 Ecology .............................................801 Internet.............................................. 860
HYGIENE ............................... 715-747 Space Programme of India :
Important Chemical Reagents ...........682 Major crops Producing States in India Types of Ecosystem ..........................805 Viruses.............................................. 861
Human Body .................................... 715 Milestone .......................................... 775
Scientists and their Contribution ......682 (Crops, Spices, Fruits) .....................750 Components of an Ecosystem .......... 808 E-Commerce..................................... 861
The Digestive System ...................... 716 Indian Space Programme :
Natural Occurance of some Acids .... 683 Types of Irrigations ...........................751 Food Chain and Food-Webs ............810 Computer Acronyms ........................ 862
The Respiratory system ................... 717 At a Glance ....................................... 778
OLE - 12 OLE - 13 OLE - 14
 INTERNATIONAL
ORGANISATIONS
States, Organisation of Arab Petrolium
Exporting Countries, Organisation of
African Unity, Organisation For Economic
Major News Papers of the World .... 916
Principal Ten language of the
World ................................................. 916
Creed and Oath ................................ 960
The Olympic Awards and
Certificates ........................................ 962
1 INDIAN HISTORY
Co-operation and Development, G-15, Official Books of Major Countries ...917
...................................... 865-884 Olympics Where and When ............. 962
SAARC, NAM, G-7, Asia-Pacific Political Parties of Major Countries .....917 Winter Olympics .............................. 963
Economic Co-operation, The ASEAN Free
United Nations ........................ 865-867 Official heads of the States of the world President of International Olympic
Trade Area, Merco Do Comudelsur
List of Secretaries General, General ...........................................................917
(Mercosur), The Central American Committee ........................................ 964
Assembly, Security Council, Economic First in India (Male) ..........................918
Common Market, The Andean Group, India in Olympics............................. 964
and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, Caribbean Community (Caricom), First in India (Female) ...................... 920
India in Olympic Hockey ................ 965
International court of Justice International Decades First in India (Male & Female) .........920
World Cup Cricket
Specialised Agencies of the International Years of the UN ..... 883 India (The Biggest, Highest, Largest,
Longest, Smallest etc.) ...................... 922 (1975-2015) ..................................... 965
UN ............................................. 867-872 World Cup : 20-20 Cricket .............. 966
UPDATED TRADITIONAL World (The Biggest, Largest, Smallest,
UN Childrens’s Emergency Fund, UN Longest, Highest etc.) .......................923 National Sports of Some
G.K.
Development Programme, UN Fund for Sobriquets .........................................926 Countries .......................................... 966
.................................... 885-1016
Population Activities, UN Industrial De- Seven Wonders of the World ............928 SAF Games ...................................... 966
velopment Organisation, UN Educational, Important Awards and Honours ...... 885 Names : Old and New ...................... 928 Asian Games .................................... 967
Scientific and Cultural Organisation, UN Recipients of Bhartiya Jnanpith Institutes of National Importance .....929 Common Wealth Games Since 1930
Environment Programme, International
Awards ............................................. 889 National Monuments of Major Countries
Atomic Energy Agency, International Civil .......................................................... 967
Recipients of Bharat Ratna .............. 891 ...........................................................932
Aviation Organisation, International Mari- Famous Stadiums............................. 967
Recipients of Dada Saheb Phalke Crematorium of Famous Persons .... 933
time Organisation, International Telecom- World Cup Soccer Tournaments ...... 968
munication Union, Universal Postal Union, Awards ............................................. 892 National Emblem of Important World cup Hockey ........................... 969
World Meteorological Organisation, World Nobel Prize : Important Facts .......... 893 Countries ........................................... 933 Famous Cricket Stadium of the World
Health Organisation, International Labour Nobel Laureates of India ................. 894 Important Signals/Signs and Their .......................................................... 969
Organisation, Food and Agricultural Recipients of Booker Prizes ............ 895 Meaning ............................................934
Important Dates ................................ 896 Appendix-I
Organisation, International Fund for Agri- Wedding Anniversories ....................934
cultural Development, World Intellectual Important Acts and Associated Union Governors and Chief Ministers
Defence Services Commissioned of 29 States and 7 Union Territories
Property Organisation, International Bank Personalities ..................................... 898
Ranks ................................................. 934 Since Independence .............. 970-1011
for Reconstruction and Development, In- Eminent Personalities and their
Famous Books and Authors ............. 935 Establishment year of States,
ternational Monetary Fund, International Birthday ............................................ 900
Latest Books ..................................... 939 Assembly, Lok Sabha and Rajya
Development Association, International Places Associated with Important
Some Famous Autobiographies ....... 941 Sabha seats ..................................... 1012
Finance Corporation, World Trade Personalities ..................................... 901
Organisation Books by Jawaharlal Nehru ............. 942 President & Vice President of
Famous Personalities
Abbreviations ....................................942
Major International (India & World) ................................ 902 India ................................................ 1013
Latest Abbreviations ......................... 952
Organisation ............................ 872-883 India in World Heritage List ............ 914 Prime Ministers of India ................ 1014
Defence Institutions of India ............956
Asian Development Bank, Amnesty Postal Zones in India ....................... 914 Deputy Prime Ministers of India ... 1014
Law Enforcement Agencies ..............957
International, Africa Fund, Arab League, News Agencies of World ................. 914 Speakers of Lok Sabha .................. 1015
Highest Honours of Some SPORTS
Asean, Council of Europe, The Governers (RBI) ............................ 1015
Countries .......................................... 915 Cups and Terminology .....................958
International Air Transport Association, Women Chief Ministers of India ... 1016
INTERPORL, North Atlantic Treaty Olympic Motto, Emblem, Flag
Intelligence Agencies of
Organisation, Organisations of American Some Countries ................................ 916 �������

OLE - 15 OLE - 16 OLE - 17

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
200 – Greece’s invasion of India. 500-532 – Emergence of Hun dy- 950-1195 – Regime of Tripuri’s 1325-1351 – Muhammad bi n

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
Pre Historic Period– It is the history of human culture prior to writ- nasty by Tormana and Mihirkula. kalachuri in central India. Tughlaq
185 – Establishment of Sunga dy-
ten records. The human of this period has not civilized. The history of 532 – Yashovardhan defeated 973-1238 – Regime of Solanki in 1333-1342 – Ibn Battuta traveled in
nasty.
this period is studied by Archaeological evidences. 75 – Foundation of Kanva Dynasty Mihirkula. Anhilwada (Kathiyavad). India.
This period is divided into 3 parts — 58 – Beginning of Vikram era 606 AD–Accession of Harshavardhan 977 – Invasion of Subuktageen in 1336 – Foundation of Vijayanagar
(1) Palaeolithic Age (from early period to 8000 B.C.) 30 – Satvahanas dynasty in Deccan, 609 – Pulakeshin-II became king. India. Empire by Harihar and Bukka
Pandyan dynasty in South. 622 AD – Era of the Hejira begins 985 AD – The Chola Dynasty : Ac- 1347 – Bahmani dynasty founded by
(2) Mesolithic Age (8000 B.C. to 4000 B.C.) 629-645 – Hentsang came in India
22 – Trade relations of Cholas and cession of Rajaraja, the Great Bahamanshah.
(3) Neolithic Age (4000 B.C. to 2500 B.C.) 636 – First invasion of Sindh by Ara-
Pandayas with the Romans. 1001 AD – Defeat of Jaipal by Sul- 1351-1388 – Firoz Tughlaq
Protohistory – It is the period between prehistory and history, dur- bians. 1390-1394 – Nasiruddin Muhammad
(A.D.) tan Mahmud
ing which a culture or civilization has not yet developed writing, but other 711 AD – Invasi on of Si nd by Shah
14-15 – St. Thomas came to India. 1026 – Mahmud Ghazni sacks
Muhammad Bin Qasim
cultures have already noted its existence in their own writings, Duration 40 AD – Sakas in power in Indus Somnath Temple 1393 – Foundation of Jaunpur king-
725 – Nagbhatta founded Pratihara
of this period is 2500 B.C. to 600 B.C. Valley and Western India 1027 – Last invasion by Mahmud dom.
dynasty
Historical Period – The historic period whose information available 50 AD– The Kushans and Kanishkas 753-973 – Regime of Rashtrakuta Ghazni. 1394-1412 – Mahmud Shah Tughlaq
in written records is considered as Historical Period. Human of this period 65 – Chinese King Sent representa- dynasty in deccan. 1030 – Death of Mahmud Ghazni, 1398 – Taimur invades India
were civilized and historical activities after 600 B.C. included in this Period. tive in India for collecting infor- 760-1142 – Regime of Pal dynasty Albruni came in India. 1414-1421 – Khizr Khan, power in
mation about Buddhism. in Eastern India. 1191 – Prithviraj Chauhan routs the hands of Sayyids, emergence
77 –Plini wrote book Natural History. 770-810 – Regime of great Pal king Muhammad Ghori : the first battle of Sayyid dynasty.
INDIAN HISTORY AT A GLANCE Dharmpala, Establishment of of Tarain 1421-1434 – Mubarak Shah
78 AD – Saka Era begins
(B.C.) 544-412 – Haryanka Dynasty 78-100 – Regime of Kanishka. Vikramshila University. 1192 – Ghori defeats Prithvi raj 1434-1443 – Muhammad Shah
(Bimbisara, Ajatashatru and 86-128 – Resurgence of Satvahana 783-1036 – Regi me of Gurjar - Chauhan : the second battle of 1443-1451 – Alauddin Alam Shah
6000 – Earliest evidence of agricul-
Udayin) dynasty by Satkarni and Pulumavi. Pratihara dynasty in Northen In- Tarain 1451-1489 – Bahlol Lodhi, establish-
ture and animal domestication in dia by votsraj of Rajasthan.
516 – Irani ruler Darius–I invation 130-150 – Emergence of 1194 – Jayachanda defeated in battle ment of Lodi dynasty
India i s from Mehargarh and 788-820 – Period of Shankaracharya,
Burzahom. of India. Rudradamana in West India. of Chandavar. 1455 – Birth of Sant Kabir
philosopher of Advaita. 1206-1210 – Qutubuddin Aibak es- 1469 – Birth of Guru Nanak founder
5000-4000 – Earliest evidence of 483 – Buddha attained Nirvana, First 225 – Foundation of Vakataka dy-
835-885 – Arab trader Suleman tablish Slave dynasty. of Sikh religion.
sheep-goat domestication at Bagor Buddhist Council in Rajagriha. nasty. came in India, during the regime
and Adamgarh. 563-483 – Life Period of Gautama 226 – Emergence of Sasaniyan dy- 1210-1211 – Aram Shah came to the 1472 – Birth of Sher Shah Suri
of Gurjar - Pratihara dynasty.
4000-3000 – Spread of Civilizations Buddha. nasty in Parsia. throne. 1483 – Birth of Jahiruddin Babur in
836 – Mihirbhoj became king.
based on agriculture and animal 468 – Mahavira attained Nirvana 250 – Decline and disintegration of 850 – Vijayalaya defeated Pandya, 1211-1236 – Iltutmish Fargana.
domestication. 412-344 – Foundation and expansion Satvahana dynasty. became the ki ng of Tanjore 1221 – Invasion of Changej Khan in 1489-1517 – Sikandar Lodhi
2500-1750 – Time period of of Nag Dynasty 240-280 – Foundation of Gupta dy- (Thanjavur). India. 1490 – Nizam Shahi dynasty at
Harappan Civil ization on the 383 – Second Buddhist Council in nasty. 851 – Arab Traveler wrote book over 1236-1240 – Raziya Sultan Ahmednagar
basis of Radio Carbon dating. Vaishali. 280-319 – Regime of Ghatotkacha. India. 1240-1242 – Bahram Shah 1498 – First voyage of Vasco da
1500 – Rigvedic Period, coming of 362 – Nanda Dynasty came to power 320 AD – Chandragupta I establishes 860 – Sumatra’s king Balputra estab- 1242-1246 – Masud Shah Gama
Aryans in India. in Magadha the Gupta dynasty lished Buddha Vihar in Nalanda. 1246-1266 – Nasiruddin 1509 – Krishnadev Raya became
1000 – Later Vedic Period, spread 327-325 – Alexander’s invasion of 360 AD – Samudragupta conquers 871-1173 – Regime of Chola dynasty 1266-1287 – Ghiyasuddin Balban king.
of Aryans in the Gangetic plain. the North and most of the Deccan in Tanjore. 1510 – Portuguese capture Goa
India. 1279 – Revolt by Tugaril Khan in
375 – Death of Samudra Gupta, Ram 883-1026 – Hindushahi in Punjab 1517 – Coronation of Ibrahim Lodi
950 – Mahabharata (Kurukshetra 323 – Death of Alexander in Babylon. Bengal.
Gupta Became Successor. and Kabul. 1518 – Kutub Shahi dynasty at
War) 321 – Chandragupta Maurya’s acces- 1287-1290 – Kaikubad
380 AD – Chandragupta II comes to 892 AD – Rise of the Eastern Golkunda
877 – Birth of Parshvanatha (23rd sion to the throne of Magadha. Chalukyas 1290-1296 – Jalaluddin Khalji estab-
Tirthankara of Jainism) 305 – Defeat of Seleucus at the power; Golden Age of Gupta Lit- lishes Khalji dynasty. 1519 – Entry of Babur in India
erary Renaissance 907 – Coronation of Chola king
600-550 – Emergence of Sixteen hands of Chandragupta Maurya. 1296-1316 – Alauddin Khalji 1526 – Establishment of the Mughal
Parantak–I.
Mahajanapadas, composition of 405 AD – Fa-hein begins his travels Dynasty; First Battle of Panipat :
298 – Bindusara became king. 915-925 – Arab traveler Al-Masudi 1309-1313 – Deccan mission by
the Upanishads. through the Gupta Empire Babur defeats Lodhis
273-232 – Ashoka’s reign. came in India, during the regime Malik Kafur.
563 – Birth of Gautama Buddha 415 AD–Accession of Kumara Gupta-I of great Rashtrakuta’s king Indra– 1526-1530 – Reign of Babur
261 – Conquest of Kalinga. 1315 – Returning of Malik Kafur
Founder of Buddhism 415 – Establishment of Nalanda Uni- III. 1527 – Battle of Khanwa, Babur de-
257 – Ashoka became follower of from Deccan.
540 – Birth of Mahavira Real Founder versity. 916-1205 – Regime of Chandel dy- feated Rana Sanga.
Buddhism. 1316-1320 – Qutubuddin Mubarak
of Jainism 467 AD – Skanda Gupta assumes nasty in Jejakbhukti, establish- 1529 – Ghagara battle Babur de-
251 – Third Buddhist conference in Khalji
540-468– Life Period of Vardhamana power ment of temples in Khajuraho by feated Afgani invaders.
Patliputra. 476 AD – Birth of astronomer 1320-1325 – Ghiyasuddin Tughluq
Mahavira chandel dynasty. 1530 – Humayun succeeds Babur
230 – Establishment of Satvahanas. Aryabhatta founded Tughlaq dynasty

OLE - 18 OLE - 19 OLE - 20

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
1532 – Birth of Tulsidas. 1605 – Death of Akbar and Acces- 1656 – The Mughals attack 1708 – Death of Guru Govind Singh 1763 – Expulsion of Mir Qasim. Re- Hastings had taken bribe from the

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY
1538 – Death of Guru Nanak sion of Jahangir Hyderabad and Golkunda; Annex- in Nanded (Maharashtra) i nstatement of Mi r Jafar. Begums of Awadh.
1539 – Sher Shah Suri defeats 1606 – Rebellion of Khusrav; Execu- ation of Javli by Shivaji 1712 – Death of Bahadurshah-I, Raghunath Rao recaptures power 1775-1782 – The Fi rst Anglo-
Humayun and becomes Emperor tion of the Fifth Sikh Guru, Arjun 1657 – Invasion of Bij apur by Jahand became king and keeps Madhava Rao in con- Maratha War.
of Delhi dev by Jahangir Aurangzeb; Aurangzeb captures 1713 – Balaji Vishwanath became finement. 1776 – The Treaty of Purandhar be-
1555 – Humayun recovers the 1607 – Sher Afghan first, husband Bidar and Kalyani Peshwa. 1764 – Battle of Buxar. The English tween the English and Poona’s
throne of Delhi of Nur Jahan, killed 1658 – Coronation of Aurangzeb defeat Shah Alam, Shuja-ud-daula Ministers, who were opposed to
1714 – Husain Ali appointed Viceroy
1608 – Malik Ambar takes 1659 – Battles of Khajwah and and Mir Qasim. Raghunath Rao.
1556 – Death of Humayun; Acces- of the Deccan; The treaty of the
Ahmednagar Deorai Marathas with Husain Ali 1765 – Grant of the ‘Diwani’ of Ben- 1777 – Birth of Kunwar Singh
sion of Akbar;
1609 – The Dutch open a factory at 1659 – Shivaji kills Afjal Khan gal, Bihar, and Odisha to the East 1779 – Convention of Wadgaon
1562 – End of slavery system by 1715 – Execution of Shikh Leader
Pulicat 1661 – Cession of Bombay to the En- India Company by Shah Alam II stipulating that all acquisitions of
Akbar Bandabahadur.
1611 – The English establish a fac- glish; Mughal capture of Cooch under Treaty of Allahabad. Clive, Maratha territory, made since
1563 – Abolishment of tax on pil- 1717 – Farukh Siyyar Permits East Company’s Governor in Bengal.
tory at Masulipatnam Bihar 1773 by the Company, be re-
grims. India Company for free trade. Death of Mir Jafar.
1611 – Marriage of Jahangir and 1664 – Shivaji sacks Surat and as- stored and the advance of English
1564 – Akbar abolishes poll tax on 1720 – Accession of Baji Rao Peshwa 1765-1767 – Clive’s second Gover- force from Bengal be stopped.
Nurjahan sumes royal title
Hindus at Poona norship. 1780 – Capt. Popham’s capture of
1612 – The Mughal Governor of Ben- 1664 – Francis East India Company
1565 – Battle of Talikota : Muslim 1739 – Nadir Shah conquers Delhi; 1766 – Nizam cedes Northern Gwalior.
gal defeats the rebellious Afghans; established.
rulers in Deccan defeats and de- The Marathas capture Salsette Sarkars to the English. 1780-1784 – Second Mysore War,
Mughals annex Kuch Hajo 1665 – Treaty of Purandar between
stroys Vijayanagar Empire and Bassein 1767 – Departure of Clive. Verelst, Both parties agree to give up their
1615 – Submission of Mewar to the Shivaji and Mughals
1568 – Fall of Chittor 1740 – Accession of Balaji Baji Rao Company’s Govenor in Bengal. conquests under the Treaty of
Mughals; Arrival of Sir Thomas 1666 – Death of Shah Jahan;
1569 – Birth of Jahangir Peshwa; The Marathas invade 1767-1769 – The First Mysore War. Mangalore.
Roe in India Shivaji’s visit to Agra and his
Arcot Hyder Ali advances on Madras and 1781 – Deposition of Chait Singh of
1571 – Foundation of Fatehpur Sikri 1616 – The Dutch establish a fac- escape
1740 – Aliwardi Khan becomes king forces the English to enter into a Banaras. Cal cutta Madras
by Akbar tory at Surat 1670 – Shivaji again sacks Surat
of Bengal. defensive alliance. founded by Warren Hastings to
1572 – Akbar annexes Gujarat 1620 – Capture of Kangra Fort; Malik 1674 – Shivaji assumed the title of
Ambar revolts in the Deccan 1742 – Marathas invade Bengal 1770 – The Great Bengal Famine conciliate the Mohammedans of
1573 – Surat surrenders to Akbar Chhatrapati
1622 – Shah Abbas of persia be- 1747 – Ahmad Shah Abdali invades 1771 – Marathas attack Hyder Ali. Calcutta.
1575 – Battle of Tukaroi 1675– Execution of Guru Tegbahadur
sieges and takes Qandahar India Marathas occupy Delhi and re- 1782 – Asaf-ud-daula exports money
1576 – Battle of Haldighati : Akbar by Aurangzeb
1623 – Shah Jahan revolts against 1748 – First Anglo-French war store Shah Alam who was till then from the Begums of Awadh with
defeats Rana Pratap; Subjugation 1678– Marwar occupi ed by the under Engl ish protecti on at
Jahangir 1750 – War of the Deccan and the English help. The Treaty of
of Bengal Mughals Allahabad.
Carnatic Succession; Death of Salbai between the English, the
1577 – Akbar troops invade 1624 – Suppression of Shah Jahan’s 1679 – Aurangzeb imposes Jazia tax
Nasir Jung 1772-1785 – Warren Hastings, Gov- Marathas and Hyder Ali, Death of
Khandesh revolt on non-Muslims
1751 – British wins Arcot ernor of Fort William. Hyder Ali.
1626 – Rebellion of Mahabat Khan 1680 – Death of Shivaji; Rebellion of
1579 – Akbar introduces Mahjarnama 1772 – Marathas invade Rohilkhand. 1782-1798 – Tipu Sultan, ruler of
1627 – Death of Jahangir; Accession Prince Akbar 1751 – Treaty of Alivardi with the
1580 – Accession of Ibrahim Adil Marathas 1772-1833 – Raja Rammohan Roy. Mysore.
of Shah Jahan 1685 – British Shift’s company head-
Shah II in Bengal; Rebellion in 1756 – Siraj-ud-daulah captures of 1773 – The Regulating Act passed, 1783 – Fox’s India Bills give more
1628 – Shah Jahan proclaimed Em- quarters to Mumbai from Surat.
Bihar and Bengal Calcutta bringing the Comapny partially powers to Parliament and to the
peror 1686 – English war with the
1581 – Akbar’s march against under Parliament’s control and the Governor-General.
1631 – Death of Shah Jahan’s wife Mughals; Fall of Bijapur 1757-63 – Third Anglo-French war
Muhammad Hakim and reconcili- Presidencies under Calcutta’s con- 1784 – Treaty of Mangalore between
Mumtaz Mahal; The construction 1689 – Execution of Sambhaji 1757 – Battle of Plassey : The Brit-
ation with him trol. Tipu and the English who prom-
of Taj Mahal 1690 – Peace between the Mughals ish defeat Siraj-ud-daulah
1582 – Divine Faith promulagated 1774 – The Marathas again invade ise not to assist enemies of Tipu,
1632 – Mughal invasion of Bijapur; and the English 1758 – Francis wins Fort Saint David. in return for Tipu giving up En-
1586 – Annexation of Kashmir Rohilkhand. Nawab of Awadh as-
Grant of the “Golden Firman” to 1691 – Aurangzeb at the zenith of 1760 – Battle of Wandiwash : The glish territory. Pitt’s Act passed,
1591 – Mughal conquest of Sind sists Rohillas. Marathas withdraw
the English Company by the Sul- his power British defeat the French setting up Board of Control for
but Rohillas refuse to pay Rs. 40
1592 – Annexation of Odisha tan of Golkunda 1698 – The new English company 1760 – Mir Kasim becomes Nawab East India Company. Asiatic So-
lakhs to Awadh as agreed upon.
1595 – Siege of Ahmednagar; Annex- 1633 – End of Ahmednagar Dynasty trading to the East Indies of Bengal. ciety of Bengal founded.
Establishment of Supreme Court,
ation of Baluchistan 1636 – Aurangzeb appointed Viceroy 1699 – First Maratha raid on Malwa 1761 – Third battle of Panipat : at Calcutta. Rohilla War between 1786-1793 – Lord Cornwalis, Gov-
1597 – Akbar completes his con- of Deccan 1700 – Death of Rajaram and re- Ahmed Shah Abdali defeats the Rohillas and Nawab of Awadh as- ernor-General.
quests 1639 – Foundation of Fort St. George gency of his widow Tara Bai Marathas; Accession of Madhava sisted by the English. Rohilla 1786 – Marathas and Nizam raid
1600 – Charter to the English East at Madras by the English 1702 – Amalgamation of English and Rao Peshwa; Rise of Hyder Ali Chief Hafiz Rahmat Khan killed. Mysore.
India Company 1646 – Shivaji captures Torna the London East India Companies 1762 – Madhava Rao takes power in Rohilkhand annexed by Awadh. 1787 – Treaty between Tipu,
1602 – Formation of the United East 1648 – Construction of Shahajanabad 1707 – Death of Aurangzeb; Battle his own hands. Raghunath Rao 1775 – Trial and execution of Nanda Marathas and Nizam, Marathas
India Company of Netherlands started by Shahjahan. of Jajau approaches Nizam for help. Kumar who alleged that Warren the gainers.

OLE - 21 OLE - 22 OLE - 23

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
1788 – Ghulam Kadir Rohilla seizes 1801 – Annexation of the Carnatic 1819-1827 – Elphinstone, Governor transit duties.Company strikes its 1849 – Defeat of Sikhs and annex- 1863-1902 – Swami Vivekananda.

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
Delhi and blinds Shah Alam II. and part of Awadh by the English. of Bombay. own coi ns omi tti ng Mughal ation of the Punjab. Opening of a 1864-1869 – Sir John Lawrence,
Bedar Bakht put on Delhi’s 1802 – Holkar defeats combined 1820 – Munro, Governor of Madras. emperor’s name. Hindu Girls’ Schools in Calcutta Viceroy.
throne. forces of Sindhia and the Peshwa 1821 – Sanskrit college founded at 1836-1842 – Lord Auckland, Gover- by Dri nkwater Bethune. 1865 – Telegraphic communication
1788-1795 – Impeachment of War- at Poona, Peshwa Baji Rao flees Poona. nor-General. Dalhousi e’s proposal to end with Europe opened.
ren Hastings. to Bassein and signs the Treaty 1823-1828 – Lord Amherst, Gover- 1837 – Bahadur Shah II succeeded Mughal dynasty in Delhi. 1866 – Establishment of Allahabad
1789-1803 – Marathas control Delhi. of Bassein with the English. nor-General. by Akbar II. 1851 – Foundation of “British Indian High Court.
1789 – Tipu attacks Travancore. 1803 – Treaty of Surji Arjun Village 1838 – Tripartite Treaty among Shah Association” in Calcutta. 1869 – Ambala Conference with Amir
1823 – Raja Rammohan Roy’s memo-
1790-1792 – Third Mysore War fol- 1803 – Occupation of Delhi by Lord rial to Government protesting Shuja, Ranjit Singh and the En- 1852 – Second Anglo-Burmese War. Sher Ali. Amir Yakub’s rebellion in
lowing ‘Triple Alliance’ between Lake, War with scindia. against the Press Ordinance of glish. Annexation of Rangoon and Pegu. Afghanistan. Opening of Suez Ca-
English, Marathas and Nizam 1803-1805 – Second Anglo-Maratha 1823. 1838-1884 – Kesav Chandra Sen, 1853 – Railway opened from Bombay nal. Birth of M.K. Gandhi (2 Oc-
against Tipu. War. another pillar of Brahmo Samaj. to Thane. Telegraph line from tober).
1824 – Mutiny at Barrackpore. Large
1792 – Tipu surrenders half his king- 1839 – Death of Ranjit Singh.New Calcutta to Agra. Annexation of 1869-1872 – Lord Mayo, Viceroy.
1804 – Emperor Shah Alam places numebr of Indian soldiers killed
dom. Ranjit Singh succeeds his fa- Nagpur and Jhansi. Cession of 1870 – Mayo’s Provincial Settlement.
himself under British protection. on parade for demanding more treaty forced on the Amirs of Sind.
ther as leader of a Sikh Misl. San- Berar by Nizam. Competiti ve Erection of Red Sea telegraph.
Lake’s war with Holkar. pay for fighting in Burma. Work begun on G.T. Road, be-
skrit College founded at Varanasi examiantion for Civil Service. 1872 – First census in India
1805 – Siege of Bharatpur fails and 1824-1826 – First Burmese War. tween Calcutta and Delhi. English
by English resident, Jonathan decl are Shah Shuja, Ami r of 1855 – Santhal insurrection in Bihar. 1872 – Kuka Revolt.
Lake makes peace with the Raja. Arakan and Tenasserim annexed.
Duncan “for endearing our Govern- Kabul. Beginning of the jute industry in
1805-1807 – George Barlow, Gover- 1824-1883 – Swami Dayanand 1872 – Assassination of Lord Mayo
ment to the native Hindus”. India. Foundation of Anjuman-i-
nor-General. Saraswati, founder of Arya Samaj. 1839-1842 – The First Anglo-Afghan 1872-1876 – Lord Northbrook, Vice-
1793-1798 – Sir John Shore, Gov- Islami in Calcutta.
1806 – Mohd, Akbar II succeeds his 1826 – English caputre Bharatpur. War. roy.
ernor-General. 1856 – Annexation of Awadh. Uni-
father Shah Alam II. Conquest of Assam by East India 1840 – Amir Dost Mohammad sur- 1874 – Bihar Famine.
1793 – The Permanent Settlement of versity Act. Hindu Widow’s Re-
1807-1813 – Lord Minto I, Gover- Company. Treaty of Yandbu. renders. 1875 – M.A.O. Coll ege, Al igarh
Bengal. marriage Act.
nor-General, 1828-1835 – Lord William Bentinck, 1841 – Foundation of “Desh Hiteshi founded by Syed Ahmad Khan.
1794 – Death of Mahadavji Sindhia 1856-1862 – Lord Canning, Gover-
1809 – Treaty of Amritsar -Ranjit Governor-General. Sabha” in Calcutta. Mayo College, Ajmer, opened. Visit
at Poona. nor-General and viceroy.
Singh and British sign treaty of 1829 – Brahmo Samaj founded by 1842 – Siml a Procl amati on of of the Prince of Wales. Arya Samaj
1795 – Battle of Kharda between the 1857 – Uni versiti es set up at
perpetual amity. Raja Rammohan Roy, Prohibition Ellenborough. Govenror-General founded by Swami Dayananda.
Nizam and the Marathas. Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras.
of Sati. agrees to recognise the Amir of Af- 1876 – Occupation of Quetta. Indian
1809-1811 – Ranjit Singh takes 1857-1858 – Revolt of 1857. Revolt
1796 – Baji Rao II Peshwa. ghans’ choice. Association of Calcutta. The Queen
Kangra from the Gurkh 1829-1837–Suppression of Thuggee. at Meerut begins on May 10, 1857.
1797 – Jacobin club sets up by 1842-1844 – Lord Ellenborough, of England proclaimed Empress
1813-1823 – Lord Hastings, Gover- 1830-1833 – Raja Rammohan Roy 1858 – British India placed under
Francis in Shrirangpattanam. Governor-General. of India.
nor-General. visits England. the direct Government of the
1797 – Zaman Shah, grandson of 1843 – Return of Dost Muhammad 1876-1880 – Lord Lytton, Viceroy.
1814-1816 – Anglo-Gurkha War re- 1831 – Raja of Mysore deposed and Crown. Queen Victoria’s Proclama-
Ahmad Shah Abdali, takes Lahore. to Afghanistan as its Amir. Con- 1877 – Lytton’s Delhi Durbar.
sulting in the cession of Garhwal its administration taken over by tion.
Death of Asaf-ud-daula of Awadh quest of Sind by the British. Sla- 1878 – Vernacular Press Act.
and Kumaon by the Gurkhas to the Company. Meeting of Ranjit 1859 – Withdrew Doctrine of Lapse.
and succession of Wazir Ali. very prohibited in British India. 1878-1880 – Second Afghan War.
the English. Singh and William Bentinck at 1859-1861 – Indigo Riots in Bengal.
1798 – Wazir Ali deposed and suc- 1844-1848 – Lord Hardinge, Gover- Flight of Sher Ali.
1817-1818 – Pindari War-Peshwar Rupar. 1860 – Introduction of Budget.
ceeded by Sa’dat Ali at Awadh. nor-General. 1878 – Appointment of Famine Com-
defeat at Kirkee. 1832 – Annexation of Jaintia. 1861 – Indian Councils Act. Indian
1798-1805 – Wellesley, Governor- 1844 – Lord Hardinge decides to mission under the presidency of
General. 1817-1905 – Debendranath Tagore 1833 – Abolition of the Company’s High Courts Act. Archaeological Richard Strachey.
who reorganised the Brahmo trading rights. Legislative power employ, in Government service, Survey of India set up.
1799 – English attack Tipu without Indians educated i n Engl ish 1879 – Madam Blavatsky (Russian)
Samaj. centralised. Indian Law Commis- 1862 – Penal Code introduced. Amal-
provocation. Fourth Mysore War. schools. and Col. Olcott (American) come
1817-1898 – Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, sion appointed. gamation of the Supreme and
Fall of Shrirangpattnam. Death of 1845 – First Anglo-Sikh War. to India from USA and set up
Tipu. English restore previous founder of Aligarh Muslim Univer- 1834 – Annexation of Coorg. Sadar courts into High Courts. Theosophical Society at Adyar,
sity. Maculay, Law member. Govern- 1846 – Defeat of the Sikh Army, 1862-1863 – Lord Elgin, Viceroy.
Hindu dynasty in Mysore. Parti- Madras.
1817-1819 – Last Anglo-Maratha ment establishes tea garden. For- Treaty of Lahore.
tion of Mysore. Shah Zaman ap- 1863 – Death of Ami r Dost 1880 – Abdur Rahman recognised as
points Ranjit Singh as the Gover- War. Hostile princes like Sindhia mation of Agra Province. 1847 – Engineering College founded Muhammad. Afghan War of Suc- Amir of Afghanistan. Famine Com-
and Holkar become allies of the 1835-1836 – Sir Charles Metcalf, in Roorkee. cession. Sher Ali, Amir of Afghani-
nor of Lahore. William Carey mission.
opens Bapti st Mi ssion at English. Governor-General. 1848-1856 – Lord Dalhousie, Gov- stan receives an annual grant of 1880-1884 – Lord Ripon, Viceroy.
Serampore. 1818 – First Bengali newspaper, the 1835 – Macaulay’s Education Reso- ernor-General. six lakh of rupees. 1881 – Factory Act. Rendition of
1800 – Death of Nana Phadnavis. weekly Samachar Darpan pub- lution. English made official lan- 1848 – Annexation of Satara. Rising 1863 – Formation of “Mohmmaden Mysore.
Establishment of the College of lished by the Baptist Mission, guage instead of Persian. Abolition at Multan. Association” in Calcutta, Estab- 1882 – Repeal of Vernacular Press
Fort William. Serampore. of Press restrictions and inland 1848-1849 – Second Anglo-Sikh War. lishment of Patna College. Act.

OLE - 24 OLE - 25 OLE - 26

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
1882 – Hunter Commission. Indian 1905 – First Partition of Bengal. 1916– Sadler Commission. Lucknow 1924 – Kanpur Conspiracy Case. 1931 – Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and 1942 – Quit India Movement started

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY
Education Commission. University Morley, Secretary of State for Pact of Indian National Congress 1924 – Gandhi became president of Rajguru were hanged till death on (8 August, 1942).
of Punjab set up. India. and All-India Muslim League. Congress sessi on at Belgao March 23 at Lahore Jail. 1943 – Subhash Chandra Bose took
1883 – Indian National Conference 1905-1910 – Lord Minto II, Viceroy. Foundation of Women’s University (Belgaum) 1931-1936 – Lord Wi l li ngdon, the charge of Azad Hind Fauj in
held in Calcutta. 1906 – Muslim League formed at at Poona. Banaras Hindu Univer- 1925 – All-India Depressed Class As- Viceroy. Singapore and set up Indian Pro-
1883-1884 – Illbert Bill controversy. Dhacca (Dhaka). Congress decla- sity established at Varanasi. sociation. Cotton excise abolished. 1932 – Second Civil Disobedience visional Government.
1884-1888 – Lord Dufferin, Viceroy. ration regarding ‘Swaraj’. 1916 – Formation of Home Rule Reforms. Enquiry Report. Death Movement. Round Table Confer- 1944-1947 – Lord Wavell, Viceroy.
1885 – First Meeting of the Indian 1907 – Surat Congress, Moderate- League by Tilak and Mrs. Besant. of Chittaranjan Das (C.R.) Sikh ence (Third Session), Communal 1944 – Gandhi-Jinnah talks opened
National Congress. Bengal Ten- extremist clash. The Anglo-Rus- 1916-1921–Lord Chelmsford, Viceroy. Gurdwaras Act passed to enable Award announced. Poona Pact in Bombay on Rajagopalachari’s
ancy Act. Bengal Local Self-Gov- sian Convention. Mrs. Annie 1917 – British declaration on Indian Sikhs to take over control of signed. Indian Military Academy, proposals for solution of constitu-
ernment Act. Third Anglo-Bur- Besant succeeds Col. Olcott as self-government. Montague be- Gurdwaras from Mahants. Dehra Dun set up. tion deadlock (September 9). Talks
mese War. President of Theosophical Society. comes Secretary of State, visits Vithalbhai J. Patel elected at the 1934 – Civil Disobedience Movement break down on Pakistan issue
1886 – Annexation of Upper Burma. 1908 – Newspapers Act. Tilak con- India. Announcement of granting first Indian President of the Leg- cal led off. Bihar Earthquake (September 27). INA reaches
Ramakrishna Mission founded. victed of sedition (July 22). of responsible government. islative Assembly. (January 16). Indian soil.
Delimitation of Afghan northern 1908 – khudiram Bose sentenced to Gandhi tried for Champaran 1926 – Trade Union Act passed. 1934 – Foundation of congress so- 1945 – Labour Government in Brit-
boundary. death. Satyagraha (April 18). Mrs. Swami Shraddhanand Assassi- cialist party in Patna, Foundation ain. Lord Wavell’s broadcast an-
1888–University set up at Allahabad. 1908 – Imprisonment to Gandhi Besant interned by Madras Gov- nated (December 23). of Royal Indian Navy. nouncing British Government’s de-
1888 – Establishment of “United In- (First time) ernment (June 15). 1926-1931 – Lord Irwin, Viceroy. 1935 – Indo-British Agreement termination to go ahead with the
dian Patriotic Association” by colo- 1909 – Morley-Minto Reforms. Ap- 1918 – Indians made eligible for 1927 – Indian Navy Act. Appoint- signed. Government of India Act, task of fitting India for self-gov-
nel Beck. pointment of S.P. Sinha to the King’s Commission, Rowlatt (Sedi- ment of Simon Commission. 1935 passed by British Parlia- ernment (September 19). End of
1888-1894 – Lord Landsdowne, Governor-General’s Council. In- tion) Committee submits its re- 1927 – Foundation of All India ment (August 2). Second World War. Germany sur-
Viceroy. dian Councils Act passed (May port. Woman Conference. 1936 – Death of King George V renders (May). Japan surrenders
1889 – Second visit of the Prince of 21). Madan Lal Dhingra shoots 1919 – Montague-Chelmsford Re- 1928 – Simon Commission comes to (January 21). Accession and ab- (June) INA Surrenders to the Brit-
Wales. dead Curzon Whyllie in London forms. Rowlatt Act passed. Mas- India. All Parties’ Conference set dication of Edward VIII. Accession ish (May), Congress leaders re-
1891 – Factory Act, Age of Consent (July 1). sacre at Jallianwala Bagh, up. Nehru Report. Royal Commis- of George VI. leased (June). First trial of INA
Act. Manipur Rebellion. 1909 – Gandhi writes book “Hind Amritsar (April 13). Third Afghan sion on Agriculture appointed. 1936-1944 – Lord Linli thgow, men (November 5).
1892 – Indian Councils Act intro- Swaraj” War. Royal Proclamation. Govern- 1928 – Foundation of Hindustan So- Viceroy. 1945 – Elections to the Central Leg-
duces the principle of election. 1910-1916–Lord Hardinge II, Viceroy. ment of India Act, 1919 passed. cialist Republic Association (HSRA) 1937 – Inauguration of Provincial Au- islative Assembly held (Decem-
1893 – Durand’s mission to Kabul. 1910 – Death of Edward III and ac- 1920 – Khilafat Movement and Non- tonomy (April 1). Congress Minis- ber).
1929– Bhagat Singh and Batukeswar
Mrs. Besant arrives in India. cession of George V. Cooperation Movement. Lord Dutt drop bombs in the Legisla- tries formed in seven out of eleven 1946 – Mutiny of the Indian Naval
1894-1899 – Lord Elgin II, Viceroy. 1911 – Delhi Durbar. Partition of Sinha, Governor of Bihar and tive Assembly (April 8). Establish- Provinces. In NWFP the pro-Con- ratings in Bombay (February 18).
1895 – Shivaji Festival started by Bal Begal modified. Census of India. Orissa. Mahatma Gandhi Leads ment of the Imperial Council of gress Red Shirt Party of Khan Violence in Bengal. Announcement
Gangadhar Tilak. Transfer of Capital to Delhi an- the Congress. All India Trade Agricultural Research. Meerut Abdul Ghaffar Khan wins majority. of special Mission of Cabinet Min-
1897 – Frontier Risings. Plague at nounced. Union Congress founded. Aligarh Conspiracy case trial begins. 1938 – V.D. Savarkar elected Presi- isters of India (February 19). Cabi-
Bombay. Indian Education Service 1912 – Removal of the Imperial Capi- Muslim University established. dent of the Hindu Mahasabha. net Mission’s plans announced
1929 – Lahore session of Congress
set up. tal of Delhi. Province of Delhi cre- 1921 – Chamber of Princes inaugu- Death of Sarat Chandra Chatterjee (June 16). Muslim League decides
presided by Pt. JL Nehru, Passed
1897 – Til ak Sentenced to 18 ated by a proclamation, Attempt rated. Moplah Rebellion. Prince of a resolution declaring Poorna (born 1876) and of Sir Muhammad to participate in Interim Govern-
months imprisonment. of Lord Hardinge’s life. Wales visits India. Census of India. Swaraj (Complete Independence) Iqbal (born 1877) . Subhash ment. Congress announces accep-
1898 – Ramakrishna Math and Mis- 1921-1926 – Lord Reading, Viceroy. Chandra Bose elected President tance of the longterm part of May
1913 – Education Resolution of the to be the congress objective.
sion founded at Belur by Swami 1921 – Harappa excavations begin. of the Indian National Congress. 16 plan, but refuses invitation to
Government of India. Nobel Prize 1930-1932 – Boycott of the Simon
Vivekananda. 1939 – Second world war begins. participate in Interim. Government
for Rabindranath Tagore. 1922 – Resignation of Montague. Commission. Civil Disobedience
1899-1905 – Lord Curzon, Viceroy. Subhash Chandra Bose elected (June 25). Jawaharlal Nehru takes
1913 – Formation of “Gadar Party” Mohenjodaro excavations begin. Movement.
1900 – Famine Commission, Land president of Congress again but over Presidentship of the Con-
in San Francisco. Chauri Chaura incident. 1930 – Sharda Act Passed.
Alienation Act, North-West Frontier resigned latter. gress (July 6). Muslim League
1914-1918 – First World War. Visvabharati University started by 1930 – Gandhijis Dandi March, Re-
Province created. 1940 – Proposal of separate Pakistan withdraws its acceptance and de-
1914 – Tilak released from Mandale Rabindranath Tagore. bellion in Burma. Round Table
1902 – Gurukul Kangri started at first passed in Lahore session by cides on a policy of direct action
Prison. 1923 – Swarajists in India Councils. Conference (First Session). Janu-
Haridwar. the Muslim League. (July 29). This leads to outbreak
1915 – Gandhi arrives in India Certification of Salt Tax. Tariff ary 26, Independence Pledge.
1904 – Act passed empowering the of mob violence in Calcutta (Au-
(January). Defence of India Act. Board set up. Question of 1931 – Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed. 1940 – Indi vi dual Satyagraha
Universities to appoint professors gust 16). Interim Government
Death of Gokhale (February 19). Indianising the command of cer- Census of India. Round Table started. Vinoba Bhave was the
and lecturers. Cooperative Societ- formed (September 2). Muslim
Mrs. Besant announces the for- tain regiments. Conference (Second Session). Pub- first Satyagrahi.
ies Act. Archaeological Department League members sworn in (Octo-
mation of the Home Rule League 1923 – Foundation of Indian Party l icati on of the Royal Labour 1941 – Subhash Chandra Bose es- ber 26). Constituent Assembly’s
establ ished by Curzon. The by madan Mohan Malviya. caped to Berlin from Calcutta.
(September 25). Commission’s Report. first meeting (December 9).
Youghsband Expedition to Tibet.
OLE - 27 OLE - 28 OLE - 29
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
1947-1948 – Lord Mountbatten, Viceroy. � History was not meant to be an 2. In the Puranas and epics, we � This is a very precise and exact form of expression in prose which was

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
1947 – British Government’s historic announcement of transfer of power exhaustive compendium of the find genealogies of kings and developed by the ancient Indians.
to “responsible hands”, not later than 1948 (February 20). Announce- names of the kings and dynasties sometimes their achievements. Later Vedic Literature
ment of Lord Mountbatten’s plan for Partition of India (June 3). Indian and their achievements etc. But it is difficult to arrange them
Brahmanas elaborate on vedic rituals
Independence Act passed (July). Creation of free India and Pakistan � The two great epics, the in chronological order.
(August 14-15, 1947). Aranyakas give discourses on different spiritual and philosophical prob-
Ramayana and the Mahabharata, 3. Puranic literature helps tracing
lems.
SOURCES OF ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY may also be used as a source. It Lord Ram of Ayodhya around
is generally held that there have 2000B.C. but the extensive Upanishads —
1. Li ter ary So urc es : Ved ic, Puranas and a large number of been constant interpolations in exploration in Ayodhya donot Sulvasutra prescribe measurements for sacrificial altars. Mark the be-
Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit and other other books. these works. show any settlement around that ginning of study of geometry and maths.
literature and foreign accounts. � According to the Puranas, � The Puranas may not satisfy the date. Similarly, Lord Krishna can Srautasutra account of royal coronation ceremonies
2. Archaeological : epigraphic, following are the subject matters modern definition of historio- be traced to 200 BC-300AD. But Grihyasutra domestic rituals with birth, naming, marriage, funeral etc.
numismatic and architectural of history : graphy or those who wrote it may excavations in Mathura, donot
� Narration of Puranas were a part attest his presence. Counter Jain and Buddhist Literature
remai n s, archaeol ogical not have been awe of the
explorations and excavations of the annual ritual in every vil- “historian’s crafts”, but they argument: The epics Ramayana literature written in notes
� study of devel opm ent of lage and town during the rainy seem fully aware of the purpose and Mahabharata have undergone Jain Prakrit was a form of Sanskrit language
season and at the time of festi- of their work and the purpose of several editions through ages, Buddhist Pali •• as the form of Prakrit language which was in
scripts:••palaeography.
vals. It was treated as a power- history itself. hence difficult to tie up with vogue in Magadha/South Bihar.
� study of i nscrip tions: ful vehicle of awakening of cul- specific era.
epigraphy. tural and social consciousness. Ramayana, Valmiki •• Most of the early Buddhist literature is written
� study of coins:••numismatics Vedic Literature in this language.
� In all the Puranas royal � composition started in 5BC.
� study of monuments, material genealogies are dealt with the passed through five stage. fifth � The Four Vedas : We cannot find •• With the Buddhist monks it reached Sri Lanka,
remains: Archeology. reign of Parikshit, the grandson stage in 12AD much trace of political history in where it is a living language.
of Arjun, as a benchmark. � 6000 verses to12000 verses and the Vedas, but can have reliable •• Provi des detai ls of contempary kings in
LITERARY SOURCES � All the earlier dynasties and kings glimpses of the culture and Magadha, North Bihar and East UP.
finally 24000 verses.
have been mentioned in past civilization of the Vedic period.
Indian Tradition of History Writing � As a whole, this text seems to •• Ashokan edicts are also in this language.
tense. � Vedic literature are entirely in a
� Many foreign scholars opined have been composed later than � Since the modern historians have discarded most of the dynasties men-
� While the latter kings and different language, which can be
that Indians had no sense of Mahabharata. tioned in the Puranas and Mahavira and Buddha are considered histori-
dynasties have been narrated in called the Vedic language. Its
history writing and whatever was Mahabharata, Vyas vocabulary contains a wide range cal personalities, only those portions of the puranic dynastic lists have
future tense.
written in the name of history is of meaning and at times different been accepted which are supplemented and supported by the Buddhist
nothi ng more than a story � This may be because of the fact � Reflects the state of affairs be-
in grammatical usages. and Jaina literature.
without any sense. that the coronation of Parikshit tween 70BC to 4AD.
marks the beginning of Kali Age. � It has a defi ni te mode of Jataka Stories
� But this appears to be a very � Originally 8800 verses, collection
pronunciation in which emphasis
harsh judgment. Because the � Many scholars think that this also dealing with victory. � These are Buddhist books
changes the meaning entirely.
knowledge of history was given points to the fact that perhaps � Later raised to 24000 verses- � Before he was born as Gautama, the Buhddha passed through more
the Puranas were completed Vedanga
a very high place in ancient India. came to be known as Bharata Than 550 births, in many cases in animal-form.
It was accorded sanctity equal during the reign of Parikshit. after Bharat tribe Six vedangas (limbs of Vedas) were
evolved for the proper understanding � Each birth story is called Jataka. There are more than 550 such stories.
to a Veda. � In the context of the Puranas it � Final compilation: 1 lakh verses
may be remembered that in of the Vedas. � Throw light on socio-economic conditions between 5BC to 2BC.
� Atharvaveda, Brahmans and and came to be known as
Upani shads incl ude Itihas- ancient India, Itihas was looked Mahabharata or Satasahasri 1. Siksha (phonetics) Dhamasutras and the Smritis
Purana as one of the branches upon as a means to illuminate Samhita. 2. Kalpa (rituals)
the present and future in the light � These are rules and regulations for the general public and the rulers
of knowledge. � Didactic porti on from Post 3. Vyakarna (grammar)
of the past. � It can be termed in the modern concept as the constitution and the law
� Kautilya in his Arthashastra Maurya, Gupta times. 4. Nirukta (etymology)
� The purpose of history was to books for the ancient Indian polity and society. These are also called
(fourth century B.C.) advises the Puranic Literature: Limitations 5. Chhanda (metrics)
king to devote a part of his time understand and inculcate a Dharmashastras.
sense of duty and sacrifice by 1. Most of the ancient literature is 6. Jyotisha (astronomy) � These were compiled between 600 and 200 B.C.
every day for hearing the
individuals to their families, by religious in nature, and those Sutra
narrations of history. � Manusmriti and Arthashastra are prominent among them.
the families to their clans, by the which are claimed to be history
Puranic Literature clans to their villages and by the by Indians, i.e., puranic and � Each vedanga has developed a Kautilya’s Arthashastra
villages to Janapada and Rashtra epic literature, contain no credible literature around it
� The Puranic literature is very vast. which are in the sutra form i.e., � A book on statecraft was written in the Maurya period.
and ultimately to the whole definite dates for events and
� 18 main Puranas, 18 subsidiary precepts. � The text is divided into 15 chapters known as books.
humanity. kings.

OLE - 30 OLE - 31 OLE - 32

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Different books deal with different subject matter concerning polity, 3. Alexander’s Invasion finds no mention in Indian sources. We’ve to Greek Writers

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY
economy and society. reconstruct his exploits entirely on basis of Greek sources. Darius India figures in his foreign inscriptions
� Even before the final version of Arthashastra was written in the fourth 4. Many of them religious in nature- while they give some idea on prevailing Ctesian got Info of India from through the Persian sources.
century B.C. by Kautilya, there appeared a tradition of writing on and social conditions but hard to put it in context of time and place. Herodotus in his “Histories” gives us much information about Indo-Persian
teaching of statecrafts because Kautilya acknowledges his debt to his Sangam Literature relations
predecessors in the field. Arrian detailed account of the invasion of India by Alexander on the
� Earliest Tamil text
� Mudrarakshusha, a play written by Vishakhadatta, also gives a glimpse basis of information from those who accompanied the
� Kings and chiefs patronized poets.
of society and culture. campaign.
� These poets assembled in collages and compiled poems over a period of
Notable writers 3 to 4 centuries. This is ••Sangam literature. anonymous Book: “Periplus of the Erythrean Sea” by an anonymous author,
Kalidasa Malavikagnimitram is based on some events of the who was a Greek, settled in Egypton the basis of his personal
� Describes many kings and dynasties of South India.
reign of Pusyamitra Sunga, dynasty which followed the voyage of Indian coast in about A.D.80. He gives valuable
� This literature generally describes events upto the fourth century A.D.
Mauryas. Abhgyanshakuntalam: glimpse of Guptas. information about the Indian coasts.
� Total 30,000 lines of poetry
Bhasa and Sudraka written plays based on historical events. Ptolemy wrote a geographical treatise on India in the second century
� Arranged in eight Anthologies called Ettuttokai A.D.
Banabhatta Harshacharita throws light on many historical facts � Two main groups, Patinenkilkanakku (18 lower collections) and the Greek Limitations
Vakpati wrote Gaudauaho, based on the exploits of Yasovarman Pattupattu (ten songs). The former is older than the latter.
of Kanauj 1. Most of the Greek writing about India are based on secondary sources
� Some kings and events are supported by inscriptions also.
resulting in numerous errors and, contradictions.
Bilhana Vikramankadevachnrita describes the victories of the
FOREIGN ACCOUNTS 2. Except for Megasthenese all others have touched Indian history in the
later Chalukya king Vikramaditya.
true sense very marginally.
Kalhana His book Rajatarangini. Greek Ambassadors :
3. They were ignorant of the language and the customs of the country
Biographical Writings � Ambassadors were sent to Pataliputra by Greek kings. and their information is full of unbelievable facts and fancies.
� Notable: Megasthenese, Deimachus and Dionysios. 4. The works of Megasthenese and other Greeks of those who
Banabhatta’s Harshacharita •• 7th••AD·
� They mention Sandrokottas (Chandragupta Maurya)- help fixing his date accompanied Alexander, have been lost and are available only in
•• Describes the early career of of accession at 322BC. This helps as sheet-anchor in Ancient Indian
Harshavardhana- courtlife and social fragments as quoted in later works.
Chronology.
life in his age. Chinese Travelers
Historians :
Sandhyakara Nandi •• Ramacharita. 12th••AD· � visited India from time to time- as Buddhist pilgrims and therefore their
•• conflict between Kaivarta peasants � Notable:••Herodotus, Megasthenese, Nearchus, Plutarch, Arrian, Strabo, accounts are somewhat tilted towards Buddhism. Three important pil-
and Pala prince Ramapala. Prince Pliny the Elder, and Ptolemy (Geography). grims were
wins. � They were concerned mostly with the north western part of India and Notable Chinese writers
primarily the areas which were either part of the Persian and Greek
Bilhana’s Vikramanakadevacharita •• Vikramaditya, the sixth A.D. Fa-Hien visited India in fifth century A.D. Describes social-religious
Satrapies or Alexander’s campaign.
Atula •• Mushika Vamsha- this dynasty ruled and economic conditions of India in the time of Guptas.
Megasthenese : Hiuen-Tsang 7th••Century In the age of Harshavardhana and some other
in Northern Kerala.
� The Greek ambassador (in the court of Chandragupta Maurya c. 324- contemporary kings of Northern India.
� Kumarapalacharita of Jayasimha, 300 B.C.) I-tsing 7th••Century
� Kumarapatacharita or Duayashraya Mahakauya of Hemachandra, � Megasthenese wrote extensively in a book called Indika which is no Chinese Travelers: Limitations
� Harnmirakavya of Nayachandra, longer available to us. 1. Fa-Hien and Hiuen-Tsang have given somewhat exaggerated account
� Navasahasankacharita of Padmagupta, � We know about Megasthenese’s Writings through various extracts of the of Buddhism during the period of their visit.
� Bhojaprabandha of Billal, writings of Diodorous, Strabo and Arrian.
2. For example Hiuen-Tsang depicts Harsha as a follower of Buddhism
� Prithuirajacharit of Chandbardai. � These fragments of••Indika, provide valuable information on Maurya Ad- but in his epigraphic records Harsha mentions himself as a devotee of
� Limitations :••These writers made lot of exaggerations to please their
ministration, social classes and economic activities. Siva.
patron kings. � The existence of a list of 153 kings whose reigns had covered a period of 3. Counterargument : Indian rulers always have, like their subjects, been
about 6053 years uptill then. multi-religious people, it is not difficult for a foreigner to be confused.
LIMITATIONS OF INDIAN LITERARY SOURCES
� Indika is not free from credulity and exaggerations.
1. Printing was not known. Everything was written on soft materials like Arab Historian: Al-Beruni
� Megasthenese had little understanding of Indian society and social sys-
birch bark, palm leaf, paper etc.
tems. For example, he mentions that Indian society comprised of seven � Abu Rihan better known as Al-Beruni.
2. Since the old manuscripts become fragile in course of time, they had castes (jatis). � Born in central Asia in A.D. 973 and died in Ghazni (present-day Af-
to be manually copied. But At the time of copying, some errors tend to � Discrepancies because he did not know any Indian language, was not a ghanistan) in A.D.1048
creep in or sometimes even additions are made. part of Indian society and psyche. � Contemporary of Mahmud of Ghazni.
OLE - 33 OLE - 34 OLE - 35
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� When Mahmud conquered part of central Asia, he took Al-Beruni with � Ashoka’s views on dhamma and conquests of Samudragupta, and sev- Junagarh Rock inscription •• of Rudradaman is considered as an early

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
him. eral others would have remained unknown without their epigraphs. example of chaste Sanskrit, written in mid
� Though Al-Beruni deplored his loss of freedom, he appreciated the � Limitation of inscription: they never speak of defeats/ weaknesses second century A.D.
favourable circumstances for his work. Ashokan Inscription Allahabad Pillar enumerates the achievements of Samudragupta
� Unlike Megasthenese, Al-Beruni studied Sanskrit language and tried to � These were recorded in different years of his reign and are called edicts Aihole inscription. Chalukya king Pulkeshin II gives a dynastic
gain a precise knowledge of Indian sources. The list of works consulted because they are in the form of the king’s order or desire. genealogy
by him is long and impressive. His observations range from philosophy, Gwalior inscription of Bhoja gives ful l account of hi s
� They also give a glimpse of Ashoka’s image and personality as a benevo-
religion, culture, society to science, literature, art and medicine. predecessors and their achievements.
lent king concerned with the welfare of not only his subjects but also of
� Al-Beruni’s work can be termed as fairly objective and wherever he has the whole humanity. •• From the inscriptions we also came to know
faltered- is not because of any other reason but his lack of proper un- that Learned Brahmans (called Agraharas)
� These are found written in four scripts.
derstanding. were given grant of land, free from all
Language used in Ashokan inscriptions
� Does not give any political information of his times. taxes.
Empire script used in Ashokan Edicts
� Comparatively free from religious or racial biases Coins/numismatics
Afghanistan 1. Aramaic 2. Greek scripts
� While Al-Beruni also possess a well defined religious and hermeneutics � We could not have known about most of the Indo Greek, Saka-Parthian
awareness, he was essentially a scholar and not driven to preach his Pakistan 3. Kharoshthi. Kharoshthi evol ved on the
and Kushana kings without numismatic sources.
faith. He was essentially a scholar and not driven to preach his faith. Varnantata system of the Indian languages is
written from right to left. � This is considered as the second most important source for reconstruct-
� However, sometime Al-Beruni does show his annoyance when he says ing the history of India, the first being inscriptions.
sarcastically, “… ••the Hindus believe that there is no country but theirs, no Kalsi in the north in 4. Brahmi.
� Ancient India did not have banking system. People kept money in earthen
nation like theirs, no kings like theirs, no religion like theirs, no science like Uttaranchal upto
posts as precious hoards. Later they’re found while digging field or exca-
theirs”. Mysore in the south. •• written from left to right. vating foundation for the construction of a building, making road etc.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES •• Its individual letters were modified century after � Some coins were issued by merchants and guilds with permission of
century and through this process all the scripts rulers prove that commerce had became important in later history of
Megaliths : of India, including Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Ancient India.
� Some people in South India, buried their dead with tools, weapons, Malayalam in the south and Nagari, Gujarati,
� Largest number of coins found in post-Maurya period trade had in-
potteries etc. Such••graves were encircled by a big piece of stone. These Bangla., etc. in the north have developed from it.
creased.
structures are called Megaliths. •• This modification in the form of individual letters
� Few coins from Post-Gupta period trade had declined.
gave another advantage. It has made it roughly
Carbon-Dating principle � Coins found in systematic excavations are less in number but are very
possible to ascertain the time or the century in
� Half life period during which, half of the material decays out. which the inscription was written valuable because their chronology and cultural context can be fixed pre-
� Half-life of C14 is 5568 years. cisely.
Firoz Shah Tughlaq
� Carbon is associated with all living beings. � He found an Ashokan Pilar inscription from Topra, Haryana, brought it COIN TYPES
� When an object ceases to live, it stops receiving fresh supply of Carbon to Delhi and asked Pandits to decipher it. They failed. Punch-Marked
C14 � Later, British started epigraphic studies in the late eighteenth century � Earliest coins
� And its existing undergoes decacy into an isotope C12. and deciphered it. � coins are the earliest coins of India and they bear only symbols on them.
� We can measure the decaying of C14 to C12 and identify the number of James Prinsep : � Each symbol is punched separately, which sometimes overlap the an-
years elapsed. other.
� Made a complete chart of Ashokan Alphabets in 1837. After this the
Inscriptions study of epigraphs became a subject in itself. India is particularly rich in � They do not bear and inscription, or legend on them· These have been
� One of the most important and reliable sources of history writing are epigraphic material. found throughout the country from Taxila to Magadha to Mysore or even
inscriptions. � Inscriptions of the Indo-Greeks, Saka-kshatrapas and Kushanas adopt further south.
� An inscription, being a contemporary document, is free from later inter- Indian names within two or three generations. These inscriptions show � Made from silver and copper. Some gold punch-marked coins are also
polations. them engaged in social and religious welfare activities like any other reported to have been found, but they are very rare and their authentic-
� It comes in the form it was composed in and engraved for the first time. Indian. ity is doubtful.
It is almost impossible to add something to it at a later stage. Sanskrit Indo-Greek
� The earliest system of writings is found in the Harappan seals. (2500BC) � Most of the Gupta epigraphs give genealogy. This became the practice of � silver and copper and rarely in gold. The Indo-Greek coins show beauti-
However, there has been no success in deciphering it. They are picto- the subsequent dynasties. They took the opportunity to give an account ful artistic features on them.
graphic script- ideas/objects expressed in form of picture. of their conquests and achievements of their predecessor including my- � The portrait or bust of the king on the observe side appear to be real
� Thus, the writing system of the Ashokan inscriptions (in Brahmi script) thology of their origins. portraits.
are considered to be the earliest (3rd••AD). � Sanskrit came to occupy a prune place since the Gupta period. � On the reverse some deity is depicted.

OLE - 36 OLE - 37 OLE - 38

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
IMPORTANT BATTLES OF INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY
� From these coins we know that than forty indo-Greek rulers who ruled Dynasty Founder Capital
in a small north-western region of India. 327-326 B.C. – Alexander invades 1556 – Second Battle of Panipat.
Vardhans Pushyabhuti Thaneswar/Kannauj
� We know about several Saka-Parthians kings about whom we would India. Defeats Porus in the Battle Akbar defeats Hemu.
have no information from any other sources. Sena Dynasty Samanta Sena Lakhnauti
of Hydaspes (Jhelum) 326 B.C. 1565 – Battl e of Raktakshasi -
Kushanas Parmaras Upendra Dhara
305 B.C. – Chandragupta Maurya de- Tangadi (Talikota) in which the
� Kushanas issued mostly gold coins and numerous copper coins which Chandellas Nannuk Khajuraho/Mahoba feats the Greek king Seleucus. forces of the empire of Vijayanagar
are found in most parts of north India up to Bihar. Gahadvalas Chandradeva Kanauj under King Sadasiva Raya and his
216 B.C. – The Kalinga War. Con-
� Indian influence can be seen on them from the very beginning. Gurjar Pratiharas Nagabhatta-I Kanauj quest of Kalinga by Ashoka. regent Rama Raya routed by the
� The coins of Vima Kadphises bear the figure of Siva standing beside a Pallava Dynasty Simbhavishnu Kanchipuram 155 B.C. – Menander’s invasion of confederate forces of the Deccani
bull. Chalukyas of Badami Pulakesin-I Badami India. states of Bij apur, Gol kunda,
� In the legend on these coins the king calls himself Maheshwara, i.e. Chalukyas of Vengi Vishnuvardhana Vengi Ahmadnagar, and Bidar.
90 B.C. – The Sakas invade India.
devotee of Siva. Chalukyas of Kalyani Vijayaditya Manyakhet 1576 – Battle of Haldighati. Akbar
A.D. 454 – The first Huna invasion.
� Kanishka, Huvishka and Vasudeva etc. all have this depiction on their Rashtrakutas Dantidurg Manyakhet defeats Rana Pratap of Mewar.
A.D. 495 – The second Huna inva-
coins. Slave Dynasty Qutubuddin Aibak Delhi 1632-1633–Conquest of Ahmadnagar
sion.
� We find many Indian gods and goddesses depicted on Kushana coins Khalji Dynasty Jalalludin Khalji Delhi by Shah Jahan.
besides many Persian and Greek deities. A.D. 711-712 – The Arab invasion of
Tughlaq Dynasty Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Delhi 1658 – Battles of Dharmat (April-May
Sind under Mohammed-bin-
Guptas 1658) and Samugarh (June 8,
Saiyyads Khizr Khan Delhi Qasim.
� issued largest number of Gold coins. 1658). Dara Shikoh, eldest son of
Lodi Dynasty Bahlol Lodi Delhi 1000-1027 – Mahmud Ghazni in-
� Guptas appear to have succeeded Kushanas in the tradition of minting Shah Jahan, defeated by Aurangzeb.
Pandayas Nediyan Madurai vades India 17 times.
coins. They completely Indianised their coinage 1665 – Shivaji defeated by Raja Jai
Cholas Vijayalaya Tanjaur 1175-1206– Invasions of Muhammad
� kings are depicted engaged in activities like hunting a lion or rhinoceros, Singh and Treaty of Purandhar.
holding a bow or battle-axes, playing musical instrument or performing Yadavas Bhillan Devagiri Ghori. First Battle of Tarain,
1739 – Invasion of India by Nadir
Ashwamedh yajna. Hoysalas Vishnuvardhan Dwarasamudra 1191, Prithvi Raj Chauhan defeats
Shah.
Excavations Sangam Dynasty Harihar and Bukka Vijaynagar Muhammad Ghori; Second Battle
of Tarain, 1192, Muhammad 1746 – First Carnatic War.
� In addition to epigraphic and numismatic sources there are many other Saluvas Narsingha Vijaynagar
Ghori defeats Prithviraj Chauhan; 1748-1754 – Second Carnatic War.
antiquarian remains which speak much about our past. Tuluvas Vir Narsingha Vijaynagar
Battl e of Chandawar, 1194, 1756-1763 – Third Carnatic War.
� Temples and sculptures are found all over the country right from the Aravidu Dynasty Tirumala Penukonda
Muhammad Ghori defeats 1757 – Battle of Plassey. Siraj-ud-
Gupta period upto recent times. Bahmani Dynasty Hasan Gangu Gulbarga
Jayachandra Gahadval a of daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, de-
� These show architectural and artistic history of the Indians. Qutubshahi Dynasty Quli Qutubshah Golkunda Kannauj. feated by Clive.
� They excavated large caves in the hills in Western India which are mostly Adilshai Dynasty Adilshah Bijapur 1294 – Alauddin Khalji invades the 1760 – Battle of Wandiwash, in
Chaitya and viharas. Nizamshahi Dynasty Malik Ahmad Ahmednagar Yadava kingdom of Devagiri. The which the English under Sir Eyre
IMPORTANT DYNASTIES, FOUNDER AND CAPITAL Imadshahi Dynasty Amir ul Barid Bidar fi rst Turki sh invasi on of the Coote defeat the French under
Solanki Dynasty Mulraj Anhilwara Deccan. Lally.
Dynasty Founder Capital Kalchuris Kokkal Tripuri 1398 – Taimur invades India. De- 1762 – Third Battle of Panipat.
Haryanka Dynasty Bimbisara Rajgriha Sharqui Dynasty Malik Sarvar Jaunpur feats the Tughlaq Sultan Mahmud Marathas defeated by Ahmad
Mughal Dynasty Babur Delhi/Agra Shah; the Sack of Delhi. Shah Abdali.
Shishunaga Dynasty Shisunaga Vaishali
Nanda Dynasty Mahapadmananda Pataliputra Bhonsle Dynasty Shivaji Raigarh 1526 – Babur invades India and de- 1764 – Battle of Buxar. The English
Maurya Dynasty Chandragupta Maurya Patliputra Pala Dynasty Gopala Munger feats the last Lodi Sultan Ibrahim (under Munro) defeat Mir Kasim,
Hyderabad State Nizam-ul-Mulk Hyderabad Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat. the Nawab of Bengal and Nawab
Shunga Dynasty Pushyamitra Shunga Patliputra
Kanva Dynasty Vasudeva Pataliputra Karkota Dynasty Durlabhvardhan Kashmir 1539-1540 – Battle of Chausa or Shuja-ud-daulah of Awadh.
Satavahanas Simuka Paithan Utpal Dynasty Avantivarman Kashmir Ghaghra (1539) and Kanauj or 1767-1769 – First Mysore War.
Ganges (1540) in which Sher 1774 – The Rohilla War between the
Kushanas Kujula Kadphises Purushpura Lohar Dynasty Sangramraj Kashmir
Shah defeats Humayun. Rohillas and the Nawab of Awadh
Guptas Sri Gupta Patliputra Vakatakas Vindhyashakti Nandivardhan
1545 – Battle (siege) of Kalinjar and supported by the East India Com-
Hunas Toraman Sialkot Faruqi Dynasty Malik Raza Burhanpur
death of Sher Shah Suri. pany.

OLE - 39 OLE - 40 OLE - 41

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN HISTORY
1775-1782 – First Maratha War. 1846 – Battle of Aliwal between the MESOLITHIC AGE (10,000-6,000 B.C.)
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
Rulers Dynasty Titles
1780-1784 – Second Mysore War. English and the Sikhs. The Sikhs
Rajendra I Chola Gangaikonda Chola � The Mesolithic Age began around 8000 B.C.
1792 – Third Mysore War. defeated.
Mahmud Ghazni Ghazni Yamin-ud-Daula � It was the transitional phase be-
1799 – Fourth Mysore War. Defeat 1848-1849 – Second Sikh War and
tween the Paleolithic Age and the CHALCOLITHIC CULTURE
annexation of the Punjab to Brit- Krishnadevaraya Tuluva Andhra Bhoj, Yavanraj
and death of Tipu Sultan. Neolithic Age
ish India. Sthapanacharya Name of the Period
1802-1804 – Second Maratha War. Culture
1857 – The Revolt of 1857 (The First � Bl ade, Mesol i thic tool s are
1817-1818 – Third Maratha War. Ibrahim Lodi Lodi Ibrahim Shah
War of Indian Independence). microliths. Kayatha 2000-1800 B.C.
1845-1846 – First Sikh War. Babar Mughal Ghazi
� Blade, Core, Point, Triangle, Lu- Ahar or Banas 2000-1400 B.C.
Sher Shah Sur Hazrat-i-Ala
IMPORTANT INDIAN RULER, DYNASTY AND TITLES nate and Trapeze are the main Savalda 2000-1800 B.C.
Bairam Khan Mughal Khan Baba
Rulers Dynasty Titles types of Mesolithic tools. Malwa 1700-1200 B.C.
Akbar Mughal Islam-i-Adil
� Important sites of Mesolithic Age Prabhas 1800-1500 B.C.
Bimbisara Haryank Shrenika Jahangir Mughal Shekh Salim are Bagor, Langhraj, Sarai Nahar Rangpur 1400-700 B.C.
Ajatshatru Haryank Kunika Mehrunissa Mughal Nurjahan Rai, and Birbhanpur Chirand 1500-750 B.C.
Mahapadmananda Nanda Agrasen
Dara Shikoh Mughal Shah-Iqbal � Sites like Bhimbetka, Adamgarh
Dhanananda Nanda Agramese
Aurangzeb Mughal Alamgir, Ghazi and Mirzapur are ri ch i n
Chandragupta Maurya Maurya Sandrocottus,
Shivaji Marathas Chhatrapati Mesolithic Art.
Androcottus
Balaji Bajirao Marathas Nana Saheb
Bindusara Maurya Amitraghat NEOLITHIC AGE (6000-2500 B.C.)
Ashoka Maurya Devanampiya Piyadassi � The term ‘Neolithic’ was coined by Sir John Lubbock in his book ‘Pre
ANCIENT INDIA
Chandragupta II Gupta Vikramaditya Histroic Times’.
Harshvardhana Pushyabhuti Siladitya PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD
� Neolithic men cultivated land and grew fruits and corn like ragi and
Narsimhavarman I Pallava Vatapikonda � The Pre-historic phase can be roughly divided into 3 parts i.e., paleolithic, horse gram. They domesticated cattle, sheep and goat.
Amoghvarsha Rashtrakuta Vir Narayan Mesolithic and Neolithic.
� Important sites are Gufkaral, Burzahom, Chirand, Mehargarh, Piklihal.
Pulakesin II Chalukyas Parmeshvar PALEOLITHIC AGE (250,000-10,000 B.C.) � Chopani Mando provides the earliest evidence of the use of pottery in
(Vatapi) � Paleolithic Culture developed in the Pleistocene period. the World.
Mahendravarman I Pallava Vichitrachita � Pleistocene was the period when ice covered the earth’s surface.
STONE - COPPER PHASE
Govinda III Rashtrakuta Jagtung � The main tools used during this period are handaxes, cleavers, Chop-
Vikramaditya IV Chalukyas Tribhuvan, Malla pers, flakes, burins, scrapers. � This phase is also called as chalcolithic phase.
(Kalyani) � Their tools were made up of hard rock called ‘quartzite’. � It is charaterised by the use of stone and copper.
Vikramaditya II Chalukyas Sikandar � The paleolithic sites are spread in practically all parts of India except � Chalcolithic people were not acquainted with burnt brick.
the alluvial plains of the Indus and Ganga.
(Vengi) � People used different types of Pottery of which Black and Red ware
� The people of this age lived on hunting and gathering wild fruits and
Ibrahim Qutubshah Qutubshahi Malik Brahim was most popular.
vegetables.
Qutubuddin Aibek Slave dynasty Lakh Baksh, Malik � They worshipped Mother Goddess and Bull.
� Man during this period used tools of unpolished, undressed rough stones
Jauna Khan Tughlaq Muhammad bin Tughlaq, and lived in cave rock shelters. � They generally lived in thatched houses.
Ulug Khan � They had no knowledge of agriculture, fire, or pottery of any metal. HARAPPAN CIVILISATION
Hala Satvahana Kavivatsal � In the later Paleolithic phase domestication of animals was practiced.
Gautami Putra � According to Radio Carbon dating Harappan civilization developed be-
� Homo sapiens first appeared in the last of this phase.
Satkarni Satvahana Kshatriya Darp Mardan tween 2500 B.C. to 1750 B.C.
� It has been pointed out that Paleolithic men belonged to the Negrito
Kanishka Kushana Devaputra race. � Indus Civilization is also called as Harappan Civilization because the
RajaRaja Chola Mummadi Chola, � The Paleolithic Age in India has been divided into three phases accord- first excavated site is Harappa.
Arumoli, ing to the nature of stone tools - Early or lower Paleolithic, middle Pa- � It belongs to the Bronze Age.
leolithic and upper Paleolithic. � It extended from Manda (Jammu) in North to Daimabad in South.
Raj Kesari

OLE - 42 OLE - 43 OLE - 44

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
�

INDIAN HISTORY
Major Settlements are in the Ghaggar-Hakra belt. IMPORTANT HARAPPAN SITES
Site : Archaeological Finds
� More than 1000 sites have been excavated.
Harappa : Stone symbols of Lingam (male sex organ) and Yoni (fe- Site Excavator Present Position
� Copper, bronze, silver, gold were known but not iron.
� Seals were made up of steatite male sex organ), Painted pottery, Clay figures of Mother Harappa Dayaram Shahani (1921) Montogomery (Punjab)
Goddess, Wheat and Barley in wooden mortar, Copper Pakistan
� Majority of the seals have an animal engraved on it with a short in-
scale, Crucible for bronze, Copper-made mirror, Vanity Mohenjodaro Rakhal Das Banerjee Sindh (Pakistan)
scription. The most frequently found animal is unicorn bull.
box, Dice. 6 Granaries in row, Working floors, Work- (1922)
� Camel bones have been discovered at Kalibangan.
men’s quarters, Virgin-Goddess (seal), Cemetery (R-37, H). Kalibanga Amlananda Ghosh, Hanumangarh
B. B. Lal (Rajasthan)
Mohenjodaro : Great Bath, Great Granery (the largest build ing of civili-
Lothal S. R. Rao (1957) Ahmedabad (Gujarat)
zation), Assembly hall, Shell strips, Pashupati Mahade-
Banwali R. S. Bist (1973) Hissar (Haryana)
va/Proto-Shiva (seal), Bronze Image of a nude woman Rangpur M. S. Vatsa (1931) Gujarat ( near Madar
dancer, Steatite image of bearded man, Human skeletons river)
huddled together, The evidence of an Indian ship (figured Ropar Y. D. Sharma (1955-56) Punjab (Sutlej Bank)
on a seal). Painted seal (Demi-God), Clay figures of Moth- Alamgirpur Y. D. Sharma Meerut (Hindon river)
er Goddess, A fragment of woven cotton, Brick Kilns, 2 Sutkagendor A. Stein, George Dales Baluchistan ( Dashak
Mesopotamian seals, 1398 seals (57% of total seals of river)
Surkotada J. P. Joshi (1964) Gujarat (Kuchchh Plain)
Harappan civilization), Dice.
Dabarkot Macay (1935) Baluchistan
Chanhudaro : City without a citadel, Inkpot, Lipstick; Metal-workers’,
Chanhudaro N. G. Majumdar (1931) Sindh (Pakistan)
shell-ornament makers’ and bead-makers’ shops; Imprint Ali Murad K. M. Kazzak Sindh (Pakistan)
� They worshipped, Proto-Shiva, Mother-Goddess, Bull, and Pipal tree. of dog’s paw on a brick, Terracotta model of a bullock Mitathal Punjab University Bhiwani
� Important sites are Harappa, Mohenjodero, Lothal, Kalibangan, Banwali, cart, Bronze toy cart. Rakhi Garhi Suraj Bhan Jind (Haryana)
Dholavira. Lothal : Dockyard, Rice husk; Metal-workers’, shell-ornament mak- Sutkakoh Dales (1962) 8 km from Perin
� At Kalibangan and Lothal fire altars have been discovered. ers’ and bead-makers’ shopes; Fire altars, Terracotta fig- Manda Jagpati Joshi Akhnur

� Furrowed field has been discovered at Kalibangan. urine of a horse, Double burial (burying a male and a
female in a single grave), Terracotta model of a ship, Dy- TOWNS NEAR RIVER BANKS
� Harappan civilization was the first urban civilization.
ing vat, Persian / Iranian seal, Baharainean seal, Painted Towns Rivers Towns Rivers
� Most of the sites of Harappan civilisation is found in state of Gujarat.
jar (bird and fox).
� Great Bath is at Mohenjodaro Mohenjodaro Indus Harappa Ravi
Kalibanga : Ploughed field surface (Pre-Harappan), 7 Fire altars, Dec- Banwali Ghagghar Kalibanga Ghagghar
� Their Pottery was red or black Pottery
orated bricks, Wheels of a toy cart, Mesopotamian cylin- Lothal Bhogava Rojdi Bhadar
� The script was pictographic drical seal. Malavan Tapti Sutkakoh Shadi Kaur
� The writing was Boustrophedon. Banawali : Lack of chess-board or gridiron pattern town planning, Sutkagendor Dashak Chanhudaro Indus
� Mohenjodaro a Sindhi word meaning “Mound of the dead.” Lack of systematic drainage system, Toy plough, Clay Bhagtrav Kissagar confluence Alamgirpur Hindon
� Bead making factory existed in Chanhudaro and Lothal figures of Mother Goddess. Rangpur Bhadar Kot Diji Indus
� Rakhigarhi is the latest site discovered in India. Dholavira : A unique water harnessing system and its storm wa-
THEORIES OF DECLINE OF HARAPPAN CIVILIZATIONS
� Ink-pot has been discovered at Chanhudaro ter drainage system, a large “well and a bath (giant
Cause Historian
water reservoirs), Only site to be divided into 3 parts,
� Cemetry H and R-37 have been discovered at Harappa.
Largest Harappan inscription used for civic purpos- Aryan invasion Wheeler, Gordon, Childe
� Teracotta Plough has been discovered at Banawali Ecological disturbance Fairservice
es, A stadium.
� Indus people were the first to produce cotton in the world. Change in river course Dales, M.S. Vatsa
Surkotada : Bones of horse, Oval grave, Pot burials.
Note : Two big mounds of Harappan sites found at Rakhigarhi in Hisar Low rainfall Stein
Daimabad : Bronze images (Charioteer with chariot, ox, elephant and Flood Macay, S. R. Rao
district of Haryana in January 2014. It has led to archaeologists
rhinoceros) Drying of Ghaghar D. P. Agrawal and Sood
establishing it as the biggest Harappan civilization site.
Earthquake Raikes and Dales

OLE - 45 OLE - 46 OLE - 47

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
THE VEDIC AGE (1500-600 B.C.) � The upper three classes were � King used to visit the house of � Four Vedas and their Samhitas, � It contains the Dhrupada Raga.

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
known as Dvij (twice born). each Ratnin in Ratnavimshi cer- the Brahmanas, the Aranyakas � The singer of Sama Veda is called
THE EARLY VEDIC PERIOD (1500- � ‘Gana’ is mentioned for 46 places
� Education begin with investiture emony. and the Upanishads form a class Udgata.
1000 B.C.) in Rigveda.
ceremony (upanayana) � A regular army was maintained of literature known as Sruti.
� It is also known as Rig Vedic Age. � Leader of Gana was called as ATHARVA VEDA
‘Ganapati’. � Sometimes girls were also initi- for the protection of the kingdom. RIG VEDA
� Rig Vedic Age gives us knowledge � A collection of 711 hymns, it is
� Dasyus were the most bitter en- ated. Woman lost Importance. � Atharvaveda mentions Sabha and
about the Aryans they were come � It is divided into 10 Books or divided into 20 khandas.
emies of the Rigvedic people. � Gotra first appeared in Atharvaveda Samiti as daughters of Prajapati. Mandalas. Books II to VII are
in India from central Asia (Steppe � It is the latest Veda.
� Rigvedic people were not aware with the meaning of clan. � According to Kathak Samhita 24 considered the oldest. Book I,
region) � Atharva Veda is a book of magi-
of Iron. � There was practice of class ex- oxen were employed for agricul- VIII and X seem to be later ad-
� The earliest Aryans lived in the cal formula medicinal treatises
� Indra was the most important ogamy. ture. ditions.
land of ‘Sapta Sindhava’ i.e., land etc.
of Seven rivers. God. � There was reference to sati but � Duri ng l ater vedi c peri od � A collection of 1028 hymns of a � It contains charms and spell to
� The early vedic society was Pas- � Indra was known as Purandar, not in common fashion. Prajapati came to occupy the Su- number of priestly families.
ward off evil and disease.
toral. Vritrahan and Marutavant. � There were instances of child preme position. � Written between 1700-1500
� Its content throws light on the
� Cattle was the chief measure of � Varuna Uphold the natural order marriage. � Pushan was the God of Shudras. B.C. when Aryans were still in
practices of non-Aryans.
wealth and wealthy man was and moral order (Rita). � Rudra was the God of animals. Punjab.
� Indra and Agni lost their impor- � In Atharvaveda, Sabha and
called ‘Gomat’. � Varuna was punisher of sin. � Institution of Gotra appeared � Books II to VII are earliest and
tance. Prajapati (the creator) be- Samiti are described as uterine
� The term Aghanya or not to be � Agni was called as Bhuvan- during later vedic period. are also called as family books.
came supreme. They are attributed to Gritsamada, sisters–The two daughters of
killed, has been used for cows. chakshu. � Duties of four varnas are given
� Vishnu came to be conceived as Vi svamitra, Vasudeva, Atri , Prajapati.
� The Raja or chief is called � IXth book is devoted to Soma. in Aatreya Brahamana.
the preserver and protector of Bhardwaj, Vashishtha, Kanva � This veda i s al so known as
‘Gopati’. � Gayatri Mantra is mentioned in � Three roomed mud house has
IIIrd Mandal of Rigveda. the people. and Angiras. Brahma Veda.
� In the Rigveda Godhuli is used been discovered at Bhagwanpura. Vedic Literature (1500 BC-600 BC)
� Asvins and Nasatyas were divine � Pushan became God of Shudras. � The IX mandala is dedicated ex-
as a term for a measure of time. � Largest deposit of Iron weapon
physicians. � Sacrifices became more impor- clusively to Soma. � It is presumed that the Rig Veda
� Apart from Yava or Barley, no have been found at Atranjikhera.
� Yama was the Lord of the dead. tant and elaborate. � The singer of the Rig veda is was composed while the Aryans
other grain is mentioned � Two furnaces for iron smelting
� Aditi is the mother of Surya. � There were 33 deities during later called the Hotra. were still in the Punjab.
� Indra was the greatest God of have been found at Suneri village
� Varuna bears the title ‘Asura’. Vedic period. � The X Mandala contains the fa- � Vedic Literature comprises of four
Aryans Agni occupied the second in Jhunjhunu district.
� River Indus was the most impor- � The king’s influence was strength- mous Purushsukta hymn that ex- literary productions: 1. The Sam-
position. � Legend of ‘Videha Madhav’ is men-
tant river in Vedic period. plains the origin of four Varnas.
� Varuna occupied the third posi- ened by rituals. hitas or Vedas 2. The Brahamans
tioned in Satapatha Brahamana. � Gayatri Mantra is the most sa-
tion and he personfied water. � River Sarswati was the most sa- � Rajasuya conferred supreme 3. The Aranyakas 4. The Upan-
cred river in Vedic period. � Eight forms of marriages are cred hymn of Rig Veda. Men-
� The Battle of Ten Kings ended power on king. tioned in 3rd mandal, written by ishads.
given in Ashvalahayan Grihyasutra.
with the victory of the Bharatas THE LATER VEDIC PERIOD � Chariot racing was the main Viswamitra. � Vedic Literature had grown up in
� Satapatha Brahamana says that
led by Sudas. (1000-600 B.C.) sport and gambling was the main course of time and was really
‘wife is half her husband’. YAJUR VEDA
� Gayatri Mantra is attributed to pastime. handed down from generation to
� The period assigned to later Vedic � Women enjoyed freedom and re-
Savitri. Aditi was goddess of eter- � Vajapeya was a drink of strength. � A ritualistic Veda. generation. Hence these are
phase is 1000 B.C. to 600 B.C. spect but their status deterio-
nity. � Aswamedha was the horse sac- � It is divided into Shukla Yajurveda
� These communities used a par- rated compared to the early called Shruti (to hear)
� Widow marriage and Niyoga pre- rifice. and Krishna Yajurveda.
ticular kind of pottery called the vedic period. � The most important of Vedic Lit-
vailed in the society. � Written in prose, it deals with
Painted Grey Ware (PGW). � Kings were known with different � Earliest clear reference to the erature are Veda. Vedas are
� Important functionaries were procedure for performance of
� More than 700 PGW sites have names in different region. four ashrams is given in Jabala called Apaurasheva i.e. not cre-
Purohita, Senani, and gramini sacrifices and contains rituals as
been found in the upper Ganga � Eastern Kings were called Upnishad. ated by man but God-gifted and
� Important tribal Assemblies were well as hymns.
basin. Some important PGW sites Samrat.
Sabha, Samiti, Vidath and Gana. � The singer of the Yajur Veda is Nitya i.e. existing in all eternity.
are Atranji Khera, Ahichhatra, � Western Kings were called Svarat. THE VEDIC LITERATURE
� Sabha performed judicial and Noh, Hastinapur, Kurukshetra, called Ardhavayu. � There are four Vedas—Rig Veda,
administrative functions. � Northern Kings were called Virat. � The word Veda is derived from Sama Veda, Yajur Veda and Athar-
Bhagwanpura and Jakhera. SAMA VEDA
� King attended Sabha but was not � Iron objects are common to most � Southern Kings were called Bhoja. the Sanskrit word ‘Vidi’ meaning, va Veda. The first three Vedas are
� Kings of the middle country were � Sam Veda derives its roots from
elected by it. PGW sites. This metal was intro- to know or knowledge par excel- jointly called Vedatrayi i.e. trio of
Saman, which means a melody.
� Samiti is mentioned nine–times in duced around 1000-800 B.C. It called Raja. lence. Vedas.
� A collection of melodies.
Rigveda. is mentioned as Ayas. � Earliest evidence of medicine � Vedic texts are divided between � Of the four Vedas, the Rig Veda
� A collection of 1603 hymns. Ex-
� Samiti was presided over by � Society was clearly divided into comes from Atharvaveda. Sruti (based on hearing), which (Collection of lyrics) is the oldest
king. cept 99, all other were derived
four Varnas namely–Brahmin, � Parikshit has been called as the is distinct from Smriti (based on text in the wold, and therefore,
from Rig Veda.
� King was elected in Samiti. Kshatriya, Vaishya and Sudras. king of ‘Mrituloka in Atharvaveda’. memory).

OLE - 48 OLE - 49 OLE - 50

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
(iv) Nirukta (Etymology) : ‘Nirukta’ (Yask) based on ‘Nighantu’ (Kashy-

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
is also known as ‘the first testa- Rig Veda—Aitareya and Kaushi-

INDIAN HISTORY
Rigvedic Name Modern name Region
ment of mankind’. The Rig Veda tikij Sankhyan. ap)—a collection of difficult vedic words—(‘Nighantu’—the oldest word-
Sindhu Indus Punjab (Pakistan) & J&K
contains 1028 hymns, divided Sam Veda—Panchvisha (Tandya collection of the-world; ‘Nirukta’—the oldest dictionary of the world).
into 10 mandalas. Six mandalas (v) Chhanda (Metrics) : ‘Chhandasutras’ (Pingal)–famous text. Vitasta Jhelum Punjab J&K
Maha Brahamana), Shadvinsh,
(from 2nd to 7th mandalas) are (vi) Jyotisha (Astronomy) ‘’Vedanga Jyotisha’ (Lagadh Muni – the oldest Asikani Chenab Punjab (Pakistan) & J&K
Chliandogya and Jaiminaya.
called Gotra/ Vamsha Mandalas Jyotisha text. Vipas Beas Punjab
Yajur Veda—Shatapatha (the old-
(Kula Granth). The 1st and 10th est and the largest Brahamana) � There are six famous smritis : (i) Manu Smriti (Pre-Gupta Period)— the Parushni Ravi Punjab
mandalas are said to have been and Taittariya. oldest Smriti text; Commentators : Vishwarupa, Meghatithi, Gobindraj, Sutudri Sutlej Punjab
added later. The 10th mandala Kulluk Bhatt. (ii) Yajnavalkya Smriti (Pre-Gupta Period)— Commentators : Saraswati Sarsuti Rajasthan
Atharva Veda—Gopatha.
contains the famous Purushasuk- Vishwarupa, Vijayaneshwar, Apararka (a king of Shilahar Dynasty) (iii) Drishadvati Ghaggar Rajasthan
ta which explains the 4 Varnas - � The word Aranya means ‘the for- Narad Smriti (Gupta period), (iv) Parashara Smriti (Gupta period)
est’. The ‘forest texts’ were called Kubha Kabul Afghanistan
Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya (v) Brihaspati Smriti (Gupta period), (vi) Katyayana Smriti (Gupta period).
Vedanta, because they were writ- Suvastu Swati Afghanistan
and Shudra. The hymns of Rig � There are mainly two Mahakavyas (Epics) :
Veda were recited by Hotri. ten mainly for the hermits and (i) The Ramayana (Valmiki) : It is known as ‘Adi Kavya’ (the oldest epic Krumu Kurram Afghanistan
� The Sama Veda (book of chants) the students living in jungles. The of the world). At present, it consists of 24,000 shlokas i.e. verses Gomati Gomal Afghanistan
Aranyaka are the concluding por- (Originally 6,000, Later - 12,000, Finally - 24,000) in 7 Kandas i.e.
had 1549 hymns. All hymns (ex-
tions of the Brahamanas. 12 Ratninas (Satapatha Brahamana)
cluding 75) were taken from the sections. 1st and 7th Kandas were the latest additions to the Ra-
Rig Veda. The hymns of the Sama � The Upanishadas are philosphi- mayana. 1. Purohita the Priest
Veda were recited by Udgatri. cal texts. They are generally called (ii) The Mahabharata (Ved Vyasa) : The longest epic of the world. At 2. Mahishi the Queen
This Veda is important for Indian Vedanta, as they came towards present, it consists of 1,00,000 shlokas i.e. verses (Originally–8,800- 3. Yuvaraja Crown prince
the end of the Veda. There are Jay Samhita, Later-24,000–Chaturvinshati Sahastri Samhita/Bharata, 4. Suta/Sarathi the Royal herald/ the Charioteer
music.
108 Upanishadas. Vrihadarany- Finally-l,00,000-Shatasahastri Samhita/Maha Bharata) in 18 Par-
� The Yajur Veda (book of sacrifi- 5. Senani the General
aka is the oldest Upanishada. vans i.e. chapters, plus the Harivamsa supplement. Bhagavad Gita
cial prayers) is a ritual veda. Its 6. Gramani Head of the village
is extracted from Bihshma Parvan of Mahabharata. Shanti Parvan is
hymns were recited by Adhvary- Literature of Vedic Tradition (600 7. Kshata Gateman/ Chamberlain
the largest parvan (chapter) of the Mahabarata.
us. It is divided into two parts- BC-600 AD) 8. Sangrahitri Treasurer
� The Purana means ‘the old’. There are 18 famous ‘Puranas’. The Matsya
Krishna Yajur Veda and Shukla � Literature of Vedic Tradition (Sm- Purana is the oldest Puranic text. The other important Puranas are the 9. Bhagadudha Collector of taxes
Yajur Veda. In contrast to the first riti i.e. rememberance literature) Bhagavata, the Vishnu, the Vayu and the Brahmanda. They describe 10. Akshavapa Courier
two which are in verse entirely, comprises of 6 literary works : genealogies of various royal dynasties. 11. Palagala Friend of King
this one is in both verse and 1. Vedangas/Sutras 2. Smritis � The Upavedas (the auxiliary vedas) were traditionally associated with 12. Govikarta Head of forest department
prose. Dharmashastras 3. Mahakavyas vedas :
� The Atharva Veda (book of magi- (Epics) 4. Puranas 5. Upvedas 6. Upavedas Associated with Types of Hindu Marriage (Vivaha)
cal formulae), the fourth and the Shad-Dharshanas. 1. Ayurveda i.e. Medicine Rig Veda Brahma Vivaha : Giving the girl to a man with dowry.
last one, contains charms and � There are six Vedangas : 2. Gandharvaveda i.e. Music Sama Veda Daiva Vivaha : Giving the girl to the priest himself in lieu of his fees.
spells to ward off evils and dis- (i) Shiksha (Phonetics): Trat- 3. Dhanurveda i.e. Archery Yajur Veda
Arsha Vivaha : Giving the girl to a man after accepting a bride-
eases. For a very long time it was ishakhya’-the oldest text on 4. Shilpveda/Arthaveda i.e. the science of Atharva Veda
price.
not included in the category of phonetics. craft/wealth (Vishwakarma)
(ii) Kalpa Sutras (Rituals) : (a) Prajapatya Vivaha : Giving the girl to a man without demanding a bride-
the Vedas. � There are 6 schools of Indian philosophy known as Shad-Darshanas.
Shravta Sutras/Shulva Sutra price.
� The Brahmans explain the hymns S.No. Darshana Founder Basic Text
– deal with the sacrifices, (b) Gandharva Vivaha : Love marriage.
of the Vedas. They are written in 1. Sankhya Darshana Kapila Sankhya Sutra
Grihya Sutras—deal with Asura Vivaha : Marriage with a purchased girl.
prose and ritualistic in nature. 2. Yoga Darshana Patanjali Yoga Sutra
family ceremonies, (c) Dhar- Rakshasa Vivaha : Marriage with the daughter of a defeated king or
Brahma means ‘sacrifice’. The 3. Nyaya Darshana Akshapada Gautama Nayaya Sutra
ma Sutras—deal with Var- with a kidnapped girl.
various sacrifices and rituals have 4. Vaishesika Darshana Uluka Kanada Vaishesika Sutra
nas, Ashramas etc. Paishacha Vivaha : Marriage to a girl after seducing or raping her.
been elaborately discussed in the 5. Miraansa/Purva Mimansa Jaimini Purva Mimansa
Brahamanas. Every Veda has (iii) Vyakarana (Grammar) : ‘Ash- Sutra � Anuloma Vivah : marriage between a bridegroom from an upper caste and a
tadyayi’ (Panini) — oldest 6. Vedant/Uttara-Mimansa Badarayana Brahma Sutra/ bride from a lower caste; Pratiloma Vivaha-the reverse of Anuloma Vivaha.
several Brahamanas attached to
grammar of the word. Vedant Sutra
it :
OLE - 51 OLE - 52 OLE - 53
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
C. Mattamayuras � Salvation lies in recognition that

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
� 16 Samskaras Other Religious-ideas and their founders
� It was moderate form of Saivism. the soul is one with Siva.
1. Garbhadhana 2. Pumsavana 3. Simantonnayan 4. Jatakarma 5. Na-
Religious ideas/sect Founder � It was a moderate form of
makaran 6. Nishkramana 7. Annaprashana 8. Chudakarma 9. Karnach- � It developed in central India.
Saivism.
hedana 10. Vidvarmbha 11. Upanavana 12. Vedarambha 13. Samavara- 1. Pasupatas Lakulisa/Nakulisa D. Virasaivas/Lingayatas � It believed in spiritual develop-
tana 14. Vivaha 15. Vanprastha 16. Antyesti. 2. Lingayats Basava ment.
� It was founded by Basava, the
RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS 3. Pratyabhijna Vasugupta Prime Minister, of Bijjala, the � Some of greatest exponents were
4. Spanda-sastra Kallata and Samnanda Kalachuri King. Utpalachara,
SOME MORE ABOUT HINDUISM 5. Siva-Siddhanata Srikanth-Sivacharya � It was anti-Brahmin in nature. � Abhinavgupta and his disciple
6. Advait Shankaracharya � They believe in love and self Sur- Kshemraja.
Six Systems of Philosophy
7. Vishistadvait Ramanujacharya render. II. Spanda-Sastra
Philosophy Founder Other Scholars 8. Brahm Sampradaya Madhvacharya � They worship Linga and Nandi
� It’s founders are Kallata and
Sankhya Kapila Ishwar Krishna, Vachaspati 9. Sanak Sampradaya Nimbakacharya bull.
Samnanda, the two disciples of
Nyaya Akshapada Gautma Vatsayayan, Udyanacharya, � They encouraged widow remar- Vasugupta.
SAIVISM riage.
Jayantbhatt � The term spanda means a change
� Their philoshophy is known as from the state of absolute unity
Yoga Patanjali Myas � The origin of Saivism can be traced VARIOUS SECTS OF SAIVISM Shakti Visistadvaita soul as sepa- to the plurality of the world.
Vaisheshika Uluka Kanada Keshav raishra, Vishvanath back to the pre-vedic times. rabl e uni on wi th Para-Si va
Mimansa Jamini Sabrasvamin, Kumaril Bhatt � By the early centuries of the A. Pasupatas/Nakulisapasupatas � Kallata wrote Spanda-Sarvasa.
through Shakti.
Christian era it was a popular � It was founded by Lakulisa/ � Somananda wrote Siva-dristi.
Vedanta Badrayana Shankaracharya, � The Para Siva is the supreme re-
sect all over India. Nakulisa/Lakulin/Lakutin � It was a moderate form of
Vachaspati, Ramanuj, ality and Shakti is the power
� They besmear the body with Saivism.
Madhvacharya etc. � Siva was the principle deity of which resides in him.
this sect. ashes. � The ultimate goal of the soul is to VAISHNAVISM
Famous Religions, Founders, Holy Books & Places of Worship � Siva was worshipped in the form � They creates sound of Ha Ha unit with Para-Siva, this state is � The principal deity of this sect
of Linga. and Hundukkara. known as Ling Samarasya which was Vishnu.
Religion Founder Holy Books Place of � Kushan king Weem Wema � It was dualistic in character. means identity between Linga � The cult of Vishnu in the early
Worship Kadphises was an ardent devo- � Pasu, the individual soul-exists (Siva) and Anga (soul). period was known by the name
tee of Siva. with Pati, the supreme soul. � They observed Diksha ceremony Bhagavatism.
Hinduism No single Ramayana, Vedas, Temple � Dakhanata (end of misery) is at- in the place of Upanayana in
� Prakrit text Gathasaptasati has � Bhagavatism owed its origin to the
Founder. Puranas and Geeta tained through yoga and Vidhi. which even girls wear Linga. Upanishadas.
references to Siva worship.
Sikh Guru Nanak Dev Guru Grantha Sahib Gurdwara � They observe atimargika religious � They do not worship Siva in � Bhagavatism arose around the
� Tamil Sangam work refers to
Christianity Jesus Christ Bible Church practices. temples. Mathura region.
Siva as the greatest of all gods
Islam Prophet Mohammed Koran (Quran) Mosque � The basic works are Pasupata � It was popular in Karnataka re- � Vasudeva was the central figure
(mamudu mudalvan).
Parsi Zoroaster Zend Avesta Fire Temple sutras and Sarvadarsansmgraha. gion. in the Bhagavata cult.
� Siva’s consort Parvati was adored
Jainism Adinath Rishabh Dev Jain Granth Jain Temple E. Kashmir Saivism � Around second century B.C.
as Sakti. B. Kalamukhas/Kapalikas
I. Pratyabhijna Vishnu and Narayan were united
Buddhism Gautama Buddha Tripitaka Buddha � In Satavahana kindom Parvati � It was extreme form of Saivism. and identified as one deity.
Stupa was worshipped as Gauri. � They eat food in skull, eat ashes, � Its origin is traced to Siva-Sutras � Heliodorus erected a pillar with
Jew Moosa Jorah Synagogue � Skanda was regarded as the son carry pots of wine. revealed to Vasugupta. Garuda, at Besnagar (Vidisa) near
of Siva. � They worship Bhairava as the � It’s founder is vasugupta (800- Bhopal in honour of Vasudeva.
OTHER HETERODOX IDEAS � In Tamil country Skanda was great God with his wife Chandika. 900 AD). � Lakshmi is Vishnu’s consort.
worshipped in the Murugan � The perform human sacrifices. � It is also known as Trika/Triad � Vasudeva-Krishna was the dis-
1. Makhali Putta Gosal : Popularised Ajivika Sect.
form. because it had three chief reli- ciple of Ghora-Agnirasa.
� Ajivikas believed in niyativad. � They practice yoga in order to
gious books. � Megasthenese refers to Krishna
� Ganesa was the younger brother acquire miraculous powers.
� Goshala’s follower centred around Sravasti. � It regards the individual soul and
of Skanda. � They observe unconventional and as Herakles of Souraseni tribe.
2. Charvak : Believed in complete materialism. the world identical with Siva. � Ten awataras of Vishnu – (i)
� Ganesa was also known as horrifying practices including
3. Purana Kassapa : Preached the doctrine of Akriya or non-action. � Pratyabhijna means realisation of Matsya (fish), (ii) Kurma (tortoise),
Vinayak. sexual rites.
the soul’s identity with Siva. (iii) Varaha (boar), (iv) Narasimha
4. Ajit Kesakamblin (Ucchedvad) : Preached that everything ended with � The most popular Saiva sect was � It was an off shoots of Pasupata
� The ultimate reality is Siva. (man-lion), (v) Vamana (dwarf), (vi)
death and there is no further life after death. Pasupata sect. sect.
� Siva is known as anultara which Parasurama (Rama with axe), (vii)
5. Pakudha Kachchayna (Asasvatavad) : There are seven elements and � The Kapalika and Kalamukha sect � It flourished during the Gupta and
means the reality beyond which Rama, (viii) Krishna, (ix) Budha,
the body is ultimately dissolved in these seven elements. developed much later. post Gupta period.
there is nothing. (x) Kalkin (yet to born).

OLE - 54 OLE - 55 OLE - 56

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� It was patronised by Guptas, � Tantrism penetrated Buddhism, � After his death Islam divided into Shia and Sunni cult. His successors BUDDHISM � After seeing an old man, a sick

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY
Chalukyas, Hoyasalas, Satvahanas. Jainism and Brahmana theology. were known as Khalifa. The Turkish ruler, Mushtafa Kamal Pasha, Kalifah � Buddhi sm was founded by man, a corpse and an ascetic,
� Acharyas are the great leader � The Yapaniya sect of the Jainas ended the designation of Caliphate 1924 A.D. Buddha decided to become a
Gautama Buddha.
philosophers of Vaishnavism who was the foremost in propagating wanderer.
� The birthday of Muhammad Saheb is celebrated as Eid-mild-un-Nabi. � Buddha was born on the Vaisakh
defended and popularised the Purnima day in 563 B.C. � Asvaj i t, Upal i , Mogal l ana,
Tantric mode of worship in
religion. Some of the prominent DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SUNNI AND SHIA SECTS Sariputra and Ananda were five
Karnataka. � He belonged to the Sakya clan
of Kshatriyas. disciples of Buddha
acharyas are : Ramanuja, Shakti Dharma A Schism emerged after the death of the prophet Muhammad in 632.
� His father was Suddhodana, the Five Great Events of Buddha’s Life
Chaitanya, Madhava, Nimbarka, A.D. He died without appointing a succesor to lead the Muslim commu-
� It refers to the worship of female ruler of Kapilvastu. and their symbols
Nathmuni, Yamunacharya.
deity. It is first mentioned in the nity, and disputes arose over who should shepherd the new and rapidly � He was born in Lumbini i n � Birth : Lotus and Bull
� The earliest reference to Krishan � Great Renunciation : Horse
Mahabharata. growing faith. Kapilvastu.
is found in Chhandogya � Nirvana : Bodhi tree
� The Tantric Devi hymn in the 10th Some belived that a new leader should be chosen by consensus; oth- � His mother was Mahamaya of the
Upanishad. � First Sermon : Dharmachakra
mandala of Rig Veda is devoted Kosala dynasty.
� The reference to Vasudeva is ers thought that only the prophets descendants should become caliph. or wheel
to the worship of Goddesses. � Buddha got Nirvana at the age
found in Panini’s Ashtyadhyayi The title passed to a trusted aide, Abu Bakr, though some thought it of 35 years. � Parinirvana or Death : Stupa
and Patanjali’s Mahabhashya. CHRISTIANITY Four Noble Truths
should have gone to Ali, the prophet’s cousin and son-in-law. Ali eventu- � Buddha got Nirvana at Uruvela
� Narayana, the cosmic God finds � This religion was founded by on the bank of river Niranjana. � The world is full of sorrows.
ally did become caliph after Abu Bakr’s two successors were assassi-
menti on i n the Satpatha Jesus Christ. He was born to � Desire is root cause of sorrow.
nated. � Buddha gave his first Sermon at
Mother Marry and Joseph in � If desire is conquered, all sor-
Brahamana. Sarnath.
Bethlehem near Jerusalem. His After Ali also was assassinated, with a poisonlaced sword at the mosque rows can be removed.
� Pancharatra, a Vaishnavite school, � Buddha’s first sermon is called
birth day (25th December) is cel- in kufa, in what is now Iraq his son Hasan and then Hussein and many of � Desire can be removed by fol-
gave the doctrine of Vyuha (eman- as “Dharma Chakraparivartana”
lowing the eight-fold path.
cipation) according to which ebrated as the holy festival, his relatives were massacred in karbala, Iraq in 680 A.D. � Buddha died in 483 B.C. at
Kushinagar. Eight Fold Path
Sankarasana ( Balram), Christmas. His martyrdom became a central tenet to those who believed that Ali (1) Right understanding
Pradumana (Krishna’s), Anirudha � His first two disciple, Andrews � Kushinagar has been identified
should have suceeded the prophet. The followers became known as shias, (2) Right speech
(Krishna’s grand son) emerged out and Peter, were hanged in AD 33 with village Kasia in Deoria dis-
a contraction of the phrase Shiat Ali, or followers of Ali. The Sunnis, (3) Right livelihood
by the Roman Governor Portius. trict of U.P.
of Vasudeva. (4) Right mindfulness
however, regard the first three caliphs before Ali as rightly guided and � Buddha’s last words were “All com-
� It was developed and popularised � Bible is the holy book of Chris- (5) Right thought
themselves as the true adherents to the Sunnah or the Prophet’s tradi- posite things, strive diligently”.
in south by twelve saints known as tians and the sign of ‘cross’ is their (6) Right action
tion. Sunni rulers embarked on sweeping conquests that extended the � Buddha was brought up by his (7) Right effort and
Alvars. holy symbol.
stepmother Gautami. (8) Right concentration
� Nammalvar and Tirumalsalvar ISLAM caliphate into North Africa and Europe.
were the greatest of twelve Alvars. � Hazrat Muhammad Saheb Beliefs of Sunni and Shia Sects : IMPORTANT FACTS RELATED WITH BUDDHA
founded the islamic religion. He
TANTRISM The Sunni and Shia sects encompass a wide spectrum of doctrine,
was born to Amina (mother) and Tathagata, Sakyamuni Titles of Buddha
� The core of Tantrism means es- opinion and schools of thought. The branches are in agreement on many
Abdullah (father) at Mecca in AD Sakya Clan to which Buddha belong
sentially orgiasticrites. 570. aspects of Islam, but there are considerable disagreements within each
Gautama Gotra of Buddha
� The rites involve the use of five � He was married to Khajida (a both branches include worshippers who run the gamut from secular to
Suddhodana Buddha’s Father
makaras : widow) at the age of 25 yrs. His fundamentalist. Mahamaya Buddha’s Mother
(i) matsya (fish) (ii) mansa (meat) daugher, Fatima, was married to Shias consider Ali and the leaders who came after him as Imams. The Prajapati Gautami Foster Mother
(iii) madya (liquor) (iv) maithuna Ali Hussain. most believe in a line of 12 Imams, the last of whom, a boy is believed to Yasodhara Buddha’s Wife
(sex) (v) mudra (physical ges- � Hazrat Muhammad attained su- Rahul Buddha’s Son
have vanished in the ninth century in Iraq after his father was murdered.
tures). preme knowledge or enlightment Kanthaka Buddha’s Horse
Shias known as Twelvers anticipate his return as the Mahdi or Messiah.
� In Tantrism high status was given in AD 610 in the Hira Cave near Channa Buddha’s Charioteer
to female deity. Sunnis emphasise God’s power in the material world, sometimes includ-
Mecca. His teachings are com- Alara Kalam Buddha’s Teacher
� Tantrism emerged as a religious piled in the Holy Quran. ing the public and political realm, while the Shias value martyrdom and
Sujata Girl who offered rice and milk
factor in the sixth century A.D. � 24th September AD 622, the day sacrifice. Niranjana River on the bank of which Buddha attained
and became a strong force by the Hazrat Muhammad started his Nirvana
ninth century. ZOROASTRIANISM (PARSI)
journey from Mecca to Medina Mara King of spirit who troubled Buddha during
� The Tantric priest act as a priest, � Parsi religion was founded by Prophet Zoroaster (Zarathustra). His teach-
mark the beginning of Hijri Era. meditation
physi ci an, astrol oger and ings compiled in the holybook, Zend Avesta. His followers believed in one
� He died on 8th June, AD 632 and Chunda The person who offered pork to Buddha
shraman. was buried at Medina. God, Ahur. Sravasti Buddha preached most of his sermons here

OLE - 57 OLE - 58 OLE - 59

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Three Ratnas (e) Nirvana is regarded as the (b) The chief divinties of this new (b) Few discourses delivered by

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
EIGHT HOLY PLACE (ASHTAMAHASTHANAS)
� Buddha � Dhamma extinction of all sect were the Taras. Sariputta, Ananda, Moggalana
(1) Lumbini, (2) Bodh Gaya, (3) Kusinagar, (4) Sravasti, (5) Sankasya,
� Sangha (f) the oldest school of (c) It became popular in Eastern and other are also included in it.
(6) Rajgriha, (7) Vaishali, (8) Sarnath.
Code of Conduct : Hinayana Buddhism is the India, particularly Bengal (c) It lays down the principles of
Sthaviravada (Thervada in and Bihar. Buddhism. SECTS OF BUDDHISM : AREA
(1) Do not covet the property of others
(2) Do not commit violence Pali) or the ‘Doctrine of the BUDDHIST LITERATURE � The Abhidhamma Pitaka is writ- Hinayana : India, Sri Lanka, Burma, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Nepal, Singapore
Elders’ ten in the form of questions and Mahayana : India, China, Nepal, Singapore, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam
(3) Do not speak a lie � The Buddhist scriptures in Pali
(g) Its Sanskrit counterpart, Answers. Vajrayana : India, Nepal, Tibet, Mongolia, Bhutan.
(4) Do not indulge in corrupt practices are commonly referred to as
which is more philosophical is � It consists of seven books of which
BUDDHIST COUNCILS Tripitaka i.e. Three fold Basket. JAINISM
known as Sarvastivada or the Kathavattu is most important.
� Tripitaka includes Vinaya Pitaka, � Jainism was founded by Vardhamana Mahavira.
� The First Council was held in doctrine which maintains the � Kathavattu is attributed to Tissa
483 BC at Saptaparni cave near Sutta Pitaka, and Abhidhamma � Mahavira was born in 540 B.C.
existence of all things, physi- Moggaliputta
Rajagriha to compile the Dhamma Pitaka. � Mahavira’s Birth place was Kundagram in Vaishali
cal as well as mental and � The Abhidhamma Pitaka :
Pitaka and Vinaya Pitaka. � The Vinayapitaka comprires of � He belonged to the Jantriak Kshatriya clan.
(h) Gradually, from Sarvastivada (a) Contains the profound philoso-
Chairman : Mahakassapa, Pa- suttavibhanga, Khandakas and � His father’s name was Siddhartha and mother’s name was Trishala,
or Vaibhasika branched off phy of the Buddha’s tecahings.
tron : Ajatshatru Parivarpatha. who was a sister of the Lichchavi prince Chetak of Vaishali.
another school called (b) It investigates mind and matter,
� The Second Council was held at � The Vinay Pitaka : � Mahavira was married to Yashoda.
Sautantrika, which was to help the understanding of
(a) Mainly deals with rules and � He left home at the age of 30 and wandered for 12 years.
Vaisali in 383 BC. The monks of more critical in outlook. things as they truly are.
regulations, which the Buddha � He is regarded as the 24th Tirthankara.
Vaisali wanted some change in the � Mahayana :
promulgated. BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE � Rishabha was the 1st Tirthankara.
rites. Schism into Sthaviravadins (a) Its followers believed in the � Parsavanath was the 23rd Tirthankara.
and Mahasanghikas. (b) It describes in detail the gradual � Buddhist architecture developed
heavenliness of Buddha and � Mahavira’s first disciple was Jamali.
Chairman : Sabakami, Patron : development of the Sangha. essentially in three forms, viz.
sought the salvation of all � He attai ned Kaival ya on the bank of ri ver Rij upal i ka near
Kalashoka (c) An account of the life and teach- (a) Stupa (relics of the Buddha or
through the grace and help Jrimbhikgrama.
� The Third Council was held at of Buddha and Bodhisatvas. ing of the Buddha is also given. some promi nent Buddhi st
Pataliputra during the reign of � The Sutta Pitaka is divided into monks are preserved) Important Facts about Jainism
(b) Believes in idolworship.
Ashoka 236 years after the five Nikayas. (b) Chaitya (prayer hall)
(c) Believes that Nirvana is not a Mahavira, Arhat Titles of Vardhamana,
death of Buddha. It was held � The five Nikayas are Digh
negative cessation of misery (c) Vihara (residence) Vardhamana Original name of Mahavira
under the Presidentship of Nikaya, Majjhima Nikaya,
Moggliputta Tissa to revise the but a positive state of bliss. Bodhisattvas Kundagram Mahavira’s birth place
Samyutta Nikaya, Anguttara Trisala Mahavira’s Mother
scriptures. (d) Mahayana had two chief philo- � Vajrapani (holds thunderbolt),
Nikaya and Khuddaka Nikaya. Yashoda Mahavira’s Wife
� The Fourth Council was held sophical schools : the
� The Khuddaka Nikaya consists of � Avlokitesvara/Padmapani (lotus
during the reign of Kanishka in Madhyamika and the Jamali Mahavira’s Son in Law.
large number of miscellanceous beacer)
Kashmir under the Presidentship Yogachara. Jnatrika Clan to which Mahavira belonged.
works. � Manjushri (holds books describ-
of Vasumitra, who was helped by (e) The former took a line mid- Rijupalika River on the bank of which Mahavira got Kaivalya.
ing 10 paramitas)
Aswvaghosha and resulted in the way between the uncompro- � The Jatakas are a part of Sal tree The tree under which Mahavira got Kaivalya.
Khuddaka Nikaya of Sutta Pitaka. � Kshitigrha (guardian of purgato-
divisi on of Buddhists into mising realism of Hinayanism Pava Place where Mahavira died.
ries)
Mahayanists and Hinayanists. and the ideali sm of � The Sutta Pitaka consists chiefly
� Maitreya (the future Buddha) � The names of two Jaina Tirthankaras, Rishabha and Aristanemi, are
Hinayanism and the idealism of :
SECTS OF BUDDHISM � Amitabha/Amitayusha (Buddha found in the Rigveda.
of Yogachara. (a) discourses delivered by Buddha
� Hinayana : of heaven) � The Vishnu Purana and the Bhagvata Purana describe Rishabha as an
(f) The Yogachara school himself on different occasions.
incarnation of Narayana.
(a) Its followers believed in the founded by Maitreyanatha S. No. Buddhist Location Founder � In the course of wandering Mahavira met Mokhliputta (the founder of
original teachings of Buddha completely rejected the real- Imoversotoes Ajivika sect).
(b) They sought individual sal- ism of Hinayana and main- � Ashoka’s grandson Samparati accept Jainism.
vation through self-discipline tained absolute idealism. 1. Nalanda Badagoan, Bihar Kumargupta-I
� In First century A.D. Mathura became the Centre of Jaina art and culture.
and meditation. 2. Vikramshila Bhagalpur, Bihar Dharmapala (Pala ruler)
� Vajrayana � The spread of Jainism in Karnataka is attributed to Chandragupta
(c) They did not believe in idol- 3. Somapuri North Bengal Dharmapala (Pala ruler)
(a) Its followers believed that sal- Maurya.
worship 4. Jagadal Bengal Ramapala (Pala ruler)
vation could be the best at- � Many Jaina followers went to south under the leadership of Bhadrabahu.
(d) Hinayana, like Jainism, is a 5. Odantpuri Bihar Sharit, Bihar Gopala (Pala ruler)
tained by acquiring the magi- � These southern followers later formed the Digambra sect (lives nude)
religion without God, Karma 6. Vallabhi Gujarat Bhattarka (Maitrak Rule)
cal power, which they called � Those who remained at Magadha, under the leadership of Sthalabahu,
taking the place of God
Vajra. formed Shvetambar sect (wears white garments)

OLE - 60 OLE - 61 OLE - 62

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY
Explanation of formation of Digambaras and Shvetambaras : After the Differences between Buddhism and Jainism RISE OF MAGADHA
death of Mahavira during the reign of king Chandragupta Maurya a se-
vere famine led to the migration of some jains under Bhadrabahu to the Buddhism Jainism � Ajatshatru took the services of his
Deccan. Sthulabhadra remained in North and allowed wearing white gar- minister Vassakar to divide the
� Followers Monks Lay man
ments Bhadrabahu maintained nudity leading to division as Digambaras Vajji confederacy.
� Salvation Moderate one Extreme one
(sky clad or naked) and shwetambars (white clad). � Ajatshatru got a large stupa con-
� Spread Died in India but spread Confined to India and survived structed in Rajgriha.
FIVE MAIN TEACHINGS to foreign lands � Gautama Buddha died during his
24 TIRTHANKARAS AND THEIR
� Ahimsa Liberal Policy Over-emphasis reign; arranged the first Buddhist
� Non-injury (ahimsa) SYMBOL HARYANK DYNASTY
� Soul Did not believe in soul Belived in soul council.
� Non-lying � The epic Mahabharata has pro- � Ajatshatru constructed a fort
Name Symbol
� Non-Stealing (asateya) RISE OF MAHAJANAPADAS vided information about the early around Rajgriha to protect it from
� Non-Possession (aparigraha) 1. Rishabha Bull � The Buddhist text Anguttara Nikaya gives the l ist of sixteen period of Magadha. Lichcchavi attack.
� Observe continence 2. Ajitnath Elephant Mahajanapadas at the time of Buddha. � Jarasandh and Brihdrath were � Ajatshatru was killed by his son
(Brahamcharya). It was added by 3. Sambharnath Horse � These Mahajanapadas extended from the North western Pakistan to east the rulers during the period of Udayin in 461 B.C.
Bihar and from Himalayas to the river Godavari. Mahabharata. � Udayin transferred the Capital to
Mahavira. 4. Abhiaandam Swamy Monkey
� Girivraja was the magadhan capi- Patliputra.
JAINA LITERATURE 5. Sumathinath Curlew Mahajanapada Capital Area
tal during the early period. � Udayin was a follower of Jainism.
� Most of the literature is written 6. Padamprabhu Red Lotus Anga Champa Bhagalpur, Munger (Bihar) � The l ast Haryank rul er was
BIMBISARA (544-492 B.C.) Nagdasak.
in Prakrit. 7. Suparaswanath Swastik Magadha Rajgriha Patna, Gaya (Bihar)
8. Chandraji Prabhu Moon Kasi Varanasi Near Varanasi � Bimbisara established Haryank SHISUNAGA DYNASTY (412-344
� The jaina Literature includes,
Kosal Saketa, Sravasti Eastern Uttar Pradesh dynasty. B.C.)
(1) The 12 Angas 9. Suvidhinath Crocodile
Vajji (Ganasangha) Vaishali Muzaffarpur (Bihar) � Rajgir was the capital of the state.
(2) The 12 Upangas 10. Shitalnath Srivatsa � Nagdasak was killed by his min-
Malla Kusinara/Pava Gorakhpur (U.P.) � Bimbisara ascended the throne in
11. Shregansnath Rhinoceros ister Shisunaga.
(3) The 10 Prakirna 544 B.C.
Chedi Suktimati Bundelkhand (U.P.) � Shisunaga established Shisunaga
(4) The 6 Chhedsutras 12. Vasupujya Buffalo � In Jain literature he has been dynasty in 412 B.C.
Vatsa Kaushambi Allahabad (U.P.)
(5) The 4 Mulasutras 13. Vimalnath Boar Kuru Indraprastha Meerut Delhi region called as ‘Shraunik’. � Shisunaga annexed Avanti to
14. Ananthanth Falcon � Bi mbi sara had three wi ves, Magadha.
JAINA COUNCILS Panchal Ahicchatra, Kampilya Western U.P.
mahakosala, Chellana and Khema. � Shisunaga established his capital
15. Dharamnath Vajra Sursena Mathura Mathura (U.P.)
� First Council was held at � Mahakosala was the sister of at Vaishali.
16. Shantinath Deer Gandhar Taxila Peshawar (Pakistan)
Pataliputra by Sthulabahu in the Kosal ruler Prasenjit and Chellana � Kalashoka came to the throne in
17. Kuntunath He-Goat Kamboja Rajpura Near Gandhar
beginning of the third century was Lichchhavi Princess. 344 B.C.
Asmak Paithan Godhavari area (M.H.)
BC and resulted in the compila- 18. Arnath Fish � Bimbisara defeated Anga and an- � Kalashoka again transferred the
Avanti Ujjain, Mahishmati Malwa region
tion of 12 Angas to replace the 19. Mallinath Water Pot nexed it. capital to Pataliputra.
Matsya Viratnagar Near Jaipur
lost 14 Purvas. 20. Muniswasth Tortoise � Bimbisara was contemporary of � During the reign of Kalashoka
� Second Council was held at � Kashi was famous for its cotton textiles and market for horses. Buddha. second Buddhist council was or-
21. Naminath Blue Lotus
� Bimbisara send his physician ganized at Vaishali.
Valabhi in the 6th (513 AD) cen- 22. Arishtanemi Conch Shell � Champa was noted for its trade and Commerce.
Jivak to treat Chand Pradyot of � Nandi vardhan was the last
tury AD under the leadership of � Vajji represented a confederacy of eight clans.
(Neminath) Avanti Shisunaga ruler.
Devaradhi Kshamasramana and � The Buddha died in the vicinity of Kusinara.
23. Parswanath Serpent � Bimbisara was prisoned by his son NANDA DYNASTY (344-323 B.C.)
resulted in final compilation of
24. Mahavir Lion � The Northern Panchalas had their capital at Ahicchatra. Ajatshatru and died in 493 B.C.
12 Angas and 12 Upangas. � Nanda Dynasty was established
� The Southern Panchalas had their Capital at Kampilya. AJATSHATRU (492-460 B.C.) by Mahapadmananda.
Similarities between Buddhism and Jainism � Viratnagar was used as the hiding place by Pandavas. � According to Puranas he was
� Ajatshatru sat on Magadha throne
� Both opposed Brahmanical domination and caste system but uphold � Mathura was located at the junction of two famous trade routes i.e. not a Kshatriya.
in 492 B.C.
the essence of Vedas, Preached Truth, non violence, celibacy and de- Uttrapatha and Dakshinapatha. � Mahapadmananda was known as
� Ajatshatru followed an expansion-
tachment from material comforts, believed in karma and rebirth and � The Kambojas were regarded as uncultured by the Brahamanical texts. Ekarat and Sarvakshatrantaka.
ist policy.
� Mahapadmananda conquered
were liberal towards women. � The Buddha calls himself Kosalan in the Majjhima Nikaya. � After a long struggle he defeated Kalinga.
� Aacharangsutra about rules and regulation for Jain Bhikshus. � Kashi had emerged as a cloth manufaturing centre by the time of Buddha. Kasi and Vajji confederacy. � Last Nanda ruler was Dhanananda.

OLE - 63 OLE - 64 OLE - 65

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Dhanananda was the contempo- � This area constituted the 20th � � Due to cul tural contacts, a � The reverberation of the war � Ashoka banned animal sacrifice,

INDIAN HISTORY
The Hindu and the Buddhist re-
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
rary of Alexander. kshatrapy (province) of Iran. ligious faiths and philosophies cosmopolition school of art came drum (Bheri Ghosha) was to be- regulated the slaughter of animal
� Alexander attacked India in the � The Indian Kshatrapy included up in Gandhara. come the reverberation of the law for food.
had an impact of the Greek � It paved the way for the unifi-
reign of Dhanananda (the last Sindh, the North-West frontier (Dhamma Ghosha). � Accordi ng to hi s Maski and
world of philosophy following cation of North India under
ruler) and part of Punjab. � His Hellenistic contemporaries Gurjara inscripti ons he was
Alexander’s time. chandragupta by weakening
� The Nandas were fabulously rich � The Indian Kshatrapy paid a were Anti ochus II of Syri a, known as Devanam Pri ya
small states.
and enormously powerful. tribute of 360 talents of Gold. Ptolemy II of Egypt, Antigonas of Priyadarshi.
� Nanda Dynasty was destroyed � Xerxes, the successor of Darius, THE MAURYAN EMPIRE (321 BC - 289 BC) Macedonia, Magas of Cyrene and
� He was converted to Buddhism
by Chandragupta Maurya and employed Indians in the long war Alexander of Epirus.
CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA (322- � Ptolemy Philedelphus of Egypt by Nigrodh.
Chanakya. against the Greeks. � He organised the third Buddhist
295 B.C) sent Dionysius as ambassador. � Ashoka sent peace missionaries
� Nandas have been termed as � The Iranian Scribes brought into council in the 18th year of his
� The Mauryan dynasty was � He was known as Amitraghata. reign at Patliputra. inside India as well as abroad.
first empire builders of India. India Kharoshti script. founded by Chandragupta He was al so known as
FACTORS FOR T HE RISE OF � Under the leadership of Maurya with the help of Amitrochates. NAMES & TITLES OF ASHOKA
MAGADHA Alexander of Macedonia, the Chanakya or Kautilya. � He wrote to Antiochus I of Syria
Greeks destroyed the Iranian � Brahamanical texts say he was Ashoka Personal name
� Magadha enjoyed an advanta- and asked for some sweet, wine,
geous geographical position Empire. born of Mura, a sudra women dry figs and a sophist. Piyadassi Official name
� Iron deposits were situated close � Alexander marched to India in the court of the Nandas. � He sent his son Ashoka to quell Ashoka Maski minor rock edict
to Rajgir, the earliest capital of through the Khyber Pass in 326 � An earlier Buddhist tradition says a rebellion in Taxila. Ashok Vardhan Puranas.
Magadha. B.C. he belonged to the Moriya � He was a followers of Ajivika Ashoka Maurya Junagarh inscription
� Rajgir and Pataliputra were situ- � Ambhi was the king of Taxila. Kshatriya clan. sect Piyadassi Dipavamsa, Kandhar inscription
ated at very strategic points. � Porus ruled between Jhelum � In some texts he is referred to � The Syri an ambassador Piyadassi Raja Barabar hill cave inscription
� Pataliputra was surrounded by and Ravi. as Vrishala and Kulahina. Deimachus was sent to his Piyadassi Raja Magadh Bhabru-Bairat minor rock edict
rivers from all sides it was called � Porus provided a strong resis- � He fought Seleucus in 305 B.C. court. Raja Ashoka Dewanampiya Udegolum minor rock edict
as jaladurga (water-fort). tance to Alexander. � Seleucus surrendered a large
ASHOKA (273-232 B.C.) Raja Ashoka Nittur minor rock edict
� Alexander remained in India for territory including Paropanisadai
� Magadha lay at the centre of the Devanampriyas Ashoka Rajas Gurjara minor rock edict
19 months (326-325 B.C.) (Kabul), Aria (Herat), Arachosia � Ashoka (273-232 B.C.) suc-
middle Gangetic plain.
(Gandhara) and Gedrosia ceeded Bindusara. EDICTS OF ASHOKA RELATED PLACES
� Magadha for the first time used � Alexander’s campaign opened up
(Baluchistan), in return for 500 � He was holding viceroyalty of
elephants on a large scale in four distinct routes by land and
elephants. taxila and Ujjain during his fa- Location of Major Rock Edicts INFORMATION ABOUT ASHOKAN
wars. sea.
� According to Jaina tradition thers lifetime. ( 1) Kalshi ( Dehradun) ( 2) INSCRIPTIONS
� Greek sources have mentioned � Alexandria and Boukephala were
Chandragupta was converted to � After his fathers death he as- Manshera (Hazara dist. Pakistan) � 1st major rock edict declares
that the Nandas maintained 6000 Greek settlements which were
elephants. Jainism. cended the throne but formal (3) Shahbazgarhi (Peshawar) (4) prohibition of animal sacrifice.
established in the North West.
� Chandragupta Maurya passed consecration was delayed for 4 Girnar (Gujarat) (5) Sopara (Near
� Magadha society was unortho- � Alexander’s historian Nearchus � 2nd major rock edict mentions
his last days at Sravanbelagola years. Mumbai) (6) Dhauli (Odisha) (7)
dox and was recently Aryanized. has left valuable geographical ac- medical treatment of human and
near Mysore. Where he died by � A Buddhist text says he usurped Jaugada (Odisha) (8) Maski
� Ambitious rulers like Bimbisara, counts. animals.
starvation (Sallekhana/Santhara) the throne after killing his 99 (Andhra Pradesh) (9) Yerragudi
Ajatshatru and Mahapadma � Battle of Hydaspes was fought � 3rd major rock edict mentions
ritual of Jains. brothers. (Andhra Pradesh)
nanda established Magadha as between Porus and Alexander. Pradeshi kas, Raj ukas and
� Seleucus sent an ambassador � He fought Kalinga war in 260
a powerful kingdom. � Alexander sent 20,000 oxen to Location of Minor Rock Edicts Yukta.
Megasthenes to the Mauryan B.C. in the 9th year of his reign.
FOREIGN INVASION Macedonia for use in Greece. (1) Bairat (2) Rupnath ( 3) � 4th major rock edict mentions
court. � Under Ashoka, the empire
� The Sati system and slave trade Sahsaram (4) Rupnath ( 5) Bheri Ghosha is replaced by
� North-West India was ruled by � Megasthenes wrote the text ‘In- reached its zenith. And in the
was prevalent in the society. Brahmagiri (6) Gavimath (7) Dhamma Ghosha.
smal l er princi pal i ties like dica’ history, for the first time, the
� Alexander’s invasion paved the Jatinga Rameshwar (8) Maski (9) � 5th major rock edict mentions
Kambojas and Gandharas. entire Indian sub-continent came
way for the expansion of BINDUSARA (298-272 B.C.) Palkigundu (10) Rajula-Mandagiri the appointment of Dhamma
� The Period of 6th century B.C. under a single umbrella (except
Mauryan Empire in North West (11) Suvarnagiri (12) Yerragudi Mahamattas.
marked by political instability in � Bindusara succeeded Chandra- extreme Southern India).
India. (13) Gurjara (14) Ahraura � 6th major rock edict mentions
North-West India. gupta Maurya. � In course of hi s second
Effects of Alexander’s Invasion Dharmayatra tour (in 21st year Location of Pillar Edicts Mantri Parishad and officers like
� In 516 B.C. the Iranian ruler � In Jain literature he has been pulisani and Prativedikar.
Darius penetrated into North- � It exposed India to Europe by called as ‘Simhasen’. of his reign), he visited Lumbini. (1) Allahabad (2) Delhi-Topra (3)
� In the 14th year of his reign he Delhi-Meerut (4) Nigalisagar � 7th major rock edict mentions
West India. opening up four distinct lines of � Antiochus sent Deimachus as an
communication three by land started the institution of Dharma (5) Lauriya-Araraj (6) Lauriya- religious toleration amongst all
� Darius annexed Punjab, west of ambassador to Bindusara’s
Mahamatras. Nandangarh (7) Rampurva sects.
Indus and Sindh. and one by sea. court.

OLE - 66 OLE - 67 OLE - 68

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� 8th major rock edict mentions � The Kandhar inscription is bilin- 18 TIRTHAS MENTIONED IN ARTHASHASTRA IMPORTANT OFFICIALS :

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY
that he went to Sambodhi in gual-Greek and Aramaic.
1. Mantrin : Chief Minister Amatyas : The Secretaries
Bodh Gaya. � Most of the Ashokan edicts are
2. Purohita : Chief Priest Antapala : Governer of the Frontier
� 9th major rock edict mentions written in Brahmi script.
3. Senapati : Commander in Chief Akshapatala : Accountant General
the uselessness of various cer- � The language used in Ashokan
4. Yuvaraja : Crown prince (These four were the highest function- Durgapala : Governer of Fort
emonies. edicts except Kandhar is Prakrit.
� 10th major rock edict mentions aries among the tirthas). Dhamma : A New Post created by Ashoka.
� The inscription in fragmentary
that the king desires no more 5. Dauvarika : Chamberlain Gopa : Responsible for accounts
condition found at Lampak/
fame 6. Antarvesika : Chief of the harem. Lipikaras : Scribes
Lamghan is in Aramaic
� 11th major rock edict explains 7. Prasastri : Inspector general of prisons Kumaras : The Viceroys-in-change of a province
� In all the edicts except the
the policy of Dhamma. Maski edict Ashoka refers to 8. Samaharta : Collector general Mahamatras : Functions of Propagating Dhamma and
� 12th major rock edict appeals himself by his title Devanampiya taking care of the common folk for their
9. Sanidhata : Treasury Chief
for toleration amongs sects. Piyadassi. material well being.
10. Pradeshtri : Divisional Commissioner
� 13th rock edi ct mentions � The Allahabad pillars (brought Pra deshikas : Modern District magistrate.
11. Nayaka : City Constable
Kalinga war. from Kausambi) contains the in- Rajukas : later day Patwaris
� 14th major rock edict mentions 12. Paura : Governor of the City.
scription of Samudra Gupta and Sthanika : The tax collector officers
the purpose of the rock edicts. 13. Vyavaharika : Chief Judge
Jehangir also. THE VILLAGE LEVEL OFFICERS :
� There are 7 pillar edicts. 14. Karmantika : Chief of the Mines
� Major rock edicts are fourteen Gramika : Head of Village
� In the 1st pillar edict, social in number. 15. Mantri : President of the Council. Gram widdhas : Village elders.
code has been mentioned. � Total number of pillar edicts is Parishadhyaksha
� In the 2nd pillar edict eye do- thirteen, they are inscribed in 16. Dandapal : Police Chief POST-MAURYAN DYNASTIES
nation has been mentioned. ten pillars. Out of thirteen seven 17. Dvarapala : Chief of the Home Defence. SUNGAS AND KANVAS � Simuka was the first Satvahana
� In the 3rd pillar edict soul and are major pillar edicts, four are 18. Antapala : Chief of the Frontier Defence. king.
sin has been mentioned. � Pushyamitra laid the foundation
minor pillar edicts and two are of Sunga dynasty. � They issued mostly coins of
� In the 4th pillar edict Rajukas IMPORTANT ADHYAKSHAS AND THEIR DUTIES
commemorative pillar edicts. � Pushyamitra killed the last lead.
have been mentioned. � Of the four minor pillars edicts 1. Panyadhyaksha : Commerce
Mauryan ruler Brihdrath in 185 � They were the successors of the
� In the 5th pillar edict animal kill- one is known as Queen’s edict 2. Samsthadhyaksha : Markets, checking wrong practices B.C. Mauryans in the Deccan and the
ing is mentioned. and it is on Allahabad pillar. 3. Pautavadhyaksha : Weights and measure � Patanjali was a contemporary of central India.
� The 6th pillar edict mentions the � Schism edicts (one each) are 4. Navadhyaksha : State Boats Pushyamitra Sunga. � Gautamiputra Satkarni (106-130
welfare of people. found in Allahabad, Sanchi and 5. Sulkadhyaksha : Tolls/Customs � Pushyamitra performed two A.D.) called himself the only
� The 7th pillar edict mentions the Sarnath Pillars. Aswamedha sacrifices.
6. Akaradhyaksha : Mines Brahamana.
Dhamma Mahamattas. � The commemorative pillar edicts � It was corroborated by Patanjali
7. Lohadhyaksha : Iron � His achievements are recorded
FACTS ABOUT ASHOKAN INSCRIP- are Rumeindei and Nigalisagar and Malavikagnimitram. in Nasik Inscription.
8. Savvarnika : Gold
TIONS (both in Nepal). � He was succeeded by Agnimitra. � Nasik Inscription belongs to his
9. Sitadhyaksha : Crown lands �
� Maski edict discovered in 1915 � The longest among the major A Sunga king, Agnimitra was the mother Gautami Balasri.
rock edict is 13th rock edict (in 10. Aksha pataladhyaksha : Accounts hero of kalidasa’s Malavika-
is the only edict which mentions � Vashisthaputra Pulumayi (130-
Odisha). 11. Rathadhyaksha : Chariot gnimitram.
the name Ashoka. 158 A.D.) set up his capital at
� 7th pillar edict is longest among 12. Hastyadhyaksha : Elephant force � Heliodorus came during the Paithan.
� The Topra & Meerut pillars were
all the edicts. 13. Ayudhagaradhyaksha : Production and maintenance of armaments reign of Bhagbhadra
brought to Delhi by Feroz Shah � He enlarged Amravati Stupa and
� The Allahabad pillar contains 14. Kosadhyaksha : Treasury � He was the ambassador of
Tughlaq. decorated it with marble.
first six pillar edicts, Queen’s Greek king Antialkidas of Taxila.
� Ashokan edicts were deciphered 15. Kosthagaradhyaksha : Store house � He has been prai sed i n
edict, Kosam Schism edicts, � The l ast Sunga ki ng was
by James Princep in 1837. 16. Kupyadhyaksha : Forest produce Nanaghat Inscription.
Prasasti of Samudragupta writ- Devabhuti.
� The Kausambi pillar was brought 17. Manadhyaksha : Measurement � Yajnasri Satkarni (165-194 A.D.)
ten by Harisena and some de- � This period saw the revival of
to Calcutta by Jahangir. 18. Mudradhyaksha : Passports recovered Malwa from the Shaka
crees of Jehangir. Bhagvatism.
� The Bairat inscription was brought 19. Pattanadhyaksha : Ports rulers.
to Allahabad by Cunningham. � Kharosthi script was derived THE SATVAHANA DYNASTY � Ship is depicted on his coins.
from Persian Aramaic. 20. Ganikadhyaksha : Courtesan
� Two major rock edicts as � The Puranas speak onl y of � Satvahanas were the first rulers
Mansehra and Sahbazgarhi are in � He constructed Sanchi Stupa at 21. Devatadhyaksha : Religious institutions
Andhra rul e and not of to make l and grants to
Kharoshti script. Vidisha (M.P.) 22. Lakshanadhyaksha : Mint Satvahana rule. Brahamanas.

OLE - 69 OLE - 70 OLE - 71

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Prakrit text Gathasaptashati is � The first Saka king in India was � Kanishka controlled the famous � The Kushanas started erecting � His predecessors had issued � Skandagupta had to fight the

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
attributed to Satvahana king Maues or Moga who established Silk route in central Asia. mortuary templ es call ed only gold coins. Pushyamitras and the Hunas.
Hala. Saka power in Gandhara. � The Gandhara School of art Devakulas. � The gold coi ns were call ed � He was successful in throwing
� They had brisk trade with Ro- � Maues was succeeded by Azes recieved royal patronage of the � Kushanas divided their empire ‘Dinara’. the Hunas back.
mans. who successfully attacked the Kushans. into strips. � Chandragupta II was succeeded � The Junagarh inscription of his
� Nasik and Nanaghat are impor- last of the Greek kings in North- � The Kanishka group of rulers � Kanishka provided patronage to by Kumargupta I. reign tells that his governor
tant inscription of the Satvahana ern India, Hippostratos. used the title ‘Shanaushahi’. Ashvaghosha and Nagarjuna. � His inscriptions are the Bilsad Parnadatta got the Sudarshan
period. � The most famous of the Saka inscription, the Karandanda in- lake repaired.
rulers was Rudradaman (130- THE GUPTAS (320-550 A.D.) scription, the Mandsor inscrip- � He adopted the ti tl e of
THE INDO-GREEKS
152 A.D.) � Sri Gupta was the founder of � Samudragupta performed the tion, the Damodarpur copper Vikramaditya.
� A series of invasions from cen- � His achievements are highlighted Gupta rule. plate inscription. � Some of the successors of
Aswamedha Yajna and struck
tral Asia began around 200 B.C. in his Junagarh Inscription. � He founded the Nalanda Univer- Skandagupta were
� He was succeeded by gold coins of Yupa type.
� The first to cross the Hindukush � It is the first major inscription Ghatotkacha. � He granted permission to the sity. Buddhagupta, Vai nyagupta
were the Indo–Greeks. to be written in Sanskrit. � Towards the last year of his reign, Bhanugupta Narsimhagupta
� The real founder of the Gupta Buddhi st king of Ceyl on
� Demetrius, the king of Bactria � It records the repair of power was Chandragupta I (319- Meghavarman to build a Monas- the Gupta empire faced foreign in- Baladitya, Kumargupta II and
invaded India about 190 B.C. Sudarshan lake undertook by 355 A.D.) tery at Bodh Gaya. vasions. Vishmigupta.
� The most famous Indo-Greek his officers. � He was the first independent � The historian V.A. Smith comple- Titles of the Gupta Kings
ruler was Menander (165-145 THE KUSHAN DYNASTY king with the title of Maharaja- mented Samudragupta as the
B.C.). His capital was Sakala or Srigupta Adiraja, Maharaja
dhiraja. ‘Indian Nepoleon’.
Sialkot. � They are referred to as Yuch- Ghatotkach Maharaja
Chis or Tocharians. � He started the Gupta era in � Samudragupta was succeeded
� Menander was converted to Chandragupta–I Maharajadhiraja
319-320 A.D. by Ramgupta but Chandragupta
Buddhism by Nagasena or � They belonged to one of the five Samudragupta Sarva-raj-ochhchetta, kaviraja
� He married a Lichchavi Prin- II killed him and married his
Nagarjuna. clans of the Yuch-Chis tribe. Chandragupta–II Vikramaditya
cess. queen Dhruvadevi.
� The conversation between the � They came from North Central Kumargupta Mahendraditya, Shakraditya
� His empire included Bihar, Uttar � He entered into matrimonial al-
two is recorded in a book named Asia near China. Their empire Skandagupta Vikramaditya, Karmaditya
Pradesh and Bengal. liance with the Nagas by marry-
‘Milindapanho’, or question of included a good part of central
� Samudragupta (355-380 A.D.) ing princess Kubernaga. Taxes Levied during the Gupta Dynasty
Milinda. Asia a portion of Iran a portion
enlarged enormously the Gupta � He defeated the Saka ki ng
� Indo–Greeks were the first to of Afghanistan, Pakistan and al- Bhag Kings share of produce
kingdom. Rudrasimha III and annexed his
issue gold coins in India. most the whole of North India. Bhoga General tribute
� His achievements are mentioned kingdom.
� They were the first rulers in In- � Kujula Kadphises initiated cop- Hiranya Tax on special produce taken in cash
in the Prayag-Prasasti composed � He adopted the titl e of
dia to issue coins definitely at- per imitation of Roman coins. Bedakbhog Irrigation tax
by Harisena. Vikramaditya. Mehrauli iron pil-
tributed to the kings. � Wima Kadphises issued a large � He captured and annexed the Bhatta Police tax
lar inscription mentions his au-
� They also introduced practice of number of gold coins. Aryavrata rulers. Charasana Grazing tax
thority over North western India
military governorship. The gov- � Kanishka (78-144 A.D.) started � He defeated 12 rulers of and a portion of Bengal. Chat Security tax
ernors were called ‘Strategos’. the Shaka era (78 A.D.) Dakshinapatha. Prataya Toll tax
� Virasena’s Udaigiri cave inscrip-
� The Greek ambassador � His two capitals were � These rulers were first captured tion refers to his conquest of the Halivakar Tax on Ploughing
Heliodorus set up a pillar in Purushpura (Peshawar) and and then released by whole world. Upkilpta Sales tax
honour of Vishnu at Vidisha. Mathura. Samudragupta. � He made Ujjain his second capi- Taradaya Navigation tax
� The term Horashastra used for � He erected a monastery stupa � Harisena and Vasubandhu tal. Gupta Temples : Places
astrology in Sanskrit is derived at Peshawar. adorned his court. � His court contained 9 gems in-
from the Greek term Horoscope. Vishnu temple : Tigawa (Jabalpur)
� He was a great patron of art and � He was a great patron of art and cluding Kalidasa, Amarsimha,
literature. Shiva temple : Bhumara (Nagaud)
THE SAKAS adopted the title of Kaviraja. Fa-hien, Acharya Dignaga etc.
� At Toprak-Kala a huge Kushan � On some coins he is shown Parvati temple : Nachna Kuthara
� Veerasena Saba was the court
� The Greeks were followed by Dasavtar temple : Deogarh (Jhansi)
palace has been unearthed. playing the Veena. poet and mi ni ster of
the Sakas. Shiva temple : Koh (Nagaud)
� Charak was the court physician � V.A. Smith calls Samudragupta Chandragupta II. Amarkhaddava
� They are referred to as Bhitargaon temple : Bhitargaon
of Kanishka. the ‘Napoleon of India’. was his army general.
scythians. Lakshman temple (birck made) : Kanpur
� He was a great patron of Bud- � Samudragupta had a disputed � Fa-hien, the Chinese traveller
� The Saka poured into India
dhism. accession to the throne. came duri ng the time of Laxman temple : Sirpur (Raipur)
through the Bolan Pass.
� Fourth Buddhist Council was � Virasena was the commander of Chandragupta II. Mukund Darra temple : Kota
� The earliest Indian textual ref-
held under his patronage at Samdragupta during his southern � He issued silver and copper Dhammekh stupa : Sarnath
erence to the Sakas are found
Kundalvan. campaign. coins. Jarasandh’s sitting : Rajgrih (Bihar)
in the Mahabhasya.
OLE - 72 OLE - 73 OLE - 74
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
HARSHVARDHAN (606-647 A.D.) � The Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang Visited his kingdom. THE CHOLAS

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY
� Harshavardhan ascended the and from Himalayas to the banks � Pallava ruler Narsimhavarman I invaded the Chalukya kingdom, killed � The Cholas were the feudatories of the Pallavas
Pushyabhuti throne in 606 A.D. of Narmada. Pulakesin II and captured Badami. � The founder of Chola dynasty was Vijayalaya, who was at first a
� Harshavardhan was also known � Harsha wrote three Sanskrit � Vishnuvardhan, son of Pulakesin II, founded the eastern branch of the feudatory of the Pallavas. He captured Tanjore in 850 A.D.
as Siladitya. plays-Nagananda, Ratnavali and Chalukyas with its capital at Vengi. � The greatest Chola rulers were Rajaraja (985-1014 A.D.) and his son
� Banabhatta and Hiuen Tsang Priyadarshika. THE PALLAVAS (560-803) Rajendra I (1014-1044 A.D.)
have provided important infor- � Banabhatta wrote Harshacharita
� The Pallavas played an important role after the fall of Satvahanas in � Raja built a Saiva, a temple of Rajarajeshwara at Tanjore.
mation about Harsha’s reign. and Kadambri.
3rd century until the rise of the Cholas. � Rajendra I assumed the title of Gangaikondachola and built a city called
� Poet Banabhatta wrote � Harsha showed equal respect to
� The origin of Pallavas is a debatable issue. Gangaikondacholapuram.
‘Harshacharita’. all religious sects.
� Harsha was not successful in � Harsha built rest houses, hos- � Pallava dynasty was founded by Simhavisnu in 560 A.D. � The Chola empire was divided into Mandalams or provinces and these
his fi rst expedition against pitals, and endowed numerous � Mahendravarman-I was defeated by Pulakesin-II. in turn were divided into Valanadu and Nadu.
Gauda. Brahamanical, Buddhist and � Narasimhavarman was the greatest king. He defeated Pulakesin II and � Chola rulers marked their victories by erecting a number of Shiva and
� In his second expedition Harsha Jaina establishments. captured Badami/Vatapi. So, took the title of Vatapikonda. Vishnu temples.
conquered Magadha and Sasanka’s � The Kannauj assembly was held � Narsimhavarman also defeated Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas, thus be- � During the reign of Rajendra I a naval expedition was sent against the
empire. in the honour of Hiuen-Tsang. came supreme in South India. Sri Vijaya empire.
� Gauda was divided between � Harsha used to celebrate reli- � Narsimhavarman was a great builder, having constructed Mamallapuram � The Bay of Bengal was converted into a ‘Chola lake’.
Harsha and Bhaskarvarman. gious festivals at the end of ev- and the various buildings here. During his reign Hieun Tsang visited Kanchi. � The Chola rulers fought constantly with the Chalukyas of Kalyani.
� The Aihole inscription mentions ery five years at Prayag. � Narsimhavarman II constructed the shore temple of Mamallapuram and � Rajaraja I granted a village for the maintenance of Buddhist vihara at
that Harsha met defeat at the � Harsha sent an embassy in 641 the Kailasnath temple of Kanchi. He sent embassies to China to en- Nagapattam.
hands of Pulakesin II. A.D. to the Chinese emperor. courage maritime trade. � The king was the most important person in the Chola administration.
� Harsha’s empire extended from � Harsha also received a Chinese
the Punjab to northern Orissa � The Chalukya Vikramadita-II attacked the Pallava capital during the reign � The Cholas maintained a large army consisting of elephants, cavalry
embassy in return.
of Paramesvar Varman. and infantry.
� Harsha died in 647 A.D.
� Nandivarman-II was a worshipper of Vishnu. He built Vaikuntaperumal � Rajaraja gave his daughter Kundavai to Vimaladitya (Eastern Chalukya
Officials in Harshavardhana’s administration temple at Kanchi. of Vengi) and restored Vengi to him.
� The last Pallava ruler, Aparajita Pallava was defeated by Aditya Chola. � Rajaraja-I sent his son Rajendra-I to capture Banarasi and sack
Singhnada Chief of Armed Forces
Amatya Revenue and Finance Minister � Kanchi, Pallavas capital was a great centre of Sanskrit learning. Manyakhet of Western Chalukyas.
Uparika Provincial Head � Both Bharavi and Dandin, the authors of ‘Kirtarjuniyam’ and � During the reign of Rajaraja Maldives was captured.
Dandapashik Police Officer ‘Dashkumarcharitam’ respectively lived in the Pallava court. � Rajaraja conferred the title of ‘Mahadandanayaka’ upon Rajendra-I for
Vrihadeshwara Head of Cavalry � The scientific works of Varahamihira and the poetry of Kalidasa were his victory over Pandyas & Keralas.
Baladhikrita The Commander well known in the Pallava country. � Rajaraja-I started the system of land survey called ‘kadamb’.
Skandagupta/Katuka Head of Elephant Brigade � Most of the kings were accomplished scholars and Mahendravarman-I him- � Adhirajendra was killed in a public revolt.
Ayuktaka Ordinary officer self wrote the famous burlesque ‘Mattavilasa Prahasana.’
� Kulotunga-I of Vengi united the kingdom of Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi
Mahasandhivigrahaka Officer to decide on war and peace THE GANGAS and Chola kingdom. His other name was Rajendra-II. He was given
� The Gangas were the contemporaries of the Chalukyas and the Pallavas. the title of Sangam Tavirtta (he who abolished tolls).
SOUTH INDIAN DYNASTIES
� They ruled over a large part of modern Mysore. � Rajendra II was crowned in the battle field of Koppam. He was given
THE CHALUKYAS OF BADAMI (543-757 A.D.) the title of Prakesari.
� The region was called after them as Gangavadi.
� The Vakatakas in the deccan were followed by the Chalukyas of Badami. � Vira Rajendra Rajakesari defeated Western Chalukyas king Someswara-
� The founder of the Ganga dynasty was Konkanivarman Dharmamahadhiraja.
� The Chalukyas established their base at Badami (Vatapi) in Bijapur district I Ahvamalla in the battle of Kudal Sangman (Kurnool district). He foiled
� The Gangas had matrimonial alliances with the Pallavas, Chalukyas and
of Karnataka. all efforts of Vijayabahu of Sri Lanka to extend his authority and drive
Rashtrakutas.
� The Chalukyas claimed their descent either from Manu or Moon. away the Cholas from Sri Lanka.
� Pulakesin-I (543-66) : founder of the Chalukya dynasty, established a THE KADAMBAS � After the decline of Cholas, their place was taken by the Hoysalas of
small kingdom with Badami/Vatapi in Bijapur District as its capital. � The Kadamba dynasty was founded by Mayur Sarman. Dwarsamudra and Pandyas of Madurai.
� Kirtivarman-I-expanded the kingdom by wars against the Kadambas of � The Kadambas ruled from Banvasi from 345 A.D. to 365 A.D. � The gopuram style was developed under the Cholas.
Banavasi and the Nalas of Bastar.
� Kakusthavarman (435-455 A.D.) was the most powerful ruler of the � The system of canals in south is a contribution of the Cholas.
� Pulakesin II was able to check Harsha’s design to conquer Deccan. dynasty. � Rajendra-I built Shiva temple at Gangaikondacholapuram.
� Aihole inscription is a eulogy written by his court poet Ravikirti.
� Kakusthavarman established matrimonial relations with the Gangas and � The Cholas were famous for the bronze statue of Nataraja.
� He sent an ambassador to Persian king Khusrau II in 625 A.D. and
the Guptas. � Kamban wrote Ramayana. Sivagasindamani was also produced.
also received one from him.

OLE - 75 OLE - 76 OLE - 77

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Temple architecture in south at- Tripartite Struggle (Palas, Pratiharas � Gopala was succeeded by his � Krishna-I built the Kailasa or � Govind Chandra’s minister for THE CHANDELLAS

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
tained its climax under the and Rastrakutas) son Dharmapala in 770 A.D. Shiva temple at Ellora in the 9th peace and war, Lakshmidhara � The Chandel as ruled i n
Cholas. � A number of powerful empires � Palas established their rule in century. wrote Krityakalpataru. Bundelkhand.
� The style of architecture which Bengal and Bihar. � The great Apabhramsha poet � Jaychandra was defeated by � The dynasty was founded by
arose in Northern India and the
came into vogue during this pe- � Dharmapala (770-810) was de- Svayambhu and his son lived at Lakshman Sena of Bengal. Nanuka in the early years of 9th
Deccan between 750 A.D.-1000
riod is called Dravida. A.D. feated by Dhruva (Rashtrakuta) the Rashtrakuta court. � In the Battle of Chandawar century and his capital was
� ‘Mandap’ was the pillared hall. and Nagabhatt II (Pratihara). (1194 A.D.) Muhammad Ghori Khajuraho.
� The Gurjara Pratiharas, the Palas IMPORTANT RASHTRAKUTA RULERS
� ‘Garbhgriha’ was the room of the � During Dharmapala, two broth- defeated Jaichandra. � Dhanga was the first indepen-
and the Rastrakutas emerged al-
chief-deity. ers Indra & Chakra clashed for 1. Dantidurga : 753-756 � Harischandra was the last ruler dent king of the Chandella dy-
most at the same time.
� Ceremonial dances were per- Kannauj. 2. Krishna-I : 756-773 of Gahadaval dynasty. nasty and assumed the title
� These three powers fought for
formed by Devadasis. � Dharmapala revived Nalanda 3. Govinda-II : 773-780 THE CHAUHANS Maharajadhiraja.
the supremacy over Kannauj.
Titles of the Chola Kings University, which had been fa- 4. Dhruva : 780-792 � The Chahamana (Chauhan) dy- � He was succeeded by Ganda
THE PRATIHARAS mous all over the eastern world. 5. Govinda-II : 792-814 who in turn was succeeded by
nasty emerged near Sakambhari
King Titles � He also founded the 6. Amoghavarsha : 814-880 Vidyadhara.
� The Pratiharas emerged from (Ajmer).
Parantaka–I Maduraikonda Gurjaratra or South West Vikramshila University. 7. Krishna-II : 880-915 � The Chauhans were the � Duri ng V idyadhara’s rei gn
Rajaraj–I Rajkesari, Rajasthan. 8. Indra-III : 915-927 feudatories of Pratihara. Mahmud of Ghazni invaded
Arumoli, IMPORTANT PALA RULERS Kalinjar in 1019 and again in
� They resisted Araburincrusions 9. Amoghavarsha : 927-930 � Simharaja declared indepen-
Cholormand, Gopala : 750-770 A.D. 1022.
from Sindh into Rajasthan. 10. Govinda-IV : 930-935 dence in the middle of 10th cen-
Mumadichola Dev. Devapala : 810-850 A.D. � In 1165 Parmardideva was de-
� Pratihara dynasty was founded 11. Amoghavarsha-II : 935-940 tury.
Rajendra–I Gangaikondachola, Dharmapala : 770-810 A.D. feated by Prithviraja Chauhan.
by Nagabhatta-I. 12. Krishna-III : 940-967 � Ajayraja founded the city of
Mudigundchola, Vigrahapala : 850-854 A.D. � Qutub-ud-din Aibak defeated
� Pratihara power revived under 13. Khottiga : 967-972 Ajaymeru (Ajmer).
Panditchola. Nagabhatta-II. He defeated THE RASHTRAKUTAS Parmadi deva and occupi ed
14. Karka : 972-973 � Prithviraja Chauhan ascended to
Kulotunga–I Kataikondachola, Dharmapala near Monghyr greater part of Bundelkhand.
� Founded by Dantidurga in deccan. the throne in 1177 A.D.
Malaindu (Mudgir). � Their capital was at Manyakhet
REGIONAL DYNASTIES � Prithviraja Chauhan defeated
� Alauddin Khalji captured the
Kondachola. whole of the kingdom.
� Pratiharas traced their descent or Malkhed near modern THE PARMARAS Muhammad Ghori in the first
Administrative Units of Chola from Lakshamana (the solar battle of Tarain (1191 A.D.). � Temples of Khajuraho were built
Sholapur (earlier at Ellora). � The Parmaras ruled in the Malwa
Dynasty race). by Chandellas.
� Amoghvarsha rulled for 68 region. � In the second battle of Tarain
� Their capital was at Mahodaya years. (1192 A.D.) Muhammad Ghori � The most prmoinent among the
Mandalam Province � The Parmaras initially had their
(Kannauj). defeated Prithviraja Chauhan. Khaj uraho templ es are the
Kottam Division � Amoghvarsha wrote ‘Kaviraja- capital at Ujjain.
Kandari ya Mahadeva, Devi
Nadu District � The real founder and the great- marga’, a book on Poetics � The Parmaras later transferred KASHMIR Jagadamba, Parsvanatha,
Kurtam Group of villages est king was Bhoja (836–885 Kannada. their capital to Dhara. � Three dynasties Karkota, Utpala Lakshamana and the Viswanatha
A.D.). � Amoghavarsha first transferred � Vakpati Munj was the founder of
CHOLA KINGS and Lohar ruled Kashmir dur- temples.
� Bhoja is also called Mihir Bhoja. capital from Ellora to Manyakhet the Parmara dynasty. ing 800 A.D. to 1200 A.D.
1. Vijayalaya : 846-887 A.D. He defeated Devapala and got or Malkhed. � Vakpati was a great patron of THE SENAS
� Karkota dynasty was founded by
2. Aditya : 871-907 A.D. Kannauj back. � Indira III (915-927) defeated art and literature. � The Senas supplanted the Palas
Durlabh Vardhana.
3. Parantaka-I : 907-955 A.D. � Bhoja was a devotee of Vishnu Mahipala (Pratihara) and sacked � Padmagupta, Dhananjya, graced in Bengal.
Kannauj in 915, Indra was the � Lalitaditya Muktapida defeated
4. Ganaraditya : 955-956 A.D. and adopted the title of the court of Vakpati. � The Senas called themselves
most powerful ruler of his time. Yasovarman of Kannauj.
5. Arinjaya : 956-957 A.D. Adivaraha. � The greatest ruler of dynasty ‘Brahma Kshatriya’.
� Rashtrakutas imported horses � Lalitaditya built the famous Sun
6. Parantaka-II : 957-973 A.D. was Bhoja. � Vijaysena ascended the throne
IMPORTANT PRATIHARA RULERS from Arabia, West-Asia and cen- temple at Martand.
7. Uttamachola : 973-985 A.D. � Bhoja built the city of Bhojapur. in 1095 A.D. and enlarged the
Vatsaraja 773-793 tral Asia. � Utpala dynasty was founded by frontiers of senas.
8. Rajaraja-I : 985-1014 A.D. � Bhoj a founded a col l ege,
� In the Rashtrakuta kingdom, the Avantivarman.
9. Rajendra-I : 1014-1044 A.D. Nagabhata I 793-833 Bhojshala near Dhara. � Vijayapuri and Vikrampuri were
directly administered areas, were � Queen Didda ruled from 980
10. Rajadhiraja : 1044-1054 A.D. Bhoja 836-885 THE GAHADAVALS two capitals of Senas.
divided into Rashtras (prov- A.D. to 1003 A.D.
11. Rajendra II : 1054-1064 A.D. Mahipala 908-942 � The Gahadaval dynasty was � Vijayasena was succeed by his
inces), Visaya and Bhukti. � Sangramraja founded the Lohara
12. Virarajendra : 1064-1069 A.D. THE PALAS founded by Chandradeva. son Ballalsena.
� The last ruler Karka was over- dynasty.
13. Kulottunga-I : 1070-1118 A.D. thrown by Tailap, the founder of � The capital of Gahadaval was � Ballalsena established the tradi-
� The Pala empire was founded by � King Harsha belonged to Lohara
14. Vikramachola: 1118-1135 A.D. Chalukyas of Kalyani. Kannauj. tion of ‘Kulinism’.
Gopala in 750 A.D. dynasty.
15. Kulottunga-II : 1135-1150 A.D. � Govindchandra conquered east � Ballalsena wrote ‘Adbhutsagar’
� Gopala was elected as the king � Dantidurga built the � Kalhana wrote ‘Rajatarangini’ in
16. Rajaraja-II : 1150-1173 A.D. Dashavatara temple at Ellora. Malwa. and ‘Dansagar’.
by the notable men of the area. 12th century.

OLE - 78 OLE - 79 OLE - 80

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Ballalsena was succeeded by � Muslin, gems, pearls and spices � In Silppadikaram there is a ref- � Uraiyur was famous for pearls

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

trade in cotton cloth. The

It has well-established
trade with Romans and

tion in the Ramayana and

Chola kingdom was de-

also set up two regiments

t emple of August us a

who says that their king-

and was a ruled by a

woman, Also find men-
Chola maintained an ef-

economy was based on

Their

stroyed by the attack of

at Muzris to protect their

int er est s, They built

This kingdom was first

mentioned by Megasthenes,

dom was famous for pearl

Pallavas from the North.
Lakshmansena. were the important export items erence to Ceylonese king and muslins.
� Bakhtiyar Khalji invaded Bengal to Rome. Gajabahu. � Yavana ships used to arrive at

Other Features
during the reign of � The Sangam Age was marked by � Bow was the royal emblem of Kaveripattinam.

f icient Navy.
Lakshmansena. three political powers. These Cheras. � Kadamai and Kavalmaram are

Mahabharata.
� Jayadeva, Dhoyi, Halayudha were Pandyas, Cholas and � Tiger was the royal emblem of tutelary tree.
adorned Lakshmansena’s court. Cheras. Cholas. � ‘Yal’ was a stringed instrument

Muzris.
� The Chola dominion was known � Carp/Fish was the royal emblem like lute.
THE SANGAM AGE as Tondaimandlam. of Pandyas. � Puliyars were the craftsmen.
� Karikala was the greatest Chola � In the battle of Talaiyalanganam � Tamil work Jivak Chintamani
� The word Sangam is associated
king. Nedunjelian defeated Chera and highlights the importance of
with the assembly of Tamil

north and crossed Ganga. He

accused Kovalon of theft. As

city Puhar/Kaveripatnam and

Goddes of chastit y and

Nedunjelian was the most im-

Udiyangera is one of the ear-

Chera King. He invaded the

is remembered for building a

t emple of “‘Kannagi” the

portant king of Pandya. He

a result, the city of Madurai

Chola king. He conquered Sri

liest known Chera rulers. This

title of Udiyangeral was given

founded the famous Pattini

was laid under a curse by

to him because it is said that

Kurukshetra War, Senguttuvan/

Elara was the earliest known

Lanka and ruled over it for

Karikala founded the capital

const r uct ed embankment

he served both the armies of

Red Chera, was the greatest

Mudukudumi was the earlist

Scholars and Poets flourished � He constructed 160 km of em- Chola kings. Jaina philosophy.
bankment along the Cauvery � Muziris was a great centre of � Jivak Chintamani was written

Kannagi (Kovalan’s wife).

under the royal patronage of the
river. cotton trade. by Tiruttakkadevar.

known Pandyan ruler.

Pandyan Kings at Madurai.

Famous Rules
� Uraiyur was the Chola capital.

along Cauveri river.

� The first Sangam was held at FIVE TINAIS
Madurai but its work has not � Nedunjeral Adan is the first
known Chera king. Area Occupation God

SANGAM AGE (AD First-Third Century)

survived. Its Chairman was
Agastya. � He earned the title of Udiyanjeral. Forest land (Mullai) Lended cattle, sheep Mayon

50 years.
� The second Sangam was held in � Senguttuvan was the greatest
Hill area (Kurinji) Hunting Seyon (Murugan)
Kapatpuram. Its Chairman was Chera king.
Cultivable land (Marudam) Cultivators Vendan (Indra)

cult.
Tolkapiyar. � He established the Pattini cult.
Coastal regions (Neidal) Fishing Varunan
� The third Sangam was held in � The capital of Cheras was Vanji.
Sandy region (Palai) Robbery Korravai.
Madurai . Its chai rman was � Nedunjhelian was the most im-

Emblem Famous port

Muzris Todi,
Nakkirar. portant Pandya king.
Panchtinai (five Inhabitants Occupation
� Tolkapiyam belongs to second � He ordered the execution of Tamil regions

Korkai,
Bandar

Saliyur
Sangam. Kovalan the husband of

Puhar
� Tokapiyam is a work on gram- Kannagi. Kurinji (hilly backwoods Kurvar, Vetar Hunting, Gathering
mar. or montane)
� The capital of Pandyas was
� The Sangam literature was com- Madurai. Palai (Pastoral tract) Eyinar, Maravar Cattle lifting, Highway
piled in circa A.D. 300-600. Robbery
� Megasthenes has pointed out

Tiger

Carp
Bow
� Thirukural of Kural by that Pandyas were rules by a Mullai (Pastoral tract) Ayar, Idaiyar Shifting Agriculture,
Tiruvalluvar is sometimes called woman. Animal husbandary
the ‘fifth Veda’ or ‘Bible of the � Korkai and Saliyur were impor- Marutam (Wetland) Ulavar, Vellalar Plough Agriculture

Venji of Karur
Cotton trade)
Tamil land’. tant sea ports of Pandyas. Neital (costal) Paratavar, Valayar Fishing, Salt extraction

(famous for

and Puhar
� Silpaddikaram literally ‘The jew- � Earliest known Pandya king is

Uraiyaur

Mudurai
Capital
eled Anklet’ by Ilango Adigal is Important Officials in Sangam Administration
Palyagasalai Mudukudumi.
an epic, deals with the love sto- � Chola king Elara conquered Sri Armaichchar Minister Paratavar Fisherman
ries of Kovalan and Madhavi. Lanka and ruled over it for 50 Purohitar Religious Affair Umnar Salt producer
� Manimekhalai is written by years. Dutar Envoys

Penner and Vellar

Pandyas between
Sattalai Sattanar, considered the Orrar Spies Sangam Literature

and Tamil Nadu

� Karikala defeated the joint forces

Southern most
‘Odysseus of Tamil poetry’.

Part of Kerala
Senapatiyar Cheif of Armed Forces

North-East of
of Cheras and Pandyas. � The word Sangam is associated

part of India
� Jivaga Chintamani, a third epic � Captains of army were invested

Location
Social groups in Sangam Dynasty with a college or assembly of
by the Jaina Tiruttakadevar. with the title Enadi.
Ulavar Agriculturists Tamil scholars and poets flour-
� Roman king built a temple of

rivers
� The ruling class in Sangam Age ished under the royal patronage
Augustus at Muziris. Kuravar Shifting Agriculturists
was called Arasar. of the Pandyan kings.
� Murugan was the God par ex- Idaiyar Cattle holders
� The lowest class in society was
� The whole Sangam age is called

Kingdom
cellence of the Tamils, also of Kadaisiyar. Kallar Plunderer of cattle

andalam)
(Cholam-
known as Subramaniyam. Vetar Food gatherers and Golden or Augustan Age. Accord-

Pandya
� Purananuru contain the poems

Chera
Chola
� Yavan Priya is a Sanskrit terms Hunters ing to Tamil sources, the father
of Kapilar, Avvai and Kovur-
for pepper. kilar. Panar Wandering Balladmanger of Tamil literature is ‘Agastya.’

OLE - 81 OLE - 82 OLE - 83

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Books : Author Books : Author �

INDIAN HISTORY
In 1194 A.D. Muhammad Ghori returned to India. The battles of Tarain
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
Sangams Venue Chairman Surviving Text
Swapna : Bhasa Uttararamcharita : Bhavabhuti and Chandawar laid the foundations of Turkish rule in India.
Ist Ten-Madurai Agastya —
2nd Kapatapuran Alvai Agastya (founder) Tolakappiyan Vasavadatta Gaudvaho : Vakpati Raj � After the death of Muhammad Ghori, his slave Qutubuddin Aibak laid
Tolakappiyan (Tamil Grammar) Tilakmanjari : Dhanpala Daskumarcharita : Dandin the foundation of Slave dynasty in 1206 A.D.
(later chairman) Vikram Deva : Bilhana Vashvadatta : Subandhu � The Khalji Dynasty was founded by Jalaludding Khalji.
3rd North Madurai Nakkirar Ettutogati Patinenki Charita Kathasaritsagar : Somdeva
� The Tughlaq dynasty was founded by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.
lakanakku, pattu-Pattu Vikramourvasi : Kalidas Panchatantra : Vishnu Sharma
� The Vijayanagar Empire was founded by Harihar-I and Bukka-I in 1336 A.D.
Important Sangam Works Manu Smriti : Manu Hitopdesha : Narayan Pandit
Kamasutra : Vatsayan � The Bahamani Kingdom was founded by Zafar Khan in 1347.
� Tokapiyam by Tokapiyar (Tamil Grammar). Arthshastra : Kautilya
� Tirukunal or Kunal by Tiruvaluvar is sometimes called the ‘Fifth Veda’ Chhanda-Sutra : Pingala Mattavilasa : Mahendra- � Babur was the founder of the Mughal empire of India.
or ‘Bible of the Tamil land’. It explains the doctrine of dharma, artha, Buddhacharita : Ashvaghosha Prahasana varman I
kama and moksha. Sariputra Prakarna : Ashvaghosha Nitisara : Kamandaka
� Aggatiyam comprises grammar of letters and life, in three parts writ- Saundaranand : Ashvaghosha Dayabhaga : Jimutavahana
ten by saint Aggatiyar. Sisupalvadha : Magha Nighantu : Yaska
Epics Ratnavali : Harshavardhana Mitakshara : Vijneshvra
� Silappadikarma the jewelled anklet: by Ilango Adigal is an epic, deal- Brihat Kathamanjari : Kshemendra
Maltimadhav : Bhavabhuti
ing with love story of Kovalan and Madhavi also called ‘llliyad’ of Tamil Mahaviracharita : Bhavabhuti
Poetry.
FAMOUS SCHOLARS AND THEIR PATRONS
� Manimekalai is one of the Revenue Terminologies
two greatest epics and a Karai Scholar Patron Scholar Patron
Land tax
sequel to Silappadikaram Irai Udayraja : Mahmud Begrha Dandin : Narsinghavarman
Tribute paid by feudatories
written by Satallai (Gujarat) (Pallava)
and body collected in war
Sattannam. Hemchandra : Kumarpala Bharvi : Simhavishnu
Iravu Extra demand or forced gift
� Jivaka Chintamiui (Sivaga Ulgu (Chalukyas of (Pallava)
Custom duties Anhilwara)
Sindamani) a third epic by Gunadhya : Hala (Satvahana)
Variyar Tax collector Nagarjuna : Kanishka
a Jaina Tiruttakrdeva. It Mahaviracharya : Amoghvarsha
Variyan A well known unit of terri- Amar Singh : Chandragupta
has elements of Jainism. (Rashtrakuta)
tory yielding tax Vikramaditya
� Bharatman written by Jinasen : Amoghvarsha
Perudevanar. Ravikirti : Pulkesin-II (Rashtrakuta)
� The land was very fertile with proper irrigation facilities. The chief lo- Vakpatiraj : Yashovarman of Sakatyayan : Amoghvarsha
cal God was Murugan, also called as Subramaniya. Kannauj (Rashtrakuta)
Bhav Bhuti : Yashovarman of Jayadeva : Lakshman Sena
ANCIENT INDIAN BOOKS & ITS AUTHORS Kannauj (Bengal)
Books : Author Books : Author Harishena : Samudragupta Bilhan : Vikramaditya VI
Ashtadhyayi : Panini Meghduta : Kalidas Rajshekhar : Mahendrap ala (Chalukya of
Buddhacharita : Asvaghosha Mitakshara : Vijnaneshwara and Mahipala Kalyani)
Somadeva : Prithviraja III Vijnaneshwar : Vikramaditya VI
Charak Samhita : Charak Mrichhkatikam : Sudraka
Chandarbardai : Prithviraja III Lakshmidhar : Govind Chandra
Devi Chandra- : Vishakadutta Mudra Rakshasha : Vishakhdatta
Banabhatta : Harshavardhana Shri Harsha : Jaychand
guptam Nagananda : Harshavardhana
Gita Govind : Jayadeva Natya Shashtra : Bharata MEDIEVAL INDIA
Harsha Charita : Banabhatta Nitisara : Kamandaki
Map of Medieval India :
Kadambari : Banabhatta Priyadarshika : Harshavardhana
� A number of powerful empires arose in Northern India and the Deccan
Kumar Sambhava : Kalidas Ramcharita : Sandhyakara
Kumarpalcharita : Hemchandra Nandi between 750 A.D.–1000 A.D. i.e. Rajput Age. There are Gurjara
Mahabhashya : Patanjali Ritu Samhara : Kalidas Prathihars, Palas, Rastrakutas, Chauhan, Parmars, Chalukya, Gahadawal
Mahavir Charita : Bhavabhuti Sisupal Vadha : Magha Tomars etc.
Malvikagnimitram : Kalidas Susruta Samhita : Susruta � Mahmud Ghazni invaded Kannauj in 1018 A.D. and Somnath in 1025 A.D.

OLE - 84 OLE - 85 OLE - 86

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
MUSLIM INVASION � The First Battle of Tarain was � In 1194 A.D. Muhammad Ghori � He laid the foundation of Qutab � He formed ‘Turkan-i-Chahalgani

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY
THE GHAZNAVIS � In 1001 Jayapala, the fought in 1191 A.D. returned to India. Minar in Delhi after the name of or chalisa.
Hindushahi, ruler was defeated. � In this battle the Ghori forces � The battle of Chandawar (1194 the famous sufi saint Khwaja � Chalisa was a group of 40 pow-
� Alpatgin established an indepen- were completely routed. Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki which erful Turkish nobles to suppress
� Jaypala’s son Anandpal suc- A.D.) was fought between
dent kingdom with its capital at Muhammad Ghori’s life was saved was completed by Iltutmish. rebels.
ceeded him to the throne. Muhammad Ghori and
Ghazni. by a young Khalji horseman. Jaichandra. � He patronized ‘Hasan Nizami’ � He divided his empire into
� The Battle of Waihind(1008-
� Mahmud ascended the throne � The Second battle of Tarain was � Jaichandra was defeated in the who wrote first official history of ‘Iqtas’. It is an assignment of
1009) was fought between fought in 1192 A.D.
(998-1030) at Ghazni. battle of Chandawar. Delhi sultanate “Taj-ul-Masi”. land in lieu of salary, which he
Mahmud and Ananda. distributed to his officers.
� This battle is regarded as one of � He was succeeded by hi s
� Firdausi was the poet laureate � After the battle, Punjab passed � The battl es of Tarain and
the turning points in Indian His- inexperiened and incapable son � He introduced the silver ‘Tanka’
at the court of Mahmud. into the hands of Ghaznavis. Chandawar laid the foundations
tory. Aram Shah who ruled at Lahore and two copper ‘Jital’-basi coins
� Firdausi wrote ‘Shah Namah’. � The subsequent raids of of Turkish in India.
� Prithviraj Chauhan escaped but for about eight months before of the sultanate.
� Mahmud claimed descent from Mahmud into India were aimed was captured near Saraswati. DELHI SULTANATE being defeated and deposed by � He introduced ‘Arabian coin’ first
Irani an l egendary king at plundering the rich temples � After Tarain Muhammad Ghori his son-in-law-Iltutmish. time.
and cities. The Sultanate of Delhi had five
Afrasiyab. returned to Ghazni. � The Turks only introduced polo � He transfered his capital to
ruling dynasties –
� Mahmud is said to have made � Mahmud invaded Kannauj in � Sufi Saint Khwaja Moinuddin in India. Delhi from Lahore.
1018 and Somnath in 1025 A.D. 1. The Ilbari — 1206-1290 AD.
17 raids into India. Chisti came with Muhammad � Aibak constructed the first � In 1229, he received a deed of
� Mahmud died at Ghazni in 1030 Ghori from Afghanistan. 2. The Khalji — 1290-1320 AD. investiture from the Abassid ca-
mosque in India named Quwwat-
� The initial raids were directed 3. The Tughluq — 1320-1413 AD.
A.D. � He left the affairs in India in the ul-Islam in Delhi and Adhye Din liph of Baghdad. It was a for-
agaisnt the Hindustani rulers. hands of his trusted slave 4. The Saiyid — 1414 - 1451 AD. mal recognition of his indepen-
ka Jhopara in Ajmer, Rajasthan.
MAHMUD GHAZNI’S 17 ATTACKS Qutubuddin Aibak. 5. The Lodhis — 1451 - 1526 AD. dent position as a sultan of the
VICTORY OF AIBAK sultanate of Delhi and as a
1. 1000-1001 (against Jaipal of Peshawar) Sindh member of the world fraternity
1194 – Ajmer
2. 1001 (against Anandpal of Peshawar) Sindh of Islamic states.
1197 – Anhi l vad, Badaun,
3. 1002-1004 Multan � He completed the construction
Varanasi, Chandravar
4. 1005-1006 Multan of Qutub Minar whi ch was
1202-03 – Bundelkhand, Kalinjar,
5. 1007-1008 Nawasa Shah of Multan started by Aibak.
Mahoba, Khajuraho.
6. 1008-1009 Anandpal of Hindushahi of Sind
RUKNUDDIN FIROZ
7. 1009-1010 Narayanpur (Rajasthan) ILTUTMISH
8. 1010-1011 Daud of Multan � After the death of Iltutmish, the
� At the time of Qutubuddin’s
9. 1012-1013 Thaneswar (The Mecca of Hindus) Turkish nobles raised his son
death, he was the governor of
10. 1013-1014 Nandana (against Anandpal) Ruknuddin Firoz to the throne.
Badaun.
11. 10-15-1016 Kashmir valley (unsuccessful) � But Razia took help of some pow-
� He made Delhi the capital of his
12. 1016-1018 Kannauj, Mathura erful disgruntled nobles and
empire.
won over the throne of Delhi
13. 1020-1021 Kalinjar � He was the real founder of Delhi and deposed Firoz.
14. 1021-1022 Lahore Sultanate.
15. 1025-1026 Somnath � He was the slave of Qutubuddin RAZIA : (1236-40)
16. 1026-1027 Jats of Sind Aibak. � She was the fi rst and last
17. 1027 Khokars of Punjab � He first defeated rivals Particu- muslim woman ruler of Delhi
THE TURKISH CONQUEST � In 1173, Shahabuddin l arl y T aj uddi n Yal duz and Sultanate.
Muhammad (Muhammad Ghori) Nasiruddin Qubacha who were � She appointed an Abysinian
� The Ghurid empire rose into two surviving officers of Mohd.
ascended the throne at Ghazni. Slave, Jamaluddin Yakut as the
prominence in North-West Af- Ghori.
� By 1190, Muhammad Ghori had QUTUBUDDIN AIBAK (1206-1210) � He was famous for his generos- ‘Amir-e-Akhur’ (Superintendent
ghanistan. � He prevented changiz Khan’s at-
conquered Peshawar, Lahore and ity and earned sobriquet of Lak- of horses)
� The Ghurids had started as vas- Sialkot. � He was a Turk of the Aibak tribe. tack by refusing to give refuge
Baksha (giver of Lakhs) � Altunia, the governor of Sirhind
sals of Ghazni, but had soon � In India Chauhans had captured � He was crowned at Lahore later to an enemy of Khan, Jalaludiin
� He married Yaldauz’s daughter revolted. She won over Altunia
thrown off its yoke. Delhi from the Tomars. the death of Muhammad Ghori. Manga Barani.
� He got his sister married to and married him however both
� The power of the Ghurids in- � Conflict between Muhammad � He did not make any fresh con- � He was skilled in diplomacy.
Qubacha. of them were killed by bandits
creased under Sultan Alauddin Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan quests and ruled from Lahore. � Due to his deplomatic skill, he
� He got his daughter married to when they were enroute to
who earned the title of ‘jahan-soz’ started with rival claims for � He died in 1210 while playing
Iltutmish. prevented Mongol attack. Delhi to defeat the revolt there.
(World burner). Tabarhinda (Bhatinda) chaugan (horse polo)

OLE - 87 OLE - 88 OLE - 89

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
MUIZUDDIN BAHRAMSHAH (1240- � He called himself the JALAUDDIN KHALJI (1290-1296) � Alauddin sent Malik Kafur to � Khams collected 4/5 th. MUBARAK KHALJI (1290-1296)

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
42) & MASUD SHALI (1242-46) ‘Nasiramir-ul-momim or caliph’s � Khalji Dynasty was founded by capture South India. � He built Alai minar (incomplete) � After the death of Alauddin,
� The successors of Razia were right hand man. Jalaluddin Khalji � Malik Kafur attacked Devgiri. height twice of Qutub Minar) Ali Mubarak Khalji acquired the
Muzuddin Bahramshah and � He was the first sultanate to � He began to rule from Kilkhori � According to Amir Khusro, Malik Darwaza, Siri Fort and the sec- throne.
Alauddin Masud Shah propound the theory of king- � He crushed the rebellion of Kafur reached as far as ond capital Mahal Hazar Satoon � He declared himself the Khalifa
� Both fell to prey to the power ship. According to it king is the Malik Chajju but later pardoned Rameshwaram. (palace of thousand Pillars) and and took the title “Al Wasiq
struggl e between powerful him. � Malik Kafur was given the title Jamat Khana mosque. Billah”.
shadow of God.
nobles. � He rebelled the attack of of ‘Malik Naib’ � Ali Darwaza was first sultanate � He was killed and succeeded by
� To Guard himself, he got every
Mongols under Abdullah � Malik Kafur was Eunuch. building on scientific method. Nasiruddin Khusrau Shah.
NASIRUDDIN MAHMUD (1246-65) member of Iltutmish family killed Arc and dome were used. It is
� He was assassinated by his � Alauddin Khalji centralized his � He was the only Hindu convert
and gave a death blow to the now entrance of Qutub Minar
� In 1246, Nasiruddin Mahmud nephew Ali Gurshasp (Aladuddin administration and introduced to sit in the throne of Delhi
turkish nobility (Chalisa). many reforms complex.
ascended the throne but the real Khalji) near Kara who crowned
power was i n the hands of � He employed an efficient spy himself the sultan. � Barid & Munhis were appointed
Balban. system. to strengthned the spy system.
� one of the most important
� Nasiruddin handed over all the � He followed a policy of ‘blood events of Jalaluddin’s reign was � Social gathering of nobles and
powers to Balban. and Iron’. the invasion of Devagiri the capi- matrimonial alliances among
� He awarded tittle ‘Ulugh Khan’ � To control the onslaught of the tal of the Yadav kingdom in the them were prohibited. Wine and
(Great Khan) to Balban. Mongols, he founded the ‘Diwan- Deccan by Alauddin Khalji. gambling also prohibited.
� He married with Balban’s daugh- I-Ariz’ or the military depart- � He was the first sultan to col-
ALAUDDIN KHALJI (1290-1296) lect land revenue was based on
ter. ment.
� Alauddin Khalji’s real name was measurement and Biswa was
� Minhaj -us-Siraj dedicated his � He strengthened forts of
Aligurshasp. the unit of measurement.
book, ‘Tabaqati-Nasiri’ to him. Bhatinda, Sunam and Sumtra as
� He was the governor of Kara. � He was also the first sultan to
� He was a calligraphist. parts of his Mongol policy.
� Maximum number of Mongol at- fix ‘land revenue in cash’.
BALBAN (1265-1287) � He defeated Tughril Khan’s tacks happend during his reign. � Cultivators were brought under
rebellian in Bengal and ap- He fought and diminished the direct control of states and
� He himself was a member of
pointed his son Buhgra Khan as Mongol menace middleman were deprived of
Chalisa. powers and privileges.
new governor of Bengal. � He adopted the title of Sikandar-
� His objective was to restore the
� He was a liberal patron of i-Saini � He appoi nted Di wan-i -
prestige of crown. Mustakharaj to collect arrears.
persian literature and showed � Amir Khusro was given the title GHIYASUDDIN TUGHLAQ (1320- � He built the fortified city of
� For this he started the Iranian
special favour to the Port, Amir of Tota-i-Hind. � ‘Ghari’ (house tax) and ‘Chari’
Practise (method) of ‘Sajda’ and 1325) Tughlaqabad and made it capi-
Khusro. � He created the first regular (Grazing tax) levied.
‘Paibos’ to the Sultan. � He ascended the throne after tal of the empire.
standing army of Delhi Sultan- � All patwari accounts were au-
� He destroyed the chahalganis murdering Khusrau Shah. MUHAMMAD BIN TUGHLAQ (1324-
KAIQUBAD (1287-1290) ate. They were paid in cash dited.
power. � He was ruled from 1320 to 1351)
� Targhil were defeated near Siri, � Prices of goods were fixed on
� He introduced the persian Fes- � After Balban’s death, Kaiqubad 1325 AD. � He is one of the most controver-
near Delhi. the principle of Bar Award (pro-
tival ‘Nauroz’ to impress nobles and Kaymurs became sultans. � He belonged to the qarauna trible. sial figures in sultanate history.
� He captured Gujrat in 1297 AD, ductions cost). Wheat 7.5 Jitals
and people. � After 3 months Kaymurs the last � He was the first sultan to use � His real name was Jauna Khan.
which was ruled by Rai Karan. per maund barley 4, rice 5.
� He held darbar on Iranian Ilbari was killed and Jalaluddin term ‘Ghazi’ with his name. � During his reign, Delhi Sultan-
He sacked Dhilwara and � Land revenue from Khalisa vil-
model. ascended the throne. ate reached its maximum terri-
Somnath and married Kamla lage was paid in cash. � During Allauddin Khalji’s reign,
torial extent.
Devi, The queen of Rai Karan. � Malik Qabul looked after grain he was crown as Kazi Malik,
� He was called the ‘wisest fool’ by
� He also captured Malik Kafur market. governor of Dipalpur
historian Isami.
and took him to the royal court. � Sarai Adl was near Badaun gate � He was the first sultan to start � He fixed the land revenue at half
under Rais Parwana. irrigation works. the produce and not on the ba-
� In 1300 AD, he captured
Ranthambhor which was under � Nayaks were grain merchants � His son Jauna Khan conquered sis of actual produce but on ar-
Hammirdev. � Merchants had to register them- Warangal. bitrary basis, this led to wide
� In 1303 AD, under Ratan Singh, selves. � He suppressed the revolt in spread rebellion which was ac-
Chittor was captured. � Multanis is traded mainly in Bengal. It was at the victorious companied by severe famine.
cloth. welcome arranged by Jauna � He instituted agricultural re-
� Khizra Khan was made Gover-
Khan. forms by setting up a separate
nor of Chittor which was re- � Dagh or branding of horse was
� He di ed due to col lapse of department of agriculture called
named Khizrabad. introduced.
Pavillion. Diwan-I-Amir-Kohi.
OLE - 90 OLE - 91 OLE - 92
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� He gave ‘sondhar’ and ‘Taqqavi’ � Soldiers and higher officials post � After Firoz Shah Tughlaq, � Taimur invaded Delhi in 1398 � He deposed Shah Alam and laid the foundation of the Lodhi dynasty.

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY
loans to farmers. became hereditary. Muhammad Khan, Ghiyasuddin A.D. � He annexed the Sharqui Kingdom of Jaunpur in 1484.
� He died in ‘thatta’ where he had � In 1353 led campaign against Tughlaq Shah-II, Abu Baqr, � Nasiruddin Mahmud fled to � He was succeeded by Sikandar Sha Shal Lodhi.
gone to quell one of the many Haji Illyas of Bengal but failed Nasiruddin Muhammad, Gujarat.
� He adopted the title of ‘Ghazi’.
rebellians that took place during in siege of Ikadalamud fort. Humayun and finally Nasiruddin � Nasiruddin Mahmud died in
his reigns � In 1358 second Bengal Mahmud ascended the throne. Kaithal. SIKANDAR LODHI (1489-1517)
� Bahamani and V ij ayanagar campaign against Sikandar Shah
� His real name was Nizam Khan.
kingodm were formed during Ilyas who accepted Firoz’s
suzerainty. � He was the noblest of the three Lodhi rulers.
his reign.
� Raja Gajpati of Jajnagar (Orissa) � He introduced ‘Gazz-i-Sikandri’, new yard for land measurment.
� He was succeeded by his
nephew Firoz Tuglaq. was attacked and Jagannath � He conqured south Bihar and concluded a treaty of friendship with
� Ibn Batuta a famous traveller temple of Puri was sacked. Alauddin Hussain Shah, ruler of Bengal.
came to Delhi in the reign of � In 1365 Nagarkot campaign was � In 1504, he founded the city of Agra and made it his capital.
Muhammad Bin Tughlaq in 1334 successful, 1300 Sanskrit � He wrote verses in persian under pen name of ‘Gulrukhi.’
manuscripts from Jawalamukhi KHIZR KHAN (1320-1325) � He ruled Delhi for 13 years.
AD. � In 1506, he repaired Qutub Minar.
temple were collected and got � He was the founder of sayyid � He fought constantly against the
� Ibn Batuta has recorded the con-
translated into Persian as the Dynasty. Rajputs, the Muslim rulers of IBRAHIM LODHI (1517-1526)
temporary Indian scene in his
Dalai-i-Firoz Shahi (by Azizudin � He acquired throne at Delhi by Malwa and Jaunpur and also
safarnamah called Rehla. � He was repressive ruler.
Khan). replacing its defect ruler Daulat the Mughals from Kabul.
� He was defeated and killed by Babar in the 1st battle of Panipat in
FIROZ TUGHLAQ (1320-1325) � He had 180,000 slave set up Khan. � He fell a victim to the conspira-
1526.
Diwan-i-Bandagan (for slaves) � As a reward for his service cies by the nobles.
Works and facts about Firoz � He was the last rules of Lodhi dynasty.
� Founded towns of Jaunpur (old Taimur gave him the � He was beheaded by them in
shah Tughlaq
name Manaich) named after governership of Multan, Lahore February 1434 AD.
� Irrigation extended massively by
Jauna Khan, Hisar Firoza,
IMPORTANT DEPARTMENTS AND OFFICIALS UNDER
digging canals and wells. and Depal. DELHI SULTANATE
Fatehabad and Firozabad (Firoz MUHAMMAD SHAH (1434-1445)
� Gardens and orchard’s planted. � After departure of Taimur, he
Shah Kotla, the 5th city of � Muhammad Shah came to throne Officials Departments
Establi shed 1200 gardens declared himself the viceroy of
Delhi). as he was raised by Sarver-ul- Wakil-i-Dar : Royal palace.
around Delhi for grapes. Taimur in North-western India.
� Topara and Meerut pillars of Mulk
� As well as 23 taxes were abol- � Later he invaded Delhi and be- Diwan-i-Istikak : Head of pension department.
Ashoka were brought to Delhi. � He adopted the title of ‘Shah’
ished. Only 4 taxes sanctioned come its master. Sahna-i-Mandi : Head of grain market.
� Diwan-i-Khairat, the chairty bu- and issued the coin of his name.
by shariat were levied. � He ruled Delhi independently for Mufti : Interpreter of shariat.
reau formed.
(i) Kharaj (1/10th of produce) 7 years. Diwan-i-Mawalim : Head of administrative tribunal.
� Introduced new coins Adha (1/ ALAM SHAH (1434-1445)
(ii) Zakat (Alms for poor Mus- � He was very popular among the Sar-Jandar : Head of royal bodyguards.
2 Jital) and Bikh (1/4th Jital). � He ruled Delhi for 6 years.
lims) people of Delhi due to his wel- Sar-i-Jamadar : looked after royal garments.
Shashgani was 6 jitals and
(iii) Jaziya (poll tax on non- � He was incapable ruler. Hajib : An officer under Barbak.
Hastgani 8 jitals. fare activities and good admin-
muslims) istration. � He was the last ruler of Sayyid Diwan-I-khas : Head of royal correspondence department.
� Firoz Shahi Madarsa was built at
(iv) Khams (1/5th of the spoils dynasty. Barbek/Amir-i-Hajib : royal ceremonies.
Firozabad.
of war) MUBARAK KHAN (1421-1434) � Sayyid dynasty’s 37 years re- Amir-i-Koh : Head of agriculture department.
� Banned unislamic practices e.g.,
� Jaziya was separated from land mained troubled with external
prohibiting women to pray at � After the death of Khizr Khan his Amir-i-Shikar : looked after royal hunting.
tax, earlier it was part of land invasions & internal chaos.
graves of sufi saints. son Mubarak Shah become the Barid-i-Mamalik : Head of intelligence department.
tax.
� He erased palace paintings. ruler of Delhi. Ariz : Military needs, recruitment, horses.
� Jaziya was also imposed on � He repaired the Qutubaminar Dabiri-Mamalik : Chief secretary.
Brahmins (earlier exempted) which had been struck by light- Shiqdar : Head of Shiq.
only women, children, disabled ening. Qazi ul-Qazat : Chief justice.
exempted. � The chief architect of Firoz was Amir : Officer of Sipalsalar.
� Sharb (irrigation tax) 1/10th of Ghazi Shahna.
produce was imposed. Amirdad/Dadbau : Head of Diwan-i-majlis in absence of sultan.
� He wrote Fautuhat-i-Firoz Shahi. Amiran-i-Tuman : Head of 10,000 soldiers.
� Free hospitals (Darul Shafa), � He entertained great regard for
marriage bureau and employ- Amiran-i-Hazara : Officer of 1000 soldiers.
the Caliph of Egypt and styled Amiran-i-Sada : Head of 100 soldiers.
ment bureau were set up. himself as his deputy.
� Offici al s were pai d by iqta BAHLOL LODHI (1451-1489) Amir-i-Punjah : Head of 50 soldiers.
� He revived the jagir system Amil : Land revenue collection in Paragana.
grants, very few were paid in which had been abolished by � Lodhis were Afgans by race.
cash. Qazi : Justice.
Alauddin. � Bahlol Lodhi was the first founder of Afghan state.

OLE - 93 OLE - 94 OLE - 95

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Karcun : Land record keeper. � Vidyaranya was the carer of Vijaynagar empire. MIX FACTS � Peddau was the patrons of

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
Kotwal : Law & order. them. � 1 – Sangam dynasty � Patrons of Kri shnadev Raya Krishnadeva Raya.
Kharitdar : Dispatcher of orders. � Vijaynagar was located on the Lakshmi Narayan wrote a book
2 – Saluva dynasty � Chamras and Lakkatra were the
Dabir : Officer of royal correspondence. ‘Sangeet Suryodaya’
bank of Tungbhadra. 3 – Tuluva dynasty patrons of Devraya II
Naib Barbak : Head of royal court. � ‘Sangeet Sar’ was written by Sant
Barid : espionage, Intelligence. � There were four dynasties in 4 – Aravidu dynasty Vidyaranya � Devraya II & Mallikarjun were
Malik : Head of Sipalsalari & Amirs. SANGAMA DYNASTY � ‘Madura Vijyam’ was written by given the title of ‘Gajbetkar’.
Mutsarif : Head of royal Karkhana. the wife of Kumar Kampan, the � Tirumal made the ‘Lotus Temple’.
Mushrif : Accountant general. � Harihar was the first ruler. SULUVA DYNASTY (1485-1505) son of Buka II on his success.
� ‘Amukta Maldaya’ was written by
Mustaufi : Auditor general. � Vidyaranya was his Guru. � Saluva dynasty was lasted for two � Tamil dictionary was written dur-
Muhatasib : Public morals. ing Krishnadeva Raya. Krishnadev Raya.
� Bukka-I fought with the Bahmani decades.
� Hazara Temple and Vitthal Swami � Telgu poet Srinatha come to the
Sultan Muhammad Shah I and � Saluva Narsingh was the founder
SULTANATE RULERS : AT A GLANCE signed a treaty with him. of Saluva dynasty. Templ e was made by place of Devaraya I
� The saluvas were closely pinked Krishnadeva Raya.
Slave Dynasty Tughlaq Dynasty � Devraya I constructed a dam
Qutb-ud-din Aibak : 1206-1210 AD Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq : 1320-1324 AD across the river Tungbhadra to to the Sangamas Viamarreage RULERS OF THE VIJAYNAGAR EMPIRE : AT A GLANCE
Muhammad Tughlaq : 1324-1351 AD solve the problem of shortage of � Saluva Mangu served Kumara
Aram Shah : 1211 AD kampana in his campains against Sangama Dynasty (1336-1485) Tuluva Dynasty (1505-1570)
Firoz Shah Tughlaq : 1351-1388 AD water.
Shamsuddin Iltutmish : 1211-1236 AD the sultan of madura and was 1. Harishara-I 1336-1356 1. Narasa Nayak 1505
Mohammad Khan : 1388 AD � Italian travelors Nicolo Conti vis- 2. Vira Narasimha 1505-1509
Ruknuddin Feroz : 1236 AD awarded the title Saluva. 2. Bukka-I 1356-1377
Ghiyasuddin : 1388 AD ited during his region. 3. Krishnadevaraya 1509-1529
Razia Sultan : 1236-1240 AD TULUVA DYNASTY (1505-1570) 3. Harihara-II 1377-1404
Tughlaq Shah II � His court was adorned by the 4. Buka-II 1404-1406 4. Achyutadeva 1529-1542
Muizuddin Behram : 1242 AD Abu Baqr : 1389-1390 AD giften Telgu Poet Srinatha. � Vir Narasimha : was the founder 5. Venkata-I 1542-1543
5. Devaraya-I 1406-1422
Alauddin Masud : 1246 AD Naseeruddin : 1390-1394 AD of the Tuluva dynasty. 6. Sadasiva 1543-1570
� Srinatha was the author of 6. Vira Vijaya 1422
Naseeruddin Mahmud : 1246-1266 AD Muhammad Haravilasam. SADASHIVA RAYA : 7. Devaraya-II 1422-1446 Arividu Dynasty (1570-1652)
Humayun : 1394-1395 AD � He had to face invasion by the � The real power lay in the hands 8. Mallikarjuna 1446-1465 1. Tirumala 1570-1572
Ghiyasuddin Balban : 1266-1286 AD
Naseeruddin Mahmud : 1345-1412 AD of his minister Rana Raya. 9. Virupaksha 1465-1485 2. Sri Ranga 1572-1585
Muizuddin Kaikubad : 1290 AD Bahmani ruler Firoz Shah and he
Sayyid Dynasty had to surrender the fort of � The Deccani Sultans except Berar 10. Praudha Deva 1485 3. Venkata-II 1585-1614
Kaimur : 1290 AD Khizr Khan : 1414-1420 AD j oined hands to defeat Saluva Dynasty (1485-1505) 4. Sri Ranga-II 1614
Bankapur.
Khalji Dynasty Mubarak Shah : 1421-1433 AD Vijayanagar in the famous battle 1. Saluva Narasimha 1485-90 5. Ramadeva 1614-1630
� Devraya II was the greatest of Talikota or Rakshsa Tangadi in 6. Venkata-III 1630-1642
Jalaluddin Khalji : 1290-1296 AD Muhammad Shah : 1434-1443 AD 2. Timmaraya 1490-91
Sangama ruler. 1556. 7. Sri Ranga-III 1642-1652
Alauddin Alam Shah : 1443-1451 AD 3. Immadi Narasimha 1491-1505
Alauddin Khalji : 1296-1316 AD � He was called Immadidevaraya � The Vijaynagar government now
Shihabuddin Omar : 1316 AD Lodhi Dynasty and Proudha Devaraya. TRAVELLERS DURING VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE
shifted to Penukonda and later to
Bahlol Lodhi : 1451-1489 AD Chanregiri, which was made the
Mubarak Khalji : 1316-1320 AD � The inscriptions call him as
Sikander Lodhi : 1489-1517 AD capital by venkat II of Aravidu FOREIGN COUNTRY RULER TIME
Khusro Khan : 1320 AD Gajabetekara (the elepant hunter)
Ibrahim Lodhi : 1517-1526 AD dynasty. TRAVELLERS
� In order to strengthen his army,
he employed muslism in his ARAVIDU DYNASTY (1570-1650) 1. Nicoli Conti Italy Devraya I 1420 AD.
army and asked his soldiers and � This dynasty was founded by 2. Abdur Razzak Persian Devraya II 1434 AD.
officers to learn the archery from Rama Raya’s brother, Thirumala.
3. Fernoa Nuniz Portugal Mallikarjun 1450 AD.
them. � Thirumala deposed Sadashiva
Raya from throne. 4. Domingos Peas Portugal Krishnadev Raya 1515 AD.
� In 1442 he sent a naval expedi-
� Thirumala’s son Ranga II ex- 5. Barbosa Portugal Krishnadev Raya 1516 AD.
tor against Srilanka and defeated
panded the empire. 6. Nikitin Russian Devraya I 1515 AD.
VIJAY NAGAR EMPIRE (1336-1650 AD) them.
� Venkat II succeeded his father
� He wrote two Sanskrit works – ASTHADIGGAS AND HIS BOOKS
Thirumala in 1586.
� Vijay Nagar was founded by � They were brought to the center (i) Mahanatak Sudhanidhi (ii) Com- Allasin – Swarochit Sambhava,
� His head office was Chandragiri. Bhaddya – Rajshekhar Charitra
Harihar & Bukka in 1336. by Mohammad Bin Tughlaq con- mentary on the Brahama sutras He died in 1614 AD.
verted to Islam and were sent to of Badanarayan. Peddana Manucharil Mallan
� They had earlier served under the � He was the last great ruler of
south again to control rebellion, � Persian ambassador Abdul Razzaq Naudi – Parijat haran Achutraju – Sakal Kath Sarsang-
kaktiya rul er of warangal but on the instance of Vidyara- Vijaynagar.
visited his court. Timman Ramchandran raha
Pratprudra II. nya, they established Vijaynagar � Rang III become rul er after
� Sangam dynasty was replaced by Venkat II and after that Battimurti – Narasabhupaliyans Jigli Suraktra– Raghav Pandveya
� Harihar nad Bukka were the son kingdom in 1336 AD.
of Sangama. saluva dynasty. Vijaynagar empire ended. Dhurjati – Kalhasti Mahatmyas Tainali Ram – Panduran Mahatmya.

OLE - 96 OLE - 97 OLE - 98

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT OF VIJAYNAGAR EMPIRE.

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY
BAHMANI SUCCESSOR STATES (DYNASTY) ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MUGHAL RULE
1. Mandal — State 3. Nadu — Tahsil
State Founder Capital Duration The Mughal Empire
4. Melagram — 50 Villages
2. Kottam or Valnadu — District (Dynasty)
5. Kar — Village
THE BAHMANI KINGDOM 1. Nizamshahis Malik Ahmad Bahri Ahmadnagar 1490-1633
2. Adilshahis Yusuf Adil Shah Bijapur 1490-1686
� The Bahmani ki ngdom was tion with the famous Sufi Gesu 3. Imadshahis Fateullah Khan Berar 1490-1574
founded by Zafar Khan in 1347. Deraz. Imad-ul-mulk
� Zafar Khan took i n title of � Ahmad Shah-I shifted Bahmani 4. Qutubshahis Quli Qutubshah Golconda 1518-1687
Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah. capital from Gulbarga to Bidar. 5. Baridshahis Amir Ali Barid Bidar 1528-1619

� The capital of the Bahmani king- � Mahmud Gawan was a great per- RULERS OF THE BAHMANI Mustafabad : Mahmud Begarah
dom was at Gulbarga. sonality of Bahmani kingdom. He DYNASTY : AT A GLANCE Muhmmadabad : Mahmud Begarah
� Gulbarga was renamed as Ahsa- was Vakil as well as the wazir of Ala ud Din Hasan : 1347-1358 Delhi/Dhilika : Anangpal Tomar
nabad. Muhammad Shah-III between Bahman Shah Firozabad : Firoz Shah Tughlaq
1463-1481. He was an Iranian by Muhammad-I : 1358-1375 Shah Jahanabad : Shahjahan
� The greatest Bahmani ruler was
birth and was at first a trader.
Tajuddin Firoz Shah. Ala ud Din Mujahid : 1375-1378 Fatehpur Sikri : Akbar
� Gawan was granted the title of Daud : 1378 Mahabalipuram : Narsimhavarman-I
� Firoz Shah was a good calligrap-
chief of the merchants (Malik-ul- Muhammad-II : 1378-1397 Bikaner : Rao Bika
hist and poet and often composed
Tajjar) Shams ud Din : 1397 Fatehabad : Firoz Shah Tughlaq
extempore verses.
� Mahmud Gawan conquered Firoz : 1397-1422 Hisar : FirozShah Tughlaq
� According to Farishta, Firoz Shah
Konkan, Goa and Krishna- Ahmad-I Vali : 1422-1436 Firozpur : Firoz Shah Tughlaq
was well versed not only in Per-
Godavari delta. He waged a series Ala ud Din Ahmad-II : 1436-1458 Amritsar : Guru Ramdas
sian, Arabic and Turkish but also
of battles agaisnt Mahmud Khalji Ala ud Din Humayun : 1458-1461 Gangaikonda- : Rajendra Chola-I
in Telugu, Kannada and Marathi.
over Berar. Zalim cholapuram
� The most remarkable step taken BABUR (1526-1530) � Third expedition in 1520, occu-
� Mahmud Gawan carried out Nizam : 1461-1463 Ajmer : Ajayraj
by Firoz Shah Bahmani was the pied Bajaur, Bhira, Sialkot and
many internal reforms. He di- Muhammad-III : 1463-1482 Agra : Sikander Lodhi � Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur
induction of Hindus in the ad- Sayyadpur.
vided the kingdom into eight was the founder of the Mughal
ministration on a large scale, par- Lashkari Nauraspur : Ibrahim Adil Shah-II � 4th expedition in 1524-Daulat
provinces or tarafs headed by empire in India. Khan Lodi (Governor of Lahore)
ticularly, Deccani Brahmans in Mahmud : 1482-1518 Vijayanagar : Harihar-I � Babur was the king of Farghana
governors or tarafdars. sent son Dilawar Khan and Alam
the revenue administration. Ahmad-III : 1518-1521 Calcutta : Job Charnauk in Afghanistan. Khan Lodi to join Babur.
� In every province, a trade of land Ala-ud-Din : 1521-1522 Tughlaqabad : Ghiyasuddin � Taking advantage of the political
� Firoz Shah Bahmani encouraged � Rana Sanga sent a message to
(Khalisa) was set apart for the ex- Valiullah : 1522-1525 Tughlaq conditions prevailing in India, Kabul, inviting him.
the Pursuit of astronomy and built
penses of the Sultan. Kalimullah : 1525-1527 Jahanpanah : Muhammad-bin- Babur marched towards India. � 5th expedition in 1526 Battle of
an observatory near Daulatabad.
� Mahmud Gawan was a great pa- Tughlaq � Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in Panipat against Ibrahim Lodi,
� Chaul and Dabhol were main TOWNS AND FOUNDERS first Battle of Panipat in 1526 here used Rumi (ottoman) device
tron of arts. He built a magnifi- Dinpanah : Humayun and Tulugama tactics.
ports of Bahmani Kingdom. Towns Founder A.D.
cent madarsa or college in the Daulatabad : Muhammad-bin- � In 1527 he defeated Rana Sanga
� Firoz Shah Bahmani married a � Before the Battle of Panipat (1526
capital, Bidar. Pataliputra : Udayan Tughlaq of Mewar in battle of Khanwa on
A.D.) Babur had made four expe-
daughter of Deva Raya-I of Jaunpur : Firoz Tughlaq Allahabad : Akbar the bank of river Piliakhar.
� Bahmani ruler Humayun Shah ditions to India.
Vijayanagar. Jodhpur : Rao Jodha � In 1529 he defeated Ibrahim
was known as Zalim. Siri : Alauddin Khilji � In has 1519 (first-Indian expedi-
Hyderabad : Md. Quli Qutub Lodi’s younger brother, Mahmud
� In 1419 Firoz Shah Bahmani was Jaipur : Sawai Raja Jai tion) he used gun powder for the
� Kalimullah was the last ruler of Lodi in battle of Ghaghara.
defeated by Devaraya-I. Shah Singh first time in India to storm fort
Bahmani dynasty. � His Indian empire extended from
Ahmedabad : Ahmad Shah (in Srinagar : Ashoka of Bhira. Himalayas in north to Gwalior in
� Ahmad Shah-I is called a wali
� The Bahmani kingdom was place of old town � His second expedition in 1519, South and from Khyber pass in
(saint) on account of his associa- Hoshangabad : Husang Shah
divided into five states. Aswal) captured Peshawar. west to border of Bengal in east.
Khizrabad : Khizr Khan
OLE - 99 OLE - 100 OLE - 101
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Babur had the prestige of being � Humayun brought two painters � Sher Shah ascended the throne cess of Mahoba on behalf of her supreme interpreter of Islamic � Famous painters in his court

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
a descendent of the two most fa- from Iran, Mir Sayyid Ali and of Delhi at the ripe age of 67. minor son Vir Narayan. Her capi- law in all controversial matters, Khwaja Abdus Samad, Daswant,
mous warriors of Asia, Changez Abdus Samad. � Abbas Khan Sarwani was the his- tal Chauragarh was stormed by i t made him higher than a Basawan etc.
and Taimur. SHER SHAH (1540-1545 A.D.) torian of Sher Shah. Asaf Khan. Mujtahid (interpreter of Islamic � Akbar set up a department of
� The ‘Charbaghs’ the symmetrically � Sher Shah’s roads and sarais � In 1668, Chittor under Rana Udai Law) painting headed by Khwaja Abdus
� Sher Shah’s childhood name was
laid out gardens with flowing wa- have been called “The arteries of Singh of Mewar was invaded. � In 1582 Tauhid-i-Ilahi (Divine Samad with title Shirin Kalam.
Farid.
ters and fountains were intro- the Empire”. Here two Rajput warriors fought monotheism) was initiated 80
� Sher Shah was born to Hasan, the � Got Mahabharata translated into
duced in India by Babar. � Sher Shah also built a new city bravely against Akbar-Jaimal and years later it came to be called
Jagirdar of Sasaram. Patta. Persian as Razmnama.
HUMAYUN (1530-1540, on the bank of the Yamuna near Din-i-Ilahi. It was sufistic.
� He received the title of Sher Shah � Contemporary Hindu scholars
1555-1556 A.D.) Delhi. � Akbar had the statues of Jaimal � After returning from Gujarat cam-
from Bahar Khan Lohani, the Af- and Patta installed at Agra fort. Ramdas, Suradas, Tulsidas,
� The sole survivor of this is the paign, Akbar appointed officials
� Nasiruddin Muhammad Humayun ghan Governor of South Bihar. Raskhan, Abdur Rahim Khan-
Old Fort (Purana Qila) in Delhi. � In 1569 campaign against called Karoris.
succeeded Babur. � Sher Shah gained Chunar by mar- Ranthambhor, Rao Surajan Hara Khanan and Birbal (Raja Mahesh
� Sher Shah was succeeded by his � Akbar divided the empire into 12
� Humayun ruled from 1530 A.D. rying the widow, Malika. submitted and joined the imperial Das).
second son, Islam Shah. Subas in 1580 AD.
to 1540 A.D. and again from � He defeated Humayun in the service. � Famous Persian scholars-Abul-
AKBAR (1556-1605 A.D.) � In 1585 Akbar moved to Lahore
1555-1556 A.D. battle of Chausa. He adopted the � In 1569-1570 campaign against Fazaal, Faizi, Budayuni, Abbas
and remained there for 12 years.
� Humayun built Dinpanah at Delhi title of Sher Shah and proclaimed � Akbar was born in Amarkot in the Kalinjar, Ramchandra offered Khan Sarwani, Utbi, and Naziri.
� Akbar nominated Salim as his
as his second capital. himself the emperor of palace of Virasal in 1542 A.D. submission to Majnun Khan. successor who ascended the � Akbar’s land revenue system was
Hindustan. � Akbar’s full name was Jalaluddin � In 1576 Akbar defeated Rana
� In 1532, defeated Afghans under throne with the title of Jahangir. called Todar Mal Bandobast or
� He again defeated Humayun in Muhammad Akbar. Pratap of Chittor in the famous Zabti system. Todar Mal was his
Mahmud Lodhi at Daurah. � In 1605 Akbar died of dysentery.
the battle of Kannauj or Bilgram. � He was crowned at Kalanaur at Battle of Haldigati. Revenue Minister.
� In 1530, attacked Kalinjar. � Hakim Ali was his personal phy-
� Sher Shah’s last campaign was the age of 13 years. � In 1601 captured fortress of � Organised army and started
� In 1539, Afghan leader Sher sician while Raja Salivahan was
against Kalingar. He succeeded � Akbar defeated Hemu in the sec- Asi rgarh his l ast conquest
Shah defeated him at Chausa his court physician. Mansabdari system in 1575-1576.
but died from an explosion in 1545. ond battle of Panipat in 1556 A.D. Khandesh (1601)
(Bihar) � Buried at Sikandara. Akbar’s social & Religious work
� He was succeeded by his son Is- � Bairam Khan was his regent from � Got translated into Persians-
� In 1540 Sher Shah again de- lam Shah. � Sheikh Farid Bukhari was his last 1. 1562 AD. End of Slave system
1556 to 1560. Bairam Khan was Ramayana, Mahabharata,
feated him in battle of Kannauj. Mir Bakshi. 2. 1562 AD. End of ‘Haramdal’
� Humayun defeated Sikandar Suri a Shia. Lil avati , Raj atarangini,
� After battle of Kannauj (1540) and occupied Delhi in 1555. � Started giving loan from royal 3. 1563 AD. End of Pilgrime tax
� Bairam Khan was assassinated Panchatantra, and Nal Damyanti,
Humayun fled, took shelter for a treasury, as Musadat. 4. 1564 AD. End of Jazia tax
� Sher Shah established a highly by Mubarak Khan at Patan Atharvaveda.
few days at Amarkot (ruler Rana centralised Government. � Loan to farmers was call ed
(Gujarat) on his way to Mecca. � Tried to ban sati system, and 5. 1571 AD. Eastablish of Fateh
Virsala) � He divided his empire into 47 takavi.
� Bairam’s widow Salima Begum legalised widow marriage. In- Pur Sikri & made it
� In 1545, he went to Shah Sarkars (districts) which were di- � Started worshippi ng l ight
was married to Akbar and her creased marriagable age (girls 14 his capital .
Tahmasp’s court in Persia (Iran) vided into several pargana (sub- son (from Bairam, Abdur Rahim (Prakash Pujas) in court.
years, boys 16 years) 6. 1580 AD. ‘Dahsala System’
who aided him in conquering districts). Village was the lowest joined the court of Akbar later � With the help of Raja Todarmal
� European paintings was intro- 7. 1562 AD. Din-i-Ilahi
Kandhar. unit of administ ration. He made became the Khan-i-Khana. (revenue minister) began land
duced in Mughal court during Nine Gems of Akbar
� In 1551 Askari was exiled to the local village headmen � His chief advisor was Mir Abdul settlement and launched Ain-i-
Akbar’s reign. 1. Mullah do Pyaja
Mecca. (muqaddams) and zamindars re- Latif. Dahsala system.
� Akbar was fond of gardening.
� In 1553 Kabul was occupied and sponsible for local crime. � In 1562, abolished the system of � Issued round and square size sil- 2. Abul Fajal
� Akbar was himself architect of
Kamran was blinded and sent to � He built many sarais. making war captives as slave. ver coins called Rupaya and 3. Todar Mal
his tomb, completed by Jahangir.
Mecca. � He built the grand trunk road � In 1563, abolished pilgrim tax. Jalali. 4. Faizi
� Set up Ibadat-khana at Sikri for
� Captured Lahore in 1555 from from Sonargaon to Attock. � In 1564, abolished Jaziya. religious discussion, held on ev- � Adopted Persian as court lan- 5. Birbal
Sikandar Sur, Gover nor of � He improved the land revenue sys- � His tomb was at Sikandara, near ery Thursday evening from 1575. guage. 6. Tansen
Punjab, then Delhi and Agra. tem by adopting Zabti-i-Har-Sal. Agra. � Later Ibadat-khana was opened � Laid foundation of Fatehpur Sikri 7. Abdul Rahim-Khan-i- Khana
� Humayun died in 1556 A.D. of � Sher Shah abolished all internal � Laid the foundation of Fatehpur to Scholars of all faiths. in 1572-1580. Main Buldings of 8. Man Singh
fall from his library Sher Mandal. customs and duties. Sikri as his capital. Fatehpur Sikri. Buland Darwaza,
� In 1579 Akabr read the Khutba 9. Bhagwan Das
� Humayun’s tomb is situated in � Sher Shah built three important � Learnt the principles of Sulah-i- (written by poet Faizi) in his own Diwan-i-Am, Diwan-i-Khas, pal-
roads, Agra-Jodhpur -Chittor, Kul from his teacher Mir Abdul JAHANGIR (1605-1627 A.D.)
Delhi. name like the Prophet and Ca- ace of Sultana, Panch Mahal etc.
Lahore-Multan, and Agra- Latif. liphs. � Jahangir was born at Lahore in
� Humayun’s tomb was built by his � Expert exponent of music. He
Burhanpur. � In 1564, Garh Katanga was at- 1569 A.D.
widow Hamida Banu Begum. � In 1579 proclamation of the played Nakkara (drum).
� Sher Shah built 1700 sarais tacked. It was under the regency
� Mirza Inayatullah was the chief Mahzar, all imams signed it where � His court musicians-Tansen, � Jahangi r’s full name was
which also worked as dak of Durgavati, the Chandella prin- by he became Imam-i-Adil, the
architect of Humayun’s tomb. Baba Ramdas, Baz Bahadur etc. Nuruddin Muhammad Jahangir.
chaukis.

OLE - 102 OLE - 103 OLE - 104

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Jahangir was popularly known as � Introduced Du-Aspa and Sih-Aspa � Mahabat Khan was given 7000 � Jagannath Pandit was the poet of � No new temples were to be con- � Bijapur (1686) and Golconda

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY
Salim. systems in Mansabdari system. Zat and Sawar and title Khan-i- his court. structed. But old ones were not (1687) were annexed.
� Jahangir banned slaughter of ani- � Lover of music, painting and arts. Khanan. � Shah Jahan was an expert musi- to be destroyed and they were al- � His tomb is located in Aurangabad,
mals on Sunday and Thursday. � Jahangir met Nur Jahan on � In 1628 Pir Khan Khan-i-Jahan cian and his voice was very me- lowed to be repaired. Maharashtra.
� He established Zanjir-i-Adal at Nauroz (new years day) in Mina Lodi governor of the Deccan re- lodious. � In 1669, the Vishwanath temple � Expert Vina player.
Agra Fort for the seekers of royal Bazar of Agra, married her in belled and joined the Nizam � Appointed Amins whose main of Banaras and the Keshav Raj � Banned singing in court, but al-
justice. 1611. Shahis but was defeated at Tal function was to assess revenue. temple of Bir Singh Bundela at lowed Royal Band (Naubat).
� Jahangir also married Jodha Bai Sahonda. Mathura were destroyed.
� In 1613 Nur Jahan was made � Constructed Peacock throne � Restarted Pilgrim tax.
of Marwar, and a Kachchwaha � In 1628-1629 Jujhar Singh � The proporti on of Hindus
Padshah Begum (the first lady). (1628-1635). � Disallowed cultivation of Hemp
princes. Bundella of Orchha rebelled but mansabdars was hi ghest i n
� In 1616, Nur Jahan got title Nur � Attacked Hooghl y agai nst (Bhang).
� His son Khusrau, who received later submitted. He again rebelled Aurangzeb’s reign.
Mahal. portuguese and captured it in � In 1669, Jats under Gokl a
patronage of Guru Arjun Dev, re- in 1635 by attacking Prem � Aurangzeb ordered the arrest and
� Farmans had signature and coins Narain of Chauragarh (Gondwana) 1632. revolted.
volted agaisnt Jahangir. The fifth execution of the ninth Sikh Guru
were struck in her name. and was defeated by Aurangzeb. � Foreign travellers who visit his � In 1672, Satnamis, nick-named
Sikh Guru Arjun Dev was later Teg Bahadur in AD 1675.
� Itmad-ud Daula (father of Nur Devi Singh was installed at court were Berni er (France). Mundiya Sadhus, founded by
sentenced to death for his bless- � Guru Govind Singh wrote letters
Jahan) was given mansabdari of Orchha. Travernier (France) and Manucci Birbhan near Narnaul revolted.
ings to the rebel prince. to Aurangzeb, their collection is
7000 Zats. � Champat Rai of Mahoba also re- (Italy). � In 1685, second Jat rebellion under
� Khurram (Shahjahan) supported called Zafarnama.
by his father-in-law, Asaf Khan, � Nur Jahan’s brother, Abul Hasan belled. His son Chhatrasal � His period was the climax of Raja Ram and his successor
was appointed Mir-i-Saman (in rebeled during Aurangzeb’s reign. Mughal architecture. � Guru Govind Singh died at Nanded, Churaman.
also revolted against Jahangir but
charge of the royal household) with � In 1630 Deccan famine, wit- on the way to meet Aurangzeb.
the two soon reconciled. AURANGZEB (1658-1707 A.D.) � In 1667, Yusufzai tribe of Afghans,
title of Asaf Khan later wazir with nessed by Peter Mundi, led to Aurangzeb had died earlier.
� His military general, Mahabat under the Raushanai movement
6000 mansab. large scale relief measures by the � Aurangzeb’s ful l name was � Shambhaji (son of Shivaji) was
Khan revolted and abducted him led by Bhagu rebelled.
� Khusrau was blinded and in state. Muihi uddi n Muhammad captured at Sanghameshwar
but Nurjahan saved him due to � In 1672, second Afghan rebellion
1620 he was killed on the orders � In 1631 Mumtaj Mahal died dur- Aurangzeb. (1689) and executed.
her diplomatic efforts. by the Afridi tribe led by Akmal Khan.
of Khurram at Burhanpur. ing child birth at Burhanpur. She � Aurangzeb was the third son of
� He was well read and wrote his
memories Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri in � John Hawkins resided at Agra for was first buried at Burhanpur but Mumtaz Mahal. MUGHAL GARDENS
Persian. two years (1609-1611). He was later transferred to Agra (Taj � Aurangzeb had to fight war of
Garden Place Built by
� Jahangir’s sons-Khusrau Parvez given the mansab of 400. Mahal). succession to gain the throne.
Khurram, Shahryar and � Shah Jahan’s six children from � He took the title of ‘Alamgir’ in 1. Hast Bahist Rambagh Agra Babur
� Sir Thomas Roe (1615-1618) was
Mumtaj Begum-Jahanara Begum, 1659. 2. Shalimar Bagh Srinagar Jahangir
Jahandar. ambassador of James-I.
Dara Shikoh, Shah Shuja, 3. Nishat Bagh Srinagar Asaf Khan
� Shahryar married to Ladli Begum. � Jahangir was buried at � He was called as Zinda Pir, the
Roshan Ara Begum, Aurangzeb 4. Shailimar Bagh Lahore Shah Jahan
� James-I sent captain Hawkins Shahadara near Lahore. living saint.
(born at Daulatabad) and Murad 5. Hayat Bagh Delhi Shah Jahan
and Sir Thoams Roe to Jahangir’s � The famous Italian traveller Pietro � In 1662, Mir Jumla, Aurangzeb’s 6. Shalimar Bagh Delhi Shah Jahan
court to get concession in trade Baksh. ablest general led the expedition
Valle came during his reign. � Shah Jahan introduced 1/3, 1/ 7. Wazir Bagh Kashmir Dara Shikoh
for English. against Ahoms. 8. Char Burji Bagh Near Lahore Zebunnisa
� Laid many gardens, like Shalimar SHAHJAHAN (1628-1657 A.D.) 4, 1/5 method in Mansabadari
� He forbade inscription of Kalma
Bagh in Kashmir. system. According to this a MUGHAL RULERS : AT A GLANCE
� Shahjahan was born at Lahore in on the coins.
mansabdar had to keep horse-
� Jahangir bui l t a mosque in 1592 A.D. � He ended the celebrati on of 1. Zahiruddin Babur : 1526 -1530 8. Bahadur Shah I : 1707-1712
Lahore, Itmaduddaula’s tomb in men 1/3, 1/4, 1/5 of his sawar
� Shahjahan’s childhood name was Navroz festival. 2. Nasiruddin : 1530 -1540 9. Jahandar Sah : 1712 -1713
rank.
Agra (first building to have Peutra Khurram. � Mutasib (regulator of moral con- Humayun
Deura), completed Akbar’s tomb � Built Taj Mahal in the sweet 10. Farukhsiar : 1713 -1719
� Shahjahan’s full name was memory of Mumtaj Mahal in duct) were appointed. 3. Nasiruddin : 1555 -1556
in Sikandara. Shihabuddin Muhammad Shah 11. Rafiudar Jat : 1719
1632-1654 of marbles (white). � He ended Jharokha darshan, use Humayun
� During Jahangir, Mughal painting Jahan. 12. Mohammad Shah : 1719 -1748
� Built Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) of almanacs and weighing of the 4. Jalaluddin Akbar : 1556 -1605
was on climax.
� Shahjahan was born to Jagat in Agra Fort. emperor. 5. Nuruddin : 1605 -1627 13. Ahmad Shah : 1748 -1754
� Portrait painting and paintings of
Gosain, daughter of Mota Raja � Built Jama Masjid and Red Fort of � Aurangzeb compiled Fatwa-i- Jahangir 14. Alamgir II : 1754 -1759
animals & birds started. Mansur
Udai Singh of Jodhpur. Delhi and laid foundation of Alamgiri. 6. Shihabuddin : 1628 -1657
was expert in this style. 15. Shah Alam II : 1759 -1806
� In 1612 Shahj ahan married Shahjahanabad (the 7th city of � Jaziya was re-introduced. Shajahan
� He was himself expert painter 16. Akbar II : 1806 -1837
Arzumand Banu Begum who be- Delhi). These were made of red � Built Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) 7. Aurangzeb : 1658 -1707
and claimed to recognise painting
came famous as Mumtaz Mahal. sandstone. in Red Fort of Delhi. Alamgir 17. Bahadur Shah II : 1837 -1857
at a particualr painter at a glance.

OLE - 105 OLE - 106 OLE - 107

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
BOOKS DURING MUGHAL PERIOD State Administration Moti Masjid (Lahore – Jahangir 2. Jahandar Shah (1712-1713) 5. Ahmad Shah (1748-54)

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
BOOKS AUTHORS LANGUAGES 1. Subedar 2. Dewan Taj Mahal (Agra) – Shahjahan � Ascended the throne with the aid � During Ahmad Shah’s reign,
3. Bakshi 4. Kotwal Moti Mahal (Agra) – Shahjahan of Zulfikar Khan Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded In-
Tuzuk-e-Babri or Babarnama Babar Turkish
5. Vakia-e-Navis Khaas Mahal (Agra) – Shahjahan � First pupet Mughal emperor. dia twice in 1749 and 1752 when
Humayun Namah Gulbdan Begam Persian
6. Sadar and Kaji Sheesh Mahal (Agra) – Shahjahan � He abolished Jazia. he marched up to Delhi.
(Sister of Humayu)
District (Sarkar) Administration Shalimar Garden – Shahjahan 3. Farrukh Siyar (1713-1719) 6. Alamgir II (1754-59)
Iqbalnama Motahad Khan Persian
1. Foujdar 2. Amalgujar (Lahore) � He had succeeded to the throne � After the dethronement of Ahmad
Alamgirnama Mohammad Kajim Persian 3. Bitiqchi 4. Khajandar Musamman Burj — – Shahjahan Shah, Azizuddin a grandson of
with the help of Sayyid brothers,
Akbarnama or Ain-e-Akbari Abul Fajal Persian Tahsil Administration Nahar-e- Faiz — – Shahjahan Abdullah Khan and Hussain Ali. Jahandar Shah was placed on the
Tarikh-e-Rashidi Mirza Haidar Persian 1. Shikdar 2. Amil Moti Masjid (Delhi) – Aurangzeb � In 1719 Sayyid brothers killed throne as Alamgir II.
Daugulat 3. Fotdar 4. Kanungo Bibi ka -Makbara – Aurangzeb him with the help of Maratha 7. Shah Alam II (1759-1806)
Tarikh-e-Shershahi Abas Khan Persian 5. Karkun (Aurangabad) Peshwa, Balaji Vishwanath. � Battle of Buxar (1764) held dur-
Muntakhals -ul-Lubab Khafi Khan Persian MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE Badshahi Mosque – Aurangzeb 4. Mohammad Shah (1719-48) ing his reign.
Nuska-e-Dilkhush Bhimsen Persian Mosque at Kabulibagh – Babar (Lahore) � He was the most pleasure loving 8. Akbar II (1806-37)
Tarikh-e-Alfi Maulana Ahmad Persian Mosque at Sanbhal – Babar MUGHAL PAINTING ruler of loose morals and there- � Gave the title of Raja to Ram
(Rohelkhand) Painter Ruler fore, called Mohammad Shah Mohan Roy.
Dabistan-e-Mazahils Mohsin Fani Persian
Mosque of Fatehabad – Humaun Sayyid Ali – Humayun ‘Rangila’. 9. Bahadur Shah II (1837 - 57)
Tarkikh-e-Salatin-e-Afgana Ahmadyadgar Persian
(Hisar, Haryana) Abusamand – Humayun � Nadir Shah defeated him in the � During the revolt of 1857, he was
Shah Jahanama Inayat Khan Persian Battle of Karnal (1739) and took
Dinpanah (Delhi) – Humaun Farukbeg – Humayun proclaimed the emperor by the
Nuksha-dilkhusha Mohammad Saki Persian away peacock throne and the
Old Fort (Delhi) – Shershah Jamshed – Humayun rebels.
Maz-ul-Bahrin Dara Shikoh Persian kohinoor diomand.
Quila-e-kuhna (Delhi) – Shershah Basavan Lal – Humayun
TRANSLATED IN PERSIAN HINDI BOOKS Shergarh (Delhi) – Shershah Dasavan – Akbar RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS OF MEDIEVAL INDIA
Books Translators Qila at Rohtasgarh – North- Aagha Raza – Akbar � The Bhakti Movement began in � Kabir spent greater part of his life
Books Authors
Mahabarat – NakiKhan, Badau- West State Ustad Mansur – Akbar South India in the 7th Century. in Banaras.
Ramcharitmanas – Tulshi Das Tomb at Sasaram (Bihar)– Shershah Mohammad Murad – Akbar � The Alvars (Vaishnavites) and � Kabir’s verses were included in
ni, Abul Fajal Faizi.
Vinaya Patrika – Tulshi Das Agrafort (Agra) – Akbar Madhan – Akbar Naynars (Shaivites) popularised Adi Granth.
Ramayan – Badauni
Jahangiri – Akbar Tulsi – Akbar the Bhakti cult in South India. � Raidas was a tanner.
Atharvaveda – Badauni Hazi Sur Sagar – Surdas
Akbari Palace – Akbar Sanarkandi – Jahangir � There were 12 Alvar Vaishnavite � Dhanna was a Jat peasant from
Ibrahim (Sarhindi
Prem Vatika – Raskhan and 63 Naynar Saivite Saints. Rajasthan.
completed) Diwan-i-Aam – Akbar Faqrullah – Jahangir
� The Saivite Saint Appar, is said to � Guru Nanak (1469-1539) was
Lilavati – Faizi Sunder Sringar – Sunder Kaviray (Fatehpur Sikri) Mirhasim – Jahangir
have converted the pallava king, born at Nankana Sahib.
Rajtarangini – Shah Mohmmad Kavindra Kalptara – Kavindra Panch Mahal – Akbar Aroop – Jahangir
Mahendravarman, to Saivism. � Kabir and Nanak were Nirguna
Sahbadi (Fatehpur Sikri) Bichhittlar – Jahangir
Acharya � Sambandar and Manikkavasagar Bhakti saints.
Pachas upnishad – Darashikoh Buland Darwaja – Akbar Ustadmansur – Jahangir were other great Bhakti Saints. � Vallabhacharya was a Telugu
Priya – Keshav Das (Fatehpur Sikri) Abul Hasan – Jahangir Brahmana.
� The writings of these saints were
Alankar Manjari – Keshav Das Salim Chisti’s Tomb – Akbar DECLINE OF MUGHAL EMPIRE collected in the Tirumurai. � Vallabhacharya was the founder
Bhagwat Gita – Darashikoh
(Fatehpur Sikri) (Later Mughals) � The Tirumurai has been called as of Pushti marga (way of grace)
Yog Vishishtha – Darashikoh Ramchandrika – Keshav Das
Birbal Palace – Akbar List of Later Mughals the Tamil Veda. � Chaitanya (1486-1533) was the
MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION (Fatehpur Sikri) 1. Bahadur Shah I (1707-1712) � Periya Puranam was composed by most prominent Vaishnav saint of
(Political system) Mariyam Mahal – Akbar � He was known as Shah -i - Shekkilar in the reign of the Chola Bengal.
Department : (Fatehpur Sikri) Bekhabar king Kulottunga I. � Chaitanya popularized Krishna
Sadra – Religious interest
Dewan – Finance Haroon Minar – Akbar � He pursued Pacifist Policy that is � Ramananda was the first great Bhakti.
Daroga-a-dak
Mirbakshi – Civil Services on Lahore Fort (Lahore) – Akbar why he called so. Bhakti saint of North India. � Chaitanya was looked upon as liv-
Mir Bahar – Admiral ing Krishna.
Military line Allahabad Fort – Akbar � He made place with Guru Gobid � Raidas, Kabir, Dhanna, Pipa were
Mir Barr – Forest Singh and Chatrasal � Jnaneswar (1275-1296) was the
Khansama – Management of (Allahabad) his disciples.
Royal farry Mir Tajak – Festival � He granted Sardeshmukhi to � Kabir (1440-1518) belonged to a pi oneer Bhakti Sai nt of
Itimade-ul-Daula Tomb – Jahangir Maharashtra.
Kaji – Judiciary Mir Munshi – Head clerk Marathas. family of weavers.
(Agra) � Jnaneswar wrote Jnaneswari.
department � He released Shahu
OLE - 108 OLE - 109 OLE - 110
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Jnaneswari is a commentary on � The biography of Chaitanya was � The Suhrawardi order in India was � Shaikh Musa had joined Akbar’s Books Authors

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY
Bhagavad Gita. written by Krishnadas Kaviraj. founded by Bahauddin Zakaria of Service. Tahiqiq-I-Hind : Al-Beruni
� Jnaneswar was the author of many � The disciples of Kabir later formed Multan. � Akbar was greatly devoted to Salim Taj-ul-masir : Hasan Nizami
hymns called Abhangas. the Kabirpanthi sect. � The Suharwardi sufis established Chishti of Fatehpur. Tabaqat-i-Nasiri : Minhajud-din Siraj
� Namdeva (1270-1350) was a tai- � Jagjivan Das founded the Satnami themselves mainly in North-West � Shattari order was founded by Khazain-ul-Futuh : Amir Khusaru
lor by caste. sect. India. Abdul Shattar. Tughlaqnama : Amir Khusrau
� Namdeva travelled to North India � Tulsidas wrote Ramcharitmanas, � Iltutmish appointed Shaikh � Tansen was the di sci pl e of Laila-Majnu : Amir Khusrau
and Punjab. Vinaypatrika, Kavitavali. Bahauddin Zakaria the Shaikh-ul Mohammad Ghaus. Ghurrat-al-kamal (on music) : Amir Khusrau
� Namdev’s Bhakti Songs have been � Surdas wrote Sur Surawali, Islam. Ashiqa : Amir Khusrau
� Qadariya order was started by
included in the Adi Granth. Sahitya Ratna, Sursagar. � Shaikh Ruknuddin of Suhrawardi Niatamullah Qadari. Nuh Sipihar : Amir Khusrau
� Namdeva is considered to be a � Mirabai was a Rajput Princes of order was also venerated by Sul- Tarikh-i-Firozshahi : Barni
� Dara belonged to the Qadariya
part of the Varkari tradition. Merta. tans of Delhi. Tarikh-i-Firozshahi : Sams-i-siraz Afif
order.
� In Assam, Sankaradeva (1449- � Mirabai married to Bhojraja, son � The Chishti mystics believed in Fatuhat-i-Firozshahi : Firoz shah Tughlaq
of Rana Sanga. Sufi Sect
1568) introduced bhakti. the spiritual value of Music. Tarikh-i-Mubarakshahai : Sarhindi
� Mirabai was famous for her devo- Sufi Sect Founders
� Sankaradeva’s sect is called � Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhtiar Kaki Kitab-ul-Rehla : Ibn Battutah
tion to Krishna. died in a state of ecstasy under Chisti Khwaza Moin-ud-din Sur Sarawali : Surdas
Mahapurushiya dharma.
� Mirabai advocated image-worship the spell of Music. Shurawardi Shiabuddin Sahitya Ratn : Surdas
� Dadu (1544-1603) was inspired Shurawardi
and observance of special fasts. � Khwaja Fariduddin Masud was Amuktamalyada : Krishna devaraya
by Kabir’s doctrine.
� Mirabai wrote Several poems like known as Baba Farid. Kadari Sheikh Abdul Kadir Manucharitam : Allasani Peddana
� Tukaram’s teachings are in the
Padavali; Jalani Maduravijayam : Gangadevi
form of Abhangas or dohas. � Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya was the
� Ramanuja advocated the philsophy Chief disciple of Baba Farid. Satari Shah Abdul Satari Ain-i-Akbari : Abul Fazal
� Tukaram founded the Varkari Sect. of Vishistadvaitavada. Firdoshi Badruddin Humaun Namah : Gulbadan Begum
� Ramdasa wrote Dasabodha. � Nizamuddin Auliya had problem
� Madhvacharya founded the Dvaita with Mubarak Khalji and Naqshabandi Khwaza Baqi Billah. Panduranga Mahatmya : Tanali Ramalinga
� Ramdasa was the Guru of Shivaji. philosophy. Ghayasuddin Tughlaq. � Naqshabandi order was intro- Jambavati Kalyanam : Krishna devaraya
� The Lingayat Sect was founded by � Nimbarka propounded the
� He was succeeded by Nasiruddin duced in India by Baqi Billah. Jnaneswari : Jnandeva
Basava. Dvaitadvaita philosophy.
Chiraag-i-Delhi, who had trouble � Shah Waliullah (1702-1762) was Hir-Ranjha : Warish Shah
� The biography of Chaitanya is � Nimbarka founded the Sanak with Mohammad Bin Tughlaq. a saint of Naqshabandi order. Shanti Purana : Ponna
‘Chaitanya charitamrita’. Sampradaya.
� After the death of Baba Farid, the � Shah Waliullah tried to reconcile Akbar Namah : Abul Fazl
SOME SECTS DURING BHAKTI MOVEMENT Chishti order was divided into the two doctrines of Wahadat-ul Hasnat-ul-Arifin : Dara Shikoh
Nezamia and Sabiria orders. Wujud and Wahadat-ul-Shuhud. Sakinat-ul-Auliya : Dara Shikoh
Sects Founders Philosophies Periods
� Shaikh Burhanuddin settled at � Khwaja Mir Dard was the famous Tabuqat-i-Akbari : Nizamuddin Ahmed
Smriti Shankarancharya Advaitavad AD 9th Century Daulatabad. Urdu Poet. Tarikh-i-Shershahi : Abbas khan Sherwani
Shrisect Ramanuja Vishishtadvaita Ad 12th Century � Shaikh Husamuddin and Shah Tarikh-i-Alfi : Mulla Daud
Sanak Nimbark Dvaitavadvaita AD 12th Century � Mullah daud Wrote Chhanda in
Barkatullah were prominent Sufis Chandayan : Mulla Daud
Brahma Madhva Acharya Daitavad AD 13th Century Hindavi.
in Gujarat. Mintakhab-ul-Tawarikh : Abdul Qadir Badyuni
Rudra Vishnu Swami/ Shuddhadvaita AD 15th Century � Shaikh Nasiruddin was known as Tabaqat-i-Akbari : Nizammuddin Ahmad
� Shaikh Abdul Quddus Gangohi
Vallabhacharya Chiragh-i-Delhi. Maasir-i-Jahangiri : Kamgar Khan
was a mystic of the Sabiria order.
SUFI MOVEMENT Iqbalnama-i-Jahangiri : Mutamid Khan
� Sufism is the mystical movement � Muinuddin Chisti’s disciple was
LITERARY DEVELOPMENTS DURING THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD Shahjahanama : Inayat Khan
in Islam. Hamiduddin Nagauri. Books Authors Majm-ul-Bahrain : Darasikoh
� Al Hujuiri was the earliest Sufi � Qutubminar is named after the Navasahasankacharitam : Padamgupta Muntakhab-ul-Lubab : Khafi Khan
saint to have settled in India. Chishti saint Qutubuddin Kathasaritsagar : Somadeva Alamgirnama : Mirza Muhammad Qazim
� Al Hujuiri wrote ‘Kashful Mahjub’. Bakhtiyar Kaki. Brihat Kathamanjari : Kshemendra Masir-i-Alamgiri : Iswar Das Nagar
� The Chishti and Suhrawardi or- � His disciple was Farid Ganj-i- Prabodha Chandrodaya : Krishna Mishra Nuskha-i-Dil Khusha : Bhimsen
ders were the most prominent. Shakar. Adipurana : Jinasena
Khulsat-ut-Tawarikh : Sujan Rai
� The Chishti order was founded by � He built his Jamaat Khana in Ganitasara Samgraha : Mahaviracharya
Akbarshahi Sringardarpan : Padma Shankar
Muinuddin Chishti. Ajodhan (Punjab). Amaghvritti : Saktayana
Bhanuchandracharita : Siddhichandra Upadhayaya
� He arrived around 1192 A.D. and � The Sufis adopted the local language Harvilasam : Srinath
Ras-Gangadhar : Jagganath Pandit
established his centre at Ajmer. of the region in which they lived. Bhaktimala : Nabhadasa
Ganga Lahri : Jagganath Pandit

OLE - 111 OLE - 112 OLE - 113

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� He murdered Afzal Khan of Adil � Shivaji’s council of Ministers was MODERN INDIA

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
FOREIGN TRAVELLERS DURING THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
Shahi kingdom of Bijapur with called Ashtapradhan DECLINE OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE
Period A.D. Traveller During the reign of
baghnakh (tiger claw) in 1659. � Provinces which were divided into � After the death of Aurangzeb, � In 1719, the Sayyid brothers de-
1288 -1292 Marco Polo (Italy) Pandayas � In 1663, Shivaji injured Shaista prants which were further sub- Muaazam emerged victorious in posed Farrukh Siyar and killed him.
1333 -1342 Ibn Batuta (Morocco) Muhammad bin Tughlaq Khan, the Mughal Governor. divided into parganas or tarafs. the war of succession. � After Farrukh Siyar, Sayyid broth-
1420 -1422 Nicolo Conti (Italy) Devaraya I (Vijaynagar) � In 1664 Shivaji sacked Surat for � Shivaji maintained a regular � Muaazam ascended the throne ers placed Rafi-ud-darajat on the
1421 -1431 Cheng-Hi Jalauddin (Bengal) the first time. standing army. with the name of Bahadur Shah-I throne but he died soon
1442 -1443 Abdur Razak (Persia) Devaraya II (Vijayanagar) � The treaty of Purandhar was � The cavalry was divided into two in 1707 at the age of 67. � Muhammad Shah came to the
1470 -1474 Nikitin (Russia) Muhammad III signed on June 24, 1665 A.D. classes : the Bargi s and � During Bahadur Shah’s reign throne in 1719 A.D.
1503 -1508 Varthalema Dias Deccan Silahdars. Jaziya was abolished. � Muhammad Shah was known as
� Shivaji surrendered 23 out of the
1516 -1518 Edwardo Barbosa Krishnadevaraya � Bargis were supplied with horses � Bahadur Shah gave a high “Rangila”.
1520 -1522 Domingo Paes Krishnadevaraya 35 forts to Mughals.
and arms by the state. Mansab to Guru Govind Singh. � Nadir Shah, the Napoleon of Iran
1535 -1537 Fernao Nuniz Achyut Devaraya � Shivaji’s son Sambhaji was
� Silahdars had to keep their own � Bahadur Shah rel eased the invaded India and inflicted a
1578 -1582 Anthony Monserrate Akbar awarded a Mansab of 5000. crushing defeat on Mughal army
equipment. Maratha Prince Sahu.
1585 -1591 Ralph Fitch Akbar � Shivaji visited Agra in 1666, at Karnal on Feb 13, 1739.
� Chauth was 1/4 of the land rev- � Jahandar Shah came to the
16th Century Caesar Fredrick Vijaynagar � On August 29, 1666, Shivaji es- � Nadir Shah captured Delhi and
enue paid to the Marathas to that throne in 1712 A.D.
16th Century John Lisconten Vijaynagar caped from Agra. Muhammad Shah was imprisoned.
land would not be sullied to the � He was dominated by his mis-
16th Century Lama Taranath East India � In October 1670 Shivaji sacked He plundered Delhi.
Maratha raids. tress Lal Kunwar. She imitated
1608-1613 Captain Hawkins Jahangir Surat a second time. � Nadir Shah’s total plunder has
� Sardeshmukhi was an additional the style of Nur Jahan.
1608-1612 William Fitch Jahangir been estimated at Rs. 70 crores.
� Shivaji was coronated at Raigarh levy of 10%, which Shivaji de- � Administration was virtually in the
1608-1617 John-Jourdian Jahangir He also carried away the famous
1608-1615 Nicholas Downton Jahangir in 1674. manded on the basis of being the hands of Zulfiqar Khan.
Koh-i-Noor diamond and the jewel
1612-1616 Nicholas Withington Jahangir � Shivaji assumed the title of hereditary Sardeshmukh. � Jahandar Shah was the first later
studded Peacock Throne of Shah
1612-1617 Thomas Coryet Jahangir Chhatrapati Haindava Dharmod- � Shivaj i di scouraged revenue Mughal ruler to get the throne
Jahan.
1615-1619 Sir Thomas Roe Jahangir harak. farming system. with the help of nobles.
� Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded the
1616-1619 Edward Terry Jahangir � Shivaji died in 1680 at the age � Kathi was measuring in rods. � The policies of Aurangzeb were kingdom for the first time during
1615-1625 Paul Cannin (British) Jahangir of 53. reversed. Muhammad Shah’s reign in 1748.
� Annaji Datto introduced various
1620-1627 Fransisco Pelasert Jahangir � Shivaji was succeeded by � Jai Singh of Amber as given the � Various provinces became inde-
reforms in revenue in 1679.
1622-1633 Pietra dellavale Jahangir Sambhaji (1680-89) title of Mirza Raja Sawai and ap- pendent like Bengal, Hyderabad,
� Chauth and Sardeshmukhi both
1626-1633 John Lait Shah Jahan pointed Governor of Malwa. Awadh, Carnatic etc.
� Shivaji introduced various admin- were land tax collected from
1627-1681 John Fryer Shah Jahan � Ajit Singh of Marwar was awarded � The Jats under Badan Singh es-
istrative and revenue reforms. Mughal territory.
1630-1634 Peter Mundy Shah Jahan the title of Maharaja and ap- tablished themselves in the dis-
1641-1687 Tavernier Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb pointed governor of Gujarat. tricts of Agra and Mathura and
1656-1687 Manucci Aurangzeb ASHTAPRADHANA � Sahu was granted Chauth and founded the Jat state of
1658-1668 Bernier Aurangzeb Sardeshmukhi of Deccan. Bharatpur.
1. Peshwa General Administration; like Prime Minister.
1666 to 1668 Jean de Thevenot Aurangzeb � Farrukh Siyar came to the throne � Sayyid brothers were murdered
1695 to 1699 Gemelli Careri Bijapur 2. Sar-i-Naubat Senapati
in 1713 A.D. with the help of in 1720 A.D.
3. Mazumdar Accountant
Sayyid Brothers. � Ahmad Shah came to the throne
THE MARATHAS 4. Waqia-i-navis Intelligence, posts and household affairs. � Sayyid brothers were known as in 1748 A.D.
5. Surnavis or Chitnis Correspondence King makers.
� Shivaji was born in the fort of � Shivaji first captured Torna in � Safdar Jang, the Nawab of Awadh
Shivneri in Poona in 1627. 6. Dabir/Sumant Foreign affairs and master of ceremonies. � Sayyi d brothers domi nated became the wazir of the Empire.
1646 A.D.
� Shivaji belonged to Bhonsle clan. 7. Nyayadhis Justice mughal court and empire from � His wazir (after Safdar Jang),
� Shivaji began his real career of
8. Panditrao religious affairs. 1713 to 1719, the elder brother Imad-ul-Mulk blinded him and
� Shivaji’s father Shahji Bhonsle conquest in 1656 when he con- Abdullah Khan was Wazir and placed Alamgir-II on the throne.
was in the service of Ahmadnagar. quered Javli from the Maratha MARATHA PESHWAS (1714-1818 A.D.) younger, Hussain Ali Khan was � Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded India
� Dadaj i Kondadeo and Guru Chief Chandra Rao More. Mir Bakshi. thrice during his reign.
Ramdas had great influence on 1714-1720 : Balaji Vishwanath 1772-1773 : Narayan Rao � Sikh leader Banda Bahadur ex- � Alamgir-II came to the throne in
� The conquest of Javli made him
the life of Shivaji. 1720-1740 : Baji Rao I 1773-1774 : Raghunath Rao ecuted by Farrukhsiyar. 1754 A.D.
the master of the Mavala area.
� Guru Ramdas wrote ‘Dasabodh’. � Sayyid brothers belonged to � Battle of Plassey (1757) was
Mavali foot soldiers became a 1740-1761 : Balaji Baji Rao 1774-1796 : Madhava Rao Narayan
� Shahji gave Shivaji the jagir of Hindustani group of Mughal no- fought during the rei gn of
strong part of his army. 1761-1772 : Madhava Rao Ballal 1796-1818 : Baji Rao II bility. Alamgir II.
Poona.

OLE - 114 OLE - 115 OLE - 116

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded fourth � He lived for several years at � Their final collapse with their � The immediate aim of the company

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY
IMPORTANT SETTLEMENTS OF EUROPEANS IN INDIA
time in his reign in 1755. Allahabad as a pensioner of the defeat by the English in the battle was the acquisition of spices and
� The Marathas were invited by his East India Company. of Badera in 1759. peppers. 1. Portuguese : Portuguese settlements on west coast : Calicut (1500),
wazir to save guard the empire � He regained the throne of Delhi � Loss of their settlements one by � In 1717 Farrukh Siyar confirmed Cochin (1501), Cannore (1503), Quilon (1503), Cheliyam (1531), Rahole
against Abdali. with the help of Maratha sardar one to the East India company of the privileges (farman) of 1691 and (1535), Krengannore (1536), Mangalore (1568), Hanawer (1568), Diu
� In 1759 he was murdered by his
Mahadji Scindhia in 1772. Britain. extended them to Gujarat and (1509), Goa (1510), Surat (1599), Daman (1599) and Bhavanagar Portu-
� British under Lord Lake captured � They were expelled from their last Deccan also. guese settlements on East coast : Meliyapur (San Thome), Chittagong,
wazir, Imad-ul-mulk.
Delhi and Agra in 1803. possession in India by the British � The Danes formed an East India Hoogli and Bandel.
� Real name of Shah Alam II was Ali
� He was killed by Ghulam Qadir in in 1795. Company in 1616. 2. Dutch : Dutch factories : Masulipatnam (in 1605 by Vande Hagen),
Gauhar.
1806. � The English east India Company � Serampore was their headquarter Pettappoli (Nizampatnam), Devanampettam/Tegnapattam (Called st. David
� Along with Mir Qasim and Shuja- � English concluded treaty of in India.
was formed by a group of mer- under English), Palicut (1610, fort Geldiria), Surat (in 1616 by Van Broecke).
ud-daulah he was defeated by En- Allahabad (1765) � They sold their settlements to Brit- 3. English : Masulipatnam (1611), Surat (1613), Madras (1639), In 1633,
chants known as “The Merchant
glish at the battle of Buxar in � Bahdur Shah Zafar was the last ish in 1845. Hariharpur (Odisha), Balasore, Pipli (1661) Hoogli (1651) Patna, Qasim
Adventurers’ in 1599”.
1764. Mughal Emperor. � Establishment of the first French bazar, Rajmahal.
� Captain Hawkins arrived at
Jahangir court in 1609 and was factory at Surat by Francois Caron 4. Danes : Tranquebar (1620), Serampore
COMING OF EUROPEANS
given a mansab of 400. in 1668. 5. French : Surat (1668), Masulipatnam (1669), Pondicherry, Chandernagar.
� Vasco da Gama landed at Calicut He persecuted the Muslims. � Establishments of a factory at
� Sir Thomas Roe was an ambassa- ENTRY OF EUROPEAN POWERS
in 1498 A.D. � At the time of Albuquerque’s death Masulipatnam by Marcara in
dor of James-I to Jahangir’s court. Portuguese � Dutch � English � Danes � French
� Vasco Da Gama returned to Por- in 1515 Portuguese was the 1669.
� In 1661 AD the Portuguese gave
tugal in 1499 with cargo worth 60 strongest naval power in India. � In 1673, acquisition of village of
Bombay as a part of dowry to their Company Year of Estd.
times of his expenses. � Nino da Cunha (Governor 1529- Valikondapuram (Pondicherry) and
princess, on her marriage with Estado da India (Portuguese Company) 1498
� Arrival of Pedro Alvarez Cabral in 38) transferred his capital from Bellanger de Lespinay by Francois
charles-II of Britain. British East India Company 1600
1500 A.D. Cochin to Goa in 1530. � Martin from Muslim governor,
� In 1668, Bombay was transferred Verrenigde Oost Indische Companie (Dutch) 1602
� Second trip of Vasco da Gama to � In 1530 Nino da Cunha acquired Sher Khan Lodi.
to East-India company by James Danish East India Company 1616
India in 1502. Diu and Bassein from Bahadur � Francois Martin was the first gov-
II for 10 Rs. per year. Compagnie des Indes Orientales (French) 1664
� Portuguese set up trading stations Shah of Gujarat. ernor of Pondicherry.
� In 1687, Bombay became seal of
at Calicut, Cochin, and Cannore in � Martin Alfanso de Souza (Gover- � In 1690 they got Chandernagar in ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH � Godeheau signed the treaty of
the western Presidency, it replaced
1502. nor 1542-45) arrived in India with Bengal from Mughal governor, Pondicherry in 1755 with the
Surat. RULES
� Cartaz system (passes given to Shaista Khan. English.
the famous Jesuit saint Francisco � In 1661 Shah Jahan’s Nishan � The Carnatic Wars, Battle of
ships) was i ntroduced by � Arrival of Dupleix, French Gover- � Third War (1758-1763) : French,
Xavier. granted free trade in Bengal for Rs. Plassey and Buxar, Anglo-Maratha
Portugese. nor in India in 1742 and the be- Count de Lally captured ‘Fort St.
� Francisco de Almeida created for- 3000 P.a. wars, Anglo-Mysore wars estab-
� Cochin was the early capital of ginning of the Anglo-French con- David’.
tresses at Kilwa, Anjadiva, � East-India Company was regulated lished British Supremacy.
Portuguese in India. Later Goa re- flict (Carnatic wars), resulting in � French were defeated at
Mannaur and Cochin. by Court of Directors.
placed it. defeat of French power in India. THE CARNATIC WARS Wandiwash (1760) under General
� Portuguese lost Hoogli in 1631 � Queen Elizabeth was the largest � French were finally defeated in the
� In 1503 Alfanso de Albuquerque Eyre Coote.
during the reign of Shahjahan. share holder of East India Com- � These were the Anglo-French con-
arrived in India as commander of battle of Wandiwash (1760) by En- � Pondicherry was returened to
� In 1661, the Portuguese king gave pany. glish and they lost almost all In- flicts.
a squadron. French by the Treaty of Paris.
Bombay to Charles-II of England � Charter of 1632 empowered the dian settlements (by the treaty of � These wars were continued for 20
� Vasco da Gama bombarded Calicut CONQUEST OF BENGAL
for marrying his sister. company to control and punish its Paris in 1763) to English. years from 1744 to 1763 A.D.
on the Zamorin’s refusal to expel
� The Marathas captured Salsatte employees in India. � First War (1744-1748) : French � Nawab Sirajuddaulah was against
Muslim traders. Establishment of First European
and Bassien in 1739. � Bombay was fortified by Charles captured Madras the misuse of Dastaks.
� In 1503, Raja of Cochin let Vasco Factories in India.
� In March 1602, the Dutch east Boon in 1720. � French defeated Nawab of � Nawab Sirajuddaulah seige the
build first fort. Portuguese 1502 A.D. (Cochin- English factory at Qasim Bazaar.
India company was formed. � Company’s mint was located in Hyderabad at St. Thome.
� De Almeida was the first Portu- Kerala) � On 20th June, 1756 Fort William
� The name of the company was Bombay. � Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle, (1748)
guese governor (1505-1509) in In- Dutch 1605 A.D. (Calcutta) was caputred.
‘Uereenigde Oost Indische � Free Merchants were called inter- ended the War of Austrian Suc-
dia. (Masulipatnam- A.P.) � The Nawab placed Calcutta under
Companie’. (also known as Dutch lopers by the EIC. cession.
� Albuquerque was appointed sec- English 1611 A.D. the charge of Manik chand.
United East India Company) � Charles Eyre was the first Presi- � Second War (1749-1754): Dupleix
ond governor of Portuguese in In- (Masulipatnam-A.P) � The Black Hole Episode took place
� It was the first multinational com- dent (Governor) of Fort William. al igned wi th Muzaffar Jung
dia in 1509. Danish 1620 A.D. (Tranqu- at Calcutta.
pany to issue stocks. � General Aungier was the first gov- (Hyderabad) and Chanda Sahib
� Albuquerque captured Goa in ebar, Tanjore-T.N.) � Calcutta recovered by Clive in
� Till 1690 Pulicat was their main ernor of Bombay (1669-1677). (Carnatic).
1510 from Bijapur. French 1668 A.D. (Surat, early 1757.
centre in India, thereafter � Masulipatnam (1611) was first � After initial reverses, Robert Clive
� Albuquerque encouraged his coun- � Nawab was forced to sign the Treaty
English settlement on East-coast. Gujarat) emerged victorius.
try men to marry Indian womens. Nagapattam replaced it. of Alinagar in February 1757.

OLE - 117 OLE - 118 OLE - 119

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Battle of Plassey was fought on ANGLO MYSORE WARS ANGLO-SIKH WARS � Major Changes were introduced 1857 REVOLTS : AT A GLANCE

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
23rd June, 1757. � First War (1766-1769) : Haider � Period of political instability pre- through the proclamation of Centre Leaders Time Officer Who Date of
� The English East India Company’s Ali defeated the British army. vailed after Ranjit Singh. Queen Vitoria (1858) Period Suppressed Suppres-
forces under Robert Clive de- � The Treaty of Madras Signed. � The First War was fought in 1845- THE SPREAD OF MUTINY AND the Revolt sion
feated Siraj-ud-Daulah. � Second War (1780-1784) : War- 1846. CIVIL REBELLION (1857-1858) Delhi Bahadur Shah, 11 May, 57 Nicholson and 20 Sep., 57
� Mir jaf far, Manikchand, ren Hastings attacked French port � The Sikhs were defeated in four Bakht Khan Hudson
Aminchand, Jagat Seth betrayed � 2nd February, 1857 : Mutiny of
Mahe, which was in Haider Ali’s battles. the 19th Native Infantry at Be- Kanpur Nana Saheb, 5 June, 57 Colin Campbell Dec., 57
Nawab. territory. � Battle of Sabraon is also known Tatia Tope
� Mir Jaffar was proclaimed Nawab hrampur.
� Haider Ali led a joint front with as ‘Battle of guns.’ Luckow Hazrat Mahal, 4 June, 57 Colin Campbell 31 Mar., 58
of Bengal. � 29th March, 1857 : Mangal Pan- Birjis Qadir
Nizam and Marathas and captured � Treaty of Lahore (1846) ended the
� The company recieved the dey killed his British command- Jhansi, Rani Laxmibai, 4 June, 57 Gen. Hugh 17 June,
Arcot. War.
Zamindari of 24 Parganas. er and was hanged at Barrack- Gawalior Tatia Tope Rose 1858
� In 1781, Haider Ali was defeated � The Second War was fought in
� Company gained a huge amount pore. Jagdish- Kunwar Singh, 12 June, 57 Major William December,
at Porto Novo by Eyre Coot. 1848-1849. pur Amar Singh Taylor 1858
of wealth from Bengal treasury. � 10 May, 1857 : Mutiny of Sepoys
� Treaty of Mangalore (1784) was � The Sikhs were defeated. Faizabad Maulvi Ahmadullah June 1857 — 5 June,
� The company recieved free trad- signed by Tipu Sultan. � Lord Dalhousie annexed Punjab at Meerut and march to Delhi.
Allahabad Liakat Ali June 1857 Col. Neill 1858
ing rights in Bengal, Bihar and � Third War (1789-1792) : Marathas in 1849. � 11-30 May, 1857 : Outbreaks in
Bareilly Khan Bahadur June 1857 Campbell 1858
Orissa. and Nizam aided the British, Delhi, Ferozepur, Bombay, Ali-
1857 REVOLT garh, Etawah, Bulandshahar, Na- VIEW OVER THE REOVLT 1857 � Zamindars were made the owner of
� Mir Jaffar was replaced by Mir Cornwallis captured Bangalore. By
� On 29th March, 1857 the sepoys sirabad, Bareilly, Moradabad, the lands and given them rights to
Qasim in 1760 A.D. Treaty of Srirangapatnam, Tipu � R.C. Majumdar : Neither first nor collect the rent from the peasants.
� Mir Qasim-Shifted capital to ceded half of his territories. at Barrackpore refused to use the Shahjehanpur and other stations National nor War of Independence
greased cartridge. in U.P. � The realized amount would be di-
Monghyr. � Fourth War (1799) : Tipu enlisted � V.D. Savarkar : First war of In- vided into 11 parts. 1/11 of the
� Mir Qasi m ceded Burdwan, himself as a member of the � Mangal Pandey attacked and fired � The Mughal emperor proclaimed dian Independence share belong to Zamindar and 10/
Midnapore and Chittagong. Jacobin Club, also planted a tree on the Adjutant. as the Emperor of India. � Sir John Seeley : Wholly unpatri- 11 of the share belongs to East
of liberty at Srirangapatnam. Lord � The 34 Native Infantry was dis- � June 1857 : Mutinies at Gwalior, otic and selfish sepoy Mutiny
� Mir Qasim checked the misuse of India Company.
Wellesley attacked and Tipu died. banded. Bharatpur, Jhansi, Allahabad, � Joutram and W Taylor : Hindu-
the Farman of 1717. Ryotwari System
Arthur Wellesley who was the � 85 sepoys of 3rd cavalry were Faizabad, Sultanpur, Lucknow Muslim Conspiracy
� War with the company began in � This land revenue system was intro-
brother of the Governor-General, court-martialled on their refusal etc. � John Lawrence : He was a single duced by Thomas Munro in 1820.
1763.
also participated in this war. to use the greased cartridge. � July 1857 : Mutinies at Indore, leader of ability arisen among the � Major areas of introduction in-
� Mir Qasim fled to Awadh and � General Hewitt was the command- Mhow, Sagar and certain Places rebels. clude Madras, Bombay, Parts of
formed a confederacy. ANGLO-MARATHA WARS ing officer at Meerut. in the Punjab like Jhelum Sialkot � Hugh Rose : Here lay the woman Assam and Coorgh provinces of
� Shujauddaulah and Shah Alam � First Anglo Maratha War was � Delhi was seized by the rebels on (Laxmi Bai), who was the only man
etc. British India.
were part of the confederation. fought from 1775-1782 A.D. 12th May 1857. among the rebels.
� August 1857 : Civil rebellion � In Ryotwari System the ownership
� Battle of Buxar was fought on � The Britishers signed Treaty of � Lt. Willoughby was the officer in � T.R. Holmes : Conflict between
spreads throughout Sagar and rights were handed over to the
22nd October, 1764. Surat with Raghunath Rao (1775). charge of magazine at Delhi. civilisation and Barbarism. peasants.
Nerbudda districts.
� Mir Qasim was defeated by Major � The Treaty of Purandhar was made � The British officer of Delhi, Col. CAUSES OF FAILURE � British Government collected taxes
Munro. � September 1857 : The English
in 1775. Ripley was killed. recapture Delhi. � The revolt remained confined to directly from the peasants.
� The Battle of Buxar placed Awadh � The Treaty of Salbai (1782) gave � The British army entered Delhi on small part of North India. � The revenue rates of Ryotwari Sys-
under the company. � October 1857 : Revolt spreads to
20 years of peace. 14 sept. 1857, after 5 days of battle. � lack of resources as compared to tem were 50% where the lands
� Mir Jaffar was again placed on Kota State.
� The Second Maratha war was � Sadruddin led the revolt in Mewat. those of the British. were dry and 60% in irrigated land.
throne. � November 1857 : The rebels de-
fought from 1803-1806 A.D. � Rao Tularam led the revolt in � The rebel leaders lacked political Mahalwari System
� After the death of Mir Jaffar Nizam- feat General Windham outside leadership, military experience
� The Primary cause was the Treaty Rewari (Haryana). � This land revenue system was in-
ud-daulah was placed on the throne. Kanpur. and strategic knowledge and lim- troduced in 1833 during the pe-
of Bassein (1802). � Devi Singh led the revolt in
� Nizam-ud-daulah signed the � December 1857 : Sir Colin Camp- ited social base riod of William Bentick.
� The Scindia and the Bhonsle were Mathura.
Treaty of Allahabad in 1765 with bell wins the battle of Kanpur. � Sikh, Marathas, Rajputs and some � It was introduced in central Prov-
defeated. � Kadam Singh was an important
Mughal emperor Shah Alam II. Tatia Tope escapes. other sections of society sup- ince, North-West Frontier, Agra,
� The Third Anglo Maratha War was leader in Meerut.
� The company got the Diwani of fought in 1817-1818. � Rango Bapuji Gupte led the revolt � March 1858 : Lucknow recap- ported British Authorities. Punjab, Gangetic Valley, etc of
Bihar, Bengal and Orissa. � Lord Hasting’s moves against in Maharashtra. tured by the English. LAND REVENUE SYSTEM DURING British India.
� The Diwani was granted by Pindaris transgressed the author- � Copy of the manifesto of Nana � April 1885 : Jhansi falls to the BRITISH RULE � In this system, the land was di-
Mughal Emperor. ity of the Marathas. Saheb was pasted in Pune college. English. Fresh rising in Bihar led Zamindari System (Permanent vided into Mahals.
� � by Kunwar Singh. Settlement) � Each Mahal comprises one or
� Clive introduced the Dual system The Maratha confederacy was Chinta Bhupati revolted in
� May 1858 : The English recapture � This land revenue system was in- more villages. Owenship rights
of government. completely destroyed. Golkonda region.
Bareilly, Jagdishpur and Kalpi troduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1973 were vested with the peasants.
� Warren Hestings ended the Dual � Peshwa Baji Rao-II was dethroned � Deepuji Rana revolted in Goa.
� July-December 1858 : English � It was introduced in provinces of � The Villages committee was held re-
system in 1772. and pensioned off at Bithur near � Nana Saheb issued a manifesto for
authority re-established in India. Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Varanasi. sponsible for collection of the taxes.
Kanpur. Deccan on 18 April, 1858.
OLE - 120 OLE - 121 OLE - 122
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
the time and was avoided and T he Partition of Bengal and schools, and colleges and of for-

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
� During Swadeshi Movement R.N.

INDIAN HISTORY
BOOKS AND WRITERS ASSOCIATED WITH 1857 REVOLTS
nipped in the bud, by the Swadeshi Movement eign goods, promoti on of Tagore wrote a song named ‘Amar
Authors Books foundation of the INC. swadeshi goods, promotion of Sonar Bangla’ later this song
� At the close of the 19th century
S. N. Sen 1857 Aims and Objectives of Congress : the province of Bengal compris- national education through the became the national song of
P. C. Joshi Rebellion, 1857 � The promotion of personal ing besides Bengal proper, Bihar, establishing of national schools Bangladesh.
H. P. Chattopadhyaya Sepoy Mutiny 1857 intimacy and friendship amongst Orissa and Chhotanagpur, was and colleges. Act passed by Government to
R.C. Majumdar Sepoy Mutiny and the Revolt of 1857 all the more earnest workers in the largest and the most popu- � The swadeshi movement was a suppress the Movement
Maulana Azad Eighteen Fifty Seven our country’s cause in various lated province in British India. great success. 1. Sedition meeting Act, 1907.
V.D. Savarkar First War of Indian Independence parts of the empire. � In 1904 the viceroy and the � In Bengal labours also joined the 2. Criminal Law Amendment Act,
� The eradication of all possible Governer General Lord Curzon movement. 1908.
S. B. Chaudhari Civil Rebellion in the Indian Mutinies,
race, creed, caste and develop- announced the scheme of the � The government adopted several 3. Indian Newspaper Act, 1908.
Theories of Indian Mutiny.
ment and consolidation of senti- partition of Bengal into two sepa- 4. Explosive substances Act, 1908.
A. T. Embree 1857 in India tough measures. It passed sev-
ments of national unity. 5. Indian press Act, 1910.
rate provinces on the ground of eral acts to crush the movement.
� Recording of the opinions of
MAJOR TRIBAL MOVEMENTS : AT A GLANCE admini strative considerati on � Indian National Congress took the
educated classes on pressing Leaders & their journals
problems. namely lightening the burden of swadeshi call first at Banaras ses-
Tribal Area Year Leader Bengal, but the real motive was
� The authoritative record. sion of 1905 presided over by Journal Leader
Movement to curb the growth of national
� Pressing social questions of the G.K. Ghokhle. Yugantar – Barindra Ghosh
Chuars W. Bengal 1768-1832 — day. feeling in Politically advanced � Lal, Bal, Pal and Arbindo Ghosh Sanjivini – K. K. Mitra
Bhils Khandesh 1818-1848 Sevaram � The determination of the lines Bengal by driving a wedge be- played the important role. Bharat Mata – Ajit Singh
Ho Chota Nagpur 1820-32 — upon and methods, by which, tween the Bengali speaking Hin- � October 16, 1905 the day of par-
during the twelve months, it is dus and Muslims and destroying Sandhya – B. Upadhyaya
Kolis Sahyadri Hills 1824-48 — tition formally came into force
desirable for native politicians to the solidarity of the people of New India – Anne Besent
Khasis Khasi Hills 1829-32 Tirut Singh and was observed as the day of
labour in the public interest. Bengal by dividing them into two
Barmanik mourning throughout Bengal. Calcutta Session of Congress
Facts relating to INC blocks. � Calcutta session of congress was
Singh Phos Assam 1830-39 — � People fasted, bathed in the Gan-
� The partition was declared in held in 1906 � this session was
Kols Chota Nagpur 1831-32 Budho Bhagat � Lord Duffering was the viceroy of ga and walked barefoot in pro-
India during the foundation of Shimla in 7 July, 1905. presi ded over by Dadabhai
Koyas Andhra Pradesh 1840-1924 Alluri Sitaram Raju cessions singing Vande Mataram.
Indian National congress (INC) � The partion took place on 20 Naoroji.
Kachnagas Chacher (Assam) 1882 Sambhudan � R.N. Tagore invoked the people
� Congress, term has been taken July, 1905. � In this session Naoroji first time
Ahom Assam 1828-33 Gomdhan Kunvar to celebrate the partition as a ‘Ra- used the terms – ‘Swaraj’.
from the history of US. which � The people of Bengal organised
khi Day’. � Bhupendra Nath Basu was the
FOUNDATION OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS means ‘the group of people.’ protest meeting and observed the
� The first session of INC was day of mourning. The whole po- Revolutionary leader with president of welcome committee
� The architect of Indian National swadeshi movement of this session.
third, a Muslim, Tyabji and the planned to organised in Pune but litical life of Bengal under went
congress was Allan Octavion forth and fifth were two English- due to plague it was organised in a change. 1. B.G. Tilak – Mumbai & The Surat split (1907)
Hume a reti red Engl ish ICS man, George youle and wedder- Bombay (now Mumbai) � Gandhij i wrote that the real Pune � This session was took place in
of ficer, who founded this in burn respectively. � According to Lala Lajpat Rai, The awakening in India took place 2. Ajit Singh – Punjab Surat on the bank of river Tapti
December 1885 al ong with � The first congress was attended congress was the origin of only after the partition of Bengal. 3. Lala Lajpat Ray – Uttar Pradesh under the presidentship of Ras
seventy one other political by representatives of all commu- Dufferin’s mind. Bihari Ghosh.
workers. nities. � The anti partition movement 4. Sayyid Haider – Delhi
� Sir Sayyid Ahmad was against INC. � This was the 23rd session.
� The first meeting of the INC was � The first congress was attended culminated into the Swadeshi Raza
� Curzon said to congress ‘a rebel- � During the Surat split, Lord Minto
organi sed by A.O. Hume at by two muslims, the 2nd by 33 lion organisation.’ movement and spread to other 5. Chidambaram – Madras was the viceroy of India.
Gokaldas Tejpal Sanskrit College and the sixth in 1890, by 156 out parts of India. Pillai � The INC split into two groups –
� On 27 December, 1936 congress
on December 28th, 1885 in of 702 delegates i.e. 22 percent. session held in village first time � The aggressive nationalists forced the extremists and the moderates.
Bombay. � Ashwani Kumar Datta setup a
� Hume’s main purpose in in Faizpur. Dada Bhai Naoroji to speak of � Extremists were led by Lal, Bal
� The first session of the Indian ‘Swadesh Bandhava Committee’ to
encouraging the foundation of the � Bankim Chandra Chatterjee said ‘Swaraj’ in the session of Calcutta and Pal while the moderates by
National Congress was attended flash the message of this move-
congress was to provide a ‘safety the people of congress are greedy in 1906. G.K. Gokhale.
by 72 delegates. valve to the growing discontent ment.
of posts. � Controversy rose over the elected
� The first president of the con- among the educated Indians. Swadeshi Movement � R.N. Tagore set ‘Bengal National
� Lala Lajpat Rai said that the president, Ras Bihari Ghosh as
gress was an Indian Christian � This was a myth and the core of sessions of INC were the annual � This movement involved College’ for National education. extremists did not accept this.
W.C. Banerjee, the second was the myth is that a violent national fairs of uneducated programmes like the boycott of Aurbindo Ghosh was the Princi- Extremists wanted Lala Lajpat
a Parsi Dadabhai Naoroji, the revolution was on the varge at Indians. government’s servi ce, court, pal of this college. Rai to be chosen.

OLE - 123 OLE - 124 OLE - 125

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� The moderates were succeeded to � Lord Minto came to be known as � After two months stay in Canadi- � Shyamji Krishna Varma setup In- � Lord Hardinge decided to shift The Lucknow Pact (1916)

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
make Ras Bihari Ghosh as pres- the Father of Communal Elector- an after, Komagata maru started dian Home Rule Society and In- the capital of country from Cal- � The Lucknow session was impor-
ident of INC Surat session. Due ate returning on 23rd July. dia House and brought out jour- cutta to Delhi. When he trium-
to this congress split into two tant not only in that it brought the
� Aimed at dividing the rationalist � When ship reached Budge- nal named ‘The sociologist’ in phantly entered the historic city
parts. moderates and the Extremists to-
ranks and at rallying the moder- Budge, angry passengers fought London in 1905. of Delhi Chandani Chowk a huge gether, it also led to an entente
Foundation of Muslim League (1906) ate and the muslims to the gov- with police many were wounded � Madan Lal Dhingra murdered ceremonial procession was taken between the congress and the
ernments side. and died. Curzon Wyllie in 1909. out. As the procession passed
� Muslim League setup in 1906 Muslim League.
� One Indian (for the first time) was The second stage of National Move- � Madam Bhikaji Cama operated through the crowded ‘bazar of
under the leadership of Aga � On 2nd october, 1911 the parti-
to be appointed to the viceroy’s ment from Pari s and Geneva and Chandni Chowk suddenly a bomb
Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dha- tion of Bengal was annulled.
executive council. � The main centres of revolutionary brought out j ournal ‘Bande exploded as if to crack the sheel
ka and Nawab Mohsin-ul-mulk. � The Muslims community in India
� Satyendra Prasad Sinha became movement were three – Matram’. of viceroy’s. The bomb missed
� Vakar-ul-mulk was the first pres- was further disappointed by the
the first Indian to join the viceroy’s 1. Maharashtra the target.
ident of Muslim League. Bengal hostile attitude of the British Gov-
Executive Council. He was ap- � The bomb had been thrown by a
� A deputation of about 35 2. Bengal
pointed as the Law member. � In Bengal the revol uti onary ernment towards the sultan of
muslims, representing different 3. Punjab great patriot Ras Bihari Bose. He
movements was organised by Turkey during the Tripoli and
parts of the country and led by Komagata Maru ship Incident (1914) slipped away quietly.
Maharashtra Bhadralok society. Balkan wars in 1911, 1912 &
Aga Khan met lord Minto on 10 � Under fictitious name he went
� Canada Government was un- � ‘Anushilan committee’ was the 1913.
October, 1906 in Shimla. � The revolutionary movement was away to Japan with R.N. Tagore
happy with the increasing num- first revolutionary Institute in � They looked upon the Sultan as
� Muslim League put before him started from Maharashtra in and raised INA.
ber of India settlers in Canada. Bengal which was founded by the Calipha of Islam and did not
two points – 1897. � Later he handed it over to the
� It harassed the immigrants and P. Mitra, Barindra Kumar Ghosh like that he should has been hum-
1. At all elections, whether for � Tilak’s attempt to propagate mili- leadership of Netaji Subhash
legislative councils or for local planned to shift all of them to Is- tancy among the youth was the and Bhupendra Nath Dutta in 24 bled by Italy and the Balkan pow-
land which was known for its March, 1903. Chandra Bose.
bodies muslims must be sep- Shivaji and Ganapati Festivals. ers through the connivance of
unhealthy climate. � Another Anushilan committee � This incident is known as Delhi
erately represented and their � Tilak published journals –Kesari England.
� In order to arrest the inflow of was founded by Pulin Biharidas conspiracy case. In this case
representatives seperately elect- & Maratha. � The Participation of Turkey in the
Indians, the Canadians Govern- in Dhaka in Bangladesh. Amirchandra, Avadh Bihari and
ed by partly Muslims electors. � By the inspiration of Tilak Great war on the side of Germa-
ment passed an immigration Act � Many newspapers advocated rev- Bal Mukund hanged on in Delhi
2. The extent of the muslim com- ‘Acharya Bandhav Committee’ was ny convinced the Indian Muslim
olutionary activity like Sandhya and Basant Kumar in Ambala.
munity’s representation must which permitted only those Indi- established in Maharashtra. that British was not the real
be commensurate not merely ans to land in Canada who were by Brahmabandhav Upadhyaya, Punjab friend of Islam.
� Chapekar Brothers – Damodar
with thier numerical strength direct passengers from Calcutta. Vande Matram by Arbindo � The first step towards national
Hari Chapekar & Balkrishna Hari � In Punjab, the revoluti onary
but with their political impor- � Unfortunately no passenger ship Ghosh, Yugantar by Bhupendra
Chapekar established ‘Vyayama activists were Lala Lajpat Rai, Ajit solidarity and common action was
tance and the value of the con- in those days sailed directly for Dutta.
Mandal’ in Pune in 1896-97. Singh, Aga Haider Syed Haider taken by Jinnah and some of his
tribution which they make to Canada from only India bound � In 1907, Avani sh Chandra
� Chapekar brothers were associ- Raza, Bhai Parmananda, associates. They i nvi ted the
the defence of the Empire. ship either from Hongkong or Bhattacharya wrote a book-
ated with revolutionary institute Lalchand Falak and Sufi Amba league to hold its annual session
The objective of muslim league : Shangai. present strategy (Vartman
– ‘Hindu Dharma Sangh’. Prasad. at Bombay in December 1915
(i) To promote among Indian Mus- Ranniti). This book advocated to
� Baba Gurdit Singh, a man of af- � In 22 June, 1897 Chapekar where the congress was holding
lim feeling of loyalty towards youths to take military education. Ghadar Party (1913)
fluent means and a contractor of Brothers shot dead plague com- its own session.
the British Government. � In 1908, Praffula Chaki and
repute came to rescue of Indians missioners Rand and Amerst in � The Ghadar Party, which began � The congress and the league de-
(ii) To protect the political and Khudiram Bose attempted to mur-
stranded in Hongkong in 1910. Pune. as an association to protect and cided to cooperate in formulating
other rights of Indian Muslims der Muzaffapur Judge kingsford.
� He hired a Japanese ship � Chapekar brothers hanged on 18 defend the rights of Indian set- a common scheme of post-war
and to place their needs and � Praffula Chaki committed suicide
aspirations before the Govern- Komagatamaru. The ship reached April, 1898. tlers in the United States and reforms and in pressing its adop-
and Khudiram Bose was arrest- Canada, later grew into a move-
ment in temperate language. Calcutta and accommodated � In 1899 V.D. Savarkar and his tion by the British authorities.
ed and hanged on May 11, 1908. ment to liberate the country from
(iii) The fomation of the muslim nearly 500 passengers. brother Ganesh organised a se- � This session was presided over
� Aurobindo Ghosh, Varindra Ghosh, alien yoke.
league was a great success of � It reached the fort of vancouver cret society named – ‘Mitra Mela’. Ambika Charan Majumdar.
Ullas Dutta, Hemchandra Das � In 1907 Ramnath Puri estab-
British Government and his on 22 May, 1914. These people � They were co-accused in Nasik etc were involved in this case. � The architect of congress-league
policy of ‘Divide & Rule’ did not come under the and Gwalior conspiracy cases. lished Hindustan Assosiation in were Jinnah & Tilak.
� Aurobindo Ghosh was released
restrainsts of the Canadian Act. � In 1904 Mitramela and Abhinava San Fransisco and edited ‘sarku-
Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) due to lack of evidence after that � The cooperati on of Musl ims
� Canadian Government did not al- Bharat were merged. lar-i-Ajadi in urdu.
� After Curzon, Lord Minto became he published an English paper League was welcomed by INC at
low the ship to enter Vancouver � In 1909 District Magistrate Jack- � Taraknath Das brought out free
the viceroy of India ‘Karmyogini’. karachi Session in 1913 under
hence the passenger did not get son of Nasik was assassinated by Hindustan in 1908 from Vancou-
� It envisaged a separate elector- � He became saint in course of time the Leadership of Nawab Sayyid
down. Anant Lakshman Kanhare. ver, Canada.
ate for Muslims. and set Ashram in Puducherry. Mohammad Bahadur.

OLE - 126 OLE - 127 OLE - 128

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Home Rule Movement � ‘The commonweal’ and ‘The New � The most important provision of Champaran Satyagrah (1917) � The peasants of Khera district than 4 person gathered at one

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY
� After Tilak’s return, having served India’, and altogether she depos- the Act was the introduction of � Gandhiji tried the efficacy of his were in extreme distress due to place would be shot.
sentence of six years in Manda- ited and forfeited a sum of Rs. “Dyarchy”, a sort of double gov- weapon in India first in Champa- a failure of crops and the govern- � The people who gathered there
20,000 on 14 June, 1917. ernment in the province. The pro- ran. ment ignored their appeals for were absolutely unarmed.
lay.
� The Government of Madras is- vincial subjects were divided into � Champaran was a district of the the remission of land revenue. � As soon as the proceedings com-
� He tried securing the need to in-
sued order of internment against ‘Reserved’ and ‘Transferred’ sub- Tirhut division of the Bihar prov- � The peasants of Khera were al- menced, Dyer ordered the troops
volve himself and other extrem- ince.
Besant and her two associates. jects. ready hard pressed because of to fire. ‘till the ammunition ex-
ists into Indian National Con- � The tenants of this district were
G.S. Arundale and B.P. Wadia. � It separated, for the first time, Plague, high prices and draught. hausted.”
gress. bound by contract to plant trees
provincial budgets from the � Due to Gandhiji’s effort, the gov- � With one hour, about 380 person
� A committee of its members were � Subramaniam Iyer returned his out of twenty parts of his land
central budget. ernment bound and a compro- were ki l l ed and 2000 were
formed for Home Rule. ‘knighthood’ due to the detention with Indigo for his land lord who,
� Important departments such as mise was made between them. wounded.
� On the recommendation of this of Annie Besant and her two as- by and large , were Englishman.
Finance, Police, General Admin- � Indulal Yagnik and Sardar Patel � The Lt. Governor of the Punjab,
committee Tilak setup Home Rule sociates. � Thi s system was known as applauded his action and the Brit-
istration etc were ‘Reserved’ and ‘tinkathia system’. took leading role in movement
in Belgaon in 28 April, 1916. � Later in September, 1917 She ish business community in India
were to be dealt with by the Gov- � But when Indigo became unremu- with Gandhiji.
� Tilak’s League had six branches was released. She was the first hailed him as a valiant hero’ and
ernor and his Executive Council. nerative, the European planters Rowlatt Act (1919)
and restricted to Maharashtra, women president of congress. presented him a purse of 26
less important department called, imposed higher taxes to compen- � The 1919 sedition committee
Karnataka, Central provinces and thousand pounds and a ‘Sword of
Montague Declaration (1917) ‘Transferred’ subject were to be sate their loses in the internation- headed by justice Rowlatt led to
Berar. honour’.
� A British policy was announced dealt with by Minister chosen al trade at that time. the Rowlatt Act. where by war
� Josef Baptista became the presi- � Due to this massacre, R. N.
which aim at increasing associa- from the elected members of the � Gandhiji was requested by Rajku- time restrictions of civil rights
dent and N.C. Kelkar secretary. Tagore returned ‘Knighthood’ and
provincial legislature. mar Shukla to look into the prob- were to be made permanent by—
� A similar organisation was setup tion of Indian in every branch of Shankaran Nair resigned from the
� It extended the principle of com- lems of the Indigo planters. (a) System of Special court
in Madras in September 1916 by the administration for progressive executive council of viceroy.
munal representation by provid- � Gandhiji was successful in abol- (b) Detention without trial for
Annie Besant. realization of responsible Govern- ishing the tinkathia systems and � Government setup enquiry com-
ing separate electorates for Sikhs, maximum 2 years. mission under the chairmanship
� She was a great leader of India ment in India as an integral part refund was made to the cultiva-
Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians (c) Greater police power. of Hunter hence known as ‘Hunt-
and was deeply interested in the of the ‘British empire’ this came tors in wages.
and Europeans. � This act authorized the govern- er commission’.
educational religious and social to be the August Declaration or Movement of Ahmedabad Mill
� Part V of the act made provision ment to imprison any person � On March 13, 1940 Sardar
uplift of the Indian people. Montague Declaration. workers (1918)
for a statutory commission to be without trial and conviction of the Udham Singh killed O’Dyer when
� Annie Besant’s League had 200 � Moderates called it ‘the Magna � In Ahmedabad the disputes was
setup, at the expiration of ten court of law. he was addressing a meeting in
branches and covered the rest of Carta of India’. between the mill owners and
years after the passing of the act workers over the ‘plague bonus’ � It was first countrywide agitation caxton hall, London. Udham
the country, that was not includ- � Tilak called it ‘Morning Without for the purpose of inquiring into by Gandhiji and marked the Singh took the revenge of Jallian-
which the owner wanted to with-
ed in Tilak’s League. the Sun’. the working of the system of Gov- foundation of non-cooperation wala massacre by killing O’Dyer.
draw once the epidemic was over.
� The British authorities became The Montague -Chelmsford reforms ernment. movement. Khilafat Movement (1920)
� Gandhiji requested the mill own-
seriously concerned about the (1919) ers to pay wages but they re- � During March and April 1919, � In the first world war, Turkey,
Home Rule Movement in India. The Third phase of National
(The Indian council Act 1919) Movement fused to do so. the country witnessed a remark- which had joined the Axis pow-
� British Government decided to � Gandhiji advised the workers to able political awakening in India. ers was defeated by the Allied
curb the Home Rule leagues. � This act was come into force in (Ghandhi Era -1919-1947) go on strike and explained them � This Act was criticized as ‘Black powers. When the war ended the
� Circulars were issued prohibiting 1921. � The third phase of the national what it meant. Gandhiji advised Act.’ victorious Allied powers took a
school and college boys from par- The main provisions of this Act — movement is called the ‘Ghandhi- the workers to go on strike and � This act was called ‘Bina Apeel very stern attitude towards Tur-
� The Imperial Legislative Council Era’. he undertook hunger strike after key and finally dismembered the
ticipating in the Home Rule Move- Bina Daleel Bina Vakil’.
was abolished and in its place a which the mill owners press into once mighty Turkish ottoman
ment. � Gandhiji returned from south Af- Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy (13 April,
bicameral legislature, composed accepting the tribunal award of empire.
� In July 1916, Tilak was prose- rica to India on 9 Jan, 1915 and 1919)
of the legislative Assembly and 35% increase in wages.
cuted, allegedly, for delivering joined the national movement. � The sultan of Turkey who was
Council of state, was estab- � This was the second victory of � A meeting was called in to oppose
seditious speeches and was or- � Here Gandhiji met with Gokhale, also the Khalif was deposed.
lished. Gandhiji’s fight for justice. the detention of Dr Satyapal &
dered to furnish a personal boend The thought of Gokhale influenced � On May 14, 1920 the term of the
� The Indian executive comprised Khera Satyagrah (1918) Kitchlew.
of Rs. 20,000 with two sureties Gandhiji much and he accepted treaty of serves that were pro-
of the Governer -General and his � In the forenoon of the April -the
of Rs 10,000 each. him his political Guru. � Hardly was the Ahmedabad mill posed to be offered to the sultan
Executive council. The former Baisakhi day’ along with troops of
� Initialy Gandhiji worked for Brit- strike over, that his attention was of Turkey, were publ i shed.
� Annie Besant was called upon to was the head of the Executive the 45th Bri tish Regi ment
ish government but soon he dis- drawn to the deplorable plight of These convinced the Indian Mus-
furnish security for her press and distributed the portfolioes marched through the mai n
appointed with the policy of Brit- the Peasants of Khera district, in lims that the sultan was going to
and papers. among the executive councillors. streets, proclamation that if more
Bombay province. be deprived of all his territories
ish Government.
OLE - 129 OLE - 130 OLE - 131
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
in Europe and in Asia and that � A special session of the congress � After the suspension of the move- � On 3rd February, 1928 Simon (ii) Purna Swaraj was the main First Round Table conference

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
the Holy places of Islam were go- was convened at Calcutta in ment inorder to isolate Mahatma and his colleagues landed in Bom- aims of congress. (1930)
ing to pass into non-muslim September, 1920, to approve of Gandhi from the masses, the bay and were greeted with ha- (iii) Launch programme of civil � It was the first conference ar-
hands. the non-cooperation scheme. British authorities put him under trals and black-flag demonstra- disobedience including non ranged between the British and
� Much resentment was expressed � The Tilak Swaraj Fund was start- arrest on March 13, 1922. tions. payment of taxes. Indians as equals.
by the Indian Muslims against the ed to finance the non-cooperation � Gandhi took upon himself the re- � The commission’s arrival in India (iv) All members of legislatures � It was held on Nov. 12, 1930 in
deposition of the Sultan of Tur- movement. sponsibility for this incident. led to a powerful protest move- asked to resign their seats. London to discuss Simon Com-
key and dismemberment of his � The judge sentenced him to six ment in which nationalist enthu- � On December 31, 1929, the new- mission.
� In July 1921, the Ali brothers
empire. years imprisonment. siasm and unity reached new ly adopted tricolour flag was un- � Congress and most business
gave a call to the Muslims to re-
� A deputation of the prominent In- Swaraj Party (1923) heights furled and January 26, 1930 leaders were kept away
sign from the Army.
� In protest Lala Lajpat Rai Suc- was fixed as the first indepen- � Participants —
dian Muslim leaders led by Dr. � The movement envisaged – � Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das and N.C.
dence day which was to be cele- (i) Muslim league – Represented
M.A. Ansari demanded to (Unable (i) Boycott of school, college, law Kelkar demanded that the nation- cumbed to injuries on Oct 30,
brated every year. by Mohammad Ali , Agha
to judge) Lord Chelmsford, and courts. alists should end the boycott of 1929.
Civil Disobedience Movement Khan, Fazlul Haq and Jinnah.
urged that the empire of the sul- (ii) Surrender of titles honorary the legislative council, enter them Nehru Report (1928)
� Civil Disobedience Movement be- (ii) Hindu Mahasabha —
tan must be preserved intact and offices. and expose them but the No � After boycotting the Simon com-
gan with Dandi March by Gandhi Represented by Moonje and
sovereigty of the sultan as ‘Calipha’ (iii) Resignation from nominated Changers like Rajendra Prasad mission, all political parties con- on 12 March, 1930. The break- Jaykar
not be disturbed. offices and posts in the local and Rajgopalachari ordered to the stituted a committee under the ing of salt laws on 6 April, 1930 (iii) Liberals – Represented by
� These demands which were also bodies. Gandhi’s Programme of boycott of chairmanship of motilal Nehru to formally inaugurated the Civil Dis- Sapru, Chintamani and Srinivas
supported by the INC. and in- legislatures. evolve and determine the princi- obedience Movement.
(iv) Refusal to attend government Shashtri.
cluded as one of the main de- � The Pro-changers formed the ples of a constitution of India. � Salt law violated in many parts of
offices. (iv) Princes – Represented by
mands for launching of the Non- Swaraj Party On Jan 1, 1923, � It remained memorable as the the country. Akbar Hydar and Mirza Ismail,
(v) Refusal of general public to
Cooperation Movement led to the contested the elections and first major Indians effort to draft � In this movement foreign liquor the Diwans of Hyderabad and
offer themselves for military
launching of Khilafat Movement. embarrassed the government by a constitutional framework for In- and cloth shops picketed. Mysore respectively.
and offer government jobs.
� An all India Khilafat Conference opposing its measures. dia complete with lists of central � Lawyers gave up practice public (v) Dalits – Represented by B.R.
(vi) Boycott of foreign goods.
under the chairmanship of Gan- � In the elections of 1923 the Das- and provincial subjects and fun- boycotted law courts by refrain- Ambedkar.
� C. R. Das and Moti Lal Nehru
dhiji met in Delhi and resolved to Nehru group under the banner of damental rights. ing from litigation. (vi) Sikh – Sardar Purna Singh
gave up their legal practices. the Swaraj Party emerged the sin- � It demanded responsible govern-
withdraw all cooperation with the � Government Servents were re- (vii) Business – Homi Modi
Government until the Khilafat de- � Subhash Chandra Bose resigns gle largest party in the central ment both in the centre and in signed from their posts. Gandhi -Irwin Pact (1931)
mands were redeemed. from the civil services. Assembly, Bombay and Bengal the province , but it advocated � People refused to pay tax. � Tej Bahadur Sapru, M.R. Jayakar
� An all India Khilafat committee � During this movement the Prince Councils. Dominion Status and not complete � The movement reached the ex- and Srinivas Shashtri initiated
was also setup to organise mass of Wales visited India and were � The swarajists pursued an ob- independence. treme North-Western frontier efforts to break the ice between
support for Muslims cause. greeted with strikes and demon- structionist strategy to defeat all � The report recommended equal province under the leadership of Gandhiji and the Governments.
� On 17 october, 1919, ‘Khilafat strations. proposals for legislative enact- rights for women, freedom to Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan. � The two signed a pact on March
day’ was celebrated. Chauri-Chaura Incident (1922) ments. form unions and dissociation of � Surya Sen’s Chittagong Revolt 5, 1931.
� Gandhiji suggested khilafat com- � The congress session at Allaha- � The two sections were reunited the state from religion. Group carried out a raid on two � Gandhiji agreed to suspend Dis-
mittee to start non cooperation bad in December 1921 decided in 1930 after the Lahore session. � The committee comprised Tej Ba- armouries and declared the es- obedience movement and agreed
to launch a Civil Disobedience The Simon Commission (1927-28) hadur Sapru, Ali Imam M.S. Aney, tablishement of a provisional gov- to join the 2nd round table con-
movement. Committee accepted
Movement. Mangal Singh, Sohaib Qureshi, ernment. ference.
the suggestion. � In 1927, the British decided to
� Gandhiji was appointed its leader. G.R. Pradhan and Subhash � In Sholapur (Maharashtra) Textile � The government on its part re-
The Non-Cooperation Movement appoint a commission to recom-
Chandra Bose. workers went on a strike, burnt leased the political prisoners and
(1920-21) � But before it could be launched, mend further constitutional re- liquor shop, railway stations, Mu- conceded the right to make salt
� It was the first mass - based on a mob of the people clashed with forms. The Lahore Session of the Congress
nicipal building, law courts and for consumption for villages along
political movement under Gan- police at Chauri-Chaura in Gora- � This commission was under the (1929)
declared the establishment of the coast and withdrawal of
dhiji. khpur district of Uttar Pradesh chairmanship of Simon. � On December, 1929, INC de- paralled government. emergency ordinances.
� Gandhiji launched this movement on 5 February, 1922. � During the time of Simon commis- clared ‘Purna Swaraj’ at Lahore � In Bihar chowkidari tax were re- 2nd Round Table conference (1931)
on 1 August, 1920. � The mob burnt 22 policemen. sion Lord Irwin was the viceroy session under the chairmanship fused.
of J.L. Nehru. � Ramsay Macdonald was the Prime
� It was based on three demands– Gandhiji shocked with this of India. � Forest law breached in central
� Decision taken at Lahore Ses-
Minister of Britain.
(i) The Khilafat issue. incident. � All the members of this commis- region of the country.
� 2nd round table conference was
(ii) Justice for Jallianwala Bagh � This incident compelled Gandhiji sion were the british that’s why sion — � In Manipur Rani Gaidinliu raised organised under his chairmanship.
Massacre to withdraw the non-cooperation congress opposed this and called (i) Round table conference to be the banner of revolt against for-
� At that time Wellington was the
movement on February 12, 1922. it white commission. boycotted. eign rule.
(iii) Issue of self Rule. Viceroy of India.

OLE - 132 OLE - 133 OLE - 134

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Gandhiji was the only member to main terms was concluded be- untary. It was unnatural to The second world war and Resig- (ii) A post war body to enact the � J.L. Nehru was arrested next.

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY
participate in this conference. tween Gandhiji and Ambedkar. think that the autocratic nation of congress ministries constitution. � The Satyagrahis in their speech-
� Gandhiji demanded control over (i) 148 seats were to be allotted princes of the native states � The second world war broke out (iii) Expansion of governor -Gen- es appealed to the people not to
defence and foreign affairs. to the depressed classes in would join the Fedration of on September 1, 1939 when Nazi eral’s council with representa- extend war help to the Govern-
� Hindu Mahasabha demanded fed- the Provincial legislatures as the democratically conscious Germany invaded Poland. tion of the Indians. ment.
eral responsibility, which was op- against 71 promised by the Indian provinces they, there- � Britain and France came to the (iv) Establishing a war advisory � By May 1941, nearly 14000 sa-
posed by muslim league and the communal Award and 18% of fore did’t join and they hoped aid of Poland and declared war council. tyagrahis courted arrest.
princess. the total in central legislature. for All India Federation was against Germany. (v) Made consent of minorities Cripps’ Proposals (March, 1942)
� Ambedkar demanded separate (ii) Ambedkar to accepted the never formed. A good portion � Soon afterwards the Government necessary for adoption of fu- � After the fall of Rangoon to the
electorates for Dalits, which was principle of joint electorate. of the act thus remained set of India declared India to be at Japanese the British decided to
ture constitution. (indirectly
opposed by Gandhiji. � Leamders like Madan Mohan Ma- contradictory. war with Germany without con- send the cripps mission to India
veto power given to Muslim
� The government refused to con- laviya, M.C. Rajah and B.R. 2. The real significance of the Act sulting the congress or the elect- for constitutional proposals,
League)
cede the basic nationalist demand Ambedkar became active to set- of 1935 lay in the changes it ed members of the central legis- which included.
The Demand for Pakistan (1940)
of freedom on the basis of imme- tle issue. brought in the provincial lature. (i) Dominion status to be grant-
� But congress declared that is � In 1930, Iqbal suggested that
diate grant of dominion status. � Harijan upliftment now become sphere. The Dyarchy in the ed after the war.
the principal concerns of Gan- could not associate herself in war the fronti er provi nce, Bal -
Communal Award and Poona Pact province as introduced by the (ii) Setting up a constitutional
(1932) dhiji. unless the British Government uchistan, Sindh and Kashmir be
Act 1919, was abolished and making for India after the war
� An All-India anti untouchability publicly stated that India would made the Muslim state within the
� On August the 1932 Mac Donald the provincial powers were whose members would be
league was started in September, be granted political independence federation.
announced the proposal on mi- transferred into the hands of elected by the provincial as-
1932 and a weekly ‘Harijan’. at the end of war. The congress � Choudhary Rehmat Ali gave the
nority representation, known as elected Indian Ministers. The semblies and nominated by
� He decided to begin a 21 day fast also demanded immediate trans- term Pakistan in 1933.
the ‘Communal Award’ which rec- real merit of Provincial auton- the rul ers i n case of the
for the Purification of himself and fer of maximum of control over � ‘The demand for Pakistan’ pro-
ommended — omy lay in the powers vested princely states.
his associates for the Harijan country’s administration to Indi- posal was prepared by Khaliquz-
(i) To double the existing seats in in the elected Ministers, but (iii) Defence of India would re-
Cause. ans. zaman.
provincial legislatures. in practice this autonomy was main in British hands and the
� Pt. J.L. Nehru said “ It was ab- � Muslim league first passed the
(ii) To retain the system of sepa- Third Round table conference governor general’s powers
set contradicting because the surd to drag slave India for de- proposal of separate Pakistan in
rate electorate for the minor- (November 1932) would remain intact.
governor was vested with so fending the freedom of other its Lahore session in 1940.
ities. � The third round table conference countries.’ (iv) Gandhiji stated cripps propos-
much authority that the pow- Individual Satyagraha (October
(iii) To grant weightage to muslims met in London in November 1932 Resignation of the congress Minis- al as “post-dated cheque on a
congress boycotted it. ers of the responsible minis- 1940) crashing bank”.
in provinces where they were tries-
in minority. � It was attended by a much ters appeared unreal. � The rejection of the congress de- Quit India Movement (1942)
3. The members of the provincial � Lord Linlithgow declared India to
� The Communal Award declared smaller number of representative be at war without the prior as- mands once again exasperated � Quit India resolution was passed
the depressed classes also be than before. legislative Assemblies were to the congress as well as Gandhiji. on August 8, 1942 at Gowalia
sent of the central legislature.
minorities and entitled them to � The outcome of the Round Table be directly elected by the peo- � On 13th October the congress Tank, Bombay.
� The congress ministries gave the
separate electorates. conference and subsequent dis- ple, but the election to the working committee met in Ward- � Gandhiji told the British to quit
resign.
� The reserve 3% seats for women cussions was the Government of central as well as provincial ha where Gandhiji unfolded his ‘Leave Indian in God’s hand’. His
� The muslim league celebrated the
in all provincial legislatures. India Bill which became an act in Legislatures was to be on the ‘Deliverance Day’ on the day of plan of individual civil disobedi- massage was ‘Do or Die.’
� To allocate seats to labour, land- 1935. special electorates. the resignation of the congress ence. � The arrests provoked indignation
lords, and traders and industri- The Government of India Act, 1935 4. In both Houses of the Feder- ministries in the provinces. � England was facing the most crit- among the masses and, there be-
alists. � This Act was the last of the con- al Legislature has native August Declaration (August 8, ical hour of her life ing no programme of action. The
� Gandhiji was in Yervada jail at stitutional means were prepared states were given their quota 1940) � By starting a mass movement movement became spontaneous
that time. He started fast upto by the British parliament for In- of representation, but the � With the outbreak of world war Gandhiji did not like to embar- and violent. V iolence spread
death against it. dia. members from the states II in September 1939 and India’s rass the Government. So, he di- throughout the country several
Poona Pact (Sep 25, 1932) 1. The most conspicuous fea- were not to be elected. They automatic involvement in it with- cided to offer individual Satyagrah government offi ces were de-
� Gandhi started fast from the jail tures of the constitution was were to be nominated by the out consultation, the Indian Na- simply with a view to register his stroyed telegraph wires were cut
due to given the right of separate the concept of an all India rulers. tional Congress demanded a mild protest against the uncom- and communication paralyzed.
electorates to the Depressed Federation. It was to consist clearcut definition of the British promising attitude of the Govern- � It was the only all India move-
5. It provided for the establish-
class. of the British Indian provinc- Government’s war and peace ment. ment, which was leaderless. In
ment of a Federal court,
� He regarded the Depressed es and the Native states. For aims as aplicable to India. many areas, the government lost
which was set up in 1937. � Gandhiji selected his disciple Vi-
classes as an integral part of Hin- the British India provinces it � Lord Linlithgow put forward a all control and the people estab-
6. Subject of administration di- noba Bhave to inaugurate the
du society. was compulsory to join the proposal that included — lished swaraj.
vided in three sections feder- movements. He stood delivering
� In an anxiety to save his life, the proposed federation. But for (i) Dominion status in the un- � The participation was on many
al, provincial and concurrent. anti-war speeches and was ar-
Poona Pact with the following the Indian states it was vol- specified future. levels. School and college stu-
rested for four days.

OLE - 135 OLE - 136 OLE - 137

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
dents remained in the forefront, � The INA headquarters were Shimla Conference (25 June, 1945) � Communal questions in central � On June 3, 1947, he put forward � By 15 August, 1947 all except

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
women activiely participated and formed in Rangoon & Singapore. � This was proposed by wavell. legislatures were to be decided his plan which taken the steps for Kashmi r, Hyderabad and
workers went on strike. � INA had three fighting brigade – Revolt of the Royal Army (1946) by a single majority in both com- the solution of India’s political Junagarh and Signed the instru-
� Ram Manohar Lohia, Aruna Asaf Gandhi brigade, Nehru brigade & munities. problem. ment of Accession with India,
� 18 February, 1946, Bombay Rat-
Ali, Achyut Patwardhan and Azad brigade. Rani Jhansi brigade � Provinces were to have full au- Outlines are — Bhawalpur with Pakistan.
ings of HMIS Talwar struck work
Jayaprakash Narayan emerged was an exclusive women force. tonomy and residual powers. � India to be divided into India and � Goa, Daman and Diu and Dadra
due to flagrant racial discrimina- and Nagar Haveli were under con-
as leader. � S.C. Bose gave a call from Jubi- � Princely states were no longer to Pakistan.
tion unpalatable food and abuse trol of portuguese and pondicher-
� Usha Mehta started underground lee place of Rangoon. “You give me be under paramountcy of British � Bengal and Punjab will be parti-
by superior officers. After the ar- tioned and a referendum i n ry under french domination.
Radio. blood and I will give you freedom”. Government.
rest of B. C. Dutt who has NWFP and sylhet district of Asam
� The movement did not envoke � INA won Andaman and Nicobar � Both congress and Muslim league Flow-Chart of Popular Movement
scrawled ‘quit India’ on the ship would be held.
much response from the mer- Island on December 1943, and accepted it. during freedom struggle
mutinied. � There would be a separate con-
chant community. They had prof- named them ‘Shahid’ and ‘Swaraj’
� In Bombay, the Mutineers haist- � The elections of the constituent stitutional Assembly for Pakistan Movement Year
ited heavily during the war. respectively.
ed the tricolour together with a assembly were held in July 1946. to frame its constitution.
� Abid Husain escaped Gandhi Bri- Swadeshi Movement 1905
The parallel Governments portrait of S.C. Bose and shout- The congress got 209 of the to- � Princely states would enjoy the
gade from the British Army. He Home Rule Movement 1916
� Parallel governments were estab- ed ‘Jai Hind’ in the barracks. tal 273 seats. liberty to join either in Pakistan
was given a title‘Sardar-A-Jung’ by
lished. S.C. Bose for his daring work. � Their demands included release � Based on Cabinet mission Plan, or India or remain independent. Champaran Satyagrah 1917
I. Satara — under Nana Patil INA Trials of all political prisoners, includ- an interim government consisting � August 15, 1947 was the date to Khera Satyagrah 1918
II. Taml uk Jati ya Sarkar ing those belonging to the Indian of congress nomi nees was hand over power to India and Movement of Ahmedabad 1919
� INA trials were held at Red Fort,
Midhapur, West Bengal Delhi. National Army. formed on 2 September, 1946 Pakistan. Millworkers
— under Satish Samant. � P. K. Sehgal, Shah Nawaj and � Seeing the strict attitude of Brit- J.L. Nehru was the vicepresident Indian Independence Act (1947)
Non Co-operation 1920
III. Balia — under Chittu Pandey Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon were put ish government Aallabhai Patel and the Governer general re- � On 18 July the British Partiment
mained as its president. Movement
IV. Katak — under Lakshman on trial at the Red Fort. and Jinnah persuaded the ratings passed ‘Independence of India
to surrender. � Muslim league did not joined it Act, 1947. Protest of Simon 1928
Nayak. � The congress took up their de-
The Indian National Army fence. � After the government’s assurance initially but finally wavell succeed- � This act was implemented on Commission
� Bhula bai Desai, Tejbahadur Sa- they surrendered. ed in having five members of the August 15, 1947. Dandi March 1930
� After releasing from jail Bose was
pru, J.L. Nehru, K.N. Katju and Cabinet Mission (1946) league join the government on 26 � Sovereignty of British parliament Civil Disobedience 1930
kept in his home in Calcutta.
Arun Asaf Ali appeared for the October, 1946. was abolished.
From there they escaped secret- � Cabinet Mission reached Delhi on Movement
defence. � Jinnah was alarmed at the results � Dominions of India and Pakistan
ly 14 Jan, 1941 and finally 24 March, 1946. Individual Satyagrah 1940
� Muslim league also joined the of the elections because the mus- were created.
reached Berlin via Kabul, and � Three members were there in the � Abolished the office of Viceroy Quit India Movement 1942
Moscow on March 28, 1941. countrywide protest. Mission – lim league was in danger of be-
� Wavell used veto power and set ing totally eclipsed in the constit- and provided, a governor gener- The INA Agitaion 1945
� Bose was well received by Ribben (i) Pethick Lawrence al for each dominion.
them free. uent Assembly. India become Independent 1947
trop, the foreign minister of Ger- (ii) Stafford Cripps � At the time of independence
many, that he would broadcast � November 12, 1945 was celebrat- � Therefore muslim league withdraw Nation
(iii) A.V. Alexander there were 562 small and big
ed as the INA Day. its acceptance of the cabinet mis-
anti-British propaganda from Ber- � On May 16, 1946 the mission put princely states in India.
lin and raise free Indian units Wavell Plan (4 June, 1945) sion plan on 29 July, 1946.
forward its proposal. Tribal Area Year Leader
from Indian prisoners of war in � This plan was given by Viceroy � Cabinet mission returned on 29
� Rejection of the demand for a full
Germany. Wavell. June, 1946. Movement
fledged Pakistan.
� The Idea of the Indian National � The plan was that with the ex- � It pass a ‘Direct action’ resolution. Khonds Odisha 1846-1914 Chattre Bisayi
ception of the governor-general � Provincial legislatures would elect
Army to liberate India was origi- � Jinnah celebrated ‘Pakistan Day’ Santhals Rajmahal hills 1855-56 Siddhu and Kanhu
and the commander-in-chief, all a constituent Assembly. The
nally conceived by Rasbihari on May 27, 1947. Naikadas Gujarat 1858-68 Rup Singh and Jogia
members of the executive coun- members were divided into three
Bose, who fled to Japan in 1915 Lord Attlee’s Declaration (1947) Bhagat
cil were to be Indians. sections.
and had become a Japanese cit- � All these sections would have the � British Goverment decided to quit Mundas Chota Nagpur 1899-1900 Birsa Munda
� Caste Hindus and Muslims were
izen, with the help of Mohan authority to draw up. Provincial Inda by a fix date (30 June, Konda Dora Visakhapatnam 1900 Korra Mallaya
given equal representation in as-
Singh, an Indian officer of the constitutions and even group con- 1948) Bhils South Rajasthan 1913 Govind Guru
sembly.
British India Army in Malaya. stitutions. � Mr. Attlee made an announcement Oraons Chota Nagpur 1914-1915 Jatra Bhagat
� Simla conference was convened
� Later Rasbihari Bose handed in this regard but was rejected Section - A : Non muslim major- in the House of commons on Feb- Rampa Andhra Pradesh 1916 Alluri Sitaram Raju
over the chairmanship of INA to by Jinnah. ity provinces. ruary 20, 1947.
Kukis Manipur 1917-19 Jadonang and Rani
S.C. Bose. � Governor had veto power. Section - B : Muslim Majority Mountbatten Plan (3 June, 1947) Gaidiniliu
� Rani Lakshmi Bai Regimenl was � Foreign matters were given to In- provinces in the north -west � Lord Mountbatten was sworn in Chenchus Nallamalla Hills 1921-22 Motilal Tejawat
established by Lakshmi Swami- dians, but not tribals and border Section - C : Muslim majority as Governor General on 24, Kherwar Jharkhand — Bhagirath
nathan. related areas. provinces in north-east. March, 1947.

OLE - 138 OLE - 139 OLE - 140

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY
SOME SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS AND Arya Samaj 1875 Bombay Dayanand Saraswati Asserted Hindu faith oppression, super -
ORGANISATIONS (originally founder over other religions, stition in Hinduism,
Mool Shankar) with in a revivalist aimed to uplif t
Movement/ Year Place Founder Objectives framework, de- women and over -
Organisation nounced r it es,
Brahmin Superm- haul the education
Brahmo Samaj 1828 Calcutta Raja Ram Mohan Propagated mono– acy, idolatry, supe- system.
(earlier Atmiya Roy theism, opposed in- rstition. Bharat Dharma 1902 Varanasi Pandit Madan Orginisation of the
Sabha) carnation, sacrifr- The Theosop- 1875 New York Madam H.P. Blavatsky, Drew inspiration Mahamandala Mohan Malaviya orthodox Hindus,
ices, exist ence of hical Society (In India Col. H.S. Olcott from Upanishads, and Pandit Din pupularly known
priests, idolatry, su- Adyar, (In India-Annie Philosophy of the Dayal Sharma are Sanatandhar -
perstition and sati Madras) Besant) Vedanta, etc to aim mis to counter the
practices, Sought at religious revival teaching of the Arya
for r efor ms in and social reform.
Samaj, movement.
Hindu society. Deccan 1884 Pune M.G. Ranade, To contribute to The Servants 1905 Bombay Gopal Krishna To work for social
Young Bengal (1826- Calcutta Henry Louis Opposed the vices
Education V. G. Chib- the cause of educa- of India Society Gokhale reforms and to train
Movement 1831) Vivian Derozio in society, believed
Society donkar, G. G. tion and culture in “national mission-
in truth, freedom
and reason. Agarkar, etc. Western India. The aries for the service
Dharma Sabha 1830 Calcutta Radha Kanta Opssposed to lib- Society founded the of India”.
eral Ferguson College, Poona Seva 1909 Pune G.K. Devadhar Establish institu-
Deva and radical reforms, Pune in 1885. Sadan and Ramabai tions for the eco-
including Sati. Seva Sadan 1885 Bombay Behramji M. Campaign against Ranade (wife of nomic uplift and
Namdhari/ 1841- N.W.F. Pro- Bhai Balak Singh A politico-religious Malabari child marriages and M.G. Ranade) useful employment
Kuka Move- 1871 vince and and Baba Ram movement of the enforced widow- of women.
ment Bhaini Singh Sikhs. hood and care for Nishkam Karma 1910 Pune Dhondo Keshav Educational progress
(Ludhiana) socially exploit ed Math Karve of women, improv-
Rahanumai 1851 Bombay S.S. Bangali, Founded for the women. ing widows condi-
Mazdayasan Dadabhai Naoroji restoration of Zoro- Indian National 1887 Bombay M.G. Ranade To focus attention tion. Founded
Sabha Naoroji Furdonji, astrian religion to Social Con- and Raghunath on matters relating womens university
J.B. Nacha, etc. its prist ine glor y ference Rao to social reforms. Social Service 1911 Bombay Narayan Malhar Improving the con-
and social regenera- League Joshi tion of the common
Deva Samaj 1887 Lahore Shiva Narain Religious ideas
tion of the Parsi com- masses, opened
munity through Agnihotri closer to Br ahmo
Samaj. Impressed schools and librar-
modern education
upon its followers ies.
and emancipation
t o follow social
of women.
code of conduct and
MUSLIM SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS
Radha Swami 1861 Agra Tulsi Ram also Belief in one Supr-
Satsang known as Shiv me Being, religious ethics, such as not AND ORGANISATIONS
Dayal Saheb unity, emphasis on to accept bribe, in- Movement/ Year Place Founder Objectives
simplicity of social dulge in gambling, Organisation
life and social ser- consume intoxi-
vice. cants and non-veg- Faraizi or 1804 Faridpur, Haji Shariatullah To rid the Muslim
Prarthana 1867 Bombay Atmaram Pandurang Worship and reform etarian food. Faraidi Bengal and dadu Miya society of non
Samaj Govind Ranade of society through Movement Islamic social cus-
emphasis on mono- Madras Hindu 1892 Madras Viresalingam A social purity
toms, rituals and
theism, uplift of Association Pantalu movement con-
pract ices. Anti-
women and aboli- cerned wit h the
plight of widow and
landlord and anti-
tion of caste dis-
crimination. to combat the Brit ish move-
Indian Reform 1870 Calcutta Keshab Chandra To create public Devadasi System. ment.
Association Sen opinion ag ainst Ramakrishna 1897 Bengal Vivekananda Sought to revive Taayuuni 1839 Dacca Karamati Ali Opposed to the
child marriages and Movement Jaunpur Faraizi movement
Mission Hinduism based on
for leg alising t he and supported the
Brahmo form of civil ancient India’s reli-
gious texts and British rule.
marriage. To pro-
concepts (eg. Veda- Dar-ul-ulum 1867 Deoband Muhammad To improve the
mote the intellectual
and social status of nta, etc); against (A school of Qasim Nanautavi spiritual and moral
Indian women. caste restrictions, Islamic and Rashid conditions of

OLE - 141 OLE - 142 OLE - 143

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
dominat ion and

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
Movement Period Leader’s Place Causes POPULAR MOVEMENTS
worked for the uplift
Theology at Ahmad Gangohi Indian Muslims. of lower castes by Movement Period Leader’s Place Causes
Deoband, This move- educating them. De-
manded free entry of Faqir Uprising 1776- Majnum Shah, Bengal
Sharanpur, ment supported the people of lower
U.P.) the INC and was 1777 Devi Chaudhrani
castes to the temples.
opposed t o t he Shri Narayan 1902- Kerala Shir Narayan In 1920, T.K. Sanyasi 1770- — Bengal The immediate cause
pro-British Aligarh Dharma 1903 Guru, Dr. Palpu Madhavan Uprising 1820 was the restrictions
movement. Paripalana and Kumaran launched the temple imposed upon pil-
Yogam or Asan entry movement. grims visiting holy
Aligarh 1875 Aligarh Sir Syed Liberalisation of S.N.D.P. places.
Movement Ahmad Khan Indian Islam and Movement Pagal Panthis 1825-50 Tipu Shah, North- Resentment of
modernisation of The Depressed 1906 Bombay V.R. Shinde Launched by the
Karam Shah East peasants against op-
Indian Muslims Class Mission Prarthana Samaj as
Society an Independent as- pression of Zamin-
through religious
sociation to organise dars
reinterpr etation,
education facilities Wahabi 1820- Syyaid Ahmed of North To revive and rest-
social reform and for lower castes. Movement 1870 Rae Bareli West, ore Muslim power in
moder n educa- Bahujan Samaj 1910 Satara, Mukund Rao Opposed to the Central India by overthrow-
tion. Mahara- Patil exploitation of the
India ing the Sikhs and the
Ahmadiya 1889- Qadiani Faridkot Mirza Ghulam b e shtra lower castes by the
upper caste Br ah- British
Movement 1890 (Punjab) Ahmad of lieved in the uni-
mins, landlords, mer- Kuka Revolt 1860- Jawahar Mal, Punjab In about 1840, its
Qadiyan versal religion of
chants and money- 1870 Ram Singh aim was to purify the
all humanity, op- lenders. sikh religion, after the
posed to Islamic Justice (Party) 1915- Madras, C.N. Mudaliyar A movement of the conquest of Pujab by
ort hodoxy and Movement 1916 Tamil Nadu T.M. Nair and intermediate castes. the British. The re-
spread of western P. Tyagaraja Opposed to Brahmin
vival of Sikh sover -
liberal education Chetti pr edominance in
eignty become their
among Indian education, service
and politics. chief programme.
Muslims. Ramosi 1822- Chittur Singh Satara In protest against
Depressed Cla- 1924 Bombay Dr. B. R. To propagate the
Nadwatul 1894- Lucknow Maulana Shibli To reform the tra- sses Welfare Ambedkar gospel of social Uprising 1825 heavy assessment of
Ulama 1895 Numani dit ional Islamic Institute (Bahis- equality among caste land revenue and very
system of educa- kirt Hitkarini Hindus and un- harsh methods of its
tion, to strengthen Sabha touchables. Dema- collection. In 1825-
Hindu-Muslim nded constitutional 1826 again rose in re-
safeguards for the de- bellion on account of
unit y and to
pressed classes. acute famines and
arouse national-
Self-Respect 1925 Madras E. V. Rama- Anti-Brahmin and scarcity in Pune.
ism among Indian
Movement (Tamilnadu) swami Naicker Hindu orthhodoxy Gadkari 1844 — Kolhapur Against arbitrary
Muslims.
‘Periyar’ radical movement, Uprising methods of land rev-
which advocated enue collection and
LOWER CASTE MOVEMENTS AND ORGANISATIONS wedding without then dismissal from
Movement/ Year Place Founder Objectives pr iest s, for cible service.
temple entry, total Sawantwadi 1844 Phond Sawant, Appointment of a
Organisation
defiance of Hindu so-
Revolt Anna Sahib British administrator.
Satya Shodhak 1873 Mahara- Jyotiba Phule Opposed to cial laws and also
To drive away the Brit-
Samaj shtra untouchability, theism at times.
Priestly of Brahmin ish. The revolt later
Harijan Sevak 1932 Pune Mahatma An all-India organi-
domination, belief in transformed into a
Sangh Gandhi sat ion for the re-
social equality and popular movement.
moval of untouch-
uplift of the lower ability and all social Revolt of 1808- Velu Thampi Travancore Against the British
castes by educating discriminations aga- Velu Thampi 1809 attempts to remove
them. inst unt ouchables the Dewan-ship and
Aravippuram 1888 Aravip- Shri Narayan Opposed to religious and ot her lower the heavy burden im-
Movement puram, Guru (1856- disabilities against castes. To provide posed on the state
Kerala 1928) lower castes, believed medical, educational through the subsid-
in social equality, at- and technical facili- iary Alliance system.
t acked Br ahmin ties to untouchables.

OLE - 144 OLE - 145 OLE - 146

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS - FACTS TO REMEMBER

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
Year Organisation Founder Place

INDIAN HISTORY
Movement Period Leader’s Place Causes
Kittur 1824- Chennamma Kittur When the British 1867 National India Association Mary Carpenter London � Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was the
� Founded in 1885 by A.O. Hume
Chennamma 1829 (Karna- refused to recognise 1872 Indian Society Anand Mohan Bose London youngest president of INC.
� First President– W.C. Banerjee.
Uprising taka) heir to the Gaddi of 1876 Indian Association Anand Mohan Bose, Calcutta
� Women Presidents - Annie Besant � During Guwahati session of INC
Kittur and took over S.N. Banerjee
(1917), Sarojini Naidu (1925) and (1926), wearing of Khadi was
the administration. 1883 Indian National Society Shishir Chandra Bose Calcutta
Visakhapatnam 1827- — Visakha- Due to attachment Nellie Sengupta (1933). made compulsory for its workers.
1884 Indian National S. N. Banerjee Calcutta
Revolts 1830 patnam of pr oper ties of � In Madras session of INC (1927),
Conference � Thrice Presidents (Maximum
Zamindars and other proposals for independence and to
1885 Bombay Presidency F. S. Mehta and Bombay times) - Dadabhai Nauroji (1886,
harsh measures for boycott Simon Commission were
non-payment of rev- Association K. T. Telang 1893, 1906), J.L. Nehru (1929, passed. Gandhi did not participate.
enue. 1888 United India Patriotic Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Aligarh 1936, 1937). � During its 1932 and 1933 ses-
Association � Complete Independence was de-
PEASANT MOVEMENTS sion Government had declared it
1905 Servants of India Society G. K. Gokhale Bombay mand for the first time-(1929), an illegal organisation.
Movement Place Year Leaders 1906 Muslim League Aga Khan, Nawab Dhaka
Lahore � During Faizpur session (1937)
Titu Mir’s Movement Bengal (1782- Mir Nithar Ali/Titu Mir Salimullah and Mohsin-
� For the first time National song was congress decided to take part in
1831) ul-Mulk
sung in the Calcutta session (1896) election of 1937.
Indigo Revolt Bengal 1859 Bishnu and Digambar 1915 Hindu Mahasabha Madan Mohan Malviya Uttar Pradesh
of INC. i.e. Vande Mataram. � Only session of congress held in
Biswas 1916 Home rule league B. G. Tilak and Annie Pune and
� For the first time National Anthem a village Faizpur (1937)
Pabna Bengal 1870 Ishwar Roy, Sabu Pal, Besant Adyar
(Jana-Gana-Mana) was sung in � In Ramgarh session (1940), de-
Khoodi Mollah 1918 U. P. Kisan Sabha M. M. Malviya, Gauri Lucknow
cision on Individual Satyagraha
Deccan Riots Maharashtra 1875 Vasudev Balwant Shankar and Calcutta session (1911) of INC.
were taken.
Phadke Indra Narayan
Ramosi Movement Maharashtra 1879 Vasudev Balwant 1920 Communist Party of M. N. Roy Tashkent ANNUAL SESSIONS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
Phadke India
Year Place President
Bijolia Rajasthan 1913 Sitaram Das, Vijay 1920 Indian Trade Union N. M. Joshi (founder) Lucknow
Pathak Singh Congress Lala Lajpat Rai
1885 Bombay W. C. Banerjee
Champaran Bihar 1917 Gandhiji (President)
Kheda Gujarat 1918 Vallabh Bhai Patel and 1923 Swaraj Party Moti Lal Nehru & Delhi 1886 Calcutta Dadabhai Nauroji
Gandhiji C. R. Das 1887 Madras Badruddin Tayyabji
Awadh Kisan Sabha Uttar Pradesh 1920 Baba Ramchandra 1924 All India Communist Party Satyabhakta Kanpur 1888 Allahabad George Yule
Eka Movement Awadh 1921 Madari Pasi 1925 Rashtriya Swayamsevak K. B. Hedgewar Nagpur 1889 Bombay William Wedderburn
Moplah Kerala 1921 Sayyad Ali and Saiyed Sangha 1890 Calcutta F. S. Mehta
Fazl 1926 Naujawan Sabha Bhagat Singh, Yashpal Lahore 1891 Nagpur P. Anand Charlu
Bardoli/Borsad Gujarat 1928 Vallabh Bhai Patel 1927 All Women Conference Lady Sadashiva lyer Madras
Forest Satyagrah South India 1931 N V Rama Naidu, N G 1892 Allahabad W. C. Banerjee
1928 Hindustan Socialist Bhagat Singh, B-Vohra, Delhi 1893 Lahore Dadabhai Nauroji
Ranga Republican Association B.K. Singh
Tebhaga Bengal 1946 1894 Madras Mr. Alfred Webb
1928 Labour Swaraj Party Qazi Nazrul Islam —
Telangana Andhra 1946 1895 Poona S. N. Banerjee
1929 Khudai Khidmatgar Abdul Gaffar Khan Peshawar
1934 Congress Socialist Party Acharya Narendra — 1896 Calcutta M. A. Sayani
POLITICAL AND NATIONALIST ORGANISATIONS 1897 Amravati M.C. Sankaran
Dev and Jaiprakash
OF MODERN INDIA 1898 Madras A. M. Bose
Narayan
Year Organisation Founder Place 1936 Progressive Writers Group Munshi Prem Chand Lucknow 1899 Lucknow Ramesh C. Dutt.
1838 Landholders Society Dwarikanath Tagore Calcutta 1936 All India Kisan Sabha Sahjananda and Lucknow 1900 Lahore H. G. Chandavarkar
N.G. Ranga 1901 Calcutta Dinshaw E. Wacha
1839 British India Society Willian Adams London
1939 Forward Block Subhash Chandra Bose Calcutta 1902 Ahmadabad S. N. Banerjee
1843 British India Society — Calcutta
1939 India Party Bolshevik N. D. Majumdar Calcutta
1851 British India Association Devendranath Tagore Calcutta 1903 Madras Lal Mohan Ghosh
1940 Radical Democratic Party M. N. Roy Calcutta
1852 Madras Native Association — Madras 1904 Bombay Henry Cotton
1941 Indian Bolshevik Ajit Rai and Indrasen Calcutta
1852 Bombay Association Jagannath Shankar Bombay Lenin Party 1905 Varanasi Gopal Krishna Gokhale
1862 London India committee C. P. Mudaliar London 1942 Revolutionary Socialist Satyendra Nath Tagore Calcutta 1906 Calcutta Dadabhai Nauroji
1866 East India Association Dadabhai Nauroji London Party 1907 Surat Ras Bihari Ghosh

OLE - 147 OLE - 148 OLE - 149

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
Year Place President IMPORTANT CONGRESS SESSION Anushilan Samiti 1907 Barindra Kumar —
(Calcutta) Ghosh &
1908 Madras Ras Bihari Ghosh Year Place Importance
P. Mitra
1909 Lahore Madan Mohan Malviya 1885 Bombay At Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College Bombay 72 V.D. Savarkar
1910 Allahabad Sri William Wedderburn delegates Hindustan 1924 Sachindra It was an all India
1911 Calcutta Bishan Narayan Dhar 1886 Calcutta 436 delegates Republican Sanyal & level organisation
1912 Bankipur R. N. Mudhukar 1887 Madras Tayyabji became first Muslim President Association (HRA) J. Chatterjee
1913 Karachi Nawab S. Muhammad 1888 Allahabad George Yule became first English President
1889 Bombay Congress represented all areas of British India FAMOUS CASES
1914 Madras Bhupendra Nath Basu 1890 Calcutta Decision taken to organise a session of Congress
1915 Bombay S. P. Sinha in London Case Date Accused
1916 Lucknow Ambika Charan Majumdar 1895 Poona Demand for a representative body only for edu- Nasik conspiracy 1909-1910 Vinayak Savarkar
1917 Calcutta Annie Besant cated class
Alipore Case 1908 Aurobindo Ghosh
1918 Delhi Madan Mohan Malviya 1898 Madras Social reform was set as the main goal
1905 Benaras Expressed resentment against the partition of Hawrah Case 1910 Jatin Mukherjee
1919 Amritsar Motilal Nehru Bengal. Dacca Case 1910 Pulin Das
1920 Calcutta Lala Lajpat Rai (suspended) 1906 Calcutta Word Swaraj was first used from congress platform. Delhi Case 1915 Amir Chand, Awadh Bihari and
Nagpur C. Vijayraghava Chariar (An- 1907 Surat Congress split Bal Mukund
nual) 1908 Madras Constitution for the Congress Lahore Case 1929-1930 Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and
1921 Ahmedabad C. R. Das (in prision) Hakim 1916 Lucknow Congress merger, Pact with Muslim League,
Sukhdev
Ajaml Khan (acting) Gandhi attended
1917 Calcutta Annie Besant became first women President Banaras Case 1915-1916 Sachindranath Sanyal
1922 Gaya C. R. Das 1920 Nagpur Gandhian programme was adopted. Change in Kakori Case 1925 Ram Prasad Bi smi l and
1923 Delhi Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (sus- Congress Constituion Ashfaqullah Khan
pended) 1921 Ahmedabad Hasrat Mohani demanded for complete independence.
Kakinada Mohammad Ali (Annual) 1922 Gaya Formation of Swaraj Party REVOLUTIONARY ORGANISATION OUTSIDE INDIA
1924 Belgaum Mahatma Gandhi 1924 Belgaun Only session presided over by Gandhiji
1925 Kanpur Sarojini Naidu became first Indian women President Year Association/ Founder Country
1925 Kanpur Sarojini Naidu 1927 Madras Nehru and S C Bose moved resolution for indepen- Organisation
1926 Gauhati S. Srinivas lyengar dence and it was passed for the 1st time
1927 Madras M. A. Ansari 1928 Calcutta First All India Youth Congress 1904 India House Shyamaji Krishna London (England)
1928 Calcutta Motilal Nehru 1929 Lahore Poorna Swaraj Resolution and pledge for Indepen- Verma
dence day on 26 January 1930 1906 Abhinav Bharat V. D. Savarkar London (England)
1929 Lahore Jawaharlal Nehru
1931 Karachi Resolution for Fundamental Rights and National Eco- 1907 India Independence Taraknath Das America
1930 — No session due to CDM nomic Policy Passed Leauge
1931 Karachi Vallabbhai Patel 1934 Bombay Formation of Congress Socialist Party
1913 Gadar Party Lala Hardayal San Fransisco
1932 Delhi Amrit Ranchoddas Seth (session 1936 Lucknow Support for socialism through democracy
1937 Faizpur Demand for Constituent Assembly (America)
banned)
1938 Haripura Poorna Swaraj was to cover also princely states 1914 India Independence — Berlin (Germany)
1933 Calcutta Mrs. Nelline Sengupta (session
1939 Tripuri S C Bose resigned due to differenece with Gandhi League
banned)
1915 India Independence Raja Mahendra Kabul
1934 Bombay Rajendra Prasad SECRET REVOLUTIONARY SOCIETIES League and Pratap (Afghanistan)
1936 Lucknow Jawaharlal Nehru Government
Socity/Organisation Year Founder Features
1937 Faizpur Jawaharlal Nehru 1942 India Independence Ras Bihari Bose Tokyo (Japan)
1938 Haripura Subhash Chandra Bose Anushilan Samiti 1902 Pulin Das Earliest Secret
League.
1939 Tripuri Subhash Chandra Bose (later Dacca Society in Bengal
1942 Indian National Ras Bihari Bose Tokyo (Japan)
Rajendra Prasad) Mitra Mela 1902 V. D. Savarkar Earliest Secret
Army (INA) (In 1943 reorg-
1940 Ramgarh Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (Maharashtra) Society in
anized by Netaji
Abhinav Bharat 1904 Ganesh Ganesh was the
1946 Meerut Acharya J. B. Kriplani in Singapore)
(Maharashtra) Savarkar elder brother of
1948 Jaipur Pattabhi Sitarammayya

OLE - 150 OLE - 151 OLE - 152

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY
GOVERNOR GENERAL AND VICEROYS Name Period Important Events Name Period Important Events
Governor-General of Bengal George Marlow (1805-1807) � Subsidi ary alli ance wi th Lord Hardinge-I (1844-1848) � First Sikh War (1845-1846)
Name Period Important Events Holkar by Treaty of � Treaty of Lahore (1846)
Rajpurghat. � Prohibition of female Infanti-
Warren Hastings (1772-1785) � Became governor of Bengal in � Vellore Mutiny. cide
1772 and Governor-General � Second Anglo-Maratha War � Gave preference to English
in 1773 throught the Regu- ended. educated in employment.
lating Act.
Lord Minto-I (1807-1813) � Concluded Treaty of Amritsar Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856) � Widow Remarriage Act (1856).
� Abolished Dual system of ad-
with Ranjit Singh (1809). � “Wood’s Educational Des-
ministration.
� Wrote introduction to the first � Charter Act of 1813 was patch” of 1854 and opening
passed. of Anglo-Vernacular schools
English translation of the Gita
by Charles Wilkins. Lord Hastings (1813-1823) � Anglo–Nepalese War (1813- and government colleges.
� Founded the Asiatic Society of 1823), strife with Pindaris � Introduced Doctrine of Lapse.
Bengal with William Jones in (1817-1818) Captured Satara ( 1848) ,
1784. � 3rd Anglo-Maratha War (1817- Jaitpur and Sambhalpur
� Rohilla War (1774) 1818). Hastings forced hu- (1849) Baghat (1850), Udaipur
� 1st Anglo-Maratha War (1776- miliating treaties on Peshwa (1852), Jhansi (1853) and
1782) and the Sindhia.
Nagpur (1854).
� 2nd Anglo-Mysore War (1780- � Introduced the R yotwari
� Fought the Anglo-Sikh War
1784). settlement in Madras by Tho-
mas Munro, the Governor. and annexed the whole of the
� Pitt’s India Act, 1784 Punjab.
Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793) � Separated the revenue admin- Lord Amherst (1823-1828) � 1st Burmese War (1824-26).
� Acquisition of territories in � 2nd Burmese War (1852) and
istration from the administra-
Malay Peninsula. annexation of Lower Burma or
tion of justice.
� Created post of district judge. � Capture of Bharatpur (1826). Pegu.
� Introduced Permanent Settle- � Annexation of Berar in 1853.
GOVERNOR GENERAL OF I NDIA � Annexation of Awadh in 1856.
ment in Bengal.
� Cornwallis is called the father Lord William Bentick (1828-1834) � Most liberal and enlightened � Started the first railway line
of civil service in India. Governor General of India. in 1853 (connecting Bombay
� Fought 3rd Anglo-Mysore War. � Regarded as the Father of with Thana).
Sir John Shore (1793-1798) � Introduced the 1st Charter Act. Modern Western Education in � Telegraph and postal reforms.
� Planned the permanent India. Introduction of English � Establishment of separate
settlement and later suc- as the official language. public works department in
ceeded Cornwallis as Gover- � Abolished sati and other cruel every province.
nor General. rites (1829). Lord Canning (1856-1858) � Revolt of 1857
� Battle of Kharda between � Suppressed Thuggee (1830), � He was the last Governor-
Niazm and the Marathas Curbed by Colonel Sleeman. General of East India Com-
(1795). � Annexed Mysore ( 1831) , pany.
Lord Wellesley (1798-1805) � Started Subsidiary Alliance Coorg (1834), Central Cachar
system to achieve British � Establishment of three uni-
(1834) on the plea of misgov- versities at Calcutta, Madras
paramountcy in India. First ernment. Concluded a treaty
alliance with Nizam of and Bombay in 1857.
of perpetual friendship with
Hyderabad. Ranjit Singh. VICEROYS OF INDIA
� Madras Presidency was Sir Charles Metcalfe (1834-1836) � He is known as the Liberator
formed during his tenure. Lord Canning (1858-1862) � Passed the Act of 1858, which
of Press.
� 4th Anglo-Mysore War (1799)– ended the rule of the East In-
� Passed the Press law dia Company.
defeat and the death of Tipu
Lord Auckland (1836-1842) � First Afghan war (1836-1842)
Sultan. � Withdrew Doctrine of Lapse.
� 2nd Anglo-Maratha War, � Treaty with Sikhs and Amirs
� The Indian Councils Act of
(1803-1805) defeat of the of Sindh.
1861 was passed, which
Scindhia, the Bhonsale and Lord Ellenborough (1842-1844) � Brought an end to Afghan
proved to be a landmark in
the Holkar. War.
the constitutional history of
� Treaty of Bassein (1802). � Annexation of Sindh (1843).
India.
� War with Gwalior (1843).

OLE - 153 OLE - 154 OLE - 155

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
� The Indian Penal Code of Name Period Important Events Lord Curzon (1899-1905) � Appointed a Police Commis-
Criminal Procedure (1859) sion in 1902 under Andrew
� Passed the Royal Title Act Frazer.
was passed. (1876) and Queen Victoria � Set up the Universities Com-
� The Indian High Court Act was declared as the Kaiser- mission and accordingly the
(1861) was enacted. a-Hind. Indian Universities Act of
� Income Tax was introduced � Arms Act (1878) made it man- 1904 was passed.
for the first time in 1858. datory for Indians to acquire � Set up the Department of
� ‘White Mutiny’ by European license for arms. Commerce and Industry.
troops in 1859. � Passed the infamous Ver- � Calcutta Corporation Act
Lord Elgin-I (1862-1863) � Suppressed Wahabi Move- nacular Press Act (1878). (1899).
ment. � Passed the Indian Coinage
� The second Afghan War
Sir John Lawrence (1864-1868) � High courts were established and Paper Currency Act (in
(1878-80) 1899) and put India on a gold
at Calcutta, Bombay and Ma-
dras in 1865. Lord Rippon (1880-1884) � Repeal of the Ver nacular standard.
� Expanded canal works and Press Act, 1882. � Partition of Bengal took place
railways. � The first Factory Act, 1881 to in 1905
improve labour condition. � Introduced Ancient Monu-
� Bhutan War (1865).
� Resolution on Local Self Gov- ments Preservation Act (1904)
� Advocated State-managed rail- Lord Minto-II (1905-1910) � Swadeshi Movement.
ernment in 1882.
ways. � Foundation of the Muslim
� Resolution on Land Revenue
� Created the Indian Forests League, 1906.
Policy
Department and reorganized � Surat session and split in the
� Appointed Hunter commis-
the native judical service. Congress (1907).
sion (for education reform) in
Lord Mayo (1869-1872) � He established the Rajkot Col- � Newspapers Act, 1908.
1882.
lege at Kathiawar and Mayo � Morely-Minto Reforms, 1909.
� The Illbert Bill controversy Lord Hardinge-II (1910-1916) � Annulment of the partition of
College at Ajmer for the In-
erupted during his time. Bengal.
dian princes.
Lord Dufferin (1884-1888) � Third Burmese War � Transfer of capi tal from
� He organised the Statistical
� Annexation of Burma (1885) Calcutta to Delhi.
Survey of India.
� Congress founded in 1885 � Durbar in Delhi and Corona-
� He established the Depart- tion of George-V and Queen.
� Bengal Tenancy Act (1885)
ment of Agriculture and Com- � Establ ishment of Hindu
merce. Lord Lansdowne (1888-1894) � The Factory Act of 1891.
� Categorisation of Civil Ser- Mahasabha by Madan Mohan
� He was the only Viceroy to be Malviya, 1915.
vices into imperial, provincial
murdered in office by a con- Lord Chelmsford (1916-1921) � Lucknow Pact in 1916 be-
and subordinate. tween Congress and Muslim
vict in the Andamans in 1872.
� Indian Council Act of 1892 (In- League.
Lord Northbrook (1872-1876) � Kuka rebellion in Punjab
troduced elections which was � Arri val of Gandhi, and
(1872)
indirect). Champaran Satyagraha in
� Famine in Bihar (1874)
� Appointment of the Durand 1917.
� Visit of Prince of Wales in Commission to define the � Formation of Home Rule
1875. Durand line between then Leagues by Annie Besant and
� Resigned over Afghanistan India and Afghanistan. Tilak (1956)
Question. Lord Elgin-II (1894-1899) � The Santhal uprising of 1899. � Montague’s August Declara-
Lord Lytton (1876-1880) � Most unpopular Viceroy. � Convention delimiting the tion (1917).
� Pursued free trade and abol- frontier between China and � Saddler Commission of Edu-
ished duties on 29 British cation in 1917.
India was ratified.
manufactured goods which � Kheda Satyagraha and
� Great famine of 1896-1897. Satyagraha at Ahmedabad in
accelerated drain of India. � Lyall Commission appointed 1918.
� Arranged the Grand Darbar after famine. � Government of India Act
in Delhi (in 1877) when the � Assassination of two British (1919).
country was suffering from a officials by the Chapekar � Constitutional Refrom of
severe famine. brothers in 1897. 1919.

OLE - 156 OLE - 157 OLE - 158

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY
� Repressive Rowlatt Act � Foundation of Congress So- MAJOR COMMITTIES/COMMISSION
(1919). cialist Party, 1934.
� Massacre at Jalianwala Bagh Committies/ Year Viceroy Associated
� Government of India Act,
(1919). 1935. Commission With
� Khilafat Movement. � Burma separated from India, Charles Wood Despatch 1854 Lord Dalhousie Education
� Non-Cooperation Movement. 1935. Hunter Commission 1882 Lord Ripon Education
� Appointment of S.P. Sinha as � All India Kisan Sabha 1936.
Raleigh Commission 1902 Lord Curzon Education
governor of Bihar (the first Lord Linlithgow (1936-1944) � 1st General Election (1936-
Indian to become a governor). 1937). Sadler Commission 1917 Lord Chelmsford Education
Lord Reading (1921-1926) � Repeal of Press Act (1910) � Congress ministries in 1937 Hartog Commission 1929 Lord Irwin Education
and Rowlatt Act of 1919. and resignation of Congress Sargent Plan 1944 Lord Wavell Education
� Chauri-Chaura incident. ministries in 1939. Campbell Commission 1866 Sir John Lawrence Famine
� Voilent Moplah rebellion in � Outbreak of second World War
Kerala (1921) (1939). Stratchy Commission 1880 Lord Lytton Famine
� CPI founded in 1921. � Forward Block founded in Lyall Commission 1896 Lord Elgin-II Famine
� Decision to hold simultaneous 1939. MacDonnel Commission 1900 Lord Curzon Famine
examinations for the ICS both � Deliverance day by Muslim Mansfield Commission 1886 Lord Dufferin Currecny
in Delhi and London, with ef- League
fect from 1923. Fowler Commission 1898 Lord Elgin-II Currency
� August offer, 1940, Lahore
� RSS founded in 1925. Resolution, 1940. Babington Smith 1919 Lord Chelmsford Currency
� Kakori robbery in 1925. � Cripps Mission, 1942. Commission
Lord Irwin (1926-1931) � Simon Commi ssion an- � Quit India Movement, 1942. Hilton Young Commission 1939 Lord linlithgow Currency
nounced in 1927. Lord Wavell (1944-1947) � CR Formula 1944. Skeen Commission 1925 Lord Reading Army
� Butler Commission in 1927. � Wavell Plan and Shimla Con- Garren Commission 1932 Lord Willingdon Army
� All India Youth Congress, ference in 1945.
1928 � End of 2nd World War in Chatfield Commission 1939 Lord Linlithgow Army
� Nehru Report, 1928. 1945. Hunter Commission 1919 Lord Chelmsford Punjab
� Murder of Saunders by � INA Trials and the Naval mu- Disturbances
Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and tiny in 1946. Fraser Commission 1902 Lord Curzon Agriculture
Chandrashekhar Azad (1928) � Cabinet Mission, 1946 and
� Bomb blast in Assembly Hall Butler Commission 1927 Lord Irwin Indian States
acceptance of its proposals by
of Delhi (1929) by Bhagat Congress. Whitley Commission 1929 Lord Irwin Labour
Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt. � Observance of ‘Direct Action Sapru Commission 1935 Lord Linlithgow Unemployment
� Lahore session of the Con- Day’ (August 16, 1946) by Floud Commission 1940 Lord Linlithgow Tenancy in
gress and Poorna Swaraj dec- Muslim League.
laration. � Formation of Interim Govern- Bengal
� Civil Disobedience Movement ment by the congress (Sep-
tember 1946) SOCIAL REFORM ACT PASSED BY BRITISH GOVERNMENT
1930.
� Dandi March (March 12th, Lord Mountbatten (1947-1948) � Announced the 3 June, 1947 Act Year Governor-General Purpose
1930). Plan. Prevention of child (1798- Wellesley Prevention of Child
� 1st Round Table Conference, � Introduction of Indian Inde-
pendence Bill in the House of Assassination Act 1805) Assassination.
1930.
Commons. Sati Pratha Preven- 1829 Lord W. Bentinck Prevention of Sati
� Gandhi-Irwin Pact, March 5,
� Appointment of Two bound- ion Act Pratha
1931.
� Civil Disobedience Movement. ary commissions under Sir Slavery Prevention Act 1843 Lord Ellenborough Prevention of Slavery
Cryil Radcliffe. Hindu Widow 1856 Lord Canning Widow Marriage
Lord Willingdon (1931-1936) � Second Round Table Confer-
ence in September 1931. � Last British Viceroy of Brit- Remarriage Act
ish India. Native Marriage Act 1872 North Brook Intercaste Marriage
� Announcement of Communal
� First Governor -General of Age of Consent Act 1891 Lans Down for the Girls age of
Award (1932).
Free India. Marriage 12 years.
� ‘Fast unto death’ by Gandhi C. Rajagopalachari (1948-1950) � Only Indian Governor
in Yerwada prison, broken General For Marriage mini-
after the Poona Pact (1932) � Last Governor-General of free mum age of girls 14
� Third Round Table Confer- India. years and boys 18 years.
ence, 1932. Sharda Act 1930 Lord Irwin

OLE - 159 OLE - 160 OLE - 161

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES OF FREEDOM STRUGGLE Name Birth Death Famous For Name Birth Death Famous For
Name Birth Death Famous For Bhai Balmukund 1891 1919 He was a revolutionary, C. Rajgopalachari 1878 1972 Chief Minister of Madras
Aruna Asaf Ali 1888 1953 Member of Congress arrested in the Hardinge (1937-39), first and last
working Committee, Mem- Bomb case and hanged. Indian Governor–General.
ber of Executive Council Bankim Chandra Chatterjee 1838 1894 Bengali poet and novelist Chandra Shekhar Azad 1906 1931 Associated with Hindustan
(1946-47), Ist Indian Am- wrot e Durgeshnandini Socialist Republican Army,
bassador to USA (1947- composed the song Bande shot himself dead at Alfred
48). Matram. Park, Allahabad
Acharya Narendra Dev 1889 1956 Founder Member of the Barindra Kumar Ghosh 1880 1959 Started Bengali weekly, C.F. Andrews 1871 1940 Actively participated in
Congress Socialist Party, the ‘Yugantar’ organised Trade Union Activit ies,
Vice Chancellor of Banaras Maniktala Party for revo- joined Viakom Satyagraha
Hindu University. lutionary activities. (1925).
Acharaya Vinoba Bhave 1895 1982 Participated in the Dandi Bhai Parmanand 1874 1947 Leading figure of the Gha- C.Y. Chintamani 1880 1941 One of the founder of the
March, Salt Satyagraha, dar Par t y, became t he Liberal Party, edited pa-
Individual Sat yagr aha, chancellor of National Col- per s like ‘The Leader’,
Bhoodan Movement. lege Lahore, associated ‘Hindustan Review’.
Abdul Gaffar Khan 1890 1988 Called as Frontier Gandhi, with Hindu Mahasabha. Dadabhai Nauroji 1825 1917 ‘Grand Old Man of India’
founded Khudai Khidmat- Chittaranjan Das 1870 1925 Founder of the Swaraj founded ‘the London India
gar, Participated in Non- Party, presided over the Society,’ gave the ‘Drain
Cooperation, Civil Disobe- AITUC session at Lahore theory.’
dience and Quit India (1923) and Ahmedabad Kamala Nehru 1899 1936 Married to J.L. Nehru in
Movements. (1924). 1916, participated in vari-
Ashfaqullah Khan 1900 1927 A revolutionary associated Achyut S. Patwardhan 1905 1971 Founder member of the ous movements, led the
with the Hindustan Repub- Congress Socialist Party Civil Disobedience move-
lican Association, Partici- (1934), part icipat ed in ment.
pated in Kakori hold up, Quit India Movement David Hare 1775 1842 Founder of the Hindu col-
sentenced to death. Alluri Sitaram Raju 1897 1924 Leading f igur e of t he lege in Calcutta, associ-
A.O. Hume 1829 1922 Brit ish Civil Ser vant Rampa t r ibal upr ising ated with ‘Young Bengal
known as the founder of (1923-24) in Andhr a Movement.’
Congress. Pradesh D.K. Karve 1858 1962 Was a social reformer sup-
Abul Kalam Azad 1888 1958 Congress President from Badruddin Taiyyabji 1844 1906 Associated with Bombay ported widow remarriage,
1940 to 1946, published Pr esidency Association started Widow Homes.
papers like Al-Hilal, Al- and Indian National Con- Dinabandhu Mitra 1830 1873 Author of ‘Neel Darpan’
Balagh, Al-Nadawah. gress, Presided over Ma- showing exploitation of
Annie Besant 1847 1933 Came t o India in 1839 dras Session, (1887). Indigo cultivators
assocaited with Theosophi- Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1857 1920 Known as Lokamanaya Dayanand Saraswati 1824 1899 Founded ‘Ar ya Samaj’
cal Soceity, founded Central started two newspapers wrote ‘Satyarth Prakash’,
Hindu College (1898), ‘Maratha’ and ‘Kesari’ an was in favour of widow re-
founded Home Rule League extremists leader of the marriage and opposed un-
(1915). congress. touchability.
Ajit Singh – 1947 Founded the Bharat Mata Bipin Chandra Pal 1858 1932 Known as the father of E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker 1879 1973 Lower cast e leader,
Society, wor ked wit h revolutionary thought in launched Self Respect
Ghadar Part y, uncle of India, Member of Con- Movement (1925), Presi-
Bhagat Singh gress, one of the famous dent of the Justice Party.
Anand Mohan Bose 1847 1906 Founded National Confer- trio–Lal, Bal, Pal. Govind Ballabh Pant 1889 1961 Freedom fighter, demon-
ence (1883), President of Bhulabhai Desai 1877 1946 Prominent lawyer, Con- stration against the Simon
Madr as Session of INC gress leader, famous for Commission (1927), Chief
(1898). INA trial. Minister of U.P. (1946)
B.R. Ambedkar 1891 1956 Foudned the Depressed Bhagat Singh 1907 1931 A revolutionar y leader, G.G. Agarkar 1856 1895 Launched t he weekly
Class Inst it ut e (1924), founded ‘Naujawan Bharat ‘Sudharak’, editor of pa-
launched various move- Sabha’ killed Saunders, pers like ‘Maratha’ and the
ments, Chairman of the sent enced t o deat h in ‘Kesari,’ great social re-
Drafting Committee. Lahore conspiracy case. former.

OLE - 162 OLE - 163 OLE - 164

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY
Name Birth Death Famous For Name Birth Death Famous For Name Birth Death Famous For
Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1866 1915 Founded ‘Servants of In- Motilal Nehru 1861 1931 Father of J.L. Nehru, emi- Mahatma Gandhi 1869 1948 ‘Father of the Nation’, lead-
dia Society’ (1905), Mod- nent lawyer, founder ing figure in the Indian Na-
erate leaders of Congress. leader of the ‘Swarajist tional Movement.
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 1820 1891 Well known social r e- Party.’ Manindra Nath Bannerji — 1934 A revolutionary, involved
f or mer, suppor ted val- Maulana Muhammad Ali 1878 1931 Associat ed wit h t he in the Kakori conspiracy
iantly widow remarriage, “Khilafat Movement,” INC case, died after 66 days
founded various schools President in Kakinada of hunger strike.
for girls. Session (1923), well– Muhammad Iqbal 1873 1938 Famous Urdu poet, wrote
Jamnalal Bajaj 1889 1942 Treasur er of Congress known journalist. t he f amous Nationalist
(1920-42), f ounder of M.A. Ansari 1880 1936 Muslim League leader, Song “Sare Jahan Se Ac-
‘Gandhi Seva Sangh’ f ounded Jamia Millia cha Hindustan Hamara.”
Yogesh Chandra Chatterji 1895 1969 One of the founders of the Islamia, organised the All M.R. Jaykar 1873 1959 Leader of the Swarajya
‘Hindustan Socialist Re- India Medical mission to Party, attended the Round
publican Association,’ ar- Turkey in 1912-13. Table conference, lawyer
r est ed in Kakor i con- Mahadev Desai 1892 1942 Mahatma Gandhi’s Secre- by profession.
spiracy case, associated tary for 25 years, edited
with ‘Anushilan Samiti.’ Mohammad Ali Jinnah 1875 1948 Leader of Muslim League,
“The Independent ” and
Jatindra Nath Das 1904 1929 Great revolutionary, died formulated 14 points in
“Navjivan” died on 15 Au-
in Lahore jail after 63 days 1929, formulated two na-
gust 1942.
fast. tions theor y, known as
Khurshedji Rustamji Cama 1831 1909 Par sian businessman, Qaid-e-Azam.
Jadonang 1905 1931 Naga tribal freedom fighter supported social reforms
from Manipur, was sen- N.M. Joshi 1875 1955 Founded t he All India
on Parsis, father-in-law of
t enced t o deat h and Trade Union Congress in
Madam Bhikaji Cama
hanged in 1931. 1921, called as father of
Kalpana Datta 1913 1978 Women revolutionary of
Jatindranath Mukherjee 1879 1915 Member of revolutionary the Trade Union Move-
Bengal, sent enced t o
societies like ‘Jugantar,’ ment in India.
transportation of life in the
‘Anushilan Samit i’ and Meera Behn 1892 1982 Real name was Madeleine
Chittagong Armory Raid
‘Ghadar Party,’ popularly Slade, disciple and asso-
Case.
known as Bagha Jatin. ciate of Mahatma Gandhi
K.M. Munshi 1887 1971 Freedom fighter, educa-
Jawaharlal Nehru 1889 1964 Fr eedom f ight er, Prime M.G.Ranade 1842 1901 Founded the Deccan Ed-
t ionist f ounder of
Minister fr om 1947 t o ucat ional Societ y, a
Bharatiya Vidya Bhawan.
1964 author of the ‘Dis- founder of the Indian Na-
covery of India,’ ‘Glimpses Lala Lajpat Rai 1865 1928 Known as “Punjab Kesa-
tional Congress.
of World History.’ ri,” brutally lathi charged
in anti Simon Commission M.N. Roy 1887 1954 Communist leader, arrest-
K.T. Telang 1850 1893 Co-founder of the ‘Bombay ed in Kanpur Conspiracy
Presidency Association,’ procession in Lahore, died
after 18 days. Case, formed Indian Fed-
President of ‘National So- eration of Labour, founder
cial Conference,’ One of Lala Hardayal 1884 1939 Founder of the Ghadar
of Communist Party of In-
the founders of congress. Party in USA, started a
dia.
Kasturba Gandhi 1869 1944 Wife of Mahatma Gandhi, paper “The Vandematram”
and a journal “Ghadar”, Nabh Gopal Mitra 1842 1894 Popularly known as Na-
died on Feb. 24, 1944 in tional Mitra was a Bengali
prison. was a pr of essor at t he
Berkeley University, poet and playwright.
Khudiram Bose 1889 1908 Young revolutionary ar -
Madan Lal Dhingra 1887 1909 Associated with the Indi- Narayana Guru 1845 1928 A great socio-religious re-
rested in Muzaffarpur con-
an Home Rule society, former from Kerala, fought
spiracy case and senten-
Abhinav Bharat Society against Brahmin domina-
cted to death.
and the India House, shot t ion, wor ked for the
Madan Mohan Malviya 1861 1946 INC President (1909), was
dead curzon wyllie. spr ead of education in
a founder member of the
Madam Bhikaji Cama 1861 1936 Famous women revolu- Kerala.
Hindu Mahasabha, foun-
ded the Banaras Hindu tionary In 1907 attended Ferozshah Mehta 1845 1915 Founder of the Bombay
University in 1916 and re- the socialist congress at Pr esidency Association
mained its V.C. from 1919 stuttgart and unfurled the and INC, was a moderate
to 1938. Indian National Flag. leader.

OLE - 165 OLE - 166 OLE - 167

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
Name Birth Death Famous For Name Birth Death Famous For Name Birth Death Famous For

Pattabhi Sitaramiah 1880 1959 Congress leader in 1939, Rabindra Nath Tagore 1861 1941 Mult if aced per sonality, Wyomesh Chandra Bannerjee 1844 1905 First congress president
he lost the Congress pres- won the Nobel Prize for Lit- at Bombay in 1885, fi-
idential election to Sub- erature in 1913. nanced the British com-
hash Bose. Surendranath Banerjee 1848 1925 One of the founders of mittee of the congress in
P. Anand Charlu 1843 1908 One of the founders of INC, successfully complet- London and its journal In-
Congr ess, Pr esident of ed for Indian Civil Service dia.
INC (1891), associat ed in 1896, eminent journal- Vasudeo Balwant Phadke 1845 1883 A great revolutionary, or-
with Madras Mahajan Sab- ist and educationist. ganised a secret society,
ha. organised militant tribes
Sohan Singh Bhakna 1870 1968 Founded (Hind Associa-
like Kolis and Ramoshis.
Preetilata Waddekar 1911 1932 Woman r evolut ionary, tion) in 1913, published
Sachidnra Nath Sanyal 1895 1945 A great revolutionary, as-
member of Yugantar samiti Ghadar Newspaper, asso-
sociated with the activity
and the Chittagong Repub- ciated with ‘Kamagatama- of Ghadar Party, founder
lican Army. ru’ ship incident. of Hindustan Republican
Ram Prasad Bismil 1897 1927 A revolutionary, member of Subhash Chandra Bose 1897 1945 Successfully competed in Association, arrested in
Hindustan Socialist Repub- civil services exam, presid- Kakori Conspiracy Case.
lican Army, participated in ed over the Haripura ses- Swami Sahajanand 1889 1950 Farmer leader from Bihar,
Kakori Train Dacoity. sion of the Congress (1938), participated in Gandhian
Rajendra Prasad 1884 1963 Congress leader from Bi- founded Forward Block. movements, founded Bi-
har, became the first Pres- S. Subramaniam Iyer 1842 1924 President of the All–India har Kisan Sabha in 1929.
ident of India. Home Rule League, one of S. Satyamurti 1887 1943 A great leader from South
Ram Manohar Lohiya 1910 1968 Foudner member of Con- the founders of the Con- India, participated in Civil
gress Socialist Party, ed- gress. Disobedience and Quit In-
ited the Journal “The Con- Saiyyad Ahmed Khan 1817 1899 Founder of Aligarh Move- dia Movements.
gress Socialist” after inde- ment, founded the Mo- Surya Sen 1894 1934 Revolutionary leader from
pendence founded the So- hammadan Anglo Oriental Bengal, founded the Chit-
cialist Party. College (Aligarh). tagong Republican Army,
Sarojini Naidu 1879 1949 First Indian women Presi- captured in 1933 and sen-
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur 1889 1964 Belonged to the ruling fam-
dent of Congress (1925), tenced to death.
ily of Kapurthala, a follower
Gover nor of U.P. (1947- Swami Sraddhanand 1856 1926 A great Arya Samajist ed-
of Gandhi, served as in-
ucationist started a week-
depedent India’s f ir st 48), eminent poetess.
ly (Satya Dharma Prachar-
Health Minister. S. Rajguru 1908 1931 Trialed in the Lahore con-
ak) murdered in 1926.
Rani Lakshmi Bai 1835 1858 Second wife of the ruler spiracy case and sen-
T.K. Madhvan 1886 1930 Launched the Temple En-
of Jhansi, defended Jhan- tenced to death along with t ry Movement , Vaikom
si from Britishers, cap- Bhagat Singh and Sukhdev. Satyagraha, editor of De-
tured Gwalior, died fight- Tej Bahadur Sapru 1875 1949 Moderate leader of Con- shabhimani.
ing heroically. gress, jurist from Allaha- T. Prakasam 1872 1957 Known as ‘Andhra Kesari’
Rasbihari Bose 1886 1945 Revolutionary leader, asso- bad, elected to the mem- took part in Salt Satyagra-
ciated with Yugantar and bership of privy Council. ha.
Ghadar Party, founded ‘In- Vallabhbhai Patel 1875 1950 Launched Bardoli Satyagra- Udham Singh 1899 1940 A great revolutionary lead-
dia Independence League’ ha, deputy Prime Minister er from Punjab, murdered
and ‘Indain National Army.’ after independence, called Michael O’Dwyer was sen-
Ras Bihari Ghose 1845 1921 A leading moderate leader as ‘Iron Man of India.’ tenced to death.
of Congr ess, Pr esided Vithalbhai Patel 1873 1933 Lawyer by profession, rep- Zakir Husain 1897 1969 For mulat ed Wardha
over Surat Session of Con- scheme of educat ion,
resented INC at the Lon-
gress (1907). served as vice-chancellor
don conference (1919).
Rajendra Nath Lahiri 1898 1927 A gr eat r evolutionar y, of Jamia Millia (1926-53),
V.D. Savarkar 1883 1966 A gr eat r evolut ionar y Governor of Bihar (1953-
member of the Hindustan founded Mitra Mela, he 62), and Vice President of
Socialist Republican Asso- called the 1857 Revolt as India (1962-67), elected as
ciation (HSRA), participat- the First war of Indepen- President of India in 1967,
ed in Kakori Dacoity. dence. died in office.

OLE - 168 OLE - 169 OLE - 170

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY
FAMOUS SLOGANS DURING FREEDOM STRUGGLE Common Weal 1914 Annie Besant The Story of Ramayan : C. Rajagopalachari
New India 1914 Annie Besant Bhaja Govindam : C. Rajagopalachari
Slogans Leader Dawn (Now from Pakistan) — Md. Ali Jinnah
Star — Paper of Muslim League Poverty and unbritish rule : Dadabhai Naoroji
� “Delhi Chalo” � Subhash Chandra Bose
Searchlight 1918 Sachidanand Sinha in India
� “Jai Hind” � Subhash Chandra Bose
Punjab Kesari — Lala Jagat Narayan, Lala The Buddha and His Dhamma : B.R. Ambedkar
� “Tum Mujhe Khun Do � Subhash Chandra Bose
Hardayal Annihilation of Caste : B.R. Ambedkar
Mai Tumhe Azadi Dunga”
Sahsik — Sardar Ajit Singh, Sufi Amba
� “Bharat Chodo” � Mahatma Gandhi Who were the shudras ? : B.R. Ambedkar
Prasad
� “Do ro Die” � Mahatma Gandhi
Independent 1919 Motilal Nehru The Untouchables : B.R. Ambedkar
� “Aaram Haram Hai” � Jawaharlal Nehru Young India 1919 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi India Divided : Dr. Rajendra Prasad
� “Inklab Zindabad” � Bhagat Singh Socialist 1922 S.A. Dnage At the feet of Mahatma Gandhi : Dr. Rajendra Prasad
� “Back to the Vedas” � Dayanand Saraswati Hindustan Times 1922 K.M. Pannikar (Swarajya Party)
Satyagraha in Champaran : Dr. Rajendra Prasad
� “Swaraj is my birth right and � Bal Gangadhar Tilak Free Press Journal 1930 S. Sadanand
I shall have it” Harijan 1933 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Little Chicken in a hurry : Dr. Zakir Hussain
The Bravest Goat In the World : Dr. Zakir Hussain
NEWSPAPERS OF BRITISH INDIA TITLES GIVEN TO THE NATIONAL FREEDOM FIGHTER Agrarian Structure in British India : Dr. Zakir Hussain
Newspapers Year Founder/Editor Title To the Leader Given by Neel Darpan : Dinabandhu Mitra
Bengal Gazette 1780 James Augustus Hickey Discovery of India : Jawaharlal Nehru
Mahatma M.K. Gandhi Rabindranath Tagore
(India’s first newspaper)
Father of the Nation M.K. Gandhi Subhash Chandra Bose Glimpses of World History : Jawaharlal Nehru
Madras Courier 1784 —
Bombay Herald 1789 — Lokahitwadi Gopal Hari Deshmukh People Wither India : Jawaharlal Nehru
Samachar Darshan (Bangla) 1818 Kaire, Marshman Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Women of Bardoli
Soviet Asia : Jawaharlal Nehru
(oldest in Indian language) Raja Ram Mohan Roy Akbar II
A Bunch of old Letters : Jawaharlal Nehru
Calcutta Journal — James Silk Buckingham Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose —
Deshnayak Subhash Chandra Bose Ravindranath Tagore The Unity of India : Jawaharlal Nehru
Sambad Kaumudi (Bangla) 1821 Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Bombay Samachar (Gujarati) 1822 Fardoorejee Majban Vivekanand Swami Vivekanand Maharaja Khetadi India and the World : Jawaharlal Nehru
Mirat-ul-Akhbar (Farsi) 1822 Raja Ram Mohan Roy Kayade Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah Mahatma Gandhi Why Socialism : Jayaprakash Narayan
Udant Martand 1826 Jugul Kishore (first news paper Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak People Towards Total Revolution : Jayaprakash Narayan
of Hindi)
Gulamgiri (Slavery) : Jyotiba Phule
Sambad Prabhakar 1830 Ishwar Chandra Gupta Important Books and Their Authors During Freedom Struggle
Jam-e-Jamshed 1831 P.M. Motiwala Shetkaryacha Asud : Jyotiba Phule
Bombay Times (English) 1838 Bennet Colloman & Co. Books Authors Hints for self-culture : Lala Hardayal
Hindu Patriot 1853 Harishchandra Mukherjee Thought Forms : Annie Besant Our Educational Problem : Lala Hardayal
Som Prakash 1858 Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar The Ancient Wisdom : Annie Besant India Wins Freedom : Abul Kalam Azad
Rast Goftar 1861 Dada Bhai Nauroji Occult Chemistry : Annie Besant
Pioneer (English) 1865 Allahabad, now from Lucknow Tarjuman Al-Quran : Abul Kalam Azad
and Delhi (Changed) Death and After : Annie Besant Sallies of Mind : Abul Kalam Azad
Amrit Bazar Patrika 1868 S.K. Ghosh, Motilal Ghosh, Words of Freedom : Ideas of : Aruna Asaf Ali The Dawn of Hope : Abul Kalam Azad
(Bangla-Calcutta) Tusarkanti Ghosh a Nation The immanence of God : Madan Mohan Malviya
Madras Mail 1868 First evening news paper The Resurgence of Indian : Aruna Asaf Ali India Unrest : Valentine Chirol
Statesman 1875 Robert Knight, Sunanda Dutta
Women Indian Musalmans : William W. Hunter
Roy
The Tribune (Chandigarh, Punjab) 1877 Sir Dayal Singh Mazithia Why I am an Atheist : Bhagat Singh My Indian years : Lord Harding-II
Hindu (English-Madras) 1878 Vir Raghvachari, G.S. Iyer. N On the Path of Liberation : Bhagat Singh The Indian struggle : Subhas Chandra Bose
Subba Rao Pantulu. Canadian Society and Culture : Bhagat Singh Problems of the East : Lord Curzon
Paridashak 1880 Bipin Chandra Pal, Aurobindo Anandamath : Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
Ghosh Letters to Emilie Schenkl : Subhas Chandra Bose
Kesari (Marathi) 1881 Bal Gangadhar Tilak Durgeshnandini : Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Azad Hind : Subhas Chandra Bose
Maratha (English) 1881 Bal Gangadhar Tilak Kapalkundala : Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Beacon Across Asia : Subhas Chandra Bose
Sudharak (Marathi) 1888 Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Devi Chaudhurani : Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay The Indian War of Independence : V.D. Savarkar
Bande Matram 1906 Bipin Chandra Pal, Arvind Ghosh Krishna Charitra : Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
Al–Hilal 1912 Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Hindutva : V.D. Savarkar
Hinduism Doctrine and Way : C. Rajagopalachari Maijhini Charitra : V.D. Savarkar
Bombay Chronicle 1913 Feroz Shah Mehta
Madras Standard 1914 Annie Besant of Life The Arctic Home in the Vedas : Bal Gangadhar Tilak

OLE - 171 OLE - 172 OLE - 173

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Srimadh Bhagvad Gita Rahasya : Bal Gangadhar Tilak � September 17 : Dravi da � August 18 : The first Indian In-

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE stitute of Technology opened in
Orion (Antiquity of the Vedas) : Bal Gangadhar Tilak Munnetra Kazhakam formed by
1947 � December 12 : Financial agree- C.N. Annadurai in Tamil Nadu. Kharagpur.
Vedic Chronology and : Bal Gangadhar Tilak
� 14-15 August 1947 : Appoint- ment between India and Pakistan � November 26 : Constitution of � December 5 : Abanindranth
Vedanta Jyotisha ment of Lord Mountbatten as was announced in Indian Parlia- India adopted by the Constituent Tagore, famous Indian painter
Unhappy India : Lala Lajpat Rai Governor of Dominion of India. ment by Sardar Patel. and sculptor passed away in
Assembly.
Englands debt to India : Lala Lajpat Rai � August 15 : Formation of the first 1948 � October 6 : Nehru laid the foun- Calcutta.
Young India : An interpreta- : Lala Lajpat Rai Cabinet of Independent India. It � January 1 : India communicated dation stone of the National De- � December 16 : Salar Jung Mu-
tion and a history of the had following members : to the United Nations the possi- fence Academy at Khadakavasla. seum opened at Hyderabad by
1. J.L. Nehru : P.M. and Minister bility of sending troops against Nehru.
nationalist movement from The NDA was opened on Janu-
for External and Commonwealth Pakistan.
within ary 16, 1955. 1952
Relations and Scientific Research � January 13 : Mahatma Gandhi
Arya Samaj : Lala Lajpat Rai � The Banking Regulation Act, � Sindri fertilizer factory in Bihar
2. Sardar Vallabhabhai Patel : went on fast in New Delhi. It was
The Political Future of India : Lala Lajpat Rai 1949 was passed. It governs the (now in Jharkhand) was inaugu-
Home, Information and Broad- his last fast.
regulation of all banks in India. rated by Nehru. It is the largest
Hind Swaraj : Mahatma Gandhi casting and States � January 20 : Security–Council
divided to set up a three–mem- � November 30 : Government of of its kind in Asia and one of the
The story of My Experiments : Mahatma Gandhi 3. Dr. Rajendra Prasad : Food and India issued a communique, on
ber UN Commission for investi- largest in the world.
with truth Agriculture India’s decision to establish dip- � Indian National Congress party
gation and mediation in the Kash-
Gora : Rabindranath Tagore 4. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad : lomatic relations with the new secures absolute majority in the
mir dispute (January 20).
Ghare Baiyre (Home and World) : Rabindranath Tagore Education � January 30 : Mahatma Gandhi Government of China. first Lok Sabha in General Elec-
Gitanjali : Rabindranath Tagore 5. Dr. John Mathai : Railway and was shot dead by Nathuram 1950 tions.
Letters from Russia : Rabindranath Tagore Transport Vi nayak Godse at 5.10 P.M. � January 1 : India was elected a � Dr. Rajendra Prasad was re-
Gana Devta : Tarashankar Bandopadhyaya 6. Sardar Baldev Singh : Defence while he has going for his daily member of the UN Security– elected President of India after
7. Rafi Ahmed Kidwai : evening prayer meeting in the Council for a period of 2 years. the first Presidential election held
Philosophy of the Bomb : Bhagwaticharan Vohra under the Indian Constitution.
Communications Birla House, New Delhi. � January 24 : Rajendra Prasad
Gandhi Verses Lenin : S.A. Dange � May 12 : The first Session of
8. Raj Kumari Amrita Kaur : � June 21 : C. Rajagapalachari be- was elected the first President of
India Today : R.P. Dutt comes the first and only Indian India. India’s new Parliament opened in
Health
Thakurmar Jholi : D.M. Majumdar Governor–General of India. � January 26 : Constitution of In- New Delhi.
9. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar : Law
Prachya Aur Pashchatya : Swami Vivekanand � July 7 : Damodar Valley Corpo- dia came into force and India pro- � May 15 : G.V. Mavalankar was
10. R. K. Shanmukham Chetty : elected fi rst Speaker of Lok
Karma Yoga : Swami Vivekanand ration, India’s first public corpo- claimed as Sovereign Democratic
Finance Sabha.
Nibandhmala : Vishnu K. Chiplunkar ration, formed. Republic.
11. Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee : � Lt. Gen. Rajendra Sinha nomi-
Gau Karunanidhi : Swami Dayanand � September 13 : Indian troops � January 26 : Dr. Raj endra
Industries and Supplies annex Hyderabad to Indian ter- nated to succeed General K.M.
Satyarth Prakash : Swami Dayanand Prasad took the oath as the first
12. N.V. Gadgil : Works, Mines and ritory. Cariappa as Commander-in-Chief
President of Indian Republic.
Pather Dabi : Saratchandra Chattopadhyay Power � November 9 : Junagarh State of Indian Army.
� January 28 : Supreme Court of
History of Hindu Chemistry : R.C. Ray � August 15 : India wins freedom. annexed to India. � The first Indo-Soviet trade agree-
India inaugurated.
Peasantry of Bengal : R.C. Dutt Jawaharlal Nehru is sworn–in as ment signed.
1949 � October 7 : Missionaries of Char-
New Lamps for the Old : Aurobindo Ghosh first Prime Minister. � Potti Sriramula, who fasted for 58
� January 15 : Lt. Gen. K.M. ity founded by Mother Teresa. days for the creation of Andhra
� August 23 : Vallabhbhai Patel is
The Life Divine : Aurobindo Ghosh Cariappa becomes the first Indian � December 5 : Death of Sri
appointed Deputy Prime Minister. Pradesh, died.
Vande Matram : Aurobindo Ghosh C-in-C. Aurobindo.
� August 29 : Pakistan tribesmen 1953
Bhawani Mandir : Aurobindo Ghosh � February 1 : Press Trust of In- � December 15 : Death of
invade India under the banner of � January 29 : Sangeet Natak
Rise of the Maratha Power : M.G. Ranade dia set up. Vallabhbhai Patel, the Deputy
Azad Kashmir Forces. Akademi formed.
Essays on Indian Economics : M.G. Ranade � March 2 : Death of Sarojini PM; Planning Commission set up.
� October 25 : Maharaj Hari Singh � February 2 : Constitution of All
Indian in Transition : M.N. Roy of Kashmir appeals for help to Naidu.
1951 India Khadi and Village Industries
India. � March 30 : Rajasthan State
The Economic History of : R.C. Dutt � February 1 : Enumeration work Board.
comes into being.
British India � October 27 : Kashmir Maharaja of the first Census of Indepen- � May 29 : Conquest of Mount
� May 19 : India decides to remain
The Causes of the Indian Revolt : Sir Syyed Ahmed Khan signs the Instrument of Accession dent India begins. Everest by Tenzing Norgay and
within the Commonwealth of Na-
to India. � March 4 : The first Asian Games Edmund Hillary.
Monuments of Delhi : Sir Syyed Ahmed Khan tions.
� November 17 : G.V. Mavalankar in New Delhi. � August 1 : Indian Airlines and Air
Pather Panchali : Bibhutibhushan Benerji � August 19 : Bhubaneswar is de-
elected Speaker of Indian Sover- � July 9 : The first Five–Year Plan India Corporation formed.
A Gift to Monotheism : Raja Rammohan Roy clared capital of Orissa.
eign Dominion Parliament (On published by Planning Commis- � October 1 : Andhra Pradesh be-
A Nation In Making : Surendranath Banerjee � September 9 : Hindi is declared
November 17). sion. comes a separate State.
National Language of India.
OLE - 174 OLE - 175 OLE - 176
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� October 14 : Death Duty is ef- � November 18 : Soviet leaders � October 1 : India signed the � 26 October : a State of Emer-
2 WORLD HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN HISTORY
fective. Bulgarin and Khrushchev visited Brussels Convention of the Inter- gency declared.
India. national Union for the Protection � November 21 : China declared
1954 of Literary and Artistic works, unilateral cease-fire. Ancient Civilizations of The world :
� January 1 : The Prime Minister 1956 known as the Berne Convention.
laid the foundation stone of the � February 19 : Acharya Narendra 1963 � It is the first of civilization to have ever emerged on the face of planet
� October 1 : Metric system (deci- earth ever since the evolution of humans.
Tata Institute of Fundamental Re- Dev died. mal) of weights introduced. � February 28 : Dr. Raj endra
search. � April 29 : Government approved Prasad passed away. � The origin of Mesopotamia dates back so far behind in the history there
� April 29 : Sino-India agreement the draft of Second Five–Year 1959 � March 11 : Chittaranjan locomo- is no known evidence of any other civilized society before them. The
on Tibet was signed. The Co- Plan. � March 17 : Dalai Lama, fleeing tive works commissioned at timetine of ancient Mesopotamia is usually kept around 3300 BC 750
lombo Conference of Asian Prime � June 18 : Hindu Succession Act Tibet, reaches India. Varanasi. BC Mesopotamia is generally Credited with being the first place where
Ministers held. passed. � June 4 : Formation of Swatantra � December 1 : Nagaland came into civilized societies truly began to take shape.
� Government of India constituted � August 4 : Apsara, India’s first Party by C. Rajagopalachari. existence. � It was around 8000 BC that people find the concept of agriculture, and
a National Film Board and de- nuclear research reactor, is com- � September 15 : New Delhi has a slowly started to domesticated animals for both the purpose of food as
missioned. Television Centre as a UNESCO- 1964 well as to assist in agriculture.
cided to establish a Film Produc-
� September 1 : Life Insurance aided programme. � 27 May : Jawaharl al Nehru � They prospered is the regions of modern day Iraq-then known as
tion Bureau and a Film Institute.
Corporation inaugurated. � September 29 : Arati Saha swims passed away in Delhi. Babylonia, sumer and Assyria highlands.
� Mr. Chou En-lai, the Chinese
� September 1 : Oil and Natural the English Channel. � 27 May 27 : Gulzarilal Nanda
Prime Minister arrived in New Ancient Egyptian Civilization
Gas Commission established. � December 12 : US President sworn–in as interim Prime Min-
Delhi, for talks with Nehru.
Dwight D. Eisenhower visits In- ister. � The ancient Egypt is one of the oldest and culturally richest civilizations
� India and China outlined Five � November 1 : Reorganisation of
Indian States on linguistic basis; dia. � June 9 : Lal Bahadur Shastri in this list.
Principles (Panchsheel) for the sworn–in as Prime Minister.
Madhya Pradesh created. Delhi is � The ancient Egyptians are known for their prodigious culture, the ever
regulation of relations between 1960
made a Union Territory. So are standing pyramids and the sphinx, the pharaohs and the once a majestic
the nations. � May 1 : The States of 1965
Andaman and Nicobar Islands; civilization that resided by the bank of the river Nile.
� Inauguration of Bhakhara Nangal Maharashtra and Gujarat are � April 20 : Indo-Pak conflict :
Canals by Nehru. India accepted and Lakshadweep. Kerala State is Fighting in the Rann of Kutch be- � The civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political verification
formed merging Travancore, formed from former Bombay of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first Pharaoh. But this could not
the Chairmanship of the three State. tween troops.
supervisory commissions for Viet- Cochin and Malabar. � May 20 : Conquest of Everest by have been possible had there not been early settlers around the Nile
� November 28 : Chinese PM Chou � September 8 : Death of Feroz valley in the early 3500 BC.
nam, Laos and Cambodia. Gandhi, M.P. and husband of the first Indian team headed by
En-lai comes to India. Commander M.S. Kohli; Nawang � The ancient Egypt gave us the ever standing pyramids, the mummies
� Separate department of Atomic Indira Gandhi.
Energy under the direct charge � December 6 : Death of Dr. B.R. Gombu at the summit second that preserve the ancient Pharaohs to this day, the first of the solar
Ambedkar. � November 26 : Kanpur-Lucknow calendars, Hieroglyphics and many more.
of the P.M. was created. STD introduced, the first in In- time.
� The P.M. announced a National � September 1 : Pak army invades � The ancient Egypt reached at its pinnacle towards the New Kingdom,
1957 dia.
Health Scheme for the entire Chhamb and Dewa region. where pharaohs like Ramsee the Great ruled with such authority that
� January 20 : ‘Apsara’ inaugu- � December 19 : Indus Water
country. � September 23 : Cease-fire signed another contemporary civilization of the Nubians also came under Egyption
rated. Treaty with Pakistan signed in
� October 19 : J.L. Nehru went to between India and Pakistan. rule.
� February 24 : Second General Karachi.
China. Election began. � December 2 : Border Security Mayan Civilization
1961 Force formed.
� March 22 : National Calendar � The ancient Mayan civilization flourished in Central America from about
1955 � January 21 : British Queen Eliza-
adopted. 1966 2600 BC and had been much talked about in recent times because of
� January 16 : official opening of beth II arrived.
� April 1 : Naya Paisa, introduced. � January 10 : India and Pakistan the timeline in the calender they had created.
the National Defence Academy at � March 7 : G. B. Pant died.
� April 5 : The first Communist signed Tashkent Agreement. � Once the civilization was established, it went on to prosper and become
Khadakvasla. � March 4 : INS Vikrant Commis-
Ministry installed in Kerala-the � January 11 : Prime Minister Lal one of the most sophisticated civilization with a booming population of
� June 1 : Untouchability (offence) sioned.
first in Asia. Bahadur Shastri di es at about 19 million at its peak.
Act comes into force. � April 26 : Maharaja Hari Singh
� August 10 : National Book Trust Tashkent. � By 700 BC, the Mayans had already devised their own way of writting
� July 1 : Imperial Bank of India died.
set up. � January 23 : Indira Gandhi be- which they used to create their own solar calenders carved in the stones.
is nationalised and renamed � December 18 : Goa, Daman, Diu
� November 14 : Nehru’s birthday comes Prime Minister. � According to them, the world was created on August 11, 3114 BC which
State Bank of India. and Nagar Haveli liberated from
is made Childrens Day (Bal Divas). � June 6 : Nuclear Scientist Homi is the date their calender counts from. And the supposed end was on
� July 15 : Bharat Ratna was con- Portuguese.
ferred upon J.L. Nehru. 1958 Bhabha died in an air crash. December 21, 2012.
1962 � November 17 : Rita Faria became � Why did the Maya, a remarkably sophisticated civilization made up of
� August 31 : the States � February 22 : Death of Maulana
� May 13 : Dr. S. Radhakrishnan Miss World. more than 19 million people, suddenly collapse sometime during the 8th
Reorganisation Bill got Presiden- Abul Kalam Azad.
became the President. � November 1 : Punjab divided into or 9th centuries ?
tial assent. � September 17 : Mihir Sen be-
� September 8 : Chinese incursion Punjab and Haryana. � Although the Mayan people never entirely disoppeared their descendants
� October 2 : Inauguration of In- comes the first Indian to cross
into Indian Territory. ���
tegral Coach Factory at Perambur. the English Channel. still live across Central America.

OLE - 177 OLE - 178 OLE - 179

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Ancient Chinese Civilization The Roman Civilization

WORLD HISTORY
WORLD HISTORY

WORLD HISTORY

Zoroastrianism
Ancient China also known as Han China has one of the most diverse � Early Rome was governed by kings, but after only seven of them had

Hieroghyphic Polytheistic
Polytheistic

Polytheistic

Polytheistic

Polytheistic

Polytheistic

Polytheistic

Polytheistic
history. ruled, the Romans took power over their own city and ruled themselves.

Hinduism
Religion
� The yellow river civilization is said to be the cradle of entire chinese � They then insted had a council known as the ‘senate’ which ruled over
civilization as this is where the earliest dynasties were based. It was them. From this point on the speaks of the ‘Roman Republic’.
around the 2700 BC that the legendary Yellow Emperor began his rule,
� Rome also saw the rise and fall of some of the greatest emperors in
a point in time that later led to the birth of many dynasties that went on
human civilization, like Julius Caesar, Trajan and Augustus.
to rule the mainland China.

Pictographic

Pictographic
�

Cuneiform,
Hieroglyhic
But eventually, the empire of Rome became so vast that it simply was

Cuneiform
� Then on there came a number of dynasties that held control over China
not possible to bring it within a single rule.

Chinese
in different periods of time until the end of Qing dynasty in 1912 AD

Writing

Pahlavi
Greek
with the Xinhai revolution and thus ended more than four millennia old � The Roman empire in the end was overrun by millions of barbarians

Latin
history of ancient Chinese civilization that fascinates historians and from the north and east of Europe.

—
commoners alike to this day. The Aztecs Civilization

astronomy, physics, chem., medicine

Cotton, drama, dyeing, mathematics
Ancient Greek Civilization

Egyptian Pyramids, Mummification,

� The Aztecs come in the scenario pretty much around the time when the

city planning, Mathematics, temple

poetry, drama, philosophy, history

Agriculture, Astronomy, Chemistry
Potter’s wheel, Agriculture, Doms,
� The ancient Greeks may not have been one of the oldest civilizations,

Silk, Pottery, Chinaware, Metals,

lncas were oppearing as the powerful contenders in South America.

Decimal system, Solar calendar

working potter’s wheel, sexage-

Agriculture, winemaking, archi,

ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS OF THE WORLD

builders, Astronomy, medicine.

mathematics, political science,

but they are doubtlessly one of the most influential civilization to have � Around the 1200’s and early 1300’s, the people in present day Mexico

Agriculture, Roman Calendar,

800 B.C., Great Wall, Paper
ever existed in the world. used to live in three big rival cities–Tenochtitlan, Texcoco and Tlacopan.

Dairy farming, textile metal

landscaping, postal service

Textile looms, agriculture,

� Even though the rise of ancient Greece came from the Cyclodic and

Agriculture, Architecture,
� Around 1325, these rivals created an alliance and thus the new state
Minoan civilization (2700 BC – 1500 BC), there are evidences of burials
was brought under the rule of the valley of Mexico.

Agriculture, Smelting,
found in the Franchthi cave in Argolid, Greece that dates back around
7250 BC. � Back then, the people preferred the name Mexico than to the Aztecs.

Inca architecture
� The history of this civilization is scattered over such a huge period of � The rise of the Aztecs was within a century of the fall of another influential

metalworking
civilization in Mexico and central America the Mayans.

Occupations

simal system
time that historians had to divide it over different periods, the most
popular of them the Archaic, classical and Hellenistic period. � The city of Tenochtitlan was the military power, which spearheaded the

Concrete
� These periods also saw a number of ancient Greeks come into limelight- conquest of new territory. But the Aztec emperor didn’t rule every city,
many of them changed our ways of world forever, many of them are still state directly.
talking about to this day. � Local governments would remain in place, but was forced to pay varying
� The Greeks created the ancient olympics, the concept of democracy and amounts of tribute to the Triple Alliance.

Greece (Peloponnese,
a senate. � In the early 1500’s, the Aztec civilization was indeed at the height of its

North Eastern Africa

� They created the base for modern geometry biology, physics and whatnot.

Sumer, Babylonia,
power.

Assyric Highlands

Greece, Macedon)
Greece, Western
Pythagoras, Archimedes, Socrates.

along River Nile

later Alexandria
Mexico, Central

Epirus, Central
� A defeat in this decisive battle eventually led to the fall of once famous

Ecuador, Peru,
Greater Persia
� Euclid, plato, Aristotle, Alexander the great the history books are full of Aztec empire.
such names whose inventions theories, beliefs and heroics have had a

South Asia
significant influence in the subsequent civilizations that came. The lncas Civilization

America

Mexico
� The lncas was the largest Empire in South America in the Pre-columbian

China
The Persian Civilization

Chile
Area

Italy
era.
� There was a time when ancient Persian civilization was in fact the most
powerful empires in the world. � This civilization flourished in the areas of present day Ecuador, Peru and
Chile and had its administrative, military and political centre located at

2000-1200 AD
� Though only in power for a little over 200 years, the Persians conquered

3300-750 BC

3000-500 BC
cusco which lies in modern day peru.

3000-30 BC
lands that covered over 2 millions square miles.

2100 BC—

1324 AD –

1300 AD–
� The lncas had their societies pretty well established, and the empire

600 BC –
� From the southern portion of Egypt to parts of Greece and then east to

2700 BC

1519 AD

1532 AD
730 BC

400 AD
was in a rapid bloom since its beginning.

Period
parts of India, the Persian Empire was known for its military strength

1 AD
and wise rulers. � The lncas were devout followers of the Sun God lnti. They had a king

(BC)
� Before 550 BC used to be divided in factions among a number of leaders. who was referred to as “Sapa Inca” meaning the child of the sun.
But then came king Cyrus-II who later on came to be known as Cyrus � The first lnca emperor pachacuti transformed it from a modest village to

Mesopotamian
the great, came into power and unified the entire Persian kingdom. a great city laid out in the shape of a puma.

Ancient India
� Then he went on to conquer the ancient Babylon. In fact, his conquest is � He went to expand the tradition of ancestor worship.

Egyption
50 rapid that by the end of 533 BC, he had already invoded India, for in

Chinese

Persian
� This significantly led to a sudden rise in power of the Incas.

Roman
(Indus)

Mayan
the east and even when Cyrus possed away, his bloodline continued the

Greek
Name

Aztec
� The Incas went on to build fortresses and sites like Machu picchu and

Inca
ruthless expansion and even duelled in now legendary battle with the
brave spartans. the city of Cusco that still stand to this day.

OLE - 180 OLE - 181 OLE - 182

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
WORLD HISTORY : CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS 1453 Turks captured Constantinople; 1595 Mercator’s atlas published 1697 Chi na conquers wester 1841 Britain’s soveriegnty pro-

WORLD HISTORY

WORLD HISTORY
WORLD HISTORY
Renaissance in Europe (post); Warsaw became capi- Mongolia. France gets Haiti. claimed over Hong Kong; The
B.C. 711 Moors invade spain
tal of Poland. Franco-Span-
712 Muslim conquered Sindh 1492 Discovery of America by Co- 1698 Tax on beard in Russia. first university degree granted
200,000 Homo sapiens originated ish war begins. 1699 Peter the Great declares that to women in America.
771 Charlemagne conquered lumbus
in Africa. 1596 Shakespeare: The Merchant New Year in Russia will be-
saxony 1498 Sea-route to India discovered 1842 Treaty of Nanking ends
50,000 Emergence of Modern of Venice. Tomatoes intro- gin on Jan. 1 instead of Sept.
809 Death of Haroun-al Rashid by Vasco-de-Gama Opium War between Britain
humans in Asia duced in England. 1. Sultanate of Oman setup.
846 Arabs attacked Rome 1499 Amerigo Vespucci charted a and China and confirms ac-
7500 First evidence of agricul- 1600 The East India Company es- 1700 Death of Charles II of Spain. cession of Hong Kong to
ture and domestication of 1015 Arabs conquered sardinia part of the South American tablished. 1715 Coronation of Louis XV. Great Britain.
sheep and goats 1027 Conard II crowned as Holy Coast 1603 Death of Elizabeth I. 1725 Death of Peter the Great. 1843 Military revolt in Spain drives
7000 Wal led settlements at Roman Emperor 1500 Pedro Cabral discovers Brazil 1618 Thirty year’s war begin. 1727 George II becomes King of
1042 Constantine IX became Byz- 1521 Turks captured Belgrade, General Espartero from
Jericho 1625 Charles I succeeded as King England.
antine Emperor Spain conquered Mexico power; Isabella II (b. 1830)
3000 Bui lding of the Great of England. 1740 George Anson (1697-1762)
1060 Henry–I of France died 1533 Ivon IV became Czar of Russia declared Queen of Spain.
Pyramid 1636 Forei gn vi si ts by Japan sets out on voyage around
1096 Start of the first crusade 1534 Final rift between England banned. the world. Maria Theresa is 1850 Cavour appointed Prime Min-
776 First Olympiad in Greece
1106 Henry IV died succeeded by and Rome; Jesuit order 1641 Cotton Goods begins to be queen of Austria. ister of Sardinia.
753 Foundation of Rome
Henry V founded by Ignatius Loyola manufactured in Manchester. 1741 Czar Ivan VI deposed and 1852 Napolean III becomes King of
490 Greeks defeated the Per- France.
sians at the Battle of 1135 King Henry I of England died (1491-1556). Martine Luthur 1642 English Civil War begins; In- i mpri soned; El izabeth,
1167 Oxford University founded completes translation of the come and property tax intro- daughter of Peter the Great 1868 Abolition of Shogun system
Marathon
Bible. duced in England. Montreal becomes Czarina (-1762). in Japan.
360 The period of Aristotle 1174 Leaning Tower of Pisa built
1535 English clergy adjure author- founded; Newton born. 1742 Fi rst Si lesian War ends; 1878 Congress of Berlin.
and Plato 1197 Henry VI died, succeeded by
1643 English Civil War; Italian Swiss astronomer Anders 1894 Japan declared war on China.
332 Egypt conquered by Otto IV ity of the Pope. Sir Thomas
physi ci st Evangelista Celsius (1701-1744) invents 1899 The Boer war begins.
Alexander 1212 Fredercik II elected German More, who refuses the oath centigrade thermometer.
of the King’s supermacy, Torricelli (1608-1647) in- 1902 The Boer war ends.
323 Alexander dies at Babylon King 1743 French defeated by English.
vents the barometer; Parcel 1904 Russia-Japan war.
214 Work on the Great Wall 1223 Mongols invaded Russia tried fort reason and ex- 1744 France declares war on En-
post established in France. 1905 Japan defeated Russia; Dis-
of China begins 1230 Pact of San Germano between ecuted (canonised 1935). gland; second Silesian War
1644 Ming dynasty in China ends, covery of the theory of Rela-
55 Julius Ceasar attacks the Emperor and the Pope Lima founded. Manchu dynasty (Qing dy- begins.
Great Britain 1256 Hundred Years War between 1536 Michelangelo paints “Last 1746 Alliance between Russia and tivity by Einstein.
nasty) in Power (1644–1912).
Venice and Genoa Judgement” on altar wall of Austria against Prussia. 1911 Chinese Revolution.
A.D. 1646 English Civil War ends with
1265 English Parliament is set up. Sistine Chapel; Queen Anne surrender of Oxford to 1747 Nadir Shah murdered; Af- 1912 Republic of China established.
29 Crucifixion of Jesus Christ
1272 Henry III of England died, executed. Union of England roundheads; English occupy ghanistan united. Ahmed 1914 Beginning of World War I.
37 Tiberius died and Caligula Shah becomes King of Af-
succeeded by Edward and Wales. Bahamas. 1917 Russian Revolution.
succeeded him ghanistan.
1280 Roger Bacon invents gun- 1537 The Pilgrimage of Grace and 1647 First newspaper advertise- 1918 End of World War I.
78 Book published by Pliny the 1766 England revoked Stamp Act.
powder similar risings are put down; ment appears. 1919 Treaty of Versailles signed.
elder 1776 Declaration of American In-
1287 Mongols invaded Burma Robert Aske is sentenced to 1648 Peace of West Phalia ends 1920 Formation of the League of
105 China made paper dependence.
1294 Death of Kublai Khan death for treason and ex- Thirty Year’s War. Nations.
200 Afghanistan invaded by Huns 1649 In Great Britain, English be- 1787 American Constitution drafted.
1324 Marco Polo, Venetian travel- ecuted. 1923 Turkey declared Republic.
330 Byzanti um renamed comes language of all legal 1798 Battle of River Nile.
ler died 1538 Mercator used the name 1933 Hitler became the Chancel-
constantinople documents in place of Latin. 1801 Peace Treaty of Luneville be-
1338 The Hundred years war America for the first time. lor of Germany.
375 Invasion of Europe by Huns Charles I executed. tween France and Austria.
broke out Spain conquered Bolivia. 1936 Beginning of the Spanish
452 Founding of Venica 1653 Cromwell dissolved Parlia- 1805 Battle of Trafal agar and
1340 Queen’s College, Oxford 1539 Spain annexed Cuba; First Nelson’s death. Civil War.
500 Huns established control ment and becomes Lord Pro-
founded Christmas tree, at 1815 Battle of Waterloo; Napolean 1939 World War II begins.
over N W India tector.
1348 English faces Black Death Strasbourg Cathedral. exiled to St. Helena. 1941 Russia invaded by Hitler,
570 Prophet Mohammad born at 1659 Treaty of Pyrenes between
Mecca Plague 1542 First Portuguese navigators Francis of Spain 1821 Death of Napolean. Pearl Harbour invaded by
1377 Edward III dies, succeeded reached Japan. 1660 Monarchy restored in England. 1832 Reforms Bill passed in England. Japan.
572 War between Byzantine Em-
pire and Persia by Richard II 1555 Peace of Ausburg 1665 The Great Plague of England. 1837 Queen Victoria’s accession to 1942 Japanese capture Singapore
616 Khmer Empire founded in 1405 Timur died 1558 Elizabeth I became Queen of 1668 Glorious Revolution in En- the throne of England. and Rangoon; Americans de-
SE Asia 1407 Louis, Duke of Orleans, England gland. 1840 Queen Victoria of Great Brit- feated Japanese; The first
murdered 1580 Spain conquer Portugal 1687 Issac Newton expounds the ain marries Prince Albert; automatic computer devel-
618 Beginning of Tang dynasty
1421 Beijing became capital of 1582 Pope Gregory XIII puts in Principle of Gravitation. End of Afghan War; Britain oped in the U.S.; Millions of
in China i ssues Penny postage
China use the Gregorian Calendar. 1694 Founding of the Bank of En- Jews were i n Nazi gas
622 Flight of Mohammad from (world’s first stamp). Britain
1434 Pope Eugene IV flees to Flo- 1593 C. Marlowe murdered gland. chambers; Quit India Move-
Mecca to Medina annexed New Zealand.
rence 1594 Galileo’s Golden Rule 1696 New coinage in England. ment.
641 Arabs conquered Egypt
OLE - 183 OLE - 184 OLE - 185
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
1943 Mussolini dismissed; Allies 1966 Tashkent Pact; A Russian air- 1982 In Bangladesh a military coup 1986 Swedish PM Olaf Palme is � Reform movement in United military support for the Byzontine

WORLD HISTORY
WORLD HISTORY

WORLD HISTORY
invaded Italy; Churchill, craft lands on moon. by Lt. Gen. Ershad; The assassi nated; Chernobyl States ( 1840-1930) , Great Empire and its Emperor, Alexios
Stalin and Roosevelt hold Te- 1967 Chinese explode hydrogen Vatican and UK reestablish nuclear disaster; Mikhail Britain and United Kingdom I, who needed reinforcements for
heran conference. bomb; Arab-Israel War; Suez full diplomatic relations; Intro- Gorbachev institutes his (1700-1900), ottom Empi re hi s confl i ct with westward
1944 D-Day landings in Nromandy Canal closed. duction of the supercomputer policy of Glasnost.
(1840-1870), Republic of Turkey migrating Turks in Anatolio.
June 6; first flying bomb 1968 Martin Luther King Murdered. Cray I. 1987 In Czechoslovakia far-reach-
( 1920-1930) etc. are the � Although one of Urban’s stated
dropped on London. Ho Chi 1983 Benigno Aquino of ing political and economic re-
1969 Dr. Ho-Chi-Minh passes away. prominent examples of Reform aims was to guarantee pilgrims
Minh is Vietnam President. forms; World-wide stock ex-
1970 Fiji gets independence. Philipinnes assassinated; movements. access to the holy sites in the
1945 Establishment of UNO; End change crash; Glass fiber
1971 Outbreak of Indo-Pak war; President Reagan announces cable is laid across the At- Mercantilism Hol y Land that were under
of World War II; Hiroshima Birth of Bangaldesh; Surren- the “Star Wars” programme. lantic Ocean. � The economic doctrine prevailing Musl i m contral, schol ars
and Nagasaki experience the der of 93,000 Pakistani 1984 Indian PM Indira Gandhi as- 1988 Pakistan : Premier Gen. Zia from the 16th to the 18th disagree whether this was the
first dropping of the Atom troops; Khruschev died; Z.A. sassinated; succeeded by killed in a plane crash, suc- centuries is commonly called primary motivation for Urban or
Bomb; Death of President Bhutto new President of Pa- son Rajiv Gandhi; Bhopal gas ceeded by the first woman mercantilism. for the majority of those who
Roosevelt. kistan. tragedy. leader of a Muslim country,
1946 Civil War in China. � This period, the Age of Discovery heeded his call.
1972 Sheikh Mujibar Rahman 1985 Death of Soviet premier Benazir Bhutto.
1948 Burma and Ceylon get inde- freed from Pakistani Jail and Chernenko, Mi khail was associ ated wi th the � Urban’s wider strategy may have
1989 Yasser Arafat becomes first
pendence. assumed the office of P.M. Gorbachev succeeds him; President of Palestine. geographic exploration of the been to unite the Eastern and
1949 Indonesia get independence; Bangaldesh; Nixon of USA Salvage experts locate the 1991 Soviet Union Disintegrated forei gn l ands by merchant Wester n branches of
The Communists capture visited China; King Mahendra wreck of the ship Titanic. 1992 Yugoslavia expelled from traders, especially from England Christendom, which had been
power in China. of Nepal died; USA and the U.N.O. and the low countries. divided since their split in the
1952 General Eisenhower elected USSR sign Strategic Arms SOME TERMINOLOGIES RELATED TO WORLD HISTORY � Mercantilism was a system of East-West Schism of 1054, and
as the American President. Limitations Treaty. establish himself as head of the
Renaissance Greek scholors and texts to italy trade for profit, al though
1954 Military Aid Pact betweern 1973 Outbreak of fourth Arab Is- unified Church.
� The Renaissance is a period in following the fall of constant- commodities were still largely
China and Pakistan; Chou- raeli war; Fourth non-aligned � Similarly, some of the hundreds
Europe, from the 14th to the inople to the ottoman Turks. produced by non-capi tali st
En Lai visits India. summit in Algiers. of thousands of people who
17th century, regarded as the � The Renaissance has a long and methods.
1955 Austria gets independence; 1975 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, became crusoders by taking
Bandung Conference. cultural bridge between the complex historiography and in Crusades :
President of Bangladesh as- public vow and receiving plenary
1956 Suez Canal nationalised by middle ages and modern history. line with general scepticism of � The crusades were a series of
sassinated; King Faisal of indulgences from the church
President Nasser, Egypt at- Saudi Arabia, assassinated; � It started as a cultural movement discrete periodizations, there has religious wars sanctioned by the
in italy in the Late Medieval period been much debote among were peasants hoping for
tacked by the forces of Brit- Suez Canal reopened; Red Latin Church between the 11th
and later spread to the rest historians reacting to the 19th - Apotheasis at Jerusalem, or
ain; France and Israel. Cross force Cambodia Gov- and 16th centuries, especially
1957 Fi rst arti fi ci al satellite Europe, marking the beginning century glavificati on of the forgiveness from God for all their
ernment to Surrender. the compaigns in the Eastern
launched by Russia. of the early modern age. “Renaissance Men” and sins.
1976 Chou-En Lai, P.M. of China, Mediterranean with the aim of
1958 Egypt and Syria united and died; Seychelles gets inde- � The intellectual basis of the individual culture heroes as capturi ng Jerusalem from � Others, histori ans argue,
renamed United Arab Re- pendence; Viking I lands on Renaissance was its own “Renaissance.” participated to satisfy fuedal
Islamic rule.
public (UAR). Mars; Mao Tse-Tung died; invented version of humanism � Man, questioning the usefulness obli gations, gain gl ory and
derived from the rediscovery of � Crusades were also fought for
1959 Chi nese captured Tibet; Jimmy Carter elected Presi- of Renaissance as a term and as honour, or find opportunities for
classical Greek philosophy, such many other reasons such as to
Dalai Lama flees to India; dent of USA. a historical delineation. economic and political gain.
as that of Protagoras, who said recapture Christian territory or
Sputnik launched by Russia. 1978 Agreement between Israel Reform movement � Regardless of the motivation, the
that “Man is the measure of all defend Chri stions in non-
1960 Explosion of an atom bomb and Egypt; Vietnam attacked � A reform movement is the kind response to Urban’s preaching
things”. Christain lands, resolve conflict
device by France; Election of Cambodia; Z.A. Bhutto, of social movement that aims to by people of many different
� This new thinking became among rival Roman Catholic
John F. Kennedy as Presi- former P.M. of Pakistan, sen- make gradual change, or change classes across Western Europe
dent of USA. tenced to death. manifest in art, architecture, groups, gai n pol i tical or
politics, science and literature. in certain aspects of society, terri tori al advantage, or to established the precedent for
1961 Yuri Gagarin of USSR be- 1979 Margaret Thatcher becomes rather than rapid or fundamental later crusades.
comes the first spaceman. first woman P.M. of Britain. The Renaissance first began in combat paganism and heresy.
� Florence, in the 14th century. changes. � The term crusade itself i s � The crusades had profound
1963 Partial Nuclear Test-Ban 1980 Free Zimbabwe is born.
Various theories have been � A reform movement is modern, and has in more recent import on Western Civilization,
Treaty signed; Malaysia es- Marshall Tito of Yugoslavia
tablished; John F. Kennedy proposed to account for its distinguished from more radical times been extended to include they reopened the
passes away.
assassinated. origins and characteristics, soci al movements such as religiously motivated Christian Mediterranean to commerce and
1981 President Zia ur Rahman of
1965 Death of Si r Winston Bangladesh is shot dead; focusing on a variety of factors revolutionary movements. military campaigns in the Late travel, consolidated the collective
Churchill; Singapore be- including the social and civic � Reformi sts i deas are often identity of the Latin Church
President Anwar Sadat of Middle Ages.
comes the sovereign inde- peculiarities of Florence at the grounded in liberalism, although under papal leadership, and
Egypt is assassinated; AIDs � The first crusade arose after a
time– its political structure, the they may be rooted in socialist were a wellspring for accounts
pendent nation; outbreak of is officially recognised for the call to arms in a 1095 sermon
patronage of its dominant family, or religious concepts. of heroism, chivalry and piety.
Indo-Pak war. first time in USA. by Pope Urban-II. Urban urged
the Medici, and the migration of
OLE - 186 OLE - 187 OLE - 188
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� These tales consequently galvanised medieval romance, philosophy and � The socialist political movement includes a diverse array of political � Initially the fight was over rights as a British colony. Eventually the

WORLD HISTORY

WORLD HISTORY
WORLD HISTORY
literature. philosophies that originated amid the revolutionary movements of the revolt evolved into a fight for independence with the goal of colonies to
� The crusades also reinforced the connection between Western mid-to-late 1700s and of a general concern for the social problems that become a separate and independent united states of America. At the
Christendom, feudalism and militarism. were associated with capitalism. first continental congress the colonists is issued a request that Britian
revoke the contentious taxes and laws. Britain refused, which fuelled
Fascism in Italy : � Core dichotomies associated with these concerns include reformism
the cries for independence. Second Continental congress was held, and
� A number of political movements which arose in Europe after the first versus revolutionary socialism and state socialism versus libertarian
on July 4, 1776 the colonies formally made their Declaration of
World War are generally given the name ‘fascist’. socialism. Independence. A constitutional convention was held to define the
� The common features of these movements were their hostility to democracy Industrial Revolution government through the Articles of Confederation of the newly formed
and socialism, and the aim of establishing dictatorships. � The desire to produce more goods at low cost to make higher profits led United States of America.
� They succeeded, in many countries of Europe such as Hungary, Italy, to the industrial Revolution and further growth of capitalism. � The battles of the American Revolution–It started in Lexington on April
Poland, Portugal, Germany, Spain. � The industrial Revolution began in England in about 1750. 19, 1775. Declaring independence was one thing, achieving independence
� It was then machines began to take over some of the work of men and was much more difficult for the colonists.
� Their success in Italy and Germany had the most serious consequences.
animals in the production of goods and commodities. � There were over 20 major battles during the revolution, spanning a
� The term ‘fascism’ is of Italian origin it was first used for the movement
period of 6 years.
which started in Italy under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. � That is why we often say that the industrial Revolution was the beginning
of a ‘machine age’. � Initially the British held the advantage with more troops and a superior
� Mussolini had organised armed gangs against socialists and communists trained army.
in 1919. � Of course, there were many machines in use before 1750. The plough,
� The continental Army eventually grew in size, and through considerable
� The victory of Fascism Italy not only led to the destruction of democracy air-pump, printing press and spinning wheel are only a few of the many
training, became a powerful fighting force.
and the suppression of socialist movements it also led to the preparation examples that could be listed. For hundreds of years each civilization
� With the help of France, General George Washington and his continental
for war. had been trying to perfect old technical skills and develop a new ones.
Army defeated British General Cornwallis at the Battle of Yorktown on
But after 1750, new inventions came faster, and they were of a kind that
Nazism in Germany October 19, 1781.
brought morn rapid changes in more people’s lives.
� It is the form of fascism developed in Germany, that incorporates scientific � This led to the Treaty of Paris, officially ending the revolution on September
� The industrial Revolution changed men’s way of living and thinking all 3, 1783.
racism and antisemitism.
over the world.
� It is the ideology and practice associated with the 20th century German The French Revolution (1789-1799) :
Capitalism :
Nazi party and Nazi states, as well as other far-right groups. Nazism
� It is an economic system based on private ownership of means of Feudalism and Unfair Taxation – No one factor was directly respon-
subscribed to theories of rocial hierarchy and social Darwinism, identifying
production and their operation for profit. sible for the French Revolution. Years of feudal oppression and fiscal
Germans as part of what Nazis regarded as an Aryan master race.
mismanagment contributed to a French society that was ripe for revolt. Noth-
� It aimed to overcome social division and create a homogeneous society � Characteristics central to capitalism include private property.
ing a downward economic spriral in the late 1700’s.
unified on the basis of “rocial purity”. � Capital occumulation, wage labour, voluntary exchange a price system
� King Louis XVI brought in a number of financial advisor to review the
� Nazism rejected the Marnist concept of class struggle, opposed and competitive markets. weakned French treasury. Each advisor reached the same conclusion–
cosmopolitan internationalism, and sought to convince all parts of a new � In a capitalist market economy, decision making and investment is that France needed a radical change in the way it taxed the public-and
German society to subordinate their personal interests to the “common determined by the owners of the foctors of production in financial and each advisor was in turn, kicked out.
good” and to accept the priority of political interests in economic capital markets, and prices and the distribution of goods are mainly � Finally the king realized that this taxation problem really did need to be
organisation. determined by competition in the market. addressed, so he oppointed a new controller general of finance, Charles
Feudalism The American Revolution (1775-1783) : de colonne, in 1783. Colonne suggested that, among other things, France
� Feudalism was a combination of legal and military customs in medieval
begin taxing the previously exempt nobility. The nobility refused, even
� Following the French-Indian War (1754-1763) the British decided the
after colonne pleaded with then during the Assembly of Notables in
Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries. colonies should pay more of the costs associated with them being a
1787. Financial rain thus seemed imminent.
� Broadly defined it was a way of structuring society around relationship British colony, such as military protection.
The Eastes General – In a final act of desperation, Louis XVI decided
derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour. � Britian imposed a series of taxes that proved to be very unpopular. in 1789 to convene the Estate-General, an ancient assembly consisting of
� Feudal society includes not only the obligations of the warrior nobility � The American Revolution started with the 13 colonies protesting against three different estates that each represented a portion of the French popu-
but those of all three estates of the realm : the hobility, the clergy, and these taxes and other laws the colonists considered intolerable acts. lation.
those living by their labour, most directly the peasantry bound by � The British were concerned to colonist protests might turn into revolt. � It the Estate General could agree on a tax solution, it would be
manorialism. � They sent troops to Lexington and concord to capture leaders of the implemented. However, since two of the three estates-the clergy and the
Socialism revolt and a store of weapons. nobility– were tax- exempt, the attainment of any such solution was
� Socialism is a range of economic and social systems characterised by unlikely.
� Paul Revere’s Midnight Ride the rebellion’s leaders samuel Adams and
social ownership and democratic control of the means of production, as John Hancock escaped, and the colonial militia were assembled and � Moreover, the outdated rules of order for the Estate-General gove each
well as the political ideologies, theories, and movements that aim at their waiting for the British troops. estate a single vote, despite the fact that the Third Estate – constisting
establishment. of the general French public was many times larger than either of the
� This led to the Battle of Lexington and concord, and the siege of Boston. first two.

OLE - 189 OLE - 190 OLE - 191

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Feuds quickly broke out over this disparity and would prove to be � For time, it seemed that France’s fortunes might be changing. But � The Bolsheviks, who led this coup, prepared their coup in only six months.

WORLD HISTORY
WORLD HISTORY

WORLD HISTORY
irreconciable. Realizing that its numbers gave it an automatic advantage, Robespierre, growing increasingly paranoid about counterrevolutionary � They were generally viewed as an extremist group and had very little
the third Estate declared itself the sovereign National Assembly. influences, embarked upon a reign of Terror in late 1793-1794, during popular support when they began serious efforts in April 1917.
� Within days of the announcement, many members of the other two estates which he had more than 15,000 people executed at the guillotine. When � By October, the Bolsheviks popular base was much larger, though still a
had switched allegiances over to this revolutionary new assembly. the French army successfully removed.
minority within the country as a whole, they had built up a majority of
� Foreign invaders and the economy finally stabilized, however, Robespierre support within Petrograd and other urban centres.
The Bastille and the Great Fear – Shortly after the National Assembly
no longer had any justification for his extreme actions, and he himself
formed, its member took the Tennis Court Qath, swearing that they would � After October, the Bolsheviks realized that they could maintain power in
was arrested in July 1974 and executed.
not relent in their efforts until a new constitution had been agreed upon. an election-based system without sharing power with other parties and
The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory – The era following
� The National Assembly’s revolutionary spirit galvanized France, manifesting compromising their principles.
the outstanding of Robespierre was known as the Thermidorian Reaction,
in a number of different ways. In pairs, citizens stormed the city’s largest and a period of governmental restructuring began, leading to the new con- � As a result, they formally abandoned the democratic process in January
prison, the Bastille, in pursuit of arms. In the countryside, peasants and stitution of 1795 and a significantly more conservative National convention. 1918 and declared themselves the respressentatives of a dictatorship of
farmers revolted against their fuedal contracts by attacking the manors the proletariat.
� To control executive res responsibilities and oppointments a group known
and estates of their landlords. as the Directory was formed. � In response the Russian Civil War broke out in the summer of that year
� Dubbed the “Great Fear” these rural attacks continued until the early � Though it had no lagislative abilities, the Directory’s abouse of power and would last well into 1920.
August issuing of the August Decrees, which freed those peasants from soon came to rival that of any of the tyrannous revolutionaries France World War-I (1914-1919) :
their oppressive contracts. had faced. The Start of the war – World War-I began on July 28, 2014 when
� Shortly thereafter, the assembly released the Declaration of the Rights Napoleon – Meanwhile, the committee of public safety’s war effort was Austria- Hungary declared war on serbia.
of man and of the citizen, which established a proper judicial code and realizing unimaginable success. � This seemingly small conflict between two countries spread rapidly. Soon
the autonomy of the French people. � French armies, especially those led by young general Napoleon Bonaparte, Germany, Russia, Great Britain and France were all drawn into the war,
Rifts in the Assembly – Though the National Assembly did succeed in were making progress in nearly every direction. largely because they were involved in treaties that obligated them to
drafting a constitution, the relative peace of the moment was short-lived. � Napoleon’s forces drove through italy and reached as far as Egypt before defend certain other nations.
� A rift slowly grew between the radical and moderate assembly members, facing a deflating defeat. In the face of this rout, and having received � Western and eastern fronts quickly opened along the borders of Germany
while the common laborers and workers began to feel overlooked. When word of political upheavals in France, Napoleon returned to Paris. and Austria-Hungary.
Louis XVI was caught in a foiled escape plot, the assembly become � He arrived in time to lead a coup against the Directory in 1799, eventually The Western and Eastern Fronts – The first month of combat con-
especially divided. stepping up and naming himself ‘first consul’ effectively, the leader of sisted of bold attacks and rapid troop movements on both fronts.
France. With Napoleon at the helm, the revolution ended, and France
� The moderate Girondians took a stance infavor of retaining the � In the west. Germany attacked first Belgium and then France.
entered a fifteen-year period of military rule.
constitutional monarchy, while the radical Jacobins wanted the king � In the east, Russia attacked both Germany and Austria-Hungary.
completely out of the picture outsider of France, some neighbouring The Russian Revolution (1917-1918) : � In the south, Austria-Hungary attacked Serbia. Following the Battle of
countries feared that France’s revolutionary spirit would spread beyond � The Russian Revolution of 1917 centres around two primary events the the Marne (Sept. 5-9, 1914), the western front become entrenched in
French land. February Revolution and October Revolution. central France and remained that way for the rest of the war.
� In response, they issued the Declaration of Pillnitz which insited that the The February Revolution – The February Revolution, which removed � The fronts in the east also gradually locked into place.
French return Louis XVI to the throne. Tsar Nicholas-II from the power, developed spontaneously out of a series The Ottom Empire – Lote in 1914, the ottoman Empire was brought
� French leader interpreted the declaration as hostile, so the Girondin-led of increasingly violent demonstrations and riots on the streets of petrograd
into the fray as well, after Germany tricked Russia into thinking that Tur-
assembly declared war on Austria and Prussia. (St. Petersburg). during a time when the Tsar was away from the capital
key had attacked it. As a result, much of 1915 was dominated by Allied
visiting troops on the World War-I front.
The Reign of Terror – The first acts of the newly named National con- actions against the Ottomans in the Mediterranean.
vention were the abolition of the monarchy and the declaration of France � Though the February Revolution was a popular uprising it did not
� First, Britain and France launched a failed attack on the Dardanelles.
necessarily express the wishes of the majority of the Russian population,
as a republic. � This campaign was followed by the British invasion of Gallipoli Peninsula.
as the event was primarly limited to the city of petrograd.
� In January 1793, the convention tried and executed Louis XVI on the � Britain also launched a separate compaign against the Turks in
� However most of those who took power after the February Revolution, in
grounds of the treason. Mesopotamia.
the provisional government (the temporary government that replaced the
� Despite the creation of the committee of public safety, the war with tsar) and in the petrograd Soviet can influential local council representing � Although the British had some successes in Mesopotamia, the Gallipoli
Austria and Prussia went poorly for France, and foreign forces pressed workers and soldiers in petrograd), generally favored rule that was at compaign and the attacks on the Dardanelles resulted in British defeats.
on into French territory. least pantially democratic. Trench Warfare – The middle part of the war, 1916 and 1917, was
� Enraged citizens overth rew the Girondin-led National Convention, and The October Revolution – The October Revolution (also called the Bol- dominated by continued trench warfare in both the east and the west sol-
the Jacobins, led by Maximilien Robespierre took control. shevik Revolution) overturned the interim provisional government and es- dier fought from dug-in positions, striking at each other with machine guns,
� Backed by the newly approved constitution of 1793, Robespierre and tablished the Soviet Union. heavy artillery and chemical weapons.
the committee of Public Safety began conscripting French soldiers and � The October Revolution was a much more deliberate event, orchestrated � Though soldiers died by the millions in brutal conditions, neither side
implementing laws to stabilize the economy. by a small group of people. had any substantive success or gained any advantage.

OLE - 192 OLE - 193 OLE - 194

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
The United States Entrance and Russia’s Exit – Depite the stalemate � The country was just two big and although Russian’s initial resistance � The start of the Cold War in 1947 was due to a belief that all governments

WORLD HISTORY

WORLD HISTORY
WORLD HISTORY
on both fronts in Europe, two important developments in the war occurred was weak, the nation’s strength and determination, combined with its would become either communist or capitalist.
in 1917. brutal winters would eventually be more than the German army could � The Western allies feared that the Soviet Union would use force to expand
� In early April, the United States, angered by attacks upon its ship in the overcome. its influence in Europe, and was especially concerned that Soviet agents
Atlantic declared war on Germany. � In 1943, after the battles of stalingrad and kursk, Germany was forced had obtained information on making the Atom Bomb after the war.
into a full scale retreat. � Most of the countries on one side were allied in NATO whose most
� Then in November, the Bolshevik Revolution prompted Russia to pull out
powerful country was the United States.
of the war. � During the course of 1944, the Germans were slowly but steadily forced
� Most of the countries on the other side were allied in the Warsaw Pact
The End of the War and Armistice – Although both sides launched completely out of Soviet territory, after which the Russians pursued
whose most powerful country was the Soviet Union.
renewed affensives in 1918 in an all-or-nothing effort to win the war, both them across eastern Europe and into Germany itself in 1945.
� In this the Western-Capitalist bloc includes Western Europe, the
efforts failed. The Normandy Invasion – In June 1944, British and America forces Americas, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Thialand, Iran, Pakistan, Malaysia,
� The fighting between exhausted demoralized troops continued to plod launched the D-Day invasion, landing in German-occupied France via the Philippines, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, and the Eastern
along until the Germans lost a number of individual battles and very coast of Normandy. Soon the German army was forced into retreat from Socialist block includes Eastern Europe. Soviet Union, Angola, Ethiopia,
gradually began to fall back. that side as well. Cuba, North Korea, China and Vietnam.
� A deadly outbreak of influenza, meanwhile took heavy tolls on soldiers of � Thus by early 1945, Allied forces were closing in on Germany from both � After WW-II, Germany was left in rains. The Victorious Allies that occupied
both sides, Eventually, the governments of both Germany and Austria- east and west. it split it into four parts one part was given to the United Kingdom, one
Hungary began to lose control as both countries experienced multiple � The Soviets were the first to reach the German capital of Berlin, and part to France, one part to United States, and eastern port was occupied
mutinies from within their military structures. Germany surrendered in May 1945, shortly after the suicide of Adolt by the USSR.
Hitler. � The city of Berlin was partitioned among the four parties even though it
� The war ended in the late fall of 1918, after the member countries of the
was in the part occupied by the USSR.
central powers signed armistice agreements one by one. Germany was Pearl Harbor – The war in pacific began on December 7, 1941 when
� The Western parts of Berlin were called West Berlin, inside the German
the lost, signing its armistice on November 11, 1918. war planes from Japan’s launched a surprise attack on the U.S. Navy base
Democratic Republic. The Berlin wall built in 1961 divided the two parts
� As a result of these agreements, Austria-Hungary was broken up into at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
of Berlin was part of iron curtain that divided Europe.
several smaller countries. � By this time, Japan had already been at war with China for several years � After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and without communist rule
� Germany under the treaty of versailles, was severely punished with and had seized the Chinese territory of Manchuria. holding together the countries that comprised the Soviet Union, the USSR
hefty economic reparations, territorial losses, and strict limits on its � After the Pearl Harbor attack, Japan began a massive campaign of broke into smaller countries like Russia, Ukraine, Lithuania and Georgia.
rights to develop militarily. expansion throughout the southeast Asia-Pacific region. The nations of Eastern Europe returned to capitalism, and the period of
The U.S. Entrance and Battle of Midway – Although the Pearl Harbor Cold War was over.
World War-II (1939-1945) � The Soviet Union ended in December 1991.
attack provoked a declaration of war by the United States on Japan the
German Aggression – The war in Europe began in September 1939, very next day, it would be several months before U.S. forces would get
when Germany, under chancellor Adolf Hitler, invoded Poland. Britain and seriously involved militarily.
WORLD HISTORY : IMPORTANT FACTS
France responded by declaring war on Germany but took little action over � 3400 B.C. – 2700 B.C. consti- � Confucius dies in 479 B.C.
� In late spring of 1942, the United States and Japan engaged in a series
the following months. tutes the Age of Pyramids. � Tqaism was founded on the basis
of noval battles, climaxing in the Battle of Midway on June 3-6, 1942, in
� In 1940, Germany launched its next initiative by attacking Denmark and which Japan suffered a caterstrophic defeat. � Pyramids of Egypt were con- of the writings of Lao Tze (604
Norway, followed shortly thereafter by attacks on Belgium, the structed by the Pharaohs of Egypt. B.C – 517 B.C.).
The Approach to Japan –Fighting continued throughout the pacific in
Netherlands, and France. All of these nations were conquered rapidly. � The great Pharaoh Akhnaton ruled � Mencius (372 B.C - 289 B.C.) was
1944 and early 1945, including major battles at Leyte, lwo Jima and
Battle of Britain – Later in the summer of 1940. Germany launched a Okinawa. from 1375 B.C. – 1358 B.C. a great chinese philosopher.
further attack on Britain, this time exclusively from the air. � Cleopetra was the most beautiful � Indian Buddhist monks Kashyapa
� By the late spring of 1945, most of Japan’s conquest had been liberated,
� The Battle of Britain was Germany’s first military failure as the German air and Allied forces were closing on the Japanese home islands. queen of the Ancient World. Matanga and Dharamarakshita
force, the Luftwafte, was never able to overcone Britains Royal Air Force. � Mesopotamian civilization flour- helped in the spread of Buddhism
� As they neared Japan proper, the Allies began heavy bombing campaigns
Greece and North Africa – As Hitler plotted his next steps. Italy, an ished in the Tigris – Euphrates in China.
against major Japanese cities, including Tokyo.
ally of Germany, expanded the war even further by invoding Greece and Valley. � Shi-Huang-Ti constructed the
� This process continued through the summer of 1945 until finally, in
North Africa. � Sargon of Akkad unified the whole Great wall of China.
early August, the United States dropped two automic bombs on the
� The Greek campaign was a failure, and Germany was forced to come to of Mesopotamia. � The Aegean Empire flourished
cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Stumed by the unexpected devastation,
Italy’s assistance in early 1941. � The Han dynasty of China started between 2500-1400 B.C.
Japan surrendered a few days later.
conducting Civil Services Exami- � The Aegean civilization on the Is-
The USSR : Later in 1941, Germany began its most ambitious action
The Cold War (1947-1991) nations. land of crete was destroyed by a
yet, by involding the Soviet Union.
The tense relationship between the United states (and allies), and the � Mandarins were the civil servants Volcano.
� Although the Germans initially made swift progress and advanced deep
Soviet Union (USSR and its allies) between the end of world war-II and the in Chinese Empire. � Homer wrote epic-poems Iliad and
into the Russian heartland, the invassion of the USSR would prove to be
demise of Soviet Union. � Confucius was born in the state Odyssey.
the downfall of Germany’s war effort.
of Lu.

OLE - 195 OLE - 196 OLE - 197

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes � Phillip II married the English � The ‘Communist Manifesto’ was � Czar Nicholas II (1894-1917) was � The Paris Peace conference was � The United Nations charter become

WORLD HISTORY
WORLD HISTORY

WORLD HISTORY
were Greek city States. Queen, Mary. published in 1848. the ruler during the Russian Revo- organised in January, 1919. effective on 24 October 1945.
� In Greece Zeus was the Sky God � In 1664, the English renamed � The first volume of ‘Das Capital’ lution (1917). � The Treaty of Versailles was signed � May Fourth Movement started on
and Apollo, the Sun-God. New Amsterdam as New York. was published in 1867. � Rasputin was the notorious Min- with Germany on 28 June, 1919. 4 May, 1919 in China.
� Olympic games were organized in � Seven Year’s war continued from � “First International” was formed ister of Czar Nicholas. � The Paris Peace Conference led to � In 1921 the communist party of
Ancient Greece once in four years. 1756-63. in 1864. � The Czar was forced to abdicate the creation of the league of Nations. China was formed.
� The Renaissance in Europe was an � The incident called ‘Boston Tea � “Second International” was in March 1917. � The League Headquarters were � In 1868 the rule of Shogun ended
intellectual movement in 14th cen- Party’ occurred on December formed in 1889. � The Social Democratic Party was located in Geneva (Switzerland). in Japan and Meiji came in to power.
tury. 16, 1773. � Karl Heinrich Marx was born in formed in 1898. � Cold war developed between USA
� The USA and Soviet Union remained
� Petrarch wrote ‘Sonnets to Laura’. � Thomas Paine wrote the pamphlet 1818 in Germany. � In 1903 the Social Democratic and USSR after the second World
outside the League of Nations.
� Machia Velli (1469-1527) wrote ‘Common Sense’. � Karl Marx died in 1883 in London. Party bifurcated into Bolsheviks War.
� Mussolini was popularly known as
‘The Prince’. � Thomas Jefferson wrote ‘The Dec- � The French Revolution begin with and Mensheviks. � In 1949 Germany was divided into
Duce.
� Medici fami l y of Florence laration of American Indepen- the siege of Bastille on July 14, � The events of 12 March 1917 has Eastern and Western Germany.
� The Economic Depression in Eu-
patronised various artists. dence.’ 1789. been called the February Revolu- � The North Atlantic Traty
rope continued from 1929 to 1933.
� ‘Monalisa’ and ‘The last supper’ are � The Declaration of Independence � Louis XVI was the ruler at the time tion. Organisation (NATO) was formed on
was issued on 4th July 1776. of French Revolution. � The Nazis were popularly known
the creations of Leonardo Da Vinci. � A provisional government was set April 4, 1949.
� In 1783, the British signed the � Louis XVI was executed in 1793. as the Brownshirts.
� ‘The Last Judgement’ is the most up under Alexander Kerensky. � In 1955, the communist countries
Treaty of Paris, by which she rec- � The period of September 1792 – � On 30 January, 1933 Hitler was
famous work of Michel Angelo. � Nikolai Lenin (1870-1924) was the formed the Warsaw Pact.
ognized the independence of the July 1794 is known as the reign of appoined as the Chacellor of Ger-
� Sir Thomas More wrote ‘Utopia’. leader of the Bolsheviks. � Germany was reunited on 3 Oc-
13 colonies. trerror. many.
� The Reformation was a movement � Lenin promised to people “Peace, tober, 1990.
� Slogan “No taxation without rep- � In 1795 the exective power was � Hitler was an Austrian by birth.
aimed towards reforming the Ro- Land and Bread”. � The Korean War broke out in 1950.
resentation” originated during vested with the Directory. � Hitler’s organisation came to be
man Catholic Church. � The overthrowing of Provisional � In 1954, the South-East Asia
American revolution. � Napolean Bonaparte was born at known as the National Socialist
� The Reformation Movement in Ger- Government on November 7, 1917, Treaty Organisation (SEATO) was
� The Americans fought for their Ajaccio on the island of corsica in Party.
many was led by Martin Luther. is known as October Revolution. set up.
� Zwingli and Calvin led the move- Independence under the com- 1769. � Hitler wrote the book Mein Kampf
� New Economic Policy (NEP) was � In January 1959, there was a revo-
mand of George Washington. � Napolean defeated the Egyptians (My battle) in Prison.
ment in Switzerland. introduced in 1921. lution in Cuba under Fidel Castro.
� The Constitution of America came in the battle of Pyramids. � In 1934 Hitler became the Presi-
� The earliest Nation state to emerge � Lenin died in 1924. � In 1961, East Germany built a
into force on June 21, 1788. � Napolean ruled France from 1799 dent as well as the Chacellor.
in Europe was England. � Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) as- wal l between East and West
� George Washington was elected to 1815. � Second World war was began in
� The Elizabethan age is regarded sumed charge as the leader of Berlin.
the first President of America. � Napolean faced crushing defeat in September, 1939.
as the ‘Golden Age’ in the history Russia. � U.S. started i ts ‘Star -Wars
� The period of 18th century is called the battle of Leipzig. � German forces attackd Poland on
of England. � The assassination of Archduke programme’ in 1980s.
as the “Age of Enlightenment”. � Napolean was banished to the is- September 1, 1939.
� Elizabeth I ruled from 1558-1603 Francis Ferdinand and his wife � On 26 December, 1991 the So-
� Montesquieu (1689-1755) was a land of Elba. � Britain and France declared war on
A.D. in Sarjevo on 28 June 1914 pro- viet Union broke up into 15 Inde-
French Philosopher. � The battle of Waterloo (1815) finally Germany on 3rd September, 1939.
� After Elizabeth’s death England vided the immediate cause for the pendent Republics.
� ‘The Spirit of Laws’ is the most ended the career of Napolean.
came to be ruled by Stuart rulers. outbreak of World War I. � The Pearl Harbour was attacked � In 1960, 17 African countries be-
famous book of Montesquieu. � Napolean went into exile in the
� James I (1605-1625) was the first � In 1882 Triple Alliance was formed on December 7, 1941, on August came Independent.
� Voltaire’s ideas had great impact island of St. Helena.
Stuart ruler. by Germany, Austria-Hungary and 6, 1945 U.S. dropped the first � The system of racial segregation
on the French Revolution. � Napolean died in 1821.
� King Henry IV founded the House Italy. atom bomb on Hiroshima. called apartheid was practised in
� Rousseau wrote the famous book � The task of Italian unification was
of Bourbons. � On 1 August 1914 Germany de- � On August 9, 1945, U.S. dropped South Africa.
‘Social Contract’. carried at by Mazzini Cavour and
� Bourbon dynasty continued till the clared war on Russia and on 3 the second atom bomb on Nagasaki. � The African National Congress
� Rousseau wrote in ‘Social Con- Garibaldi.
French Revolution (1789 A.D.). August on France. � The Japanese forces surrendered (ANC) led the movement against
tract’ that “Man is born free but � Garibaldi is known as “the sword
� Louis XIV declared “I am the � France, Russia and their allies came on September 2, 1945. apartheid.
he is everywhere in chains”. of Italian unification”.
State”. to be known as Allied Powers. � Yalta conference was organised � Nelson Mandela was released from
� The slogans of equality, liberty � Zollverein was the custom union
� Spain was liberated from the � Germany, Austria and their allies from 4 to 11 February, 1945. Jail in 1990 after about 26 years.
and fraternity during the French formed by Prussia.
Moors in 1492. Revolution were inspired by came to be known as the Central � Dumbarton Oaks conference � The Arab League was set up in 1945.
� Otto Von Bismarck was the ar-
� During the first half of the 16th Rousseau’s ideas. Powers. (1944) was organised to discuss
chitect of Germany’s unification. � ASEAN was set up in 1967.
century, Spain was ruled by the � Saint Simon wrote the famous book � Woodrow Wilson presented the the formation of the United Na-
� Bismarck followed the policy of � SAARC was set up in 1985.
Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. “The New Christianity” (1825). Fourteen Points. tions Organisations.
‘Blood and Iron’. ���
OLE - 198 OLE - 199 OLE - 200
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

ART & CULTURE : INDIA

Uttar Pradesh : PUPPET DANCES
ART & CULTURE : INDIA

ART & CULTURE : INDIA

Classical States Exponents Related Styles
Daces � Rass leela, Dadra, Kajari, Jhora, Kathaputli : Rajasthan
Nautanki, Chappeli. Sakhi Kundhei : Odisha
Manipuri Manipur Jhaveri Sisters, Charu Kamba Thoibi
DANCE Mathur, Sadhona Bose, Pung drum,Choloms
Bihar/Jharkhand : Pudda Nach : Assam
Bipin Singh, Rita Devi, like Pung Cholom, � Jatra, Natua, Jijhiya, Barlanga Malasutri Bahuly : Maharashtra
Classical Dances Savita Mehta, Tandor Kartal Cholom, Dance, Karma, Kathaputl i ,
Bommalattam : Tamil Nadu
Devi. Dhol Cholom, Bakho, Jat-Jatin, Paika, Biraha,
Classical States Exponents Related Styles Tolpavakootu : Kerala
Rasleela, Tandava, Samachakya.
Daces Kundeinachhha : Odisha
gorgeous Madhya Pradesh :
Odishi Odisha Kelucharan Mahaptara, Mahars Devadasi, costumes. � Dagla, Jawara, Ghera. Pava Kathakali : Kerala
Originated in Pankaj Charan Das, Gotipua, Tribhanga Kathak U.P. Birju Maharaj,Kalka– Rasleela, Kathikundhei : Odisha
Odisha :
2nd century B.C., Hare Krishna Behera, Mangalacharan Flourished Binda Gharana, Nautch, four
� Dandanatta, Chhau, Yatra, Gombeyatta : Karnataka
based on the Sonal Mansingh, Pallavi, Tarijhuma, in North Indian Kumdini Lakhia, Gharanas, Salami,
Ghumara, Bharat Leela, Dalkhai, Yampuri : Bihar
Natya Shastra, Kabita Dwivedi, Kiran Moksha, Majura princely states Damayanti Joshi,Rani Vandana, Aamad,
Chaitri Ghorha, Jadur. Putul Nacch : West Bengal
Originated in temple Sehgal, Madhvi Mudgal, Jaipur, Lucknow Karna, Saswati Sen, Gatnikaas,
and Banaras. Roshan Kumari, Gopi Padhant, Karmalya, Maharashtra : Ravanchhaya : Odisha
during King Khaarvela Sharon Lewon, Myrta
reign, woven around Barvil, Indarani Rahman, It is a dance based Krishna, Sitara Devi, Ballets. � Katha, Tamasha, Lavani, Gafa,
on story from Sambhu Maharaj, Karku, Mauni, Dahikala, Lezim. MARTIAL DANCES
Tribhanga pose Priyambada Mohanty.
Bharata Tamil Rukmini Devi Sadir, Devadasi, epic about Radha Ananda Shankar,Shovna Bengal : Gatka : Punjab
Natyam Nadu Arundale Padanallur, Tanjore and Krishna Narayan, Bhandana � Kathi Dance, Baul dance, Chhau, Paika : Odisha
Popular in (of Kalakhestra Fame) Alarippu, Jatiswaran, Mangal, Kulgrani Bhatt, Brita Thag Ta : Manipur
South eastern T Balasarswathi, Yamini Shabdam, Varnanri- Gitanjali Lal. Assam : Kalaripayattu : Kerala
Sattriya Assam Moniram Dutta Muktiyar Devotional aspect of
of India .It Krishna Murthy, Padma tya, Thillana � Canoe Dance, Tabal Chongbi Choliya : Uttarakhand
This dance form was Barbayan, Bapuram Bayan dance and narrates
follows principle Subramaniyam, Mrinal- (Holi), Rakhal Leela, Bihu, Khela, Pang Lhabosol : Sikkim
introduced by the Attai, Pradip Chaliha, mythological stories
of Natyashastra. ini Sarabhai, Vaijayanti- Gopala, Jata Jatin
Vaishnava saint Manik Barbayan, Jogen of Vishnu, Borgeet, Kolkali
It is a solo dance mala Bali, Leela Samson. Manipur :
Shankardeva in 15th Dutta Bayan, Anita dance posture along Parichakali : Kerla & Lakshdweep
by women. � Ras Dances, Khamba Thoibi,
century A.D. The art Sarma, Sarodi Saikia with footwork, hand
Kuchipudi Andhra T Balasarswathi, Esther Bhagavatalu, Pung, Cholan DRAMA
form derives its name gesture and footwork,
It is a variation of Pradesh Sherman, Bhagavata Themes, from the Vaishnava Gayan-Bhayanar and Andhra Pradesh : Modern Drama In India
of Bharatnatyam. Indrani Rahman, Manduka, Shabdam Monasteries known Kharmanar Nach, � Ghanta Mardal a, Banj ara, � Geratin Lebedev - began drama
It originated Swapna Sundari, Sobha Balagopala Tavrang, as Sattras. The Dance Sutradhari, Rajaghoria, Burrakatha
in a place called Naidu, Raja Reddy, Tala Chitra Nritya (1795)
Form was an amalga- Chali, Jhumura, Karnataka :
Kuchelapur. Radha Reddy, Vempati mation of Ojapali and Krishna Nritya. � Krishnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar -
� Huttari, Suggi , Yakshagana, Kichaka Vadha
Performed by man Chinna Satyam, Devdasi dance.
Dholu Kunitha, Bhootha Aradhane
attired like women. Satyanarayanan Sharma, � Aga Harsha Kashmir - Urdu
Sudha Sekhara, Rajaram
FOLK, TRIBAL AND REGIONAL DANCES Tamil Nadu :
Theatere (Shakespeare of India)
Rao, G Sarala. � Kolattam, Kavadiattam, Karagam,
Jammu & Kashmir : Rajasthan : � Bhartendu Harish Chandra -
Kathakali Kerala Mukunda Raja (of Open air stage, Kummi
� Rauf : by women during harvest, � Chakri serpent, Gangore, Ginad, Bharat Durdasa
(Ballet of East) Kalmandalam fame), facial make up, Gopika Leela, Kalibelia, Jhulan, Kerala :
� Hikat : expression of joy and love � Mohan Rakesh-Ashadha Ka Ek
Originated in Koppan Nair, Shanta Thiranottam Jhumar, Khayal, Susini. � Kudi yattam, Kal iyattam,
by boys and girls, Damali : by Kaikottikali, Ottam Tullal, Sari, Din, Adhe Adhure, Lahraon Ka
Courts of Kings in Rao, Kanak Rele, Geeta Haryana :
which a story is Ganguly, V Kunju men in temple, Tappatrikkali, Padayani Rajhansa
� Daph, Dhamal, Gugga, Gagor,
related to the dance. Kurupu, Gopinathan � Lhapas & Manipas : Ladakh, Jhumar, Koria, Loor, Phag. Uttarakhand � Dharmaveer Bharati- Andha Yuga
Krishnan, VN Menon. � Dandi Nacha : bomboostic dance, Himachal Pradesh : � Jhumelia, Chaunfla, Harkia Baul, � Vijay Tendulkar-Ghasiram Kotwale
Mohiniattam Kerala Vitho Narayan It has elements of � Dumhal, Bhacha Nagma, � Bhavi, Chharba, Dangi, Jadda, Chholiya � Habib Tanvir - Mitti Ki Gadis,
In the 19th Menon, Kalyani Amma both Kathakali & Chhakri, Kud, Phumania : by Jhai nta, Ki nnaur, Mahasu, Lakhsadweep : Charandas Chor
century the King Shanta Rao, Roshan Bharatnattyam Thoda, Thali. � Lava, Bhavada � Girish Kannad - Yajati, Tughlaq,
Wattal Tribe
of Travancore Vajifdar, Bharati Gujarat : Tripura : Hayavadan
Swatitirunal Shivaji, Kanak Rele.
Punjab :
� Bhavi, Garba, Dandiya Rass, � Hajagiri � Babban Khan - Adrak Ke Panje
enouraged this � Giddha : by women at harvest, Tripani, Gomph, Zeriyun, Gheriya Nagaland : � Sanjana Kapoor - Prithvi Theatre.
dance. � Bhangra : by both men & women Raas.
� Bamboo dance, Kabui

OLE - 201 OLE - 202 OLE - 203

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

ART & CULTURE : INDIA

MUSIC Six Ragas
ART & CULTURE : INDIA

ART & CULTURE : INDIA

Folk Theatres
Theatre State Importance � Earliest text was Bharat Muni’s � Kirtis a new component of Ragas Timing Moods
Natya Shastra Carnatic music was created by
Mudiyettu Kerala performed as a ritual in Kali � Science of Music : Gandharva Thallappakkam Annammacharya Bhairava Dawn awe & fear
temples Veda between 1425 and 1530 A.D. Kaushika Night joy
Krishnattam Tamil Nadu depiction of life of Lord Krishna � Sama veda contains : The � Purandaradasa (1460-1564) en- Hindola Night laughter
Kudiyattam Kerala elaborate presentation of Sanskrit method of recital of music couraged kirtis. Dipak Afternoon love
dramas � Brihaddesi by Matanga defines & � The 17th century saw the glory Megh Morning calm
Theyyam Kerala a form of ancestor worship classified the Ragas of ‘Padmas’ songs composed by Sriraga Evening peace
Ankianat Assam an one act play about religious � Baiju Babra i s father of the great musician kshetrangna.
themes GHARANAS
Hindustani Music. � New forms that came in exist- These are musical dialects based on individual temperaments, vocal
Bhavai Rajasthan rituals to propitiate the mother � Haridas Swami, Guru of Tansen, ence in 18th century are -Pada capacity and musical aptitude.
Goddess modified anci ent style of
varnas, Tana Varnas, Swarajati,
Saang Haryana legend, dancing & singing interwo- Dhrupad. Name Place Founder
Jatiswara, Ragwhalika, Tillanas,
ven with comic scenes � Wazid Ali Shah is considered as
Javalis etc. Gwalior Gharana Gwalior Nanthan Khan
Jashin Jammu & honouring Gods & have end with the innovator of the Thumari
� Subbarama Dikshitar (1859- Agra Gharana Agra Haji Sujan Khan
Kashmir comedy. Actors mingle with people form.
1906) produced the “Sangeetha Rangeela Gharana Agra Faiyyaz Khan
Keryala Himachal about questions of life & death � The Nawab of Rampur devised a
system of notation and classifi- Sampradaya Pradarshani” which Jaipur Atroli Jaipur Alladiya Khan
Pradesh consisted of his collection of Rag
Khyal Rajasthan cultural & social education through cation of Ragas under 'Thats'. Kirana Gharana Avadh Abdul Wahid Khan
� Mustak Hussain Khan, Haffeez Lakshmas, Gamakas, Songs,
singing & musical instruments Varnas,Ragamalikas etc.
Tamasha Maharashtra a singing & dancing party about Ahmad Khan and Ustad Fida Singer Gharanas Singer Gharanas
Hussain Khan popularised � In the 19th and 20th century
political & social themes Bhimsen Joshi Kirana Pandit Jasraj Mewati
Hindustani vocal music in the musician like Veenai Dhanammal,
Therukkoothu Tamil Nadu a street theatre of dance & music Kishori Amolkar Jaipur Gangubhai Hangal Kirana
west. Maha Vaidyanatha Iyer, and
Yatra Odisha about social & religious themes Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar con- Mallikarjun Mansur Gwalior Sharafat Hussein Khan Agra
� The origin of Khayal is attributed
Zaratra (Zatuas) Goa annual celebration of a particular tributed to the Carnatic Music. Ghulam Ali Agra
to Amir Khusro.
deity of a particular temples
� Qawwali is an innovation of Amir � Nadopasakas of the 20th century, CARNATIC MUSIC
Nautanki Uttar Pradesh a music theatre
Khusro. with their excellent renderings
Macha Madhya stage shows on the day of Holi � This music type developed in Southern Part of India which includes
� Mirza Galib is regarded as the and compositions enlarged the
Pradesh about mythological stories Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
father of Ghazals. dimensions of music further.
Rasleela Uttar Pradesh about life of Lord Krishna � The music is Kriti based and focuses more on the Saahitya or lyric quality
� Dhun is free from formal ragas
HINDUSTANI MUSIC of the musical piece.
desciplines composed on the ba-
� � The Kriti is a highly evolved musical song set to a certain taga and fixed
Folk theatres of Ancient and Medieval India have been described in the sis of folk music. � This music type developed in
tala or rhythmic cycle.
uparupakas by Sanskrit dramaturgists. � Gat is a well–defined composition Northern India.
� It was Tulsidas who first started the tradition of performing plays nar- and it is preceded by the Alap. � The Hindustani branch of music Carnatic Music
rating the story of Lord Rama at Kasi. � Dhamur Veena the bow shaped focuses more on the musical Types Meaning
harp is considered the oldest structure and the possibilities of
MODERN THEATRE Ragam-Tanam- Eleborate rhythmic and melodic variation in
insturment. improvisation in it.
� The year 1801 marked the by Bijon Bhattacharya and di- � Tamil and Dravidian music de- Pallavi unmeasured sense.
� The Hindustani branch adopted
begining of Modern Indian the- rected by Sambhu Mitra. rived inspiration from Thevaram Kritti-Kirtnai Most popular. It refers to devotional music laced with
a scale of Shudha Swara Saptaka
� Bahuroopi is a Sambhu Mitra's and Silpadikaram. poetic beauty.
atre, when Prassanna Kumar or the ‘Octave of Natural notes’.
drama group which is popular in � The Golden age of the Carnatic Varnam Performed at the beginning of a concert. It is a com-
Thakur established Hindi Rang � There are ten main style of sing-
music was the period of pletely composed piece, designed to show the char-
Mancha at Calcutta. Bengal. ing in Hindustani music like the
Venkatamakhin. acteristic phrases.
� The popular play Sita Swayamvar Dhrupad, Dhamar, Hori, Khayal,
� Girish Chandra Ghosh is related � Carnatic music reached its zenith Padam Slower tempoed love songs referring to the human
was directed by Vishnu Das Chaturang, Ragasagar, Tarana, yearning for the adored God head.
with Brocial dramas. when Shyama Shatri, Sargam and Thumri.
Bhave. Javalis Faster tempoed love songs with direct description
� D.L.Roy is related with histori- Muthuswami Dikshithar,
� Popular plays Giddha, Kamala � It has six primary ragas i.e. of human love.
Thyagaraja, and Swathi Tirunal
cal plays. and Shakkaram Binder are writ- Bhairava, Kaushika, Hindola, Tillana Meaningful phrases are interspersed with a variety
elevated the standard with their
� The drama ‘Navanna’ is written ten by Vijay Tendulkar. exuberant compositions. Dipak, Sri raga, & Megh. of meaningless syllables.

OLE - 204 OLE - 205 OLE - 206

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

ART & CULTURE : INDIA

ART & CULTURE : INDIA

Difference between Hindustani Music and Carnatic Music � Adarang School : A school of � Tabla : Ala Rakha Khan, Zakir � Buddhist & Hindu religious & � The charateristics of this school

ART & CULTURE : INDIA

Hindustani Music founded by Hussein, Ustad Shafat Ahmad mythology were themes. Impor- are :
Points of Hindustani Music Carnatic Music Khan, Latif Khan, Sheikh Da-
Firoz Khan. It was known for its tant among them are Dieing �� Bulging eyes (fish–shaped)
Difference exquisite beauty & philosophical wood, Fazl Quereshi, Swapna
Princes, Mother & Child (all at �� Pointed nose �� Double Chin
Influence Arab, Persian and Afghan Indigenous content in Khayal singing. Choudhuri
Ajanta) �� Predominant Chests � � Dis-
Freedom scope for artists to improvise No freedom to improvise � Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande : � Violin : L Subramanyam, T N
Krishnan, Lalgudi Jayaraman, L � At Sittanavasal, the theme is torted hands and stiff figure �
Sub style several subtypes related Only one particular Founded Morris College of Music Jaina religion
Shankar, N Rajan, B Sunderra- Use of bright and gold colours
with ‘Gharanas’ prescribed style of singing. at Lucknow. His pen name was
jan Pala School � � Animals and birds repre-
Ragas 6 major ragas 72 ragas Chatura. His works are
� Veena : S Balachander, Do- sented like toys ��Lack of natu-
Time Adheres to time Doesn’t adhere to any time Hindustani Sangeet Padhati, raiswamy Iyenger, Kalyan Krishna � In Bengal
Abhinava Raga Manjari, A short ral scenes ��Decorated margins
Need for Equally important as vocals More emphasis on vocal � Sitar : Pt. Ravishankar, Nishat � IIIustrations on palm leaf and
Historical Survey of Music of Up- Khan, Debu Choudhary, Shujjat Mughal School
Instrument music paper manuscripts and on the
per India, Lakhya Sangeeta etc. Akhan, Imrat Khan, Shamim
Instruments Tabla, Sarangi, Sitar and Veena, Mrindangum and wooden covers. � Although painting is treated as
� Vishnu Digambar Paluskar : A Ahmed Khan
Santoor. Mandolin great musician, he founded � Inspired by Vajrayana School of against Islam, it spread and de-
� Veena : Vishvamohan Bhatta,
Association North India South India Gandharva Mahavidyalaya & Arsad Ali Khan Buddhism. veloped under the Mughals and
to parts of Prayag Samiti. His Ram-dhun mu- � Shehnai : Bismillah Khan Lepakshi School a new combination of Indo-Per-
India sic, i.e. Raghupati Raghaba was � Sarangi : Ramvatar Shashtri, sian styl e developed under
Sabri Khan, Hanuman Mishra, � In Vijayanagar them. These paintings also had
sung during the Dandi March.
Folk Music Ram Narain � On temple ceilings
� Tansen : Adorned the court of Buddhist and Central Asian and
� Each state of India has its own form of music that is the basis of their Akbar. He authored Sangeeta � Santoor : Shiv Kumar Sharma, � Characterised by earth stones Mongoloid influences.
cultural affirmation, the folk tradition is the music of the people and Nandu Mule, Bhajan Sapori, Vi- and absence of blue colour.
Sara & Ragmala. He established � The characteresti cs of thi s
has no hard and fast rules. raswami Pillai
Senia Gharana. Mewar School school are :
� Harmonium : Purushottam Wal-
� Wonawan : It is the folk music from Kashmir, sung during wedding cer- � Parandaradasa : Father of the awalker, Appa Jalgaonkar ��Use of brilliant colours ��Vari-
emonies and is considerered very auspicious. Karnataka (Carnatic) music. He � In Mewar of Rajasthan
� Pakhaj : Pagal Das, Chatrapati ety of themes �� Ornamentation
� Pandwani : It is the folk music of Chhattisgarh, which is based on grand was the first to standardized � Known as Ragamala paintings.
Singh �� Realism �� Accuracy in line
epic Mahabharata. Well known artists Tijanbai related with this music. teaching methods of music in In- � Mridangam : Mani Ayyar, U Shi- Mainly on life of Krishna & his
drawing �� Details and intrica-
� Alha : This is the folk music of Madhya Pradesh and Bundel Khanda dia. He wrote Maya Malavagaula. varaman frolic with gopis.
cies �� Perspective
(U.P.), it is a heroic ballad song with intricate words. � Muthuswami Dikhsitar : A well– � Sarod : Debashish Bhattacharya, Marwar School
� Ovi : This is music of Maharashtra & Goa, sung by women. known exponent of Karnataka Zarin Daroowala, Brij Narayan, Pahari Painting
music. He composed various Amjad Ali Khan Bangash � In Jodhpur and Nagaur
� Pai song : It is folk music of Madhya Pradesh sung during festivals. � In hill areas of Punjab and
� Maand : It is folk music of Rajasthan. The songs are usually about the ragas of Karnataka music. He in- PAINTINGS � Influenced by Mughal School
Himachal Pradesh. Main theme
bards singing the glory of the Rajput Rulers. vented techniques with certain � Bold expression with broad fish
Prehistroic Paintings is love.
� Powada : It is folk music of Maharashtra. They are usually ballads sung complex use of varying tempo. eyes & highly stylized trees.
� Basohli - famous for primitive
for the heros of the post like Shivaji. He innovated Violin in India. � Bhimbetka, Jogimara, Adamgarh,
Kishangarh School vigour and fierce vitality, bold
� Khongjom Parva : It is an important folk music from the state of � Thyagaraj : He was one of Trin- Mirzapur, Kupagallu
� Rock Painting � A type of Rajasthani painting lines and brilliant hot colours.
Manipur. ity of Karnataka music-two oth-
ers being Shyama Shastri & � Depiction of hunting & animal � Lyrical beauty in its content � Guler - lyrical and cool depiction
� Sohar : It is folk song of Bihar, sung during childbirth.
Swati Tirunal. His famous work scenes, also have some social � Love scences of Radha and of women in the absence of their
� Bhagawati : It is folk song of Karnataka & Maharashtra. scenes.
is Bhakti Vijayam. Krishna. lovers
� This period mainly sees the use � Kangra - fine and melodious -
FAMOUS PERSONALITIES � Vidyaratna : He put Karnataka
of red colour. Bundi School
music on scientific lines. He lines with female figures depict-
� Rabinadranath Tagore : Composed unique songs under the title of wrote Sangitasastra. Cave Painting � In Kotah and Bundi regions ing delicate graces of feminism.
Rabindra Sangeet.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS & � Ajanta-Ellora (Maharashtra), Bagh � About court scenes, nobles & lov- � Developed in kangra, Kullu,
� Kazi Nazrul Islam : The famous patriotic poet of Bengal. (M.P.), Sittanavasal (T.N.) ers
PERSONS Chamba and Mandi region of
� Subramaniam Bharati : Famous patriotic poet of Tamil literature. � The walls of the caves have both
� Flute : Hari Prasad Chaurasia, Apabhramsa School Himachal Pradesh.
� Amir Khusrau : At the court of Alauddin Khilji. He invented Sitar, Khayal murals and fresco paintings i.e.
Rajendra Prasada, Subhash painted on wet plaster. They use � Subjects of painting are Gita
& Qawwali. He invented Rekht, the precursor of Urdu language. � This School of painting originated
Kamat, Narayan Ghosh, T tempera style, i.e. use of pig- Govinda, Bhagwata Purana, Satsai
� Sadarang School : A school of Hindustani Music founded by Nyamat either in Mewar of Rajasthan. It
Khan. Took Khayal singing to its peak. Mahalingam ments. of Biharilal and Nal Damyanti.
is debated.

OLE - 207 OLE - 208 OLE - 209

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Hyderabadi Style

ART & CULTURE : INDIA

Patua Style ART, ARCHITECTURE AND SCULPTURE
ART & CULTURE : INDIA

ART & CULTURE : INDIA

Monument/Structure Ruler Location
� Consists of Bi japuri and � This art developed in Bengal. Important Caves Jami Masjid Ahmedshah Gujarat
Golconda court paintings. Tomb of Ahmedshah Muhammad Shah Gujarat
� Traditionally these were painted
� Inspired by Mughal School Caves Place/State Importance Nagina Mosque Mahmud Begarah Gujarat
on cloth and told religious sto-
� Potrays royal taste in fruits, Barabara & Gaya/Bihar donated to Ajivika sects Jami Masjid Husang Shah Malwa
ries.
scented flowers and pets. Nagarjuni Hindola Mahal Husang Shah Malwa
� These paintings are done on pats
Elephanta Mumbai Brahmanical temples flanked by el- Jahaz Mahal Mahmud-I Malwa
Tanjore Style or scrolls.
ephant statues Tomb of Husang Shah Mahmud-I Malwa
� Famous for its Glass painting Kanheri Konkan Buddhist Chaitya Palaces of Baaz Bahadur
Pithoro Style
� Themes related to Vishnu, Shiva Jogeswari Salsette/ Mahayan Architecture and Rupamati Nasiruddin Shah Malwa
& Krishana � Gujarat tribal paintings Adina Mosque Sikandar Shah Bengal
Maharashtra
� Paintings made on Jackwood Kalighat Painting Montpezir Maharashtra Portuguese settlement ruins Bara Sona Masjid Nusrat Shah Bengal
pasted with unbleached cloth. Karle Maharashtra Hinayana Chaitya Qadam Rasool Masjid Nusrat Shah Bengal
� Developed in Kolkata is 19th cen- Bhaja Maharashtra 18 Buddhist caves built for nuns Char Minar Quli Qutubshah Deccan
Mysore Paintings tury. Bedsa Maharashtra Chaitya supported by Elephant Jami Masjid (Gulbarga) Alauddin Bahman Shah Deccan
� Paintings developed in Southern � Water colours were used. carved pillars Gole Gumbad Muhammad Adil Shah Deccan
Karnataka. � The paintings depicted religious Ellora Aurangabad Rashtrakuta & Chalukya temples Kabulibagh Mosque Babur Panipat
� Major themes are the depiction note, especially Hindu Gods and Ajanta Aurangabad Fresco Paintings Jam-i-Masjid Ruhelkhand Sambhal
of Hindu gods and goddesses. Aihole & Karnataka Consists of 70 temples of Nagar Fatehabad Mosque Humayun Punjab
Goddesses.
� In this paintings ‘gesso paste’ is Badami style of different religions Dinpanah city Humayun Delhi
used which is a mixture of Zinc Kalamkari Paintings Nasik Maharashtra 23 Buddhist caves Tomb of Sher Shah Suri Sher Shah Sasaram (Bihar)
oxide and Arabic gum. Junagarh Gujarat Buddhist caves Qila-i-khuna Mosque Sher Shah Delhi
� Developed in Andhra Pradesh
Madhubani Style and Tamil Nadu. Bagh Madhya Pradesh frescos & stone Sculpture Purana Qila Sher shah Delhi
(Malwa) Humayun’s Tomb Hamida Begum Delhi
� Developed in Mithila region of � Kalam made of sharp pointed
Undavalli Andhra Pradesh Granite Vishnu Statue Agra fort Akbar Agra
Bihar. bamboo, the base is cotton fab-
Udayagiri & Odisha Built by Kharavela for Jaina Jahangiri Mahal Akbar Agra
� Common themes are religious ric while the colours used are
Khandagiri monks Lahore fort Akbar Lahore
motifs of the Hindus, including vegetable dyes. Fatehpur Sikri Akbar Sikri near Agra
Krishna, Rama, Durga, Lakshmi � The paintings depicts hindu my- Important Monument/Structure Diwan-i-Am Akbar Fatehpur Sikri
and Shiva.
thology also chartwheel, lotus Diwan-i-Khas Akbar Fatehpur Sikri
� Flowers, trees, animals, symbols, Monument/Structure Ruler Location
flower, animals and interlacing Buland Darwaza Akbar Fatehpur Sikri
etc are used to fill any gaps in
patterns of flowers and leaves. Quwat-ul-Islam Qutubuddin Aibak Delhi Jodha Bai Palace Akbar Fatehpur Sikri
the paintings.
Adhai Din ka Jhonpra Qutubuddin Aibak Ajmer Panch Mahal Akbar Fatehpur Sikri
� Traditionally, these were painted Paitkar Paintings
Qutub Minar Qutubbudin Aibak, Delhi Jami Masjid Akbar Fatehpur Sikri
on walls using rice paste and
� Developed in Jharkhand as scroll Iltutmish Salim Chishti’s Tomb Akbar Fatehpur Sikri
vegetable colours on a base of
painting. Tomb of Iltutmish Iltutmish Delhi Akbar’s Tomb Sikandra Jahangir
cow dung and mud.
� These paintings are linked to the Sultan Garhi Iltutmish Delhi Tomb of Itimadud Daula Nur Jahan Agra
Pattachitra Balban’s Tomb Balban Delhi Jahangir’s Tomb Nur Jahan Lahore
social and religious customs in-
� It is a traditional painting of Alai Darwaja Alauddin Khalji Delhi Diwan-i-Am Shah Jahan Agra
cluding giving alms and holding
Odisha. Siri Alauddin Khalji Delhi Diwan-i-Khas Shah Jahan Agra
yajnas.
� Painted on cloth. Hauz Khas Alauddin Khalji Delhi Rang Mahal Shah Jahan Agra
Tanjore Glass Paintings Mahal Hazaar Sitoon Alauddin Khalji Delhi Moti Masjid Shah Jahan Agra
� The themes of these paintings are
� Its origin can be traced to the Jamait Khana Mosque Alauddin Khalji Delhi Red Fort Shah Jahan Delhi
Jagannath and Vaishnava cult,
downfall of the Vijayanagar when Tughlaqabad Fort Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Delhi Jama Masjid Shah Jahan Delhi
someti mes from Shakti and
a group of artist migrated to Tomb of Khan-i-Jahan Jauna Shah Delhi Taj Mahal Shah Jahan Agra
Shaiva cults.
Mysore and Tanjore. It consists Maqbul Shahjahanabad Shah Jahan Delhi
� Raghurajpur on Odisha is known Shah Burj Shah Jahan Lahore
of pictures of child Krishna and Tomb of Sikander Lodhi Ibrahim Lodhi Delhi
for this art form. Jhanjhr Mosque Ibrahim Shah Sharqi Jaunpur Rabia ud Dawan’s Tomb Aurangzeb Aurangabad
other favourite divinities. It uses
� Pattachitra on palm leaf is known Lal Darwaza Mosque Hussain Shah Sharqi Jaunpur Badshahi Mosque Aurangzeb Lahore
vivid colours on glass.
as talapattachitra. Atala Devi Masjid Ibrahim Shah Sharqi Jaunpur Moti Masjid Aurangzeb Delhi

OLE - 210 OLE - 211 OLE - 212

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

ART & CULTURE : INDIA

ART & CULTURE : INDIA

� Sikh Festivals : Baisakhi, Guruparb, Jaistha, Lohri

ART & CULTURE : INDIA

IMPORTANT SCULPTURES TEMPLES OF INDIA
� Buddhist Festivals : Buddha Jayanti
Sculupture Features Place Temples Places
� Jain Festivals : Mahavira Jayanti, Paryushan, Ashtanika, Arathyatra
Caves Ancient most, Influenced Dharmaraya Ratha Mahabalipuram
� Parsi Festivals : Jamshed-i-Navroz, Khordad Sal, Pateti.
by religious practices. Kailasa Vimana Ellora
� Secular Festivals : Republic Day, In Zarthost No Deeso dependence Vaikunthaperumal Temple Kanchipuram
Pillar Adornes Ashokan Edicts Rampurva, Sarnatha
Day, Gandhi Jayanti, Children Day. Valisvara Temple Tiruvalisvaram
Stupa Buddhist religious Sanchi, Amaravati,
architecture Barhut, Nagarjuna- Vijayalaya Cholesvaram Nartamali
REGIONAL FESTIVALS Chamundaraya Basti Sravana Belagola
konda
Carved Railings Adornes Stupas Amaravati � Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu : Pongal, Tyagaraja Festival, Panchakuta Basti Kambadahalli
Gandhara Art First statue of Buddha- Peshawar region & Brahmotsavam, Teppem, Tamil and Telugu New Year Day, Madurai River Bhoja Mandisvara Temple Nandi
a mixture of India & Greek Afghanistan Festival, Kaveri River Festival, Festival at Velanganni, Karthika Festival, Malegitti Shivalaya Badami
method Brihadesvara Vimana Thanjavur
Vaikuntha Ekadeshi, St. Thomas’ Day, Fire-Walking Festival.
Mathura Richly decorated deities of Mathura Airavatesvara Vimana Darasuram
� Arunachal Pradesh : Solung-Adi, Mopin-Adi, Murung, Buddha Mahotsava. Nataraja Temple Chidambaram
School all religion
� Assam : Bhageli Bihu, Bohag Bihu (or Rangali Bihu), Kati Bihu (or Rangati Kasi Visvesara Temple Lakkundi
Hindu Art Hindu temples of Nagara Vidisa, Deogarh,
Bihu). Arunachala Temple Tiruvannamali
& Sikhara Styles Tigawa, Eran, Aihole,
� Bengal : Gangasagar Mela, Ramakrishna Utsav, Dol Purnima, Jalpesh Vitthala Temple Hampi
Rajgriha
Jalakanthesvara Vellore
Pala School Fine Hindu & Buddhist Nalanda, Bodh Gaya Mela, Naba Barsha.
Ranganatha Temple Srirangam
Statues � Bihar : Chhath, Sarhul, Ramnavami Vatapatrasyi Temple Srivilliputur
Hoyasala Art Mature plan & general Mysore, Talakad,
� Chhattisgarh : Bhoramdeo, Pola, Teeja Festival. Subrahmanya Temple Tanjore
arrangement Halebid
� Goa : Zatra at Cansaulim, Feast of St. Francis Xavier, Carnival. Aghoresvara Temple Ikkeri
Odisha School Development of Shikharas Bhubaneswar, Puri,
Visa Brahma Temple Alampur
Konark. � Gujarat : Navratri, Modhera, Dhuleti.
Vadakkunatnan Temple Trichur
Chandela Erotic sculpture Khajuraho � Himachal Pradesh : Lohri, Gochi, Phulaich, Minjar Mela, Jwalamukhi Pandava Ratha (Rockcut Chariot) Mahabalipuram
School Fair Shore Temple (Shiva) Mahabalipuram
Vijaya Nagar Decorated pillared halls Hampi
� Karnataka : Makara Sankranti, Ugadi, Karago, Feast of St. Philomena, Meenakshi Temple Madurai
School
Dasahra, Urs of Hazrat Khwaja Bande Nawaz Chisti, Headannointing cer- Manjunath Temple Mangalore
Nayak School Temple complex Madurai Rameshvaram Temple Rameshvaram
Rajasthan High platforms & minia- Mt. Abu emony (At Sravanbelagola)
Halebid Temple Halebid
School ture towers � Jammu and Kashmir : Nav Warih, Sont,Vaisakhi, Jeth Ashtami, Mela Gupta Temple Sanchi
Chalukyan Mixture of Nagar & Aihole, Pattdakal Hemis Gompa, Har Navami, Pilgrimage to Amarnath Cave (Chhari Festi- Parvati Temple Nachna
School (Vesara) Dravida styles, Chittor val), Urs Shah Hamadan, Kichri Amavasya. Bhitargaon Temple Bitargaon
Pallava School Monolithic temples Mahabalipuram � Jharkhand : Sohrai, Sarhul. Mahabodhi Temple Bodh Gaya
Chola School Gopurams or Gates Tanjore Lakshmana Temple Sripur
(Dravid) � Kerala : Thye Pongal, Vishu, Poorum, Onam.
Vishva-Brahma Temple Alampur
Indo-Islamic Arch, domes, vaultes, Delhi, Agra, Jaunpur, � Maharashtra : Gudi Padva, Dev Divali, Navratri, Ganpati Festival. Badoli Temple Badoli
gardens, marble use Bengal, Hyderabad. � Manipur : Yaosang, Kang, Ningol Chakouba, Chumpha. Ambikamata Temple Jagata
pietradura � Odisha : Car Festival (at Puri) Bada Osha, Nuakhai. Vimala Vasahi Mount Abu
� Mizoram : Minikut, Pawl Kut. Temple No. III Roda
FAIRS AND FESTIVALS OF INDIA Ranakadevi Temple Wadhwaran
� Nagaland : Nazu, Yemshe, Tuluni Festival. Sun Temple Konark
� HINDU FESTIVALS : Maha Kumbh Mela (held 4 times in 12 years
� Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh : Gangaur, Teej, Pushkar Fair, Ghaila, Sas Bahu Temple Gwalior
at Haridwar, Ujjain, Nasik and Prayag i.e. Allahabad). Vasanta
Urs at Ajmer Sharif. Kashi Vishvanatha Temple Varanasi
Panchami, Shivaratri, Holi, Rama Navami, Vaisakhi, Ganga Kandariya Mahadeva Temple Khajuraho
� Punjab : Chappar mela.
Dussehra, Deva Shayani Ekadeshi, Naga Panchami, Raksha Jagannath Temple Puri
Bandhan, Ganesh Chaturthi, Krishna Janmashtami, Pitrapaksh, � Puducherry : Mascarade, Masi Magam Festival.
Lakshmana Temple Khajuraho
Navaratri, Dussehra, Diwali (or Deepawali), Kartiki Purnima, Deva � Sikkim : Soga Dawa, Phang, Lhabsol, Losoong. Lingaraja Temple Bhubaneshwar
Prabodhani Ekadeshi. � Tripura : Karchi Puja, Khatarua, Ker Puja, Tripureshvari Temple Festi- Udayeshwara Temple Udaipur
val. Parashurameshwara Temple Bhubaneshwar
� Muslim Festivals : Muharram, Shab-i-Barat, Ramzan (or Ramadan), Id-
� Uttarakhand : Bhitauli, Chhipla Jaat. Vaital Deu Bhubaneshwar
ul-Fitr, Id-ul-Zuha (or Azha or Bakra-Id), Barawafat (or Id-i-Milad), Giarahvin Muktemhwara Temple Bhubaneshwar
Sharif, Urs. � Uttar Pradesh : Brahmotsav, Ram Navami, Bharat Milap, Sravana Festi- Keshva Temple Somanathapur
� Christian Festivals : Christmas, Good Friday, Easter val, Ban Yatra, Dussehra, Kans Ka Mela.

OLE - 213 OLE - 214 OLE - 215

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
INDIAN POLITY AND
4 � It introduced an open competi- �

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

Additional members in Central
ART & CULTURE : INDIA

CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS
� Lalit Kala Akademi (National Academy of Fine Arts) : It was estab- CONSTITUTION tion system of selection and re-
cruitment of civil servants. �
Legislative increased to 60.
The membership of the Legisla-
lished at New Delhi in 1954 to promote and propagate understanding � Law member was made a full
of Indian Art (i.e., painting, sculpture, architecture and applied arts) tive Councils of the different
The democratic political system of our country is based on the values member of the Executive Coun-
both within and outside the country. provinces enlarged.
and principles enshrined in the constitution. cil of the Governor-General.
The Akademi has regional centres called Rashtriya Lalit Kala Kendras � The members were given the
at Lucknow, Kolkata, Chennai and Bhubaneshwar. � After the long dark night of foreign domination, India entered into a THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT, right of discussion and asking
� Sangeet Natak Akademi (National Academy of Music, Dance & Drama) : new era on 15th August, 1947. 1858 supplementary questions.
It was established in 1953 to promote the performing Indian arts (i.e., � The constitution which was formed for the free India was based on the
� It created a new office of Secre- � It introduced a system of com-
dance, drama and music) in collaboration with states and voluntary issues raised during the freedom struggle and on the vision of towering
organisations. tary of state for India. munal representation for
leaders like Jawahar Lal Nehru, Sardar Patel and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.
� National School of Drama (NSD) : It was established in 1959 by the � The Secretary of state was as- muslims by accepting concept of
� The constitution outlined the goals to be achieved i.e., of a welfare state
Sangeet Natak Akademi as a premier theatre institution. In 1975, it was sisted by a 15-member council. “Separate electorate”. Thus Lord
and also provided the means and methods to accomplish those goals.
registered as an autonomous institution, fully financed by the Depart- � Governor -General was to be Minto came to be known as the
� The study of Indian Constitution thus is a journey into the mind and
ment of Culture. The Diploma of NSD is recognised by the Association of called as the Viceroy. “Father of Communal Electorate”.
Indian Universities as equivalent to M.A. Degree. heart of a growing and developing Nation.
� A highly centralised administra-
� Sahitya Akademi : It was established in March 1954 with the following THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT,
objectives : (i) To develop Indian literature.
EVOLUTION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA tive structure created.
1919 (MONTAGUE-CHELMSFORD
(ii) To set high literacy standards. � It ended the system of double
� A constitution is a document of the company. It established a REFORMS)
(iii) To foster and coordinate literacy activities in all the Indian languages. people’s faith and aspirations pos- system of double government. government by abolishing the
� Dyarchy system introduced in
(iv) To promote through them the cultural unity of the country. sessing a special legal sanctity. � British Government was given Board of Control and Court of
the provinces.
� Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) : It was established in 1861 with � It is the fundamental law of the the supreme control over Directors.
� The Provincial subjects of admin-
the following objectives : (i) To conserve and preserve archaeological country and all other laws and company’s affair and its admin- � The act known as the Act for the
monuments and sites located in different parts of the country and main- istration were to be divided into
customs of the country in order istration in India. Good Government of India, abol-
tain sites and remains. ‘Transferred’ and ‘Reserved’ Sub-
to be valid must conform to it. ished the East India Company,
(ii) To undertake explorations and excavations, epigraphic research, study THE CHARTER ACT, 1793 jects.
� A constitution sets out the frame- and transferred the powers of
of architecture and scientific studies and investigations. work and the Principal function � This Act gave the power to the � Indian legislature became ‘bicam-
government, territories and rev-
� At present there are 3,606 centrally protected monuments of national of various organs of the Govern- Governor-General to override his eral’.
importance which include 25 monuments in the list of world heritage. enues to the British Crown.
ment as well as relations be- council. � Communal representation ex-
� National Archives of India (NAI) : It was established on March 11, 1891 tween the Government and its THE INDIAN COUNCIL ACT, 1861
THE CHARTER ACT, 1813 tended to Sikhs, Indian Chris-
in Kolkata and known as Imperial Record Department till Independence. citizens. Various stages which
It is the official custodian of all non-current records of permanent value � The Act provided rules and pro- � Government started associating tians, Anglo-Indians and Europe-
lead to the development of Indian Indians in legislation. ans.
of the Government of India and its predecessor bodies. cedures for the use of Indian
constitution are :
� Asiatic Society : It was established in 1784 at Kolkata by Sir William revenue. � A fifth member added to the � It provided for the establishment
Jones, an eminent Indologist with the objective of inquiring into history, THE REGULATING ACT, 1773 Viceroy’s executive council. of a Public Service Commission.
THE CHARTER ACT, 1833
antiquities, arts, science and literature of Asia. � This act provided for the � For legislative purposes, execu- � It separated, for the first time
� Anthropological Survey of India : It was established in December, 1945 � Governor-General of Bengal to be
centralisation of administration tive council of Viceroy was en- provincial budgets from the
at Kolkata for the advancement of scientific research in Anthropology Governor-General of India.
of company’s territories in India. larged by 6 to 12 members. Central budget.
and allied disciplines. It collects authentic empirical data covering the � William Bentick was the first
� Governor of Bengal became Gov- THE INDIAN COUNCIL ACT, 1892
entire range of human variation and culture. Governor-General of India. THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT,
ernor-General of Bengal. � Introduction of indirect elections
� Zonal Cultural Centres : They have been setup for projecting, preserv- � Government of Madras and 1935
� Supreme Court to be set up at
ing and sustaining cultural kinship that transcends territorial limits. Bombay deprived of legislative for the non-official members of
Calcutta (1774). � Dyarchy introduced at the cen-
There are seven such centres in the country : powers. the Imperial and Provincial Leg-
1. North-Zone Cultural Centre, Patiala THE PITT’S INDIA ACT, 1784 � Law member added to the coun- islative Councils. tre.
2. East-Zone Cultural Centre, Kolkata (Shantiniketan) cil of Governor-General. � The councils at both levels were � Provincial dyarchy replaced by
� Subordinated the Bombay and
3. South-Zone Cultrual Centre, Thanjavur Madras Presidency to the Ben- to have the power of discussing provincial autonomy in prov-
THE CHARTER ACT, 1853
4. West-Zone Cultural Centre, Udaipur gal Presidency in all questions of the Budget but not of voting. inces.
� The Act for the first time created
5. North-Central Zone Cultural Centre, Allahabad war, diplomacy and revenues. � Provision for the establishment of
a separate legislative machinery THE MORLEY-MINTO REFORMS
6. North-East Zone Cultural Centre, Dimapur � Strength of Governor-General in consisting of 12 members legis- an All India Federation consist-
7. South-Central Zone Cultural Centre, Nagpur council reduced to 3. (THE INDIAN COUNCIL ACT, 1909)
lative council which came to be ing of the British Provinces and
� Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts : It was established in 1985 at � It distinguished between the com- � Provision of indirect elections to
known as the Indian (central) leg- Princely States as units.
New Delhi as a resource centre and database. It is visualised as a cen- mercial and political functions of islative council. the legislative councils intro-
tre encompassing the study and experience of all the arts. ��� � Establishment of a Federal Court.
duced.
OLE - 216 OLE - 217 OLE - 218
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

� Three fold division of powers–Federal, Provincial and Concurrent Lists. FIRST CABINET OF FREE INDIA (1947) :

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

Sl. Important Committees Chairman
� It provided for the establishment of a Reserve Bank of India to control Sl. Members Portfolios Held No.
the currency and credit of the country. No. 1. Union Powers Committee Jawaharlal Nehru
INDIAN INDEPENDENCE ACT, 1947 1. Jawaharlal Nehru Prime Minister, Exter nal 2. Union Constitution Jawaharlal Nehru
� The British P.M. was Clement Atlee and then Viceroy of India Lord Affairs and Commonwealth Committee
Relations, Scientific Research. 3. Provincial Constitution Sardar Patel
Mountbatten, who had put forth the partition plan. Also became
2. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Home, Information and Committee
the first Governor General of free India.
Broadcasting, States 4. Drafting Committee — Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
� The executive council provided by the 1919 act continued to ad- (Members)
vice the Governor General till1947. 3. Dr. Rajendra Prasad Food and Agriculture
— N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar
4. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Education
� It abolished the office of Viceroy. Also it abolished the office of — Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar
secretary of state for India. 5. Dr. John Mathai Railways and Transport — Dr. K.M. Munshi
6. R.K. Shanmugham Chetty Finance — Syed M. Sadullah
� It declares India as an Independent and sovereign state.
7. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Law — B.L. Mittar/N Madhava Rau
� Established responsible Governments at both the centre and the
8. Jagjivan Ram Labour (Replaced)
province.
9. Sardar Baldev Singh Defence — D.P. Khaitan/ T.T. Krishn-
� Designated the Governor General of India and the Provincial gov- amachari (Replaced)
ernors as the constitutional heads. 10. Rajkumari Amrit Kaur Health
5. Advisory Committee on
11. C.H. Bhabha Commerce
� It assigned dual functions to the constituent assembly and de- Fundamental Rights, — Sardar Patel
clared this dominion legislature as a sovereign body. 12. Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Communication Minorities and Tribal and
13. Dr. Shyam Prasad Mukherji Industries and Supplies Excluded Areas.
INTERIM GOVERNMENT (3 SEPTEMBER, 1946) 14. V.N. Gadgil Works, Mines and Power. This committee had the
Sl. Members Party Portfolios Held following sub-committees :
IMPORTANT FACTS (a) Fundamental Right — J.B. Kripalani
No.
� The Constitution of India was formally enacted on 26 November, 1949. Sub-Committee
1. Jawaharlal Nehru INC External Affairs and Common- � The Constitution of India came into force on 26 January, 1950. (b) Minorities Sub-Committee — H.C. Mukherjee
wealth Relations. � There were 395 Articles and 8 Schedules in the Constitution when it (c) Sub-Committee on — Gopinath Bardoloi
2. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel INC Home, Information & Broad was finally passed. North-East issues
casting � At present the Constitution consists of 444 Articles and 12 Schedules. 6. Rules of Procedure Committee — Dr. Rajendra Prasad
� The constitution of India was framed and adopted by the Constituent 7. States Committee — Jawaharlal Nehru
3. Dr. Rajendra Prasad INC Food and Agriculture
Assembly of India. 8. Steering Committee — Dr. Rajendra Prasad
4. Dr. John Mathai INC Industries and Supplies 9. Ad-Hoc Committee on the — Dr. Rajendra Prasad
� As per the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946, the Constituent Assembly was
5. Sardar Baldev Singh INC Defenc set up in November 1946. National Flag
6. Asaf Ali INC Railways and Transport � The members were elected indirectly by the Provincial Assemblies in 10. Special Credential Committee — Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer
7. Jagjivan Ram INC Laboure the ratio of one member per one million population. to Examine the Draft Constitution
8. C.H. Bhabha INC Works, Mines and Power � There were a total of 389 members in the Constituent Assembly of which � The Constituent Assembl y (iii) 3rd Phase : As a
9. C. Rajagopalachari INC Education and Arts 296 were elected by the members of the Provincial Assemblies and the worked in three phases. Provisional Parliament–
rest were nominated by the Princely States.
(i) Ist Phase : As Constituent 27th November, 1949 to
INTERIM GOVERNMENT (15 OCTOBER, 1946) � The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held on 9th Assembly under the March, 1952.
December, 1946 with Sachidanand Sinha as the interim President. l i mi tati ons of Cabinet
10. I.I. Chundrigar AIML Commerce � The Constituent Assembly took 2
� Later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President of the Missi on Pl an-6th
11. Ghaznafar Ali Khan AIML Health years 11 months and 18 days to
Constituent Assembly on 11th December, 1946. December, 1946 to 14th
12. Liaquat Ali Khan AIML Finance � The historic “Objective Resolution” was moved in the Constituent frame the Constitution.
August, 1947.
13. Abdur Rab Nishtar AIML Communication (Posts and Air) Assembly by Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru on 13th December, 1946 which � The design of the National Flag
(ii) 2nd Phase : As
14. Joginder Nath Mandal AIML Law ultimately became the Preamble of our Constitution. Constituent Assembly, a was adopted by the Constituent
� The Constituent Assembly formed 13 important committees for framing soverei gn body + Assembly on July 22, 1947.
Note : The members of the interim government were members � The Nati onal Anthem was
the Constitution. Provisional Parliament –
of the Viceroy’s Executive council. But Jawahar Lal Nehru was � A drafting committee of 7 members was set up on 29th August, 1947 15th August, 1947 to 26th adopted by the Consti tuent
designated as the vice-President of the council. under the Chairmanship of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. November, 1949 Assembly on January 24, 1950.

OLE - 219 OLE - 220 OLE - 221

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

� The first meeti ng of the legislature for all its policies (i) to remove economic inequali- � Australian Constitution : (iii) Such other territories as
INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

� The song ‘Jana-gana-Mana’ was
Constituent Assembly was adopted by the Constituent As- and actions, rule of law, ties; The concurrent list, centre- may be acquired.
boycotted by the Muslim League. sembly as the National Anthem independence of judiciary, and (ii) to provide a decent standard state Relationship, Freedom � Section 3(2) of the territorial
� Shri B. N. Rau was appointed as absence of discrimination on of living to the working of trade, commerce and waters, continental shelf,
on 24th January] 1950.
the legal Advisor of the Constitu- certain grounds are the people; intercourse, Joint sitting of exclusive Economic Zone and
ent Assembly. manifestations of the the two Houses of the other Maritime Zones Act,
(iii) to protect the interests of the
PREAMBLE democratic character of the weaker sections of the society. Parliament, Language of the 1976 now provides, that the
“WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute Indian polity. � Political justice implies that
preamble. limit of the territorial water is
India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC � Liberty : The term ‘liberty’ all citizens should have equal � Soviet (USSR) Constitution : the line at which every point
REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens; means the absence of political rights, equal access Fundamental Duties and ideal is at a distance of 12 nautical
JUSTICE, social, economic and political; restraints on the activities of to all political offices and of justice, Five year Plan. miles from the nearest point
individuals, and at the same equal voice in the government. � German/Weimar Constitution : of the appropriate base line.
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
time, providing opportunities � Economic justice denotes the Emergency provisions and � Another notification of the
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all
for the development of all non-discrimination between their effect on the Funda- government dated 15 January,
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and 1977 has extended the
individuals personalities. people on the basis of mental Rights.
integrity of the Nation. exclusive economic zone of
� Equality : The term ‘equality’ economic factors. � Japan Constitution : Procedure
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November India up to a distance of 200
means the absence of special � It involves the elimination of established by the law.
1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS nautical miles into the sea
privileges to any section of the glaring inequalities in wealth, � Canadian Constitution :
CONSTITUTION. from the shore base line. This
society, and the provision of income and property. Appointment of state Governor
� Idea of Preamble borrowed from tion were added by the 42nd adequate opportunities for all has been done under the
Constitution of USA. � A combination of social justice by the centre, Advisory
Amendment Act of 1976. individuals without any Territorial waters, continental
� The objectives specified in the and economic justice denotes jurisdiction of the Supreme shelf, exclusive economic zone
THE INTERPRETATION OF discrimination. “distributive justice”. Court, Federation with a
Preamble contain the basic struc- WORDS IN PREAMBLE and other maritime zones act,
ture of our Constitution. � Fraternity : Fraternity means strong centre, vesting of
SOURCE OF THE CONSTITUTION 1976 passed as the
� Sovereign : The word sover- a sense of brotherhood. The residuary powers in the centre.
� It is non-justiciable, that is, its � Government of India Act,
constitution 40th amendment
provisions are not enforceable in eign means that the state has preamble declares that � South African Constitution :
1935 : Federal Scheme, office act 1976.
courts of law. power to legislate on any sub- fraternity has to assure two Procedure of Amendment of
of the Governor, power of � Parliament may by law admit
� The basic structure cannot be ject in confirmity with consti- things-the dignity of the the constitution, Election of
Federal Judiciary, Public into the union, or establish
amended. tutional limitations. individual and the unity and the Members of Rajya Sabha.
Service Commission, new states on such terms and
� It is a preface or introduction to � Socialist : Socialist aims to integrity of the nation. � Irish Constitution : Directive
Emergency provisions. conditions as it thinks fit.
the Constitution. end poverty, ignorance, disease � The constitution not only principles of state policy,
� USA Con stit utio n : � Formation of new states and
� The Supreme Court expressed and inequality of opportunity. guarntees a person’s freedom Nominations of Members of
Fundamental Rights, written alteration of areas, boundaries
the view that the “Preamble is the This socialist concept ought to of religion but also ensures Rajya sabha, method of
constitution, Supreme Court, or names of existing states.
key to its makers” mind. be implemented in the true freedom for one who has no Election of President.
Independence of Judiciary and � Parliament may by law —
� Justice Madhokar said in ‘Sajjan spirit of the constitution. religion.
Judicial Reviews, President as THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY (i) form a new state by
Singh Vs. Rajasthan State’ case � Secularism : The constitution � Republic : Republic means no
the Executive Head. The Vice- separation of territory
that the preamble is the sum and room for hereditary ruler. � According to Article1- India,
of India stands for a secular President, Impeachment of the from any state or by
substance of the Constitution. � The head of the state is always that is Bharat, shall be a
state. The state has no official President, Removal of Supreme uniting two or more
� In the ‘Golaknath Vs. Punjab elected directly or indirectly union of states.
religion secularism pervades Court and High Court Judges, states or parts of states or
State’ case, Justice Hidaytullah for a fixed period, e.g. USA. � The states and the territories
remarked that the preamble is
its Provisions which give full Preamble. by uniting any territory
opportunity to all persons to � The term ‘republic’ in our thereof shall be as specified in to a part of any state
the synopsis of those principles � British Con stit utio n :
profess, practice and preamble indicates that India the first schedule. (ii) increase the area of any
on which the government has to Parliamentary system, Rule of
work upon. propagate religion of their has an elected head called the � The territory of India shall state;
law, legislative procedure,
� The objective of the constitution choice. president. comprise — (iii) diminish the area of any
Prime Minister, Cabinet
is to secure Justice, Liberty, � Dem ocratic : The Indian � Justice : There are three types System, Single Citizenship, (i) The territories of the state;
Equality and Fraternity for every Constitution provides for of justice-social, political and Prerogative writs, Bicameral states; (iv) alter the boundaries of
citizen. representative parliamentary economical. Parliament, Nominal head- (ii) The union territories any state;
� The world ‘Socialist,’ ‘Secular’ and democracy under which the � Social justice enables the President, provision of speaker specified in the First (v) alter the name of any
the ‘Unity and Integrity’ of the na- executive is responsible to the courts to uphold legislation— in the Lok Sabha. schedule and state.
OLE - 222 OLE - 223 OLE - 224
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

New States and Union Territories Created After 1956 : � When an Indian citizen vol- which has been amended in (ii) Article 15 : Prohibits 'the

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

� The fundamental rights are of
untarily (consciously, know- 1986, 1992, 2003 and 2005. two categories — state' from discriminating
Sl. No. New State Establishment
ingly and without duress, un- � The Act provides for the acqui- (i) Rights which are provided agai nst any ci ti zen on
1. Gujarat, Maharashtra 1960 due influence or compulsion) grounds only of religion,
sition of Indian citizenship af- to the citizens of India
2. Dadara and Nagar Haveli 1961 acquires the citizenship of an- race, caste, sex, or place of
ter the commencement of the (ii) for all other person
3. Daman and Diu 1987 other country, his Indian citi- birth.
constitution in five ways, i.e., including foreigners.
4. Puducherry 1963 zenship automatically termi- (iii) Article 16 : Provides for
Birth, Descent, Registration, � The rights granted under
5. Nagaland 1963 nates. equality of opportunity to all
Nationalisation and Incorpo- Articles 15, 16,19, 29 and 30 citizens in matters of public
6. Haryana/UT-Chandigarh 1966 � The parliament has enacted
ration of territory. are available to citizens only employment.
7. Himachal Pradesh 1971 the citizenship Act, 1955
while all other rights are (iv) Article 17 : Provides for
8. Manipur, Tripura, Meghalaya 1972 LOSS OF INDIAN CITIZENSHIP UNDER THE ACT :
available to all persons. abolition of untouchability.
9. Sikkim 1975
� The citizenship Act, 1955 also � There are six fundamental � When there is a Proclamation (v) Article 18 : Provides for
10. Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh 1987 laydown the three modes by rights excluding right to basic of emergency under Article 352 abolition of titles.
and Goa which an Indian citizen education.
on grounds of war or external 2. Right to Freedom (Articles
11. Chattisgarh, Uttarakhand and 2000 whether a citizen at the � The fundamental rights are
aggression, the operation of 19-22)
Jharkhand commencement of the the freedoms guaranteed but
Article 19 remains suspended. (i) Article 19 : It guarantees
12. Telangana 2014 constitution or subsequent to these freedoms are not
� The President can suspend the citizens of India the
it , may lose his citizenship— absolute, but are justiciable. following six fundamental
Sl. No. Change of Names of State Year (i) Renunciation Justiciable means judicially operation of other rights
freedoms —
1. United Provinces to Uttar Pradesh 1950 (ii) Termination enforceable. (excluding art 20 and 21) also
(a) Freedom of speech and
2. Madras to Tamil Nadu 1969 (iii) Deprivation � The fundamental rights are by a separate order (issued
expression
3. Mysore to Karnataka 1973 � Citizenship Amendment Act, different from the legal rights. under Article 359) during the
(b) Freedom of Assembly
4. Union Territory of Delhi to National Capital 1992 : According to this Act, � The legal rights are protected Prevalence of national
(c) Freedom of Association
Territory of Delhi 1992 the child who is born outside and enforced by ordinary law. emergency.
India and if his mother On the contrary the (d) Freedom of movements
5. Uttaranchal to Uttarakhand 2006 � Initially there were seven
belongs to India can have the fundamental right is protected (e) Freedom of residence and
6. Pondichery to Puducherry 1966 fundamental rights in our
Indian citizenship. and guaranteed by the settlement
7. Orrisa to Odisha 2011 consitution but the 44th
� Before this act, any child born constitution. (f) Freedom of profession,
amendment Act 1978 deleted occupati on, trade or
CITIZENSHIP outside India could acquire � Article 21A is the right to
right to property. business.
citizenship only if his father education, was inserted in the
� Every person who has domicile but returned to India under a � There are six categories of (ii) Article 20 : Protection in
was a citizen of India. year 2002 by the 86th
in the territory of India and permit for resettlement. Fundamental Rights :
constitutional amendment respect of conviction for
(i) who was born in the � Any person who or either of FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 1. Right to Equality offences
Act.
territory of India; or whose parents or any of whose � The fundamental Rights are 2. Right to Freedom (iii) Article 21 : Protection of
� Generally right to education is
(ii) either of whose parents grand parents was born in meant for promoting the ideal falls under the right to life and personal liberty.
3. Right against Exploitation
was born in the territory India. of political democracy. freedom. (iv) Article 22 : Protecti on
4. Right to Freedom of Religion
of India, or � Person who migrated to India � These are fundamental in the � The state may deny some of the against arrest and detention
5. Cultural and Educational
(iii) who has been ordinarily from Pakistan before 19th sense, that they are the most fundamental rights to a class in certain cases.
resident in the territory of essential rights for the all- Rights
July, 1948 and since then of people as armed forces, � Whenever a person is arrested,
India for not less than five have been ordinarily residing round development (material, 6. Right to Constitutional
paramilitary personnel police he should be informed as
shall be a citizen of India. in India. intellectual, moral and etc., in the interest of Remedies.
soon as may be, of the
� Under the Indian constitution spiritual) of the individuals. administrative efficiency or 1. Right to Equality (Articles grounds for his arrest and
� Person who migrated to India
there is only one domicile. � It is also named so because National integrity. 14-18)
from Pakistan on or after 19th should be allowed to consult
they are guaranteed and � Except the rights mentioned (i) Article 14 : Provides for and to be defended by a legal
� There is no separate domicile July, 1948 but got themselves,
protected by the fundamental in articles 20 and 21, equality before law or equal practitioner of his choice and
for the state. duly registered as citizens with law of the land i.e. constitution. President has the power to protecti on of law to al l
� Persons who migrated to a competent officer appointed produced before the nearest
� Articles 12 to 35 deal with the suspend the enforcement of
Pakistan after March 1, 1947 for that purpose. persons within the territory magistrate within a period of
fundamental rights. fundamental rights. of India. 24 hours of such an arrest.
OLE - 225 OLE - 226 OLE - 227
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

3. Right against Exploitation the latter to itself or to squash the DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

5. Cultural and Educational Japan is the only democratic
(Article 23-24) Rights (29-30) order of the latter in a case. country in the world which pro-
� The constitution of India aims to wards welfare state. The articles
(i) Article 23 : Prohibition of It is issued on the grounds of vides for a set of Fundamental
(i) Article 29 : Protection of establish not only political democ- which contains socialist principles
traffic in human beings and excess of jurisdiction or lack of Duties in its constitution.
interests of minorities. racy but also socioeconomic jus- are :
forced labour. jurisdiction or error of law.
(ii) Article 30 : Right of minori- ELEVEN FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES tice to the people to establish a � Article 38 : To promote the wel-
(ii) Article 24 : No child below
Thus, unlike prohibition, which welfare state. fare of the people by securing a
the age of 14 can be em- ties to establish and admin- 1. To abide by the Constitution and
is only preventive, certiorari is both � These provisions are given in social order permeated by jus-
ployed. ister educational institu- respect its ideals and institu-
preventive as well as curative. Part IV of Indian Constitution. tice-social, economic and politi-
4. Right to freedom of Religion tions. tions, the National Flag and the
QUO-Warranto : In the literal � Di rective Principl es of state cal and to minimise inequalities.
(Article 25-28) (iii) Article 31 : Omitted by the National Anthem. pol i cy are i n the form of
sense, it means ‘by what authority or in income, status, facilities and
(i) Article 25 : Freedom of 2. To cherish and follow the noble instructions to the governments opportunities.
44th Amendment Act 1978. warrant’. It is issued by the court to
conscience and the right to at the centre as well as states.
6. Right to constitutional Rem- enquire into the legality of claim of a ideals which inspired our na- � Article 39 : To secure
freely profess, practice and
person to a public office. Hence, it tional struggle for freedom. � Though these principles are non (a) the right to adequate means
propagate religion. edies.
3. To uphold and protect the sov- justiciable, they are fundamental of livelihood for all citizens.
(ii) Article 26 : Freedom to Article 32 : The right to move prevents illegal usurpation of public
in the governance of the country. (b) the equitable distribution of
manage religious affairs. office by a person. The writ can be ereignty, unity and integrity of
to the supreme court in case of � The i dea of the Directive meterial resources of the com-
(iii) Article 27 : Prohibits taxes issued only in case of a substantial India.
violation of fundamental rights. Principles of State Policy has munity for the common good;
on religious grounds. public office of a permanent character 4. To defend the country and ren- been taken from the Iri sh (c) prevention of concentration of
(iv) Article 28 : Freedom as to � It has been called the corner- created by a statue or by the der national service when called Republic. wealth and means of produc-
attendance at religious cer- stone of the entire edifice constitution. It cannot be issued in upon to do so. � The Directive Principles of State tion.
emonies in certain educa- setup by the constitution. cases of ministerial office or private 5. To promote harmony and the policy were incorporated in our (d) equal pay for equal work for
tional institutions. office. It can be sought by any spirit of common brotherhood constitution in order to provide men and women.
WRITS –TYPES AND SCOPE interested person and not economic justice and to avoid (e) preservation of the health
amongst all the people of India
The supreme court under Art 32 tion, an inferior court, a tribunal or necessarily by the aggrieved person. transcending religious, linguis- concentration of wealth in the and strength of workers and
and the High courts under Art 226 government for the same purpose. tic and regional or sectional di- hands of few people. chi l dren agai nst forcibl e
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
can issue the writs of habeas cor- The writ of mandamus cannot be � The constitution covers from Ar- abuse, and
versities and to renounce prac-
pus, mandamus, prohibition, certio- � The Fundamental Duties are ticle 36 to 51 as Directive Prin- (f) opportunities for healthy de-
issued tices derogatory to the dignity
rari and quo-warranto. contained in Article 51 A of Part ciples of State Policy. velopment of children.
(a) against a private individual of women.
IV A of the Constitution. � They are unique blend of social- � Article 39(A) : To promote equal
Habeas corpus : It is a latin term or body 6. To value and preserve the rich
� The Fundamental Duties were istic, liberal, democratic and justice and to provide free legal
which literally means “to have the (b) to enforce departmental heritage of our composite cul-
inserted into the Constitution of Gandhian Principles. aid to the poor.
body of ”. It is an order issued by instruction that does not tures.
India by the 42nd Amendment � They describe as the ‘conscience � Article 41 : To secure the right
the court to a person who has de- possess statutory force.
Act, 1976. 7. To protect and improve natural of the constitution’. to work, to education and to
tained another person, to produce
(c) when duty is discretionary environment including forest, � In the “State of Tamil Nadu etc. public assistance in cases of
the body of the latter before it. The � These Duties were added on the
and not mandatory lake rivers and wildlife and to Vs L.Abu Kavur Bai” case in unemployment, old age, sickness
court then examines the cause and recommendati on of Swaran
(d) to enforce a contractual have compassion for living crea- 1984, the Supreme court held and disablement.
legality of detention. It would set the Singh committee.
obligation. ture. that although directive principles � Article 42 : To make provision
detained person free, if the deten- � The Fundamental Duties in the of State Policy are not enforce-
Prohibition : Literally, it means for just and humane conditions
tion is found to be illegal. Thus, this Indian Constitution are inspired 8. To develop the scientific tem- able, yet the court should not
‘to forbid’. It is issued by a higher for work and maternity relief.
writ is a bulwark of individual liberty by the constitution of Russia per, humanism and the spirit avoid them.
court to a lower court or tribunal to � Article 43 : To secure a living
against arbitrary detention. The writ (former USSR). of inquiry and reform. Classification of DPSPs : wage, a decent standard of life
of habeas corpus can be issued prevent the latter from exceeding its � The basis for Fundamental Du- 9. To safeguard public property 1. Socialist Principles and social and cultural opportu-
against both public authorities as jurisdiction or usurping a jurisdiction ties is the Japanese Model. and to abjure violence. 2. Gandhian principles nities for all workers.
well as private individuals. that it does not possess. Thus unlike � These duties are incorporated 10. To strive for excellence in all 3. Liberal Principles � Article 43 A : To take steps to
mandamus that directs activity, the
Mandamus : It literally means with the purpose of making the spheres of individual and col- secure the partici pati on of
prohibition directs inactivity. Socialist Principles :
‘we command’. It is a command is- citizens patriotic and promoting lective activity. workers in the management of
sued by the court to a public official Certiorari : In the literal sense, harmony in the country. These principles reflect the ide- industries.
it means ‘to be certified’ or ‘to be 11. To provide opportunities for ology of socialism. They lay down the
asking him to perform his official � The constitution does not impose � Article 47 : To raise the level of
informed’. It is issued by a higher education to his child or, as the framework of a democratic socialist
duties that he has failed or refused penalty for the violation of the nutrition and the standard of
court to a lower court or tribunal case may be, ward between the state, aim at providing social and eco- living of people and to improve
to perform. It can also be issued duties. It is left to the Legisla-
either to transfer a case pending with age of six and fourteen years. nomic justice and set the path to- public health.
against any public body, a corpora- tures.

OLE - 228 OLE - 229 OLE - 230

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

Gandhian Principles : � Article 48 : To organise agricul- DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLE ADDED BY 86th AMENDMENT ACT, 2002 Conditions of President's Office

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

These principles are based on ture and animal husbandry on It changed the subject matter of Art 45 and made elementary educa- � Shall not be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of
Gandhian ideology. They represent modern and scientific lines. tion a fundamental right under Art 21A. The amended directive required the Legislature of any State, and if a member of either house of Parliament
the programme of reconstruction � Article 48 A : To protect and the state to provide early childhood care and education for all children un- or of a House of the Legislature of any state be elected as President,
enunciated by Gandhi during the na- improve the environment and to til they complete the age of six years. he shall be deemed to have vacated his seat in that House on the date
tional movement. In order to fulfill sateguard forests and wildlife. on which he enters upon his office as president.
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES ADDED BY 97th AMENDMENT ACT, 2011
the dreams of Gandhi, some of his � Article 49 : To protect monu- � The President shall not hold any other office of profit.
ideals were included as Directive ments, places and objects of ar- � Article 43 B : It requires the state to promote voluntary formation, au- � The President shall be entitled without payment of rent to the use of
Principles. These are. tistic or historic interest which tonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management his official residance.
� Article 40 : To organise village are declared to be of national im- of co-operative societies. � Shall be also entitled to such emoluments, allowance and privileges as
panchayats and endow them portance. DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OUTSIDE PART IV OF THE CONSTITUTION may be determined by Parliament by law.
with necessary powers and � Article 50 : The state shall sepa- � The emoluments and allowances of the President shall not be diminished
rate the judiciary from the execu- � Article 335 : The claims of the members of the SCs and the STs shall during his term of office.
authori ty to enable them to
tive in the public services of the be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of effi-
functi on as units of self- Election of President :
state. ciency of administration, in the making of appointments to services and
government.
posts in connection with the affairs of the union or a state. � The President shall be elected by the members of an electoral college
� Article 43 : To promote cottage � Article 51 : To promote interna-
� Article 350 A : It shall be endeavour of every state and every local consisting of —
industries on an individual or co- tional peace and security.
authority within the state to provide adequate facilities for instruction (i) the elected members of both House of Parliament, and
operation basis in rural areas. — Maintain just and honourable
in the mother-tongue at the primary stage of education to children be- (ii) the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States
� Article 43 B : To promote relations between nations.
longing to linguistic minority groups. Note : State includes the National Capital Territory of Delhi and the Union
voluntary formation, autonomous — To foster respect for interna- Territory of Puducherry.
tional law and treaty obliga- � Article 351 : It shall be the duty of the union to promote the spread of
functioning, democratic control � The total voting strength of the Parliament is equal to the total voting
tions the Hindi Language and to develop it so that it may serve as a medium
and professional management of strength of all state assemblies together.
— To encourage settlement of of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India.
co-operative societies. � The president’s election is held in accordance with the system of
� Article 46 : To promote the international disputes by ar- Difference Between DPSPs and Fundamental Rights proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and
educati onal and economic bitration. the voting is by secret ballot.
1. They are not Justiciable by 1. Fundamental Rights
interests of SC & ST and other DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES ADDED the court � This system ensures that the successful candidate is returned by the
weaker sections of the society BY 42nd AMENDMENT ACT, 1976 2. They are positive in nature. 2. They are negative in nature. absolute majority of votes.
and to protect them from social The 42nd Amendment Act of 3. They are for state use 3. Used by the citizen. � In order to declared elected to the office of President, a candidate must
injustice and exploitation. 1976 added four new Directive prin- secure a fixed quota of votes.
4. They establish economic and 4. They establish political democracy.
� Article 47 : To prohibit the ciples to the original list. � The value of vote of each member of Legislative Assembly of a State is
social democracy
consumption of intoxicating � Article 39 : To secure opportu- determined by the formule as given below :
5. They have only moral power. 5. They have legal power.
drinks and drugs which are nities for healthy development of
injurious to health. children. UNION EXECUTIVE
� Article 48 : To prohibit the � Article 39A : To promote equal THE PRESIDENT QUALIFICATION � Every elected member of either House of Parliament shall have such
slaughter of cows, calves and justice and to provide free legal � Must be a citizen of India. number of votes as may be obtained by.
aid to the poor. � There shall be a President of In-
other milch and draught cattle � Completed 35 years of age. Value of the vote of an MP =
� Article 43A : To take steps to dia (Article 52). � Qualified for election as a member
and to improve their breeds.
Liberal Principles : secure the participation of work- � The executive power of the union of the house of the people (Lok
ers in the management of indus- shall be vested in the President Sabha).
These principles represent the � Must not hold any office of profit � Supreme Court inquires all dispute regarding President's election.
tries. and shall be exercised by him
ideology of liberalism. These are— under the government of India or Term of office of President
� Article 48A : To protect and im-
� Article 44 : The state will try to either directly or through officers the government of any state or
prove the environment and to � The President shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on
secure for the citizens a uniform subordinate to him in accordance any local authority or any other
safeguard forests and wildlife. which he enters upon his office.
civil code throughout the territory with this constitution (Article 53). public authority.
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLE ADDED BY Exceptions : (i) the president may, by writing under his hand addressed to the
of India. � Part V, Articles from 52 to 73, Vice-President, resign his office;
44th AMENDMENT ACT, 1978 1. President and Vice President
� Article 45 : The state shall en- deals with the President and Vice 2. Governor of any state. (ii) The President may, for violation of the constitution be removed from
deavour to provide early child- � Article 38 : The state to office by impeachment in the manner provided in article 61;
President. 3. Minister of Union or State is
hood care and education for all minimise inequalities in income, not deemed to hold any office (iii) The President shall, notwithstanding the expiration of his term,
children until they complete the status, facilities and opportuni- � The President is the first citizen
of profit and hence qualified continue to hold office until his successor enters upon his office.
age of six years. ties. of India. as a presidential candidate.
OLE - 231 OLE - 232 OLE - 233
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

Re-Election investigate the charge or cause � Certain bills can be introduced 4. Judicial Powers : � He gets Rs. 1,25000 per months � All the doubts and disputes
INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

the charge to be investigated and in Parliament only on the � The President shall have the according to the Act of Parliament, arising out of or in connection
� Eligible for re-election.
the President shall have the right recommendati on of the power to grant pardons 1998. with the election of the Vice-
Procedure for Impeachment to appear and to be represented President. reprieves, respites or remissions Election of Vice-President President shall be decided by the
� Nature of impeachment is Quasi- at such investigation. � Presidential assent is essential of punishment or to suspend, � Vice-President is elected by the Supreme Court.
Judicial. � If a result of the investigation a before a bill becomes an Act. remit or commute the sentence members of an electoral college � When the President is unable to
� Can be impeached only on the resolution is passed by a major- � He can enact laws through of any person convicted of any consisting of the members of discharge his functions owing to
ground of vi ol ation of ity of not less than 2/3rd of the ordinance when the Parliament is offence. both House of Parliament. absence, illness or any other
constitution. total membership of the House in recess. These ordinance must � The Presi dent i s the onl y case, the Vice President shall
� Election is held in accordance
by which the charge was inves- be passed by Parliament with the authori ty for pardoni ng a discharge his functions until the
� The charge shall be preferred by wi th system of proporti onal
tigated, declaring that the 6 weeks of reassembly. sentence of death (Article 72) date on which the President
either House of Parliament. representation by means of the
charged preferred against the � Lays the report of the comptroller 5.Diplomatic Powers : resumes his duties.
� The proposal to prefer such si ngle transferabl e vote and
President from his office as form and Auditor General, the finance � Represents country in � When the Vice-President acts as
charge i s contai ned in a voting is by secret ballot.
the date on which the resolution commission and others before international forum. the President, he shall exercise
resolution which has been moved � Thus this electoral college is
is so passed. the Parliment. � He sends ambassadors and all the powers of the President
after at least 14 day's notice in different from the el ectoral
� When a bill is sent to the receives diplomats. and shall receive the salary and
writing signed by not less than Vacancy college for the election of the
President after it has been � All international treaties and emolument of the President.
1/4th of the total number of � Office of the President falls President in the following two
passed by the Parliament, he can : agreements are concluded on his ATTORNEY GENERAL OF INDIA
members of the House has been vacant due to the following respects :
(i) give his assent to the bill or behalf however they are subject
passed by a majority of not less reasons— 1. It consists of both elected � Arti cle 76 States that the
(ii) withhold his assent to the to ratification by Parliament.
than two thirds of the total (i) Completing 5 years terms; and nominated members of President shall appoint a person
bill or 6. Military Powers :
membership of the house. (ii) Due to resignation; the Parliament (in the case who is qualified to be appointed
(iii) Return the bill (if it is not a � He is the supreme commander
� When a charge has been so (iii) Due to impeachment; of president, only elected as a judge of the Supreme Court
money bill or constitutional of the defence forces of India.
preferred by either House of (iv) Due to death; members). to be the Attorney General of
amendment bill) for � He appoints chief of Army, Navy
Parliament, the other House shall (v) Due to illegal election. 2. It does not include the India.
reconsideration of the and Air Force.
members of the state � He is the first legal officer of the
POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT Parliament, although only � Decl are war and concl udes
legislative assemblies (in the Government of India.
once. peace, subject to the approval of
1. Executive Power : � He can appoint a commission to case of Presi dent, the � He hol ds offi ce duri ng the
investigate into the conditions of the Parliament.
� Decides on the questions as to pleasure of the President.
� All executive action of the union 7. Emergency Powers : elected members of the
SCs, STs and OBCs. the qualifications of the MPs, in
must be taken in the name of the state legislative assemblies � He can also resign by addressing
� He can appoint an inter-state consultation with the Election 1. National emergency (Art 352)
President. (Article 77) are included). the resi gnati on letter to
� He appoints the followings : council to promote centre-state Commission. 2. President’s rule (Art 356 & 365)
relation and for cooperation Eligibility President.
1. Prime Minister 3. Financial Powers : 3. Financial emergencies (Art
amongst different states. � He should be a citizen of India. � It is a convention that after the
2. Ministers � All money bills can originate in 360)
2. Legislative Powers : � He has completed 35 years of change of the Government, the
3. Chief Justice and Judges of Parliament only on VICE-PRESIDENT
age. Attorney General of India resigns
Supreme Court and High � He can summon and prorogue recommendation of President.
Courts, � According to the Article 63, there and the new Government
the session of the two houses. � He should qualified for election
4. Chairman and Members of � No demand for a grant can be shall be a Vice-President. appoints one of its own choice.
� He can dissolve Lok Sabha as a member of council of states.
UPSC. made except on his � Vice-President is ranked 2nd � He gives legal advice to the
(Article 85). � A person holding any office of
5. Comptrol l er and Auditor recommendation. after President. Government of India.
� He can address both the houses profit under the government
General (CAG) jointly or separately. � He appoints Finance commission � He is the ex-officio chairman of � He performs any legal duties
6. Attorney General of India (AGI) after each 5years that Rajya Sabha. shall not be eligible for election
� He addresses the first session assigned by the President of
7. Chief Election commissioner recommends distribution of taxes as the Vice-President.
after general elections and at the � He is not a member of Rajya India.
and other members of election commencement of the first between union and states. Sabha hence he has no right to � The election to the vacancy of
commission. � He discharges any functions
session of each year. � The President shall in respect of vote. But he can exercise a vote the office of the Vice-President is
8. Governors conferred on hi m by the
� He can send messages to both every financial year cause to be in the case of tie or equality of completed before the expiry of
9. Members of finance commission constitution or the President.
the houses. laid before both the Houses of votes. his term.
10. Ambassadors � He has right of audience in all
� Nominate 12 member to Rajya parliament a statement of the � He entitl ed the salary and � There is no mandatory provision,
� He directly administers the union courts in the territory of India.
Territori es through the Lt. Sabha and 2 members of Anglo- estimated receipts and all owances payabl e to the like in case of the President, to
Indian community in Lok Sabha � He i s prohi bi ted to take
Gover nor, Commi ssioner or expenditure of the Government chairman of Rajya Sabha not for hold the election within the six
if they have not receive adequate appointment as a Director in any
Administrator. of India for that year. the post of Vice President. months.
representation. country.

OLE - 234 OLE - 235 OLE - 236

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

Qualification of Attorney General of � They are the Solicitor General of � CAG audits all the transacitons Tenure of the Lok Sabha Powers of the Lok Sabha : � He does not vote in first in-

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

India India and additional Solicitor related to the Consolidated � The normal tenure of the Lok � The money bills and the financial stance.
(i) Citizen of India General of India. They assist Fund, Contigency Fund and Sabha is 5 years. bill can be introduced only in the � He exercises his casting vote
Attorney General in the fulfilment Public Account Fund of Union � It may be dissolved earlier by Lok sabha and not in the Rajya only to remove a deadlock.
(ii) Judge of High Court or High
of his official responsibility. and State Governments. the President. Sabha. � The speaker and Deputy speaker
Courts i n succession for
� It should be noted here that only � He audits balance sheet, profit � The life of the Lok Sabha can be � In case of money bill, the Rajya don't subscribe to any separate
minimum 5 years of service.
the office of Attorney General is and loss accounts of the union extended by the Parl iament Sabha has only the right to make oaths.
(iii) Advocate of High Court or created by the Constitution not and state governments. beyond the five year term during recommendations and the Lok � The speaker and deputy speaker
High Courts in succession for
the solicitor General. � Any authority, any person or any the period of National Emergency Sabha may or may not accept are entitled to salary and allow-
atleast 10 years or
COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR account can be audit by him on Proclaimed under Art 352. this. ances fixed by Parliament and
(iv) In opinion of the President is charged on consolidated fund of
GENERAL (C.A.G.) request of the President or � But this extension is not more � A money bill must be passed by
a distinguished jurist.
Governor. than one year at a time. the Rajya Sabha within a period India.
� He shall neither advice nor hold � The constitution of India provides of 2 weeks or 14 days otherwise � Speaker can vacate his office
� He submits the accounts of the � However, such extension shall
a brief against the Government for the office of CAG under the bill shall be deemed to be earlier, if he resigns by writing
Union to the President who place remain in force for not more than
of India in cases in which he is Articles 148-151. passed automatically by the to the Deputy speaker. Similary
it before the Parliament (Article six months after the emergency
called upon to advice the � He is appointed by the president house. Deputy speaker can resign office
151) has been revoked.
government of India. having long administrative � Thus the Lok Sabha enjoys ex- by writing to the speaker.
� He has no control over the issue Qualification for the membership
� He cannot defend accused experiance and knowledge of clusive legislative jurisdiction � The speaker presides over the
of money from the consolidatd of Lok Sabha :
persons for cri minal accounts. over the passage of the money meetings of the house and his
fund of India or of any state. � Be a citizen of India.
prosecuti ons wi thout the � He holds office for a full term of bills. rulings on the proceedings of the
permission of the Government of THE PARLIAMENT � Be not less than 25 years of age.
6 years or upto 65 years of his � The council of ministers are re- house are final.
India. � Be a registered voter in any of
age whichever is earlier. � Parliament is the supreme sponsible to the Lok Sabha. Powers of the Speaker :
� He represents the union before the Parliamentary constituancy in
� He can resign from the office by legislative body of India. � Confidence and no confidence � Whether a bill is a money bill or
the courts. India.
addressing the resignation letter � Article 79 to 122, Part V deals motions are introduced in the not, is certifi ed only by the
� Must not hold any office of profit.
� He is allowed to take up private to the President. with the Parliament. Lok Sabha only. speaker and his decision is final
practice provided, the other party Disqualification of the MPs :
� The President can remove the � According to Article 79, the Par- � Under Arti cle 352, the Lok and binding.
is not the state. � If he holds any office of profit.
CAG on the same ground and the liament consists of Sabha in a special sitting can � He is the ex-officio chairman of
� He is not a member of the either same manner as the judge of � If a competent court declares
1. The President disapprove the continuance of India’s Parliamentary group.
House of the Parliament. Supreme Court. him to be of unsound mind.
2. House of the people (Lok the Nati onal Emergency � He presides over conference of
� He has the right to attend and � If he is an undischarged insol- Proclaimed by the President.
� The President can remove him on Sabha) presiding officers.
speak in the Parl i amentary vent.
the basis of resolution passed to 3. Council of states (Rajya � The leader of the Lok Sabha is � He himself chairs Business Ad-
deleberations and meetings of that effect by both the Houses � If his citizenship is found forged. the Prime Minister.
Sabha) visory Committee, General Pur-
both the Houses. of Parliament with a special � If he voluntarily acquires the citi- Speaker and Deputy Speaker of Lok pose Committee and the Rules
� Though the President is not a
� He has no ri ght to vote in majority. zenship of any foreign country. Sabha : Committee.
member of either House of
Parliament. � His salary and allowances are � If he is so disqualified under any � The speaker is the Chief Presid- � The committee of the Parliament
Parliament. He is an integral part
determined by the Parliament. law by the Parliament. ing officer of the Lok Sabha. function essentially under the
� He is not paid sal ary but a of it.
remuneration to be determined � If he is so disqualified under the � The two officers are elected from speaker and their chairpersons
� He is paid a salary equivalent to House of the People (Lok Sabha)
by the president. tenth schedule. amongst the members of Lok are also appointed or nominated
that of a judge of the Supreme � In the constitution, the strength
Court. Seat of MP becames vacant under Sabha after a new Lok Sabha is by him.
� He is assisted by two solicitiors- of the Lok Sabha was provisioned these situations : constituted. � Principal spokesperson of the
General and four additional � On retirement, he shall be to be not more than 552.
� If he resigns from the House by � In absence of speaker, deputy Lok Sabha.
solicitors- General. eligible for an annual pension. From the state = 530 writing a letter to the speaker or speaker performs the duties of � His decisions are final in all mat-
� Appear before the Supreme � After retirement, he is From the UTs = 20 the chairman. speaker. ters of the House.
Court and various High Courts in disqualified for appointment From the Anglo Indian = 2 � Absent for 60 days without per- � The speaker continues in the of- � Maintain order and decorum in
cases involving the Government either under the union or the
Total seats = mission fice even after the dissolution of the house for the smooth func-
of India. state government.
� But at present there are 545 � Expelled from the house under the Lok Sabha till a newly elected tioning.
SOLICITOR GENERAL OF INDIA � He is the guardian of the Public
seats (530 + 13 + 2). disciplinary action. Lok Sabha meets. � He can call for the secret sitting
Purse.
� In additi on to the Attorney � The 84th amendment Act 2001, � If he over rules the ‘Whip’. � Usually the speaker, after his of the house on the request of
� He is an officer of the Parliament
General, there are other law extended freeze on Lok Sabha � Elected to the office of President election resign from his party the leader of the house.
and he is called ‘Ears and Eyes’
officers of the Government of and assembly seats till 2026 by or vice President or Governor of membership and acts in an im- � He presides over a joint sitting
of the Public Accounts
India, the Vajpayee government. the state. partial manner. of the two Houses of Parliament.
Committee.
OLE - 237 OLE - 238 OLE - 239
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

� He decides the question of dis- for the creation of one or more Deputy Chairman � Rajya Sabha can only discuss Parliamentary Committees
INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

qualification of members of Lok all India services (including an all � He is elected by the Rajya Sabha the budget. � Parliamentary committees are of two kinds –
Sabha, arising on the ground of India Judicial Service) common to from amongst its members. � After the general discussion the Standing Committes and Ad Hoc Committees. The former are permanent
defection under the provisions of the union and the states and � In the absence of the chairman, house is adjourned for a period (constituted every year or periodically) and work on a continuous basis,
the Tenth schedule. subject to the other provisions of Deputy chairman Presides over of a month. while the latter are temporary and cease to exist on completion of the
The Rajya Sabha or the Council of the chapter regulate the task assigned to them.
the functions and proceedings of � During this time the 24 standing
States : recruitment and the conditions of Important standing Committees
the house. committees carry out detailed
� The Rajya Sabha is to consist of service of persons appointed to 1. Public Account Committee : This committee was setup first in 1921
� He shall vacate his office if he scrutiny of the budget.
not more than 250 members (238 any such service. under the provisions of the Government of India Act of 1919 and has
ceases to be a member of the � Voting on demands for grants
+12). � The service known at the com- since been in existence. At present, it consist of 22 members (15 from
Rajya Sabha . takes place in Lok Sabha.
� The members to be nominated mencement of this constitution the Lok Sabha and 7 from the Rajya Sabha). The chairman of the
as the Indian Administrative Ser- � He may resign his office by � The time al l otted for the committee is appointed from amongst its member by speaker.
by the President are persons
vice and the Indian Police Ser- writing to the chairman discussion is decided by the � The function of the committee is to examine the annual audit reports of
having special knowledge or
vice shall be deemed to be ser- � He may also be removed from business advisory committee the comptroller and Auditor General of India.
practical experience in respect of
literature, science, art and social vices created by Parliament un- the office by a resolution of the headed by the speaker. 2. Estimate Committee : The origin of this committee can be traced to
service. der this article (Art-312). In ad- Rajya Sabha . � After the completion of voting on the standing financial committee set up in 1921. Originally, it has 25
� Rajya Sabha is a permanent body dition to this another All India demands for grants members but in 1956 its membership was raised to 30. All 30 members
THE BUDGET
and is not subject to dissolution. Service, i.e. Indian Forest Ser- appropriation bill introduced. are from Lok Sabha only. The chairman of the committee is appointed
� One-third of the members retire vice was created in 1966. � The budget is contained in � Finance Bill includes taxation from amongst its member by speaker.
every two years and are replaced � A resolution seeking legislation on Articles 112 to 117. Proposals and introduced with The function of the committee is to examine the estimates included in
by newly elected members. any subject of the state list can � According to Article 112 the the General Budget has to be the budget and suggest ‘economics’ in the public expenditure. Hence,
� Each member is elected for a only originate in the Rajya Sabha, President shall in respect of passed within 25 days of its it has been described as a ‘Continuous economy committee’.
term of 6 years. if it thinks that such resolution is every financial year cause to be introduction. 3. Committee on Public Undertakings : This committee was created in
Qualification necessary or expedient in the na- laid before both the House of � No amendments can be moved in 1964 on the recomendation of the Krishna Menon Committee. Originally
tional interest (art-249). Parliament a statement of the appropriation bill to vary the it had 15 members however in 1974. Its membership was raised to
� The person must be a citizen of
India. Officer’s of the Rajya Sabha : estimated receipts and amonut or alter the destination 22 [15 are from the Lok Sabha & 7 from the Rajya Sabha].
� The must not be below the age 1.Chairman expenditure of the Government which is unlike the finance bill– � The functions of the committee are to examine the reports and accounts
of 30 years. � The vice President of India is the of India for that year, in this part of public undertakings. Also to examine the reports of the Comptroller
ex-officio chairman of the Rajya referred to as the ‘annual
FUNDS OF INDIA and Auditor General on Public Undertakings.
� He should not hold any office of
profit. Sabha. financial statement’. Consolidated fund of India (Article
COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Powers of Rajya Sabha � Unlike the speaker the chairman � It is a statement of the estimated 266-a)
is not a member of House i.e. � It is the fund into which all � Article 74 provides that there shall be council of ministers with Prime
� The powers of Rajya Sabha are receipts and expenditures both
Rajya Sabha. Minister as its head to aid and advice the President, who shall in exercise
in Articles 67, 249 and 312. revenue and capital of that receipts and revenues of the
� He Presides over the of his functions, act in accordance with such advice.
� According to Arti cle 67 a financial year. government flows.
Proceedings of the Rajya Sabha � The advice given to President by the council of ministers can't be inquired
resolution seeking the removal of � The expenditure of government is � Al l expenditure from i t, i s
as long as he does not act as the into by any court of law.
the Vice-President can originate classified as 'charged' and made authorised by appropriation bill.
President of India during a � Article 75 has provisions relating to qualifications, appointment, oath,
only in the Rajya Sabha. After from the consolidated fund of Public Account of India (Artical
vacancy in the office of the tenure, responsibilities and salaries and emoluments of the ministers.
passing the resolution by Rajya India. 266-b)
President. � The Prime minister shall be appointed by the President and the other
Sabha, it goes for approval of the � The General Budget is usually � In this account public money is
� He can be removed from the ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of PM.
Lok Sabha, but no resolution for presented in the Lok Sabha by put in and governments acts
the purpose of this clause shall office only if he is removed from � The President shall administer the oath and secrecy of the office to the
the office of the Vice-President. Finance Minister on the last only as banker. ministers.
be moved unless at least 14 days
� He may be removed from his working day of February. � It i s operated by executi ve � The minister shall hold office during the pleasure of the President.
notice has been given of the
office by a resolution of the Rajya � The General Budget is presented action. � The minister who is not a member of either house, he can't remain
intention to move the resolution.
Sabha passed by a absolute with the Budget speech by the Contigency Fund of India (Artical minister after 6 months, if he doesnot become the member of it.
� If Rajya Sabha has declared by
resolution supported by not less majority of all the then members Finance Minister. 267) � Salaries and allowances of the minister are determined by Parliament.
than two-thirds of the members of the council, which is to be � The Budget speech has two � It is kept at disposal of President � Article 75 entails the principles of collective and individual responsibilities
present and voting that it is approved by the Lok Sabha by parts. to meet unforeseen expenditure. of ministers.
necessary or expedient in the a simple majority. Such a � At the end of the Budget speech � It i s opened by secretary, � All ministers are together responsible for their acts to Lok Sabha.
national i nterest so to do resolution can only be moved by in Lok Sabha, the Budget is laid ministry of Finance on behalf of � If Lok Sabha passes a vote of no confidence motion against council of
Parliament may by law provide giving at least 14 day's prior in Rajya Sabha. the President. ministers, all of them had to resign.
notice to the chairman.
OLE - 240 OLE - 241 OLE - 242
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

THE STRUCTURE OF COUNCIL OF MINISTERS (i) He should be a citizen of � During President’s rule, he acts � While exercising his functions as � System of sending fortnightly re-

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

India. as President’s representative and the administrator of an adjoining port to the President by the Gov-
� The council of ministers consist � He assist the President in assumes wide powers. Union Territory (in case of addi-
(ii) He should have completed ernor must continue.
of three categories of ministers— appointment of all high officials. � He can dismiss a Legislative As- tional charge).
the age of 35 years. � The power of the the Governor
1. Ministers of cabinet rank � He summons and decides the � The constitution lays down the sembly if he is convinced it has � Appointment of the Chief Minis- to refer any Bill to the Centre for
2. State ministers agenda of the cabinet meetings. following conditions for the lost majority support. ter when no party has clear cut the President’s assent must con-
3. Deputy ministers � He has right to call any file from Governor’s office (Article 158). � He can dissolve the Legislative majority in the State-Legislature. tinue.
� Ministers of Cabinet are real any ministry . (i) He should not be a member Assembly. � Seeking information from the
policy maker. They attend the � He advises the President with of either House of the Par- � He can reserve certain bills for Chief Minister with regard to the ARTICLES RELATED WITH
meeting of cabinet. regard to the summoning and liament or of the House of the consideration of the President. administrative and legislative GOVERNOR
proroguing of the sessions of the matters of the State.
� The word ‘Cabinet Ministers’ has the State Legislature. � He can submit a report to the Article-153 : Provision for the of-
Parliament. � Dismissal of the Council of Min-
been i ncorporated into the (ii) He should not hold any President in the wake of Consti- fice of the Governor.
isters when it can not prove the
constitution through the 44th � He has right to intervene in any other office of profit. tutional machinery failure in the Article–154 : Executive powers of
confidence of the State Legisla-
amendment Act debate in the Parliament. (iii) His emoluments, allowances state. Governor.
tive Assembly.
� State Ministers can either hold � He can give answer in both the and privileges shall be de- � Article 163 says that the courts Article-155 : Appointment of the
� Dissolution of the State Legisla-
independent charges or attached house of Parliament. termined by the Parliament can not call in question the mat- tive Assembly if the Council of Governor.
to cabinet ministers. � He can participate in debates of of India. ters i n which the Governor Ministers has lost its majority. Article-156 : Terms of the office.
(iv) When the same person is chooses to use his discretionary Article-157 : Qualifications for the
� State ministers assist to cabinet Parliament. � Determining the amount payable
appointed as the Governor any powers. by the State of Assam to the au- appointment of the
ministers. � He plays a significant role in
of two or more States, the � He can also nominate one mem- tonomous Tribal District Council Governor.
� Ministers of state paid the same shaping the Foreign Policy.
emoluments and allowances ber of the Anglo-Indian commu- as royalty accruing from licenses Article-158 : Conditions for the
salary as the cabinet ministers. THE STATE EXECUTIVE nity to the Legislative Assembly.
payable to him shall be al- for mine exploration. Governor’s office.
� The Prime minister can give located among the States in � In states having legislative coun-
� In India, except Jammu and � The Governor has certain special Article-159 : Oath of the office to
charge to the state minister if it such proportion as deter- cils, he has the power to nomi-
Kashmir all the states have the responsibilities to discharge ac- the Governor.
needs or if he desires so. mined by the President of nate One-sixth members from
same pattern of government as cording to the directions issued Article-161 : Judicial powers of
� Deputy ministers don't hold the India. amongst distinguished persons by the President. In this regard,
the centre. the Governor.
separate charge. (v) His emoluments and allow- in art, literature, science and so- the Governor though has to con-
� Articles 153 to 167 deal with the Article-164 : Appointment of Min-
� Deputy ministers can't attend the ances should not be dimin- cial services (Article 171). sult the Council of Ministers, acts isters by the Gover-
cabinet meetings. state executive.
ished during his term of of- � Arti cle 200 states that the finally in his individual judge- nor.
� Unlike Vice President at centre, Governor’s assent is necessary ment and discretion.
� They are paid lesser salary than fice. Article-165 : Appointment of the
there is no provisions for office for bills passed by the state leg-
the cabinet ministers rank. � The Governor appoints judges of SARKARIA COMMISSION REPORT Advocate-General.
of Vice-Governer in the state. islature to become laws.
PRIME MINISTER courts below the High Court. ON THE OFFICE OF GOVERNOR Article-166 : All executive actions
Governor � While appointing High Court � Article 213 empowers the Gov-
� Prime minister is the leader of � The State must be consulted be- of state are formally
� According to Article 153 the judges, President consults the ernor to issue ordinance.
the l ower House of the fore the appointment of a person taken in his name.
constitution provides for an office Governor.
Parliament. FINANCIAL POWERS OF THE GOV- to the office of the Governor. Article-168 : Governor is an inte-
of the Governer in the states. � By Article 161, the Governor can gral part of the state
� He i s the real executive ERNOR � The Governor should not belong
� 7th amendement Act, 1956 grant pardons, reprieves, remis- legislature.
authority. � According to Article 203, no de- to the same State.
facilitated the appointment of the sions of punishment to persons Article-174 : Right of summoning,
� He is appointed by the President. mand for grant can be made ex- � He should be an eminent figure
same person in two or more convicted under state laws. proroguing and dis-
� He is the chairman of Niti Ayog, cept on the recommendation of in any walk of life.
states. � The Governor has no power to solving.
National Integration Council and the Governor. � He should be a detached figure
� A governor is the chief executive pardon a sentence of death or and not too intimately connected Article-200 : Reservation of Bill
Inter State Council. remit sentence by court martial. � The Governor administers the
head of a state. with the local politics of the for President’s con-
contingency fund of the state and
POWERS OF PRIME MINISTER � He is the nominal executive � Article 162 defines the extent of states. sideration.
can advance money out of it to
head. executive powers of a state. � He should not have been actively Article-202 : Laying of state bud-
� He presides over the meetings of meet unforeseen expenses.
� Governor acts as an agent of the � Article 166 stipulates that all ex- involved in politics in recent past. get before the legis-
the council of ministers. ecutive actions of the state are DISCRETIONARY POWERS OF THE lature.
central goverment. � He should not be a politician of the
� He can cal l the meeting of to be taken in the name of the GOVERNOR ruling party at the Centre, if the Article–213 : Power to promulgate
� The office of the governor has a
cabinet any time. Governor. State to which he appointed is Ordinances.
dual role. � Reservation of a bill for the con-
� He allocates portfolios. � All major appointments of the sideration of the President. ruled by some other party (parties). Article-233 : Appointment and
� The Constitution lays down the
� He can ask a minister to resign. state are made by the Governor. � Recommendation for the imposi- � Persons of the minority groups posting of District
following two qualifications for
� He can get any minister � The Governor can recommend tion of the President rule in the should continue to be given a Judges by the Gover-
the appointment of a person as
dismissed by President. President’s rule in the state. State. chance. nor.
a Governor (Article 157).
OLE - 243 OLE - 244 OLE - 245
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

THE STATE LEGISLATURE � The Governor may nominate one General. The chairman and mem- SPECIAL STATUS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR
INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

� The Legislature of every State consists of Governor and one or two Houses. member from the Anglo-Indian bers of the state public service
� The special status of Jammu and Kashmir is guaranteed in Article 370
� The Legislatures of Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar, Maharashtra, Telangana, community to this House, if he commission, the state election
of the Constitution.
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh are bicameral i.e., having thinks that the community is not commissions etc.
� This status has been provided on the basis of an agreement concluded at
both the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. And all the adequately represented. � He announces Governments poli- the time of Jammu and Kashmir’s accession to India.
other states having unicameral legislatues i.e., there exists only the State � The sessions of the state cies on the floor of the House. � Jammu and Kashmir has its own Constitution, apart from the Indian Con-
Legislative Assembly. legislature and its officers as well Council of Ministers in states stitution. Its Constitution was framed by a Constituent Assembly of its own
The Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) as their functions are almost � In a Parliamentary form of gov- and came into being on the 26th January, 1957.
� As per the Constitution, the number of members of the Legislative Council similar to those at the union level ernment, the council of ministers � The Parliament can not make law with regard to Jammu and Kashmir on
is not to exceed one-third of the total strength of the State legislative CHIEF MINISTER headed by the Chief Minister is subjects in the State List.
Assembly. However, its strength should not be less than 40 either. � Chief Minister is the real execu- the executive authority. � The residuary power lies with the Legislature of Jammu and Kashmir and
� The members of the Legislative Council are derived from various sections tive head of the state govern- not with the Parliament.
� The states under the Indian con-
and streams of the society. ments. � It follows dual citizenship, only the citizens of Jammu and Kashmir can
stitution are organised on the pat-
(a) Not less than one-third to be elected by the Panchayats, � His position at the state level is take part in the elections to the State Assembly and acquire, own and
tern as that of the centre. dispose of immovable property in Jammu and Kashmir.
Municipalities, District Boards, etc. analogous to the position of the
(b) Not less than one-third to be elected by the Legislative Assembly. Prime Minister at the centre. � The Council of Ministers in the � Only national emergency proclaimed on grounds of war or external ag-
(c) Not less than one-twelfth to be elected by the graduates of three � He is appointed by the governor. state is a replica of the council gression shall have automatic extension to Jammu and Kashmir. National
years standing residing in the State. � Other ministers are appointed by of Ministers at the centre. emergency proclaimed on the basis of armed rebellion shall not be auto-
(d) Not less than one-twelfth to be elected by the persons having � They resemble in formation, func- matically extended to Jammu and Kashmir.
the governor on the advice of
teaching experience of three years in educational institutions. Chief Minister. tion and role in the administration. � Apart from the President’s rule, Governor’s rule can also be imposed for a
(e) The remainder one-sixth to be nominated by the Governor from maximum period of six months, in case of constitutional break-down in the
� The Governor appoints the leader � The constitution provides a broad
among the distinguished persons of the society in the field of State.
of the party enjoying the major- and general view of the principles
literature, science, arts, co-operative movement and social services. � The Parliament can not change the name, boundary or territory of Jammu
ity in the Assembly as the Chief of Parliamentary system of Govern-
� Just like the Upper House at the Centre, the Legislative Council in a and Kashmir, without the concurrence of the State Legislature.
Minister. ment in Article 163 and Article 164.
State is never dissolved. The members are elected for a term of 6 years � The State Government shall be consulted by the Centre before appointing
� A person who in not a member � Council of ministers are there to a person as the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir.
and One-third of its members retire every two years.
of state legislature can be ap- aid and advise the Governor of � No preventive detention law made by the Parliament can have automatic
� The council elects a chairman and vice chairman among its member.
pointed, but he has to get him- the state in various matters. extension to Jammu and Kashmir.
� The Parliament, under Article 169, is empowered to create or abolish
self elected within 6 months oth- � The Union has no power to proclaim a financial emergency to Jammu and
the Legislative Council in a State.
erwise he is removed. THE ADVOCATE GENERAL Kashmir.
Creation and Abolition Legislative Assembly (Vidhan � The governor administers the oath
Sabha) � The Advocate General is the first JUDICIARY IN INDIA
� The Parliament under Article of office and secrecy to the min-
169, is empowered to create or � It is also known as lower house, isters. law officer of a state. The Supreme Court � The senior most judge of the su-
abolish the Legislative Council in � Hi s office and functions are preme court is appointed as the
just like the Lok Sabha. � The salaries and allowances of � The supreme court of India re-
a state. chief justice of India.
� Consists of not more than 500 the ministers shall be determined comparable to that of the Attorney placed the federal court which
� If the Legisl ative Assembly
members and not less than 60 by the state legislature. General of India. was setup under the Government � Judges are appointed by the
passes a resolution for abolishing of India Act, 1935. president after consultation with
or creation of the Legislative members. Power of Chief Minister � Hi s remunerati ons are al so such Judges of the supreme
� It came into existence on Janu-
Council by a majority of the total � The strength varies according to � He advices the Governor. determined by the Governor. court and of the High court as
ary 28, 1950.
membership of the assembly and � He can ask for the resignation of � He must be qualified to be a the president may deem neces-
the population of the state � It stands at the apex of the judi- sary.
by a majority of not less than any minister. judge of supreme court in order cial systems of India.
2/3rd of the members present concerned.
� However the Legislative
� His own resignation brings down to be to the office of the Advocate � The constitution consists provi- Qualification
and voting, the Parliament may
fall of the whole council of min- General. sions related to the union Judi- � Must be a citizen of India.
approve the resolution by a assembly of Sikkim has only 30
isters. � He has the right to attend and ciary in Articles 124 to Art. 147 � Has been for atleast ten years as
simple majority. members. in Part V of the constitution.
� Presides over the meetings of the speak i n the proceedings of an advocate of a High Court or
� A resoluti on passed by the � It has a term of 5 years but can � It consists of one chief justice
council of Ministers and influ- either Houses of the State of two or more such courts in
Legislative Assembly for the and 30 other judges.
be dissolved by the Governor ences its decisions. succession or
creation or abolition of its council legislature without any right to
earlier. � The power to increase or de- � is, in the opinion of the president,
is not binding on the parliament. � He advises the governor with re- vote. crease the number of judges in a distinguished jurist.
� The Parliament may or may not � Its term can be extended by one gards to the appointment of im- � He has the right of audience in the supreme court rests with the � Has been a judge of high court
approve such resolution year during national emergency. portant officials like Advocate Parliament.
any court in the state. at least 5 years.

OLE - 246 OLE - 247 OLE - 248

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

Term (ii) Complaints as to interference Revisory Jurisdiction Writ Jurisdiction The Centre-State Relation

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

(iv) He has worked as a judge of
with inter-state water supplies, � The Supreme court under article a state high court for at least � According to Article 226, the High � Articles 245 -255, part-IX of the
� The Chief Justice & other Judges
referred to the statutory tribu- 137 is empowered to revive any 5 years. Courts are given powers of issu- constitution contains provisions
hold office till 65 years of age.
nal mentioned in Article 262. judgement or order made by it ing writs not only for the enforce- relating to the legislature relations
Salary (v) He should be distinguished
(iii) Matters referred by the fi- with a view to removing any mis- ment of the fundamental Rights, between centre and states.
nance commission (Art. 280) jurist in the opinion of the but also for other purposes.
� Chief Justice gets 1 lakh per take or error that might have � Centre-state relations can be
(iv) Adjustment of certain ex- President of India. � The High Courts may issue writs,
month, other judges get 90 thou- crept in the judgement or order. studied under three categories.
sands per month penses between the unions Oath : By Governer. orders and directions under
� It is a “court of record” as its de- The legislative relations
� Besides the salary, they are en- and the state (Art 290) cisions are of evidential value & Age of Retirement /tenure : Article 226. � Our parliament can make laws for
titled to a rent free accomodation Writ Jurisdiction can be used as precedent in any 62 years. � The jurisdiction to issue writs the whole or any part of the coun-
and other allowances. � Every individual has the right to court. Removal : The judge of the under this article is larger in the try.
� During financial emergency salary move the supreme court directly case of High Courts than the ju-
� The Supreme Court also enjoys High Courts can be removed � The legislature of a state may
and other allowances can be re- by appropriate proceedings for risdiction of the supreme court.
the power of judicial review as it from the service in the very make laws for the whole or any
duced. the enforcement of his fundamen- Union Public Service Commission part of the state.
can ensure that the laws passed same way as that of the Su-
tal rights. (UPSC)
Removal of Judges : by legislature and order issued by preme Court. � No law made by parliament shall
� Article 32 imposes duty on the � The Union Public Service Com-
� A motion seeking the removal of the executive do not contravene Salaries & Allowances be deemed to be invalid on the
supreme court to enforce the Fun- mission is the central recruiting
the judge can be preferred before any provision of the constitutions. ground that it would have extra-
damental rights. � Determined by the Parliament. agency in India. It is an indepen-
either house of the parliament. � The supreme court decides dis- territorial operation.
Appellate Jurisdiction � Monthly Pension equal to 50% of dent constitutional body in the
� If it is to be introduced in the Lok putes regarding the election of the sense that it has been directly � There are three lists under 7th
� It is three fold his last drawn salary.
Sabha, it should be signed by not president and the vice president. created by the constitution. schedule -
1. Constitutional — In constitu- � Charged on the consolidated
less than 100 members of the � The supreme court recommends � Article 315 to 323 in Part XIV of The Union list -100 subjects (ear-
tional matters an appeal lies
Lok Shaba. the removal of members of UPSC fund of state and are not subject the Constitution contain elaborate lier - 97)
to the supreme court if the
� If it is to be introduced in Rajya High court certifies that the to the president. to vote in the state legislature. provisions regarding the compo- The state list -61 subjects (ear-
Sabha, it should be signed by not case involves a substantial High Court Transfer of a Judge sition, appointment and removal lier 66)
less than 50 members. question of law as to the in- � According to Article 214 there of members along with the inde- The concurrent list -52 subjects
� According to Article 222, The
� The resolution should be sup- terpretation of the constitu- shall be a High Court for each pendence, power and functions (earlier -47)
President may after consultation
ported by a majority of total mem- tion. state. of the UPSC. � The union list consists of subjects
bership of both the houses & by with the chief justice of India
2. Civil – In civil cases, an ap- � The High courts stand at the head � The chairman and members of with national importance.
2/3rd majority of the members transfer a Judge from one High the Commission hold office for a
peal lies to the Supreme Court of the judiciary in a state. � Both centre & state can make
present and voting. Court to any other High Court. term of six years or until they at-
if a High Court certifies that � Article 215 says that every high laws on concurrent list but in
� The motion can be moved only the value of the subject mat- � Consultation with the chief Jus- tain the age of 65 years, which- case of any conflict between state
after a prior notice of 14 days court shall be a “Court of Record”.
ter of the dispute as fit for tice of India (act) ever earlier. & centre, the central law will
given to the judge. � Kolkata High Court is the oldest
appeal to the supreme court. � The opinion provided by the CJI � They can also be removed before prevail.
� The judge in question has the High Court of India. the expiry of their term by the
3. Criminal– In the criminal is the binding on the president. � Article 248 vests the residuary
right to defend himself or through Appointment of Judges president.
cases, an appeal lies to the Jurisdiction of the High Court Powers in the parliament.
his counsel before the judicial supreme court if the High � According to Article 216, every State Public Service Commission
committee. Original Jurisdiction � Parliament has exclusive power to
Court : High Court consists of a Chief � Parallel to the UPSC at the cen- make any law with respect to any
� The parliament may or may not (i) has withdrawn for trial be- Justice and such other judges as � The High Court of presidency tre, there is a state public ser-
act upon the report of the judi- matter not enumerated in the con-
fore itself any case from appointed by the president from towns (Bombay, Calcutta & Ma- vice Commission in state under
cial committee. current list or the state list.
any subordinate and has in time to time. dras) have both original and ap- same set of Articles (i.e., Article
Jurisdiction � According to Article 249, if the
such trial convicted the ac- � Our constitution does not fix the pellate jurisdiction. 315 to 323) Rajya Sabha passes a resolution,
� Original Jurisdiction : The su- cused and sentenced him number of judges for a High � A SPSC consist of a chairman and
� Only in matters of admiralty. Pro- supported by 2/3rd of the mem-
preme court settles all disputes to death. Court. other members appointed by the
between centre state, State - bate matrinominal and contempt bers present & voting, that it is
(ii) Certifies that the case is fit � Eligibility governor of the state. necessary or expedient in the na-
State etc. of court. They have original
for appeal to the supreme (i) He must be a citizen of India. � The chairman and members of tional interest that the Parliament
� There are certain provisions in court. jurisdication. the commission hold office for a
the constitution which exclude (ii) He must have held a judicial should make laws with respect to
Advisory Jurisdiction Appellate Jurisdiction term of six years or until they at-
from the original jurisdiction of office in the territory of India any matter enumerated in the
� If the president seeks the advice for at least 10 years. � As courts of appeal all High tain the age of 62 years. state list specified in the resolu-
the supreme court, certain dis- � The chairman and members of
of Supreme Court. It is duty (iii) Must have been an advocate Courts enter to in appeal in civil tion.
putes, the determination of which the commission can be removed
bound to give its opinion. of a High Court or two or and criminal cases from their sub- � According to Article 250, while
is vested in other tribunals. only by the president (and not by
� The Supreme Court’s decision is more such Courts in succes- ordinate courts as well as on their the Emergency is in operation the
(i) Disputes specified in the pro- the governor)
not bound to the president. sion for atleast 10 years. own. Parliament shall have power to
visions to Article 363 (11)

OLE - 249 OLE - 250 OLE - 251

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

make laws for the whole or any freedom of trade, commerce and � The constitution makes a distinc- sources of the panchayats � There are five zonal councils setup under the part III of the state
INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

part of the territory of India with intercourse within the state in tion between the legislative pow- and the municipalities in the reorganisation, Act 1956. These are following.
respect to all matters in the state public interest. Any such Bill re- ers to levy a tax and the finan- state on the basis of the rec- 1. Northern Zonal Council — Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab,
list. quires the president’s prior ap- cial power to appropriate the pro- ommendations made by the Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, NCT
� According to Article 252, if the proval for its introduction in the ceeds of the tax. state finance commission. of Delhi & Chandigarh. Its head office
legislatures of two or more states House. � The residuary powers regarding 4. Any other matter referred to is in New Delhi.
passes a resolution to the effect Administrative Relations taxes belongs to the parliament it by the president in the in-
2. The Central Zonal Council — Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh,
that it is desireable to have a law � Administrative relations are given � The state has little power regard- terests of sound finance.
Madhya Pradesh.
passed by the parliament on any under Article 256 to 263, Part IX. ing taxes. Inter-state Council
Its headquarter is in Allahabad.
matter in the state list, it shall be � The executive powers of the state � The state depends on centre for � According to Article 263, If at any
3. The Eastern Zonal Council — Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, West Ben-
lawful for the parliament to make should be so exercised as to en- financial resources. time it appears to the President
gal, Sikkim
laws regulating that matter. sure compliance with the laws of � The chief sources of finance is that the Public interests would be
served by the establishment of a Its headquarter is in Kolkata.
� According to Article 253, that the union Parliament (Art 256). grants-in-aid from the centre.
empowers the parliament to make � Under article 269, taxes levied & council charged with the duty of— 4. The Western Zonal Council — Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Daman
� Powers of the state do not im-
any law for the whole or any part collected by the union Govern- (a) Inquiring into and advising and Diu, Dadra & Nagar Haveli.
pede or prejudice executive
of the territory of India for imple- power of the union (Art. 257) ments but assigned to the states. upon disputes which may have Its headquarter is in Mumbai.
menting the treaties and interna- � Under Article 258(2), the Parlia- � Under Article 270, taxes levied & arisen during investigating 5. The Southern Zonal Council — Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka,
tional agreements and conven- ment is given power to use the collected by the union and dis- and discussing subjects in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Puduchery.
tions even if the subject covered state machinery to enforce the tributed between the union and which some or all of the states Its headquarter is in Chennai
by such treaties and agreement union laws. the states. or the union and one or more
fall within the state list. � Centre has powers to grant loans of the states, have a common North-Eastern council National Commission for SCs
� State governments can suspend
� According to Article 356, the Par- and provide Grant-in-aids to the interest, or � States — Assam, Mani pur, � The National Commission for
officials of All India Services in
liament is empowered to make states specially for promoting the (b) maki ng recommendations Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Scheduled Castes is a constitu-
case of untoward happenings.
laws with respect to all the mat- welfare of SCs & STs upon any such subject and, in Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh. tional body in the sense that it is
� State Government can’t take any
ters in the state list when the Finance Commission particular, recommendations Its functions are same like the directly established by Article 338
disciplinary action against the of-
Parliament declares that the state � Article 280 of the constitution of for the better coordination of zonal councils. of the constitution.
ficials of All India Services.
Governments can’t be carried on India provides for a Finance Com- policy and action with respect � On the recommendations of � The commissi on consists of
� The centre can deploy military
in accordance with the provisions mission as a quasi-judicial body. to that subject. Sarkaria Commission, under the chairperson, a vice chairperson
and paramilitary forces in a state
of the constitution and the par- � It constituted by the president of It shall be lawful for the presi- leadership of V.P. Sing Janata Dal and three other members to be
even against the wishes of the
liament assumes all the legislative India every fifth year or at such dent by order to establish Government established a inter- appointed by the president.
state Government.
functions of the states. earlier time as he considers nec- such council, and to define state council in 1990. Following � The commission investigate all
� Under Article 262, the Parliament
Centre’s control over the state leg- essary. the nature of the duties to be are the members in it— matters relating to the constitu-
has power to adjudicate in case
islation � Finance Commission consists of performed by i t and i ts (i) Chairman – Prime Minister tional safeguards for the SCs and
of disputes related to inter-state
� Any legislation passed by the rivers. a chairman and four other mem- organisation and procedure. to report to the President on their
(ii) Chief Ministers of all states
state legislature for the acquisi- bers to be appointed by the � The duty of any such council is working.
� Under Article 263, the president (iii) Chief Ministers of Delhi &
tion of private property for pub- has power to constitute a coun- president. to inquire into and advice upon National Commission for STs
Puducherry
lic purposes will not become a cil to resolve the disputes or to � Function of the commission is to the relevant matters and not one � Like the National Commission for
(iv) Six Union Cabinet Ministers
law unless it has the assent of the discuss the matters of common make recomendations to the of adjudicating. schedules castes, the National
including the Home Minister
Parliament (Art. 31A) interests between the states or president of India on following � The Sarkaria Commission recom- Commission for schedule Tribes
matters. � The council should held at least
� According to Article 200 the Gov- between the state and union. mended (1983-87) that in order (STs) is also a constitutional body
ernor is empowered to reserve a 1. The distribution of the net pro- three meetings in a year.
� The president has constituted to differentiate the inter-state in the sense that it is directly es-
Bill for the president’s consider- ceeds of taxes to be shared council from other bodies setup � The council has a permanent tablished by Article 338-A of the
three such councils so far. these
ation. between the centre and the under the Article 263. committee. It is established in constitution.
are —
� Under this Article the Governor states and the allocation be- � It must be called the inter-Gov- 1996. the committee has the fol- � A separate National Commission
1. Central council of health
has been directed to reserve any tween the states of the re- ernmental Council. lowing members — for STs by bifurcating the exist-
2. Central council of Local self
Bill affecting the dignity any func- spective shares of such pro- Zonal Councils (i) Chairman – Home Minister ing combined National Commis-
Government
tioning of the High Court for the ceeds. (ii) Five Cabinet Ministers sion for SCs and STs was done
3. Transport development coun- � Zonal councils are statutory bod- by passing the 89th Constitu-
President’s consideration. 2. The principles that should gov- (iii) Nine Chief Ministers
cil. ies (not constitutional) tional Amendment Act of 2003.
� According to Article 304 (b), the ern the grants-in-aid to the � The council has a secretariat to
Financial Relations � These councils are established � The commission consists of chair-
state legislature is authorised to states by Centre.
� Articles 268 to 293 in part IX are under the Act of parliament. help it. It is called the inter-state person, a vice-chariperson and
pass Bill regarding the imposition 3. The measures needed to aug- council secretariat. It is estab-
concerned with financial rela- ment the consolidated fund of � These councils play a very signifi- three other members to be ap-
of reasonable restrictions on the cant role. lished in 1991. pointed by the president.
tions. a state to supplement the re-
OLE - 252 OLE - 253 OLE - 254
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

� The commission investigates all � The proclamation of emergency situation has arisen in which the � Such a proclamation must be ap- � Rajasthan was the first state to 73rd Amendment Act of 1992

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

matters relating to the constitu- must be approved by the parlia- government of the state can’t be proved by the parliament within establi sh the i nsti tuti on of � The Act gives a constitutional sta-
tional safeguards for the STs and ment within the period of one carried on in accordance with the two months. Panchayati Raj. tus to the Panchayati Raj institu-
to report to the president on their month. If it is approved it will provisions of this constitution, he � During financial emergency, the � The scheme was inaugurated by tions.
working. continue for six months. may issue a proclamation. president can issue directions for the then PM. Jawahar Lal Nehru. � The Act has added new part IX
� Special officer for Linguistic Mi- � It can be extended for an indefi- (a) assume to himself all or any of the reduction of salaries and al- On october 2, 1959 in Nagaur and 11th schedule to the consti-
norities mentioned in Article 350 the functions of the Govern- lowances of all or any class of District in Rajasthan. tution.
nite period with an approval by
-B of constitution. ment of the state and all or persons serving under the state. � It is entitled as “The Panchayats”
the parliament for every six � Rajasthan adopted a three tier
� This office works for constitu- any of the powers vested in or and consists of provisions from
months. � Once approved it remains in force system.
tional safeguards for linguistic exercisable by the governor. Articles 243 to 243 (O).
� It has been proclaimed three times till revoked by the president. � Tamilnadu accepted a two tier
minorities and report to the presi- � It consists 29 functional items of
dent on their working. so far—1962, 1971 and 1975. (b) declare that the powers of the � No Emergency under Article 360 system and west Bengal a four
legislature of the state shall be has been issued so far. tier system. the Panchayats and deals with
� President can suspend the opera- Article 243 (G).
Emergency Provisions exercisable by or under the
tion of Fundamental Rights dur- Panchayati Raj : Panchayati Raj is Ashok Mehta Committee
� The President is empowered to authority of parliament. � The compulsory provisions of the
ing this type of emergency (Ex- a subject of state list � The Janata Government ap- Act are to be included in the state
promulgate three kinds of emer- (c) make such incidental and con-
gencies— cept Art. 20 & 21) � State Government have right to pointed a committee in 1977 on laws creating the new panchayati
sequential provisions as ap-
1. On the ground of threat to the � Article 19 can only be suspended establish and election of it. Panchayati Raj institutions under Raj System.
pear to the president to be
security of India by a war or in case of external emergency � Part IX of the constitution relates the chai rmanshi p of Ashok � The voluntary provision may be
necessary or desirable for giv-
an external aggression or an and not in the case of internal to it. Mehta. included at the discretion of the
ing effect to the objects of the
Armed rebellion (Article 352). emergency. � It received constitutional status state.
proclamation, including provi- Recommendations
2. On the ground of failure of Effects of the proclamation of sions for suspending in whole through the 73rd constitutional Chief Characteristics
the constitutional machinery in � This committee recommends a
Emergency or in part of the operation of Amendment Act of 1992. � This Panchayati Raj system is for
a state (Art. 356) two tier Panchayati raj system —
� During emergency the president any provisions of this consti- � At the central level, the ministry Zila Parishad & Mandal Panchayat. only those states having popula-
3. Financial Emergency (Art. tution relating to any body or of Rural Development looks after tion of more than 20 lakhs.
360) is empowered to issue directions � Nyaya Panchayat should be kept
to the states as to the manner in authority in the state. the matters relati ng to the � The tenure of every Panchayat
National Emergency (Article 352) as separate body.
which their executive power is to � The parliament can confer on the Panchayati Raj. should be 5 years.
� If the president is satisfied that � Seats for SCs and STs should be
be exercised. president the power to make Balwant Rai Mehta Committee � The election of the new Panchayat
a grave emergency exists where reserved on the basis of their
� During emergency, the parlia- laws for the state. should be held before the expiry
by the security of India or of any � The Government of India ap- population.
ment can enact laws even on the � If the Lok Sabha is not in ses- of its tenure or within 6 months
part of the territory thereof is pointed a committee in 1957. � These recommendations could of its dissolution.
subjects enumerated under the sion, the president may authorise
threatened, whether by a war or � This committee was set up to ex- not be implemented. � Every Panchayat should have a
state list. expenditure from the consoli-
an external aggression or an amine the work of community chairperson.
� Distribution of the power is sus- dated fund of the state, pending G.V. K. Rao Committee
armed rebellion, he may proclaim Development Programme (1952),
sanction of such expenditure by � This committee was appointed by � The total number of the seats in
a state of emergency for the pended. and National Extension Service
the parliament. the planning commission in 1985. every panchayat should be filled
whole of India or a part thereof. � Parliament can extend the life of (1953).
� The proclamation of the by direct election.
� A proclamation of emergency can the Lok Sabha beyond the five � The committee submitted its re- Recommendations
president’s rule should be ap- � Seat should be reserved for SCs
be made by the president even year term for a period not ex- port in 1958.
proved by the parliament within � Zila Parishad should be of pivotal & STs.
before the actual occurance of ceeding one year at a time.
war or external aggression or two months. Recommendations role in the scheme for democratic � 1/3rd of the seats should be re-
� The life of the state legislative As- decentralisation. served for women.
armed rebellion if he is satisfied � If approved, it remains in force � Thi s committee recommends
that there is an imminent danger. semblies can also be extended, � Create the post of district devel- � Panchayat can levy collect and
for six months from the date of three level of governance viz zila
by law, by the parliament in a opment commissioner. appropriate taxes duties tolls and
� Such a proclaimation of emer- proclamation of the state emer- pari shad, Panchayat Sami ti
gency can be varied or revoked similar manner. fees as its suits better.
gency. (Block) and Gram Panchayat (vil- � He should act as the chief execu-
by the president subsequently. � The citizens can’t move the courts lage). tive officer of Zila parishad. � State also provide grants-in-aid to
� It can be extended for a maxi-
� The presi dent can issue a for this. Panchayat.
mum period of three years with � District collector should be a � Reservati on for SCs, STs &
proclamation of emergency only � The other fundamental Rights the approval of the parliament chairperson of Zila Parishad. � All elections of Panchayats are
women
when the decision of the union may be suspended. every six months. conducted, supervised, directed
� The members of Zila Parishad and � Recommendations could not be
cabinet is conveyed to him only � Article 20 & 21 can’t be sus- and controlled by the state elec-
Financial Emergency (Article 360) Panchayat sami ti should be accepted. tion commission.
in written. pended. elected indirectly while the mem-
� This proclamation is subject to � The president can proclaim finan- L.M. Singhvi Committee � The state election commissioner
State Emergency (Article 356) bers of Gram Panchayat should is appointed by the Governor.
judicial review and its constitu- cial emergency if he is satisfied � Appointed by the Rajiv Gandhi
be elected directly.
tionality can be questioned in a � If the president, on receipt of re- that the financial stability or the Government in 1986. � He can be removed on the same
court of law on the grounds of port from the Governer of state credit of India or any part there � These recommendation were ac- manner as the judge of the High
cepted by NDC in Jan 1958. � Chairman L.M. Singhvi
malafide. or otherwise is satisfied that a of is threatened. Court.

OLE - 255 OLE - 256 OLE - 257

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

Urban Local Government � The election commission consists � The Commission is a multi-mem- RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT (RTI) � Later, it was transfered to the Hi machal Pradesh ( 1983) ,
INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

� The system of urban local govern- of one chief election commis- ber body consisting of a chairman � It is a statutory (and not a con- Ministry of Personnel and now it Karnataka (1985), Gujarat (1986),
ment was constitutionalised sioner and two other election and other four members. stitutional) Act. enjoys the status of an attached Punjab (1995), Kerala (1999),
through the 74th constitutional commissioners. � The chairman should be a retired � It was passed in 2005 to set out office. Jharkhand (2001), Chattisgarh
Amendment Act of 1992. � The powers of election commis- chief justice of India, and mem- the practical regime of Right to � The establishment of the CBI was ( 2002) , Haryana ( 2002) ,
� This Act has added a new Part IX-A sioners have been made equal to bers should be serving or retired Information for citizens to secure recommended by the Santhanam Uttarakhand (2002), Goa (2011)
those of the chief election com- judges of the supreme court, a access to information under the Committee on Prevention of Cor- GLOSSARY OF CONSTITUTIONAL
to the Constitution of India.
missioner. control of public authorities, in ruption (1962-64) TERMS
� It is entitled ‘The Municipalities’ serving or retired chief justice of
and consist of provisions from Functions : a high court and two persons hav- order to promote transparency � CBI is not a statutory body. It de- � Ad hoc committees : These
Article 243-P to 243 -ZG. � The election commission works ing knowledge or practical expe- and accountability in the working rives its power from the Delhi committees are appointed for a
under the overall supervisions of rience with respect to human of every public authority. Special Police Establishment Act, specific purpose and they cease
� This act has added 12th schedule
the chief election commissioner. rights. � It also provides for the constitu- 1946. to exist when they finish the task
to the constitution.
� It conducts and supervises elec- � The chairman and members hold tion of a central Information com- LOKPAL AND LOKAYUKTAS assigned to them and submit a
� This schedule contains eighteen mission and states Information
tions. office for a term of five years or LOKPAL report. The principal Ad hoc com-
functional items of municipalities. Commissions and for matters
� It fixes the election programme until they attain the age of 70 � The Administrative Reforms Com- mittees are the select and joint
� The act gave constitutional status connected therewith or inciden- committees on Bills. Examples of
dates, the number of polling years. mission (ARC) of India (1966-
to the municipalities. tal thereto. RTI Act, 2005 extends Ad hoc committees
booths and the declaration of the � The commission is the watchdog 1970) recommended the setting
� The act aims at revitalising and results. to the whole of India except the (1) Committees on the Draft
strengthening the urban govern- of human rights in the country, state of Jammu and Kashmir. up of two special authorities des-
� It advises the president or the ignated as Lokpal and Lokayukta Five Year Plans (2) Railway con-
ments so that they function effec- that is the rights relating to life, CENTRAL VIGILANCE COMMIS-
governor on all electoral matters. for the redressal of citizens griev- vention committee.
tively as units of local govern- liberty, equality and dignity of the SION
� It prepares guidelines for a code ances. � Adjournment Motion : It is in-
ment. individual guaranteed by consti- � The central vigilance commission
of conduct for candidates, politi- � The Lokpal would deal with com- troduced in the parliament to
tution or embodied in the inter- (CVC) is the main agency for pre-
Co-operative Societies cal parties and voters. plaints against ministers and sec- draw attention of the House to a
national covenants and enforce- venting corruption in the central
� The 97th Constitutional Amend- � It fixes the limit of election ex- retaries at central and state levels. definite matter of urgent public
able by courts in India. government.
ment Act of 2011 gave a Consti- penses and examines the ac- importance, and needs the sup-
Central Information Commission � It was established in 1964 by an � According to the ARC, the Lokpal
tutional status and protection to counts of the electoral expendi- port of 50 members to be admit-
� The central information commis- executive resolution of the central would be appointed by the presi-
tures. ted. As it interrupts the normal
co-operative societies. dent after consultation with the
� It decides the election symbols sion was established by central government. business of the House, it is re-
� In this context, it made the fol- government in 2005. chief justice of India, the speaker
for the political parties. � Its establishment was recom- garded as an extraordinary de-
lowing three changes in the con- mended by the Santhanam Com- of Lok Sabha and the chairman
� It settles the election disputes � It was constituted through an of- vice.
stitution : mittee on prevention of corruption of Rajya Sabha.
and petitions referred to it by the ficial Gazette notification under It involves an element of censure
(a) It made the right to form co- president or the governor. (1962-64) originally the CVC was � Ist time Lokpal bill was intro-
the provisions of the Right to In- against the government and
operative societies a funda- � The term of the chief election neither a constitutional body nor duced in Parliament in May 1968, hence Rajya Sabha is not permit-
formation Act (2005)
mental right. commissioner is for 6 years or 65 a statutory body. Recently, in by the Congress Government ted to make use of this device.
� The Central Information Commis-
(b) It included a new Directive years of age whichever is earlier. September 2003, the Parliament headed by Indira Gandhi.
sion is a high powered indepen- � Adjournment of House : A ses-
Principle of state policy on � He can be removed from the of- enacted a law conferring statutary LOKAYUKTAS sion of Parliament Consists of
dent body which inter alia looks
promotion of co-operative so- fice in the same manner as the status on the CVC. � According to ARC Report (1966- many meetings. Each meeting of
into the complaints made to it and
cieties judges of the supreme court. � The CVC is a multi-member body 70) the Lokaukta (one at the cen- a day consists of two sittings,
decide the appeals
(c) it added a new Part IX-B in � He is not eligible for reappointment. consisting of a Central Vigilance tre and in every state) would deal that is, a morning sitting from 11
� It entertains complaints and ap-
the Constitution which is en- � He can’t hold any office of profit Commissioner and not more than with the complaints against other am to 1 pm and post-lunch sit-
peals pertaining to offices, finan- two vigilance commissioner. specified higher official which is
titled “The co-operative soci- after his retirement. ting from 2 pm to 6 pm. An ad-
cial institutions, public sector un- not included in Lokpal.
eties”. � His salaries and allowances are � They are appointed by the presi- journment suspends the work in
dertaking to offices, financial in-
met from the consolidated fund dent. � Lokayukta was established first in a sitting for a specified time,
Election Commission stitutions, public sector undertak-
of India. � They hold office for a term of Maharashtra in 1971. Although which may be hours, days or
� The Election Commission is a per- ing etc.
four years or until they attain the Odisha had passed the Act in this weeks.
manent and an i ndependent NON CONSTITUTIONAL BODIES � The commission consist of a age of sixty five years, which ever regard in 1970, it came into force � Cabinet : It is the highest deci-
body. National Human Rights Commission Chief Information Commissioner is earlier. only in 1983. sion-making authority in our po-
� It is established by the constitu- � The National Human Rights Com- and not more than ten Informa- CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTI- ESTABLISHMENT OF LOKAYUKTA litico- administrative system and
tion of India. mission is a statutory body. tion Commissioners. GATION (CBI) IN STATES chief policy for mulating body of
� The elections to the Panchayats � It was established in 1993 by a � They appointed by the president � The Central Bureau of Investiga- � Odisha (1974) , Maharashtra the central government. It in-
and the Municipalities in the legislation enacted by the parlia- for a term of 5 years or until they tion (CBI) was set up in 1963 by (1971), Rajasthan (1973), Bihar cludes the cabinet ministers only.
states are conducted by state ment. Namely the protection of attain the age 65 years, which- a resolution of Ministry of Home (1974), Uttar Pradesh (1975), Thus it is a part of the council
election commission. Human Rights Act, 1993. ever is earlier. Affairs. Madhya Pradesh ( 1981) , of ministers.

OLE - 258 OLE - 259 OLE - 260

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

� Censure Motion : A censure represents the complete disap- � Electoral Roll : It is known as that one will speak the truth, keep AMENDMENTS OF THE CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

means an expression of strong proval of policy underlying the voter list in common-parlance, is a promise, remain faithful etc.
disapproval or harsh criticism. It demand. the basic document on which the Article 368 in Part XX of the Houses with special majority that
� Ordinance : Ordinances are tem-
can be stern rebuke by a legis- whole electoral process is Constitution deals with the powers is two-thrid (2/3) of the mem-
Economy Cut : This type of cut porary laws that are promulgated
founded. of the Parliament to amend the bers of the House present and
lature, general l y opposition motion aims that the amount of by the president of India on the
constituion and its procedure. voting.
against the policies of Govern- demand be reduced to certain � Equality : It is a state of being recommendation of the union
ment or an individual minister. other amount and it represent equal in political, economic and cabinet. They can only be issued 1. An amendment of the constitu- 4. In the case of deadlock between
However, it can also be passed that the demand for grants should social rights. when parliament is not in ses- tion can be initiated only by the the two houses over the bill,
to criticise, condemn some act. A be altered. sion. They enable the government introduction of a bill for the pur- there is no provision of joint sit-
� Expulsion : It is the unseating
censure motion can be moved in to take immediate legislative ac- pose in either House of Parlia- ting in this regard.
Token Cut : This cut motion aims of members for offences commit-
lower house of the parliament or tion. ment and not in the state legis- 5. The president must give his as-
that the amount of the demand ted against the house or for grave
in a state assembly in india. lature. sent to the bill. He can neither
be reduced by Rs 100 in order misdemeanours. � Ordinances cease to operate ei-
� Chief Whip : A whip is a official to ventilate a specific grievance, ther if parliament does not ap- 2. The bill can be introduced either with hold his assent to the bill
� Floor Crossing : It refers to the
in a political party whose primary which is within the sphere of re- prove of them within six weeks by a minister or by a private nor return the bill for reconsid-
defection of a member of parlia-
sponsibility of the Government of of reassembly or if disapproving member and does not require eration of the parliament.
purpose is to ensure discipline in ment from the party, if he was
India. resolutions are passed by both prior permission of the president. 6. After the president’s assent the
a legi sl ature. Whips are the elected to another political party.
party’s ‘enforcers’ who ensure The Cut Motions provide the Houses. 3. The bill must be passed by bill becomes an Act.
� Fundamental Duties : These are
that the party members partici- members maximum opportunity certain obligations on the part of � Petition : It is a solemn earnest IMPORTANT AMENDMENTS OF THE CONSTITUTION
pate according to the official to examine every part of the bud- citizen which he or she follows to- application or request to a supe-
party policy. A whip’s role is also get and criticize the Government. wards the state so that the indi- rior or to a person or group in 1. T he Constitution First 4. The Constitution (Fourth
to ensure that the elected repre- � Confidence Motion : The rules of vidual may not overlook his du- authority. Amendment Act, 1950–This amend- Amendment) Act, 1955–Article 31
sentatives of their party are in at- parliamentary procedure in India ties to the community while ex- � Privilege : It is an exceptional ment provided for several new (2) of the Constitution was amended
tendance when important votes does not provide for a confidence ercising the fundamental rights. right or advantage. grounds of restrictions to the right to re-state more precisely the State’s
are taken. motion. It has come in vogue with to freedom of speech and expression power of compulsory acquisition and
� Hung Parliament : It is parlia- � Question Hour : It is the time
the emergence of coalition politics and the right to practise any profes- requisitioning of private property and
� Coalition Government : It ment wherein no party has won fixed for asking and answering
under this, the government itself sion or to carry on any trade or busi- distinguish it from cases where the
means alliances of several politi- a working majority. oral questions in a sitting in a leg-
brings the motion seeking the ness as contained in Article 19 of operation of regulatory or prohibitory
cal parties. This situation arises, � Impeachment : A person found islature. It is fixed under the
the Constitution. These restrictions laws of the State results in “depri-
if no party on its own can achieve confidence of the house. guilty may be removed from his rules of the House or standing
related to public order, friendly re- vation of property”. Article 31A of the
majority in the parliament. To � Deadlock : When the Houses of office. orders. Constitution was also amended to
have strong coalitions, it is nec- parliament finally disagree over � Judicial Review : It is the power � Quorum : It is a minimums num- lations with foreign States or incite-
extend its scope to cover categories
essary that political parties must the passage of a Bill, where they of the higher court to review stat- ber required to be present at an ment to an offence in relation to the
of essential welfare legislation like
moderate their ideologies and enjoy equal legislature jurisdiction. utes or administrative act and assembly before it can validly pro- right to freedom of speech, and to
abolition of zamindaris, proper plan-
programme. It is called a dead lock between determine their constitutionality. ceed to transact business. the prescribing of professional or ning of urban and rural areas and for
� Contempt of Court : It refers to the houses of parliament. � Legislature : It is the body of For example - the presence of 1/ technical qualifications or the carry- effecting a full control over the min-
actions which either defy a � Discrimination : It is a difference persons in a state authorised to 10 members is required to hold ing on by the State, etc., of any trade, eral and oil resources of the country,
court’s authority, cast disrespect in treatment of two or more per- make alter and repeal law. It may the meetings of parliament. In the business, industry or service in re- etc. Six Acts were also included in the
on a court, or impede the ability sons or subject. consist of one or two houses with absence of quorum, the meeting lation to the right to carry on any Ninth Schedule. Article 305 was also
of the court to perform its func- � Dissolution : Under Article 85, similiar or different powers. is adjourned and no business is trade or business. The amendment amended to save certain laws provid-
tion, punishable by fine or im- the president dissolves the House � Maiden Speech : It is one’s conducted. also inserted two new Articles, 31A ing State Monopolies.
prisonment or both. of the people as per the procedure speech delivered for first time � Vote on account : It is an esti- and 31B and the Ninth Schedule to 5. The Constitution (Fifth
� Cut Motion : It is a power given fixed by the constitution. The dis- especially in parliament. mate of an advance payment to give protection from challenge to land Amendment) Act, 1955–Thi s
to the members of the Lok Sabha solution ends the very life of the enable Government Departments reform laws. amendment made a change in Article
� Money Bill : It is a Bill which
to oppose a demand in the finan- existing House and fresh election contains provisions dealing with to carry on their work from be- 2. The Constitution (Second 3 so as to empower President to
cial bill discussed by the govern- is essential to form new house. the imposition, repeal, remission, ginning of financial year till the Amendment) Act, 1952–By this specify a time for state legislatures
ment. If a cut motion is adopted � Double jeopardy : It is an objec- passing of Appropriation Act. amendment, the scale or represen- to convey their views on the pro-
alteration or regulation of taxes
by the House and the govern- tion of an accused person to re- � Zero hour : One hour immediately tation for election to the Lok Sabha posed Central laws affecting areas,
etc.
ment does not have the numbers, peated trial for the same alleged after the question hour, is called was readjusted. boundaries, etc., of the their states.
� Migration : It means coming to
it is obliged to resign cut motion offence. the zero hour because it begins 3. The Constitution (Third 6. The Constitution (Sixth
India with the intention of resid-
is of three kinds : � Electoral college : It is an inter- at zero hour ie. 12’o clock. Those Amendment) Act, 1954–Thi s Amendment) Act, 1956–Thi s
ing here permanently. amendment substituted entry 33 of
Policy Cut : This type of cut mo- mediary body chosen by elect. to question of public importance are amendment made some changes in
� Oath : It is ritualistic declaration, List III (Concurrent List) of the Sev- Articles 269 and 286 relating to taxes
tion aims that the amount of the choose the representatives in an based on an appeal to God or asked which can’t wait for 10
indirect election. days advance notice. enth Schedule to make it correspond on sale and purchase of goods in the
demand be reduced to Re 1. It some revered person or object to Article 369. course of inter-state trade and com-
OLE - 261 OLE - 262 OLE - 263
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

merce. A new entry 92 A was added sions with respect to state of will include a union territory also and power of Parliament to amend the 31. The Constitution (Thirty- ticle 2A and the Tenth Schedule in-
INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

to the Union List of the Seventh Nagaland in pursuance of an agree- to make it clear that the power to Constitution including the Funda- First Amendment) Act, 1972–By serted by the Constitution (Thirty-
Schedule to the Constitution. ment between Government of India form a new state under this Article mental Rights. this amendment, the seats of the Lok fifth Amendment) Act were omitted
7. The Constitution (Seventh and Naga People’s Convention. includes a power to form a new state 25. The Constitution (Twenty- Sabha was increased from 525 to and Articles 80 and 81 were suitably
Amendment) Act, 1956–Through 14. The Constitution (Four- or union territory by uniting a part fifth Amendment) Act, 1971–This 545, but it reduced the representa- amended.
this amendment the implementation teenth Amendment) Act, 1962–By of a state or a union territory to an- amendment further amended Article tion of Union Territories from 25 to 37. The Constitution (Thirty-
of State Reorganisation Act, was this Act, Pondicherry was included other state or union territory. 31 i n the wake of the Bank 20. seventh Amendment) Act, 1975–By
made possible. Therefore, the then in the First Schedule as a Union Ter- 19. The Constitution (Nine- Nati onal isati on case. The word 32. The Constitution (Thirty- this Act, Union Territory of Arunachal
existing categorisation of State into ritory, and this Act has also enabled teenth Amendment) Act, 1966– ‘amount’ was substituted in place of second Amendment) Act, 1973– Pradesh was provided with a Legis-
Part A, Part B and Part C was hence- the creation of Legislature by Parlia- Article 324 was amended to effect a ‘compensation’ in the light of the ju- This Act provided the necessary con- lative Assembly. Article 240 of the
forth ceased. Part C states were re- mentary law for Himachal Pradesh, consequential change as a result of stitutional authority for giving effect Constitution was also amended to
dicial interpretation of the word ‘com-
designated as Union Territories. The Manipur, Tripura, Goa, Daman and the decision to abolish Election Tri- to the provision of equal opportuni- provide that as in the case of other
pensation’ meaning ‘adequate com-
seats in the Rajya Sabha and in the Diu and Pondicherry. bunals and to hear election petitions ties to different areas of the State of
pensation’. union territories with Legislatures,
Union and State Legislatures were re- 15. The Constitutional (Fif- Andhra Pradesh and for the Consti-
by High Courts. 26. The Constitution (Twenty- the power of President to make regu-
allocated. It also effected changes teenth Amendment) Act, 1963–It tution of an Administrative Tribunal
20. The Constitution (Twenti- sixth Amendment) Act, 1971–By lations for the Union Territory of
with regard to the appointment of raised the age of retirement of a High with jurisdiction to deal with griev-
eth Amendment) Act, 1966–This this amendment, the privy and privi- Arunachal Pradesh may be exercised
additional and acting judges, High Court Judge from 60 to 62, ex- ances relating to public services. It
amendment was necessitated by the leges of the former rulers of Indian only when the assembly is either dis-
Courts and their jurisdictions etc. tended the jurisdiction of a High also empowered Parliament to legis-
decision of the Supreme Court in states were abolished. This amend- solved or its functions remain sus-
8. The Constitution (Eight Court to issue writs under Art. 226 late for the establishment of a Cen-
Chandramohan vs. State of Uttar ment was passed as a result of Su- pended.
Amendment) Act, 1960–Article 344 to a Government or authority situated tral University in the State.
amended to extend the period of res- Pradesh in which certain appoint- preme Court decision in Madhav 38. The Constitution (Thirty-
outside its territorial jurisdiction 33. The Constitution (Thirty-
ervation of SC/STs in Parliament for ments of District Judges in State of Rao’s case. eight Amendment) Act, 1975)–This
where the cause of action arises third Amendment) Act, 1974–By
a period of ten years. Uttar Pradesh were declared void by 27. The Constitution (Twenty- Act amended Articles 123, 213 and
within such jurisdiction, modifying this amendment, Articles 101 and
9. The Constitution (Ninth Supreme Court. A new Article 233A seventh Amendment) Act, 1971– 352 of the Constitution to provide
the procedure imposed by Art. 311 190 were amended i n order to
Amendment) Act, 1960–To give ef- upon the pleasure of the President. was added and the appointments that the satisfaction of President or
This amendment was passed to pro- streamline the procedure for resig-
fect to the transfer of Berubari Union made by Governor were validated. Governor contained in these Articles
16. The Constitution (Six- vide for certain matters necessitated nation of Members of Parliament and
territories to Pakistan. 21. The Constitution (Twenty- would be called in question in any
teenth Amendment) Act, 1963–This by the reorganisation of north-east- State Legislatures.
10. The Constitution (Tenth first Amendment) Act, 1967–By court of law.
effect changes in Art. 19 to enable ern states. A new Article 239B was 34. The Constitution (Thirty-
Amendment) Act, 1961–This Act the Parliament to make laws provid- this amendment, Sindhi Language 39. The Constitution (Thirty-
inserted which enabled the promul- fourth Amendment) Act, 1974–By
amended Article 240 and the First ing reasonable restrictions on the was included in the Eighth Sched- ninth Amendment) Act, 1975–By
gation of Ordinances by Administra- this Act, twenty more land tenure
Schedule in order to include areas of freedom of expression in the larger ule. this Act, disputes relating to the elec-
tors of certain union territories. and land reforms laws enacted by
Dadra and Nagar Haveli as a Union interests of sovereignty and integrity 22. The Constitution (Twenty- tion of President, Vice-President,
28. The Constitution (Twenty- various State Legislatures were in- Prime Minister and Speaker are to
Territory and to provide for its ad- of India. It also brought amendment second Amendment) Act, 1969–
eighth Amendment) Act, 1972–The cluded in the Ninth Schedule. be determined by such authority as
ministration under the regulation in the form of oath contained in the This act was enacted to facilitate the
making powers of President. amendment was enacted to abolish 35. The Constitution (Thirty- may be determined by Parliamentary
Third Schedule and emphasised on formation of a new autonomous state
11. The Constitution (Eleventh the special privileges of the members fifth Amendment) Act, 1974–By Law. Certain Central enactments
upholding the sovereignty and integ- of Meghalaya within state of Assam.
Amendment) Act, 1961–The pur- rity of India. of Indian Civil Services in matters of this Act a new Article 2A was added were also included in the Ninth
23. The Constitution (Twenty-
pose of this amendment was to leave, pension and rights as regard there by conferring on Sikkim the Schedule by this Act.
17. The Constitution (Seven- third Amendment) Act, 1969–Ar-
amend Articles 66 and 71 of the Con- teenth Amendment) Act, 1964–Ar- to disciplinary matters. status of an associate State of Indian 40. The Constitution (Fortieth
ticle 334 was amended so as to ex-
stitution to provide that the election ticle 31A was further amended to 29. The Constitution (Twenty- Union. Consequent amendments
tend the safeguards in respect of res- Amendment) Act, 1976–This act
of President or Vice President could prohibit the acquisition of land un- ninth Amendment) Act, 1972–The were made to Articles 80 and 81. A
ervation of seats in Parliament and provided for vesting in the Union of
not be challenged on the ground of der personal cultivation unless the Ninth Schedule to the Constitution new schedule, i.e., Tenth Schedule,
State Legislatures for Schedule all mines, minerals and other things
any vacancy in the appropriate elec- market value of the land is paid as was amended to include there in two was added laying down terms and of value lying in the ocean within the
Castes and Scheduled Tribes as well conditions of association of Sikkim
toral college. compensation and the definition of as for Anglo-Indians for a further pe- Kerala Acts on land reforms. territorial waters or the continental
12. The Constitution (Twelfth “estate” as contained in that Article with the Union. shelf or the exclusive economic zone
riod of ten years. 30. The Constitution (Thirtieth
Amendment) Act, 1962–This amend- had also been enlarged with retro- Amendment) Act, 1972–It curtailed 36. The Constitution (Thirty- of India. It further provided that all
24. The Constitution (Twenty-
ment sought to include Goa, Daman spective effect. The Ninth Schedule the appeals to the Supreme Court sixth Amendment) Act, 1975–This other resources of the exclusive eco-
fourth Amendment) Act, 1971–This
and Diu as a Union Territory and to had also been amended to include 44 and provided that only such appeals was enacted to make Sikkim a full- nomic zone of India shall also vest
amendment was passed in the con-
amend Article 240 for the purpose. more Acticles. can be brought which involve a sub- fledged State of Indian Union and to in the Union. This act also provided
text of a situation that emerged with
13. The Constitution (Thir- 18. The Constitution (Eigh- stantial question of law. This valu- include it in the First Schedule to the that the limits of the territorial wa-
the verdict in Golaknath’s case by
teenth Amendment) Act, 1962–By teenth Amendment) Act, 1966–Ar- ational aspect of Rs. 20,000 for ap- Constitution and to allot to Sikkim ters, the continental shelf, the exclu-
Supreme Court. Accordingly, this act
this amendment, a new Article 371A ticle 3 was amended by this Act to one seat each in the Council of States sive economic zone and the maritime
amended Article 13 and Article 368 peals in civil cases to the Supreme
was added to make special provi- specify that the expression “State” to remove all doubts regarding the and in the House of the People. Ar- zones of India shall be as specified
Court were abolished.

OLE - 264 OLE - 265 OLE - 266

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

from time to time by or under any � By this amendment it was made � It brought the revocation of a 46. The Constitution (Forty- tion shall, in their application to the has been amended by this Act for

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

law made by Parliament. Also some obligatory for the President to act Proclamation under Parliamen- Sixth Amendment) Act, 1982–Art members of the armed forces or the providing reservation of seats for
more Acts were added to the Ninth on the advice of the Council of tary control. 269 was amended so that the tax lev- forces charged with the maintenance Scheduled Tribes in Meghalaya,
Schedule. Ministers. � Under National Emergency the ied on the consignment of goods in of public order, be restricted or abro- Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh and
41. The Constitution (Forty- � Tenure of the Lok Sabha and the words ‘internal disturbance’ have the course of inter-state or commerce gated so as to ensure proper discharge Mizoram in Parliament and Article
first Amendment) Act, 1976–By State Assemblies was increased been substituted by the words shall be assigned to the State. A new of their duties and maintenance of dis- 332 has been amended to provide
this Act, Article 316 was amended by one year. ‘armed rebellion’. entry 92A was also inserted in the cipline among them. similar reservation in the Legislative
to raise the retirement age of Mem- 43. The Constitution (Forty- � It limited the duration of Procla- Union List to enable the levy of tax It was proposed to amend Ar- Assembli es of Nagaland and
bers of State Public Service Commis- third Amendment) Act, 1977–The mation made under Art. 356 to on the consignment of goods where ticle 33 to as to bring within its ambit : Meghalaya to meet the aspirations of
sions and Joint Public Service Com- 43rd Amendment omitted many ar- a period of one year unless a such consignment taken palce in (i) the members of the Force local tribal population.
missions from 60 to 62 years. ticles inserted by 42nd Amendment. Proclamation under Art. 352 is in the course of inter-state trade or charged with the protection of prop- 52. The Constitution (Fifty-sec-
42. The Constitution (Forty- It restored the writ jurisdiction of the operation and Election Commis- commerce. erty belonging to or in the charge or ond Amendment) Act, 1985–It
second Amendment) Act, 1976– Supreme Court and the High Courts, sion certifies the impossibility to 47. The Constitution (Forty– possession of the state; or amends the Constitution to provide
This act made a number of impor- which had been deprived by the hold election to state assembly seventh Amendment) Act, 1984– (ii) persons employed in any bu- that a Member of Parliament or a State
tant amendments in the Constitution. 42nd Amendment. concerned in which case it may This amendment is intended to pro- reau or other organisation established Legislature who defects or is expelled
These amendments were mainly for � Provisions for the protection of be extended upto three years, vide for the inclusion of certain land from the party which set him up as a
by the state for purposes of intelli-
purpose of giving effect to the rec- environment, forests and wild- by successive resolutions for Reforms Acts in the Ninth Schedule candidate in the election or if an in-
gence or counter-intelligence; or
ommendations of Swaran Singh Com- continuance being passed by to the Constitution with a view to ob-
life. (iii) persons employed in or in dependent member of the House joins
mittee. both Houses of Parliament. viating the scope of litigation ham-
� Provisions for the protection of connection with the telecommunica- a political party after expiry of six
The main provisions of this � It authorised the President to re- pering the implementation process of months from the date on which he
children and the youth against tion systems set up for the purposes
amendment were : fer back the advice to the Coun- those Acts.
exploitation. of any Force, Bureau or Organisation. takes seat in the House shall be dis-
� ‘SOCIALIST’, ‘SECULAR’, and ‘IN- cil of Ministers for reconsidera- 48. The Constitution (Forty- qualified to remain a member of the
� No quorum shall be required for Experience has revealed that the
TEGRITY’ added to the Pre- tion, but made it binding for the eighth Amendment) Act, 1984–The House. The Act also makes suitable
conducting the meeting of the need for ensuring proper discharge
amble. President to act on the reconsid- Proclamation issued by President provisions with respect to splits in
house of the people and the of their duties and maintenance of
� Fundamental Duties were added ered advice. under Article 356 of the Constitution and merger of political parties.
Legislature Assemblies of the discipline among them is of para-
in Part IVA and made a new Ar- � The power of the Courts to de- with respect to the State of Punjab
State. mount importance in the national in- 53. The Constitution (Fifty-
ticle 51A. cide disputes regarding election cannot be continued in force for more
� The central government was terest. third Amendment) Act, 1986–It el-
� ‘Directive Principles were given of Prime Minister and Speaker than one year unless the special con- evated the Union Territory of Mizoram
precedence over Fundamental given the power to send central ditions mentioned in clause (5) of the 51. The Constitution (Fifty-first
was restored. Amendment) Act, 1984–Article 330 to the status of a State.
Rights and any law made to this forces in any state or part of said Article are satisfied. As it is felt
state to control the law and order � Constitutional protection on pub-
effect by the Parliament was kept that the continued force of the said 54. The Constitution (Fifty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1986–This Act
in that state and the control of lication of proceedings of Parlia-
beyond the scope of judicial re- Proclamation is necessary, therefore, increases the salaries of Supreme Court and High Court judges as follows :
such forces shall rest with the ment and State legislatures was
view by the Courts. Thus, it the present amendment had been ef- Chief Justice of India Rs. 10,000 per month (at Present one Lakh)
central government. provided.
made the power of Parliament fected so as to make the conditions Judges of Supreme Court Rs. 9,000 per month (at Present Rs. 90,000)
supremecy insofar as amend- 44. The Constitution (Forty- � The right to life and personal mentioned in clause (5) of Article 356
liberty and the liberty of the Chief Justice of High Court Rs. 9,000 per month (at Present Rs. 90,000)
ment of the Constitution was con- Fourth Amendment) Act, 1978– inapplicable in the instant case.
This amendment was brought by the press were restored. Judges of High Courts Rs. 8,000 per month (at Present Rs. 80,000)
cerned. 49. The Constitution (Forty-
� It authorised the Supreme Court Janata Party Government which re- � The dispute relating to the ninth Amendment) Act, 1984– This Act amended Part ‘D’ of the Second Schedule to the Constitution to
to transfer certain cases from pealed some of the changes effected qualification of the members of Tripura Government recommended give effect to the above increase in the salaries of judges and to make an
one High Court to another and by 42nd Amendment, omitted a few the Parliament and the state that the provisions of the Sixth Sched- enabling provision in Articles 125 and 221 to provide for changes in the
redefined the writ jurisdiction of and provided alterations, the most legislature shall be decided by ule to the Constitution may be made salaries of judges in future by Parliament by law.
the High Courts. important of them are as follows : the President and the Governers applicable to tribal areas of that State. 55. The Constitution Fifty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1986–The forma-
� It provided Administrative Tribu- � Right to property was taken respectively. The amendment involved in this Act tion of Arunachal Pradesh took place with special powers given to the Gover-
nals for speedy justice. away from the list of Fundamen- � The term of the Lok Sabha and is intended to give a constitutional se- nor. It also provided for a 30-members State Assembly.
� Empowered the Centre to deploy tal Rights and placed in a new the Legislative Assemblies of the curity to the autonmous District Coun- 56. The Constitution (Fifty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1987–Goa was
armed forces in any State to deal Article 300A as mere legal right. States reduced to 5 years. cil functioning in the State. made a full fledged State with a provision for a State Assembly but Daman
with the grave law and order situ- � Constitutionality of the Proclama- 45. The Constitution (Forty- 50. The Constitution (Fiftieth and Diu stayed as Union Territory.
ation. tion of Emergency by the Presi- fifth Amendment) Act, 1980–This Amendment) Act, 1984–By Article 57. The Constitution (Fifty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1987–It pro-
� Authori sed the President to dent can be question in a court was passed to extend reservation of 33 of the constitution, Parliament is vided reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes of Nagaland, Meghalaya,
make Proclamation of Emergency on the ground of malafide. (42nd seats in Parliament and State Assem- empowered to enact laws determin-
Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh, in the Lok Sabha and in the State Assem-
for any part of the country as Amendment had made it immune blies for SC/STs for a further period ing to what extent any of the rights
blies of Nagaland and Meghalaya.
well. from judicial review). of ten years. conferred by Part III of the constitu-
OLE - 267 OLE - 268 OLE - 269
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

58. The Constitution (Fifty- amendment is no longer required. 69. The Constitution (Sixty- vided for the inclusion of Tamil Nadu 82. The Constitution (Eighty- 88. The Constitution (Eighty-
INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

eight Amendment) Act, 1987–By Accordingly the provision to clause ninth Amendment) Act, 1991–Ar- Reservation List (i.e. to provide for second Amendment) Act, 2000–The eighth Amendment) Act, 2003–Ser-
this amendment an authoritative text (5) of Article 356 and Article 359A of ticles 239-AA and 239 AB were in- 69 per cent reservation for educa- members of the Scheduled Castes vice tax levied by union and collected
of the Constitution in Hindi was pro- the Constitution have been omitted. serted in the Constitution to provide tional institutions and government and the Scheduled Tribes for relax- and appropriated by the union and
vided to the people of India by the 64. The Constitution (Sixty- a National Capital Territory designa- jobs in the State) in the Ninth Sched- ation in qualifying marks in any ex- the states.
President. fourth Amendment) Act, 1990–This tion to Union Territory of Delhi with ule to make it immune to judicial re- amination or lowering the standards 89. The Constitution (Eighty-
59. The Constitution (Fifty- Act amends clauses (4) and (5) of Ar- a Legislative Assembly and Council view. of evaluation for reservation in mat- ninth Amendment) Act, 2003–It pro-
ninth Amendment) Act, 1988–It ticle 356 of the Constitution with a of Ministers. 77. The Constitution (Seventy- vides for constitution of a national
ters of promotion to any class or
amended Art. 365(5) of the constitu- view to facilitate the extension of the 70. The Constitution (Seventi- seventh) Amendment Act, 1995–By commission for the Scheduled Tribes.
classes of services or posts in con-
tion to provide that the declaration of proclamation issued under clause (1) eth Amendment) Act, 1992–It this amendment a new clause 4A was (Earlier, there was a combined na-
nection with affairs of the Union or tional commission for both SC/STs).
emergency may remain in operation of Article 356 of the Constitution on brought alteration in Article 54 to pro- added to Art 16 which authorised the
of a State. 90. The Constitution (Ninetieth
up to 3 years and also authorised the 11 May 1987 upto a total period of vide for the inclusion of member of State to make provisions for Sched-
uled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 83. The Constitution (Eighty- Amendment) Act, 2003–It provides
Government to proclaim emergency three years and six months in rela- Legislative Assemblies of Union Ter-
with regard to promotions in Govern- third Amendment) Act, 2000–The that the representation of the Sched-
in Punjab on grounds of ‘internal dis- tion to the State of Punjab. ritories of Delhi and Pondicherry in
ment jobs. Act amended Article 243M of the Con- uled Tribes and Non-scheduled Tribe
turbance’. The amendment made in 65. The Constitution (Sixty- the electoral college for the election
Art. 352 thus provided that the emer- 78. The Constitution (Seventy- stitution to provide that no reserva- in the constituencies included in the
fifth Amendment) Act, 1990–A Na- of the President.
eighth Amendment) Act, 1995–This tion in Panchayats need be made in Bodoland Territorial Areas District
gency with respect to Punjab shall tional Commission for Scheduled 71. The Constitution (Seventy-
amendment has amended the Ninth favour of the Scheduled Castes in (BTAD) as existing prior to the con-
operate only in that State. Castes and Scheduled Tribes with first Amendment) Act, 1992–It in-
schedule of the Constitution and in- Arunachal Pradesh wholly inhabited stitution of BTAD shall be maintained
60. The Constitution (Sixtieth wide powers was provided to take cluded Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali for the purpose of elections to Legis-
Amendment) Act, 1988–To increase care for the cause of SCs/STs. The languages in the VIII Schedule, mak- serted 27 Land Reform Act of vari- by tribal population.
ous States in the Ninth Schedule. 84. The Constitution (Eighty- lative Assembly of the state of Assam.
the ceiling of Taxes on professions, composition of the Commission in- ing the total languages included in it 91. The Constitution (Ninety-
trades, callings and employment from cluded a chairperson, a vice-chair- to 18. 79. The Constitution (Seventy- fourth Amendment) Act, 2001–The
ninth Amendment) Act, 1999–By first Amendment) Act, 2003–
Rs. 250 per annum to Rs. 2500 per person and five other members to be 72. The Constitution (Seventy- Act amended Provisions to article 82
this Act the Government has extended Amended the anti-defection laws and
annum. appointed by the President. second Amendment) Act, 1992–To and 170 (3) of the Constitution to re- provided for Amendent of Article 75.
61. The Constitution (Sixty- the reservations of seats for the adjust and rationalise the territorial
66. The Constitution (Sixty- implement the Memorandum signed The total number of ministries, in-
first Amendment) Act, 1989–It pro- Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled constituencies in the states, without
sixth Amendment) act, 1990–This with the Tripura National Volunteers cluding the Prime minister, in the
vided for the reduction of voting age Tribes as well as for the Anglo-Indi- altering the number of seats allotted
amendment provided for the inclu- in 1988. Council of Ministers shall not exceed
from 21 to 18 years by bringing an ans in the House of the People and in to each state in House of people and
sion of new land reform Acts passed 73. The Constitution (Seventy- fifteen per cent of the total number
the Legislative Assemblies of the
amendment to Art. 326. by the State into the Ninth Schedule. third Amendment) Act, 1993–With Legislative Assemblies of the states, of members of the House of the
States for another ten years.
62. The Constitution (Sixty- 67. The Constitution (Sixty- this amendment, the institution of including the Scheduled Castes and people
80. The Constitution (Eightieth
second Amendment) Act, 1989–It seventh Amendment) Act, 1990–The Panchayati Raj received constitutional Scheduled Tribes Constituencies. 92. The Constitution (Ninety-
Amendment) Act, 1999–Based on
had increased the period of reserva- three year period in the case of proc- guarantee, status and legitimacy in 85. The Constitution (Eighty- second Amendment) Act, 2003–In-
the 10th finance Commission recom-
tion of seats provided to the Sched- lamation issued on 11 May, 1987 with the direction of power to the people fifth Amendment) Act 2001–To pro- clusion of Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and
mendation. Under the new scheme
uled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for respect to the State of Punjab was at grass-root level. A separate Sched- vide consequential seniority in the Santhali in the Eighth Schedule to the
of devolution of revenue between
another 10 years i.e. upto the year of extended to three years and six uled XI was added to deal with it. It case of promotion by virtue of rule of Constitution with this, the total num-
Union and States, 26 per cent out of
2000 A.D. The reservation for Anglo- months by the Constitution (Sixty- also inserted Part IX, containing Arts. ber of constitutionally recognised lan-
gross proceeds of Union taxes and reservation for the Government ser-
Indians through nomination in case fourth Amendment) Act, 1990. This 243, 243 A to 243 O. guages increased to 22.
duties is to be assigned to the states vants belonging to the Scheduled
of their inadequate representation, Act further amends clause (4) of Ar- 74. The Constitution (Seventy- 93. The Constitution (Ninety-
in lieu of their existing shares in the Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.
was also extended for the same pe- ticle 356 so as to further extend the fourth Amendment) Act, 1993–This third Amendment) Act, 2006–To
income-tax, excise duties, special 86. The Constitution (Eighty-
riod. period upto a total period of four amendment provided constitutional enable provision of reservation for
excise duties and grants in lieu of tax sixth Amendment) Act, 2002–Com-
63. The Constitution (Sixty- years. sanctity to Nagarpalika or Municipali- other backward classes (O.B.C.) in
on railway passenger fares. pulsory and free education is the fun-
third Amendment) Act, 1990–The 68. The Constitution (Sixty- ties by inserting Part IX-A, contain- government as well as private educa-
81. The Constitution (Eighty- damental right for all the children of tional institutions.
Constitution (Fifty-ninth Amendment) eighth Amendment) Act, 1991–The ing Arts. 243P to 243ZG and a sepa- first Amendment) Act, 2000–The un-
Act, 1988 was enacted in March 1988 6 to 14 years age. The Act deals with 94. The Constitution (Ninety-
three year period in the case of proc- rate Schedule XII which deals with filled vacancies of a year which re-
making certain changes in regard to insertion of a new Article 21A after fourth Amendment) Act, 2006 : For
lamation issued on 17 May 1987 with the items concerning Municipalities. served for the SCs and the STs for
making a Proclamation of Emergency Article 21. the setting up of a separate three
respect to the State of Punjab was 75. The Constitution (Seventy- being filled up in that year in accor-
in Punjab and to the duration of 87. The Constitution (Eighty- member National commission for
earlier extended to four years by the Fifth Amendment) Act, 1994–Setting dance with any provision for reser-
President’s rule in State. On recon- seventh Amendment) Act, 2003–The scheduled Tribes. The National com-
Constitution (sixty-seventh Amend- up of state-level Rent Tribunals and vations made under Article 16 of the
2001 Census are the basis for de- mission for scheduled Tribes is be-
sideration, the Government decided ment) Act, 1990. This Act further to exclude the jurisdiction of all Constitution, shall be considered as
limitation of constituencies of the Lok ing created to protect the rights of
that the special powers in regard to amends clause (4) of Article 356 so courts, except that of Supreme Court. a separate class of vacancies to be the tribal community as enshrined in
the Proclamation of Emergency in as to further extend the period upto 76. The Constitution (Seventy- filled up in any succeeding year or Sabha and State Legislative Assem-
the constitution.
Punjab as envisaged in the said a total period of five years. sixth Amendment) Act, 1994–It pro- years. bly.

OLE - 270 OLE - 271 OLE - 272

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

95. The Constitution (Ninety- 99. The Constitution (Ninety- 20. Protection in respect of con- 33. Power of Parliament to modify 48. Organisation of agriculture 68. Time of holding election to fill

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

Fifth Amendment) Act, 2010 : Ex- Ninth Amendment) Act, 2014 : In- viction for offences. the rights conferred by this and animal husbandry vacancy in the office of Vice-
tended reservation for the SC/ST for serted new articles 124 A, 124 B and 21. Protection of life and personal part in their application etc. 48A. Protection and improvement of President and the term of of-
further period of ten years, that is 124 C after article 124 of the consti- liberty. 34. Restriction on rights con- environment and safeguard- fice of person elected to fill
upto 25 January, 2020. tution. The Act also provided for the 21A. Right to elementary educa- ferred by this Part while mar- ing of forests and wild life. casual vacancy.
96. The Constitution (Ninety- composition and the functions of the tion. tial law is in force in any area. 49. Protection of monuments and 69. Oath or affirmation by the
Sixth Amendment) Act, 2011 : Sub- proposed National Judicial Appoint- 22. Protection against arrest and 35. Legislation to give effect to the places and objects of national Vice-President.
stituted “Odia” for “Oriya”. ment Commission. detention in certain cases. provisions of this Part. importance. 70. Discharge of President’s func-
97. The Constitution (Ninety- 100. The Constitution (Hun- Right Against Exploitation 50. Separation of judiciary from tions in other contingencies.
PART-IV : DIRECTIVE PRIN-
Seventh Amendment) Act, 2011 : dredth Amendment) Act, 2015 : executive. 71. Matters relating to, or con-
23. Prohibition of traffic in human CIPLES OF STATE POLICY
Provided for the co-operative Societ- Amended the first schedule of the 51. Promotion of international nected with, the election of a
beings and forced labour.
ies in part IXB of the constitution of constitution, for the purpose of giv- 36. Definition peace and security. President or Vice-President.
India. It also amended Article 19(1) 24. Prohibition of employment of 37. Application of the principles
ing effect to the acquiring of territo- PART–IV A : 72. Power of President to grant
ries by India and transfer of territo- children in factories, etc. contained in this Part.
(c) and inserted Article 43B. FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES pardons, etc., and to sus-
ries to Bangladesh through retaining Rights to Freedom of Religion
98. The Constitution (Ninety- 38. State to secure a social order 51A. Fundamental duties. pend, remit or commute sen-
of adverse possession and exchange 25. Freedom of conscience and
Eighth Amendment) Act, 2012 : In- for the promotion of welfare PART–V : tences in certain cases.
of enclaves, in pursuance of the free profession, practice and
serted Article 371J in the constitu- propagation of religion. of the people. Chapter I–The Executives 73. Extent of executive power of
tion. The objective was to empower Agreement between India and the Union.
Bangladesh concerning the demarca- 26. Freedom to manage religious 39. Certain principles of policy to The President and Vice-President
the Governor of Karnataka to take affairs. be followed by the State. Council of Ministers
tion of the land boundary, signed on 52. The President of India.
steps to develop Hyderabad-Karnataka 74. Council of Ministers to aid
16th May 1974 and its protocol signed 27. Freedom as to payment of 39A. Equal justice and free legal 53. Executive power of the Union.
region. taxes for promotion of any and advice President.
on 6th September, 2011. aid. 54. Election of President.
particular religion. 75. Other provisions as to Minis-
CONSTITUTION OF INDIA : AT A GLANCE 28. Freedoms to attendance at
40. Organi sati on of vi l lage 55. Manner of election of Presi-
ters.
Panchayats. dent.
PART–I : THE UNIONS AND ITS 9. Persons voluntarily acquiring religious instruction or reli- The Attorney-General for India
41. Right to work, to education 56. Term of office of President.
TERRITORY citizenship of a foreign state gious worship in certain edu- 76. Attorney-General for India.
cational institutions. and to public assistance in 57. Eligibility for re-election.
Articles not to be citizens. Conduct of Government Business
58. Qualifications for election as
1. Name and territory of the 10. Continuance of the rights of Cultural And Educational Rights certain cases. 77. Conduct of business of the
President.
Union. citizenship. 29. Protection of interests of mi- 42. Provision for just and humane Government of India.
59. Conditions of President’s of-
2. Admission or establishment 11. Parliament to regulate the norities. conditions of work and ma- 78. Duties of Prime Minister as
fice.
of new States. right of citizenshi7p by law. 30. Right of minorities to estab- ternity relief. respects the furnishing of in-
lish and administer educa- 60. Oath or affirmation by the
2A. (Repealed) 43. Living wage, etc. for workers. formation to the President, etc.
PART–III : FUNDAMENTAL tional institutions. President.
3. Formation of new States and Chapter-II-Parliament (General)
RIGHTS (GENERAL) 31. Compulsory acquisition of 43A. Participation of workers in 61. Procedure for impeachment
alteration of areas, boundaries 79. Constitution of Parliament.
12. Definition property (Repealed). management of industries. of the President.
or names of existing States. 80. Composition of the Council of
13. Laws inconsistent with or in 43B. Promotion of co-operative so- 62. Time of holding election to fill
4. Laws made under Articles 2 Saving of Certain Laws States.
derogation of the fundamen- cieties. vacancy in the office of Presi-
and 3 to provi de for the 31A. Saving of laws providing for 81. Composition of the House of
tal rights. dent and the term of office of
amendment of the First and acquisition of estates, etc. 44. Uniform civil code for the citi- the People.
Right to Equality person elected to fill casual
the Fourth Schedules and 31B. Validation of certain Acts and zens. 82. Readjustment after each census.
supplement, incidental and 14. Equality before law. vacancy.
Regulations. 45. Provision for early childhood 83. Duration of Houses of Parlia-
consequential matters. 63. The Vice-President of India.
15. Prohibition of discrimination 31C. Saving of laws giving effect to care and education to children ment.
only on grounds of religion, certain directive principles. 64. The Vice-President to be ex-
PART–II : CITIZENSHIP below the age of six years. 84. Qualification for membership
race, caste, sex or place of birth. 31D. Saving of laws in respect of officio Chairman of the Coun-
5. Citizenship at the commence- cil of States. of Parliament.
anti-national activities (Re- 46. Promotion of educational and
ment of the Constitution. 16. Equality of opportunity in mat- 85. Sessions of Parliament, pro-
pealed). economic interests of Sched- 65. The Vice-President to act as
6. Rights of citizenship of cer- ters of public employment. rogation and dissolution.
Right to Constitutional Remedies uled Castes, Scheduled Tribes President or to discharge his
tain persons who have mi- 17. Abolition of Untouchability 86. Rights of President to address
32. Remedies for enforcement of and other weaker sections. functions during casual va-
grated to India from Pakistan. 18. Abolition to titles and send messages to Houses.
rights conferred by this Part. cancies in the office, or dur-
7. Rights of citizenship of cer- Right to Freedom 47. Duty of the State to raise the
ing the absence of President. 87. Special address by the President.
tain migrants to Pakistan. 19. Protection of certain rights re- 32A. Constitutional validity of level of nutrition and the stan- 66. Election of Vice-President. 88. Rights of Ministers and Attor-
8. Rights of citizenship of cer- garding freedom of speech, States Laws not to be con- dard of living and to improve 67. Term of office of Vice-Presi- ney-General as respects
tain persons of Indian origin sidered in proceedings under
etc. public health. dent. Houses.
residing outside India. Articles 32 (Repealed).
OLE - 273 OLE - 274 OLE - 275
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

Officers of Parliament 104. Penalty for sitting and voting Chapter IV–The Union Judiciary 143. Power of President to con- The Advocate General for the State
INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

181. The Speaker or the Deputy
89. The Chairman and Deputy before making oath or affir- 124. Establishment and constitu- sult Supreme Court. 165. Advocate-General for the Speaker not to preside while
Chairman of the Council of mation under Article 99 or tion of Supreme Court. 143. Civil and judicial authorities State a resolution for his removal
States. when not qualified or when 125. Salaries, etc., of Judges of to act in aid of the Supreme Conduct of Government Business from office is under consid-
90. Vacation and resignation of, disqualified. Supreme Court. Court 166. Conduct of business of the eration.
and removal from, the office Powers, Privileges and Immunities of 126. Appointment of acting Chief 144A. (Repealed) Government of a State 182. The Chairman and Deputy
of Deputy Chairman. Parliament and its members Justice of Supreme Court. 145. Rules of Court, etc.
127. Appoint of ad hoc Judges. 167. Duties of Chief Minister as Chairman of the Legislative
91. Power of the Deputy Chair- 105. Powers, privileges, etc., of 146. Officers and servants and
128. Attendance of retired Judges respects the furnishing of in-
man or other person to per- the Houses of Parliament and the expenses of the Su- Council
of the members and commit- at sitting of the Supreme formation to Governor, etc.
form the duties of the office preme Court. 183. Vacation and resignation of,
tees thereof. Court. 147. Interpretation CHAPTER III-THE STATE LEGIS-
of, or to act as, Chairman. and removal from, the of-
106. Salaries and allowances of 129. Supreme Court to be a court CHAPTER V-COMPTROLLER AND LATURE (GENERAL)
92. The Chairman or the Deputy fices of Chai rman and
members. of record. AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA 168. Constitution of Legislature
Chairman not to preside while Deputy Chairman
Legislative Procedure 130. Seat of Supreme Court. 148. Comptroller and Auditor- in States
a resolution for his removal
131. Original jurisdication of the 169. Abolition or creation of Leg- 184. Power of the Deputy Chair-
from office is under consid- 107. Provisions as to introduction General of India.
and passing of Bills. Supreme court. 149. Duties and powers of the islative Councils in States man or other person to per-
eration.
108. Joint sitting of both Houses 131A. (Repealed) Comptroller and Auditor- 170. Composition of the Legisla- form the duties of the office,
93. The Speaker and Deputy
in certain cases. 132. Appellate jurisdiction of Su- General. tive Assemblies or act as, Chairman
Speaker of the House of the
109. Special procedure in re- preme Court in appeals from 150. Form of accounts of the 185. The Chairman or the Deputy
People. 171. Composition of the Legisla-
spect of Money Bills. High Courts in certain cases. Union and of the States.
94. Vacation and resignation of, tive Councils Chairman not to preside
110. Definition of “Money Bill”. 133. Appellate jurisdiction of Su- 151. Audit reports
and removal from, the offices 172. Duration of State Legisla- while a resolution for his
111. Assent to Bills. preme Court in appeals from PART–VI : THE STATES
of Speaker and Deputy tures removal from office is under
High Courts in regard to civil Chapter I-General
Speaker. Procedure in Financial Matters 173. Qualification for member-
matters. consideration.
95. Power of the Deputy Speaker 112. Annual financial statement 152. Definition ship of the State Legisla-
134. Appellate jurisdiction of Su- 186. Salaries and allowances of
or other person to perform the (Budget). tures
preme Court in regard to Chapter II-The Executive the Speaker and Deputy
duties of the office of, or to 113. Procedure in Parliament with 174. Sessions for the State Leg-
criminal matters. The Governor Speaker and the Chairman
act as, Speaker. respect to estimates. islature, prorogation and dis-
134A. Certificate for appeal to the 153. Governors of States. and Deputy Chairman
96. The Speaker or the Deputy 114. Appropriation Bills. solution
Supreme Court. 154. Executive power of State.
Speaker not to preside while 115. Supplementary, additional or 187. Secretariat of State Legisla-
135. Jurisdiction and powers of 155. Appointment of Governor. 175. Right of Governor to address
a resolution for his removal excess grants. ture
the Federal Court under ex- 156. Term of office of Governor. and send messages to the
from office is under consid- 116. Votes on account, votes of isting law to be exercisable Conduct of Business
157. Qualifications for appoint- House or Houses
eration. credit and exceptional grants. by the Supreme Court. 188. Oath or affirmation by mem-
ment as Governor. 176. Special address by the Gov-
97. Salaries and allowances of the 117. Special provisions as to Fi- 136. Special leave to appeal by the bers.
158. Conditions of Governor’s of- ernor
Chairman and Deputy Chair- nancial Bills. Supreme Court. fice. 177. Rights of Ministers and Ad- 189. Voting in Houses, power of
man and the Speaker and Procedure Generally 137. Review of judgements or or- 159. Oath or affirmation by the vocate-General as respects Houses to act notwithstand-
Deputy Speaker. 118. Rules of procedure. ders by the Supreme Court. Governor. the Houses ing vacancies and quorum.
98. Secretariat of Parliament. 119. Regulation by law of proce- 138. Enlargement of the jurisdic- 160. Discharge of the functions Offices of the State Legislature Disqualification of Members
Conduct of Business dure in Parliament in rela- tion of the Supreme Court. of the Governor in certain 178. The Speaker and Deputy
99. Oath or affirmation by mem- tion to financial business. 139. Conferment on the Supreme 190. Vacation of seats.
contingencies.
bers. 120. Languages to be used in Speaker of the Legislative 191. Disqualifications of mem-
Court of powers to issue cer- 161. Power of Governor to grant
100. Voting in Houses, power of Parliament. Assembly bership.
tain writs pardons, etc. and to sus-
Houses to act notwithstand- 121. Restriction on discussion in 139A. Transfer to certain cases. pend, remit or commute sen- 179. Vacation and resignation of, 192. Decision on questions as to
ing vacancies and quorum. Parliament. 140. Ancillary powers of Supreme tences in certain cases. and removal from, the of-
disqualifications of mem-
Disqualification of Members 122. Courts not to inquire into Court. 162. Extent of executive power of fices of Speaker and Deputy
bers.
101. Vacation of seats. proceedings of Parliament. 141. Law declared by Supreme State. Speaker
193. Penalty for sitting and vot-
102. Disqualifications of mem- Court to be binding on all Council of Ministers 180. Power of the Deputy
Chapter III–Legislative Powers of ing before making oath or af-
bership. courts. 163. Council of Ministers to aid Speaker or other person to
the President firmation under Article 188
103. Decision on questions as to 142. Enforcement of decrees and and advise Governor perform the duties of the
123. Power of President to pro- or when not qualified or
disqualifications of mem- orders of Supreme Court and 164. Other provisions as to Min- offi ce of, or to act as,
mulgate Ordinances during
bers. orders as to discovery, etc. isters Speaker when disqualified.
recess of Parliament.
OLE - 276 OLE - 277 OLE - 278
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

Powers, Privileges and Immunities 216. Constitution of High Courts. PART VII : THE STATES IN PART 247. Power of Parliament to pro- 261. Public acts, records and ju- 276. Taxes on professi ons,

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

of State Legislatures and Their 217. Appointment and conditions B OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE vide for the establishment of dicial proceedings. trades, callings and employ-
Members of the office of a Judge of a 238. (Repealed) certain additional courts. Disputes Relating to Waters ments.
194. Powers, privileges, etc., of High Court. PART VIII : THE UNION TERRITORIES 248. Residuary powers of legis- 262. Adjudication of disputes re- 277. Savings
the Houses of Legislatures 218. Application and conditions of lation. lating to water of inter-State 278. (Repealed)
239. Administration of Union Ter-
and of the members and the office of a Judge of a High 249. Power of Parliament to leg- rivers or river valleys. 279. Calculation of “net pro-
Court. ritories.
committees thereof. islate with respect to a mat- Co-Ordination Between States ceeds”, etc.
195. Salaries and allowances of 219. Oath or affirmation by 239A. Creation of local Legislatures
or Council of Ministers or ter in the State List in the 263. Provisions with respect to an 280. Finance Commission.
members. judges of High Courts. national interest.
both for certain Union terri- inter-State Council. 281. Recommendations of the Fi-
Legislative Procedure 220. Restriction on practice after 250. Power of Parliament to leg-
being a permanent judge. tories. PART XII : FINANCE, PROPERTY, nance Commission.
196. Provisions as to introduction islate with respect to any
221. Salaries, etc., of Judges. 239B. Power of administrator to CONTRACTS AND SUITS Miscellaneous Financial Provisions
and passing of Bills. matter in the State List if a
197. Restriction on powers of 222. Transfer of a Judge from one promulgate Ordinances dur- Chapter I-Finance (General) 282. Expenditure defrayable by
Proclamation of Emergency
Legislative Council as to bills High Court to another. ing recess of Legislature. 264. Interpretation the Union or a State out of
is in operation.
other than Money Bills. 223. Appointment of acting Chief 239AA. Special provision with re- 265. Taxes not to be imposed its revenues.
251. Inconsistency between laws
198. Special procedure in re- Justice. spect to Delhi. save without authority of 283. Custody, etc., of Consoli-
made by Parliament under
spect of Money Bills. 224. Appointment of additional 239AB. Provision in case of failure law. dated Funds, Contingency
Articles 249 and 250 and
199. Definition of “Money Bills”. and acting judges. of constitutional machinery. 266. Consolidated Funds and Funds and money credited
laws made by the Legisla-
200. Assent to Bills. 224A. Appointment of retired judges 240. Power of President to make public accounts of India and to the public accounts.
tures of States.
201. Bill reserved for consider- at sitting of high courts. regulations for certain Union of the States. 284. Custody of suitors deposits
252. Power of Parliament to leg-
ation. 225. Jurisdiction of existing High Territories. 267. Contingency Fund. and other moneys received
islate for two or more states
Procedure in Financial Matters Courts. Distribution of Revenues Between by publ ic servants and
241. High Courts for Union Ter- by consent and adoption of
202. Annual financial statement. 226. Power of High Court to is- The Union and The States courts.
ritories. such legislation by any other
203. Procedure in Legislature sues certain writs. 268. Duties levied by the Union 285. Exemption of property of the
242. (Repealed) State.
with respect to estimates. 226A. (Repealed) but collected and appropri- Union from State taxation.
PART IX : THE PANCHAYATS 253. Legislation for giving effect
204. Appropriation Bills. 227. Power of superintendence ated by the States. 286. Restrictions as to imposition
over all courts by the High Art 243-243 0. to international agreements.
205. Supplementary, additional or 254. Inconsistency between laws 268 A. Service tax levied by Union of tax on the sale or pur-
excess grants. Court. PART IX A : THE MUNICIPALITIES chase of goods.
made by Parliament and but collected and appropri-
206. Votes on account, votes of 228. Transfer of certain cases to Article 243 P - 243 ZG laws made by the Legisla- ated by the Union and the 287. Exemption from taxes on
credit and exceptional grants. High Court.
PART IX B : CO-OPERATIVE tures of States. states. electricity.
207. Special provisions as to fi- 228A. (Omitted) SOCIETIES 255. Requirements as to recom- 269. Taxes levied and collected 288. Exemption from taxation by
nancial Bills. 229. Officers and servants and
the expenses of High Courts. Article 243ZH -243ZT. mendations and previous by the Union but assigned States in respect of water or
Procedure Generally PART X : THE SCHEDULED AND sanctions to be regarded as to the States electricity in certain cases.
230. Extension of jurisdiction of
208. Rules of procedure. TRIBAL AREAS matters of procedure only. 270. Taxes levied and collected 289. Exemption of property and
High Courts to Union terri-
209. Regulation by law of proce- tories. 244. Administration of Scheduled Chapter II-Administrative Rela- by the Union and distrib- i ncome of a State from
dure in Legislature of the Areas and Tribal Areas tions (General) uted between the Union and Union taxation.
231. Establishment of a common
State in relation to financial the States. 290. Adjustment in respect of
High Court for two or more 244A. Formation of an autonomous 256. Obligation of States and the
business. certain expenses and pen-
States. State comprising certain Union. 271. Surcharge on certain duties
210. Language to be used in the sions.
Chapter VI-Subordinate Courts tribal areas in Assam and 257. Control of the Union over and taxes for purposes of the
Legislature.
233. Appointment of district creation of local Legislature States in certain cases. Union. 290A. Annual payment to certain
211. Restriction on discussion in
judges. or Council of Ministers or 257A. Assistance to States by de- 272. Taxes which are levied and Devaswom Funds.
the Legislature.
212. Courts not to inquire into pro- 233A. Validation of appointments of both therefor. ployment of armed forces or collected by the Union and 291. (Repealed)
ceedings of the Legislature. and judgments etc, delivered PART–XI : RELATIONS BE- other forces of the Union may be distributed between Chapter II-Borrowing
CHAPTER IV-LEGISLATIVE by, certain district judges. TWEEN THE UNION AND THE (Repealed). the Union and the States. 292. Borrowing by the Govern-
POWERS OF THE GOVERNOR 234. Recruitment of persons STATES 258. Power of the Union to con- 273. Grants in lieu of exports ment of India.
other than district judges to Chapter I-Legislative Relations fer powers, etc., on States duty on jute and jute prod- 293. Borrowing by States.
213. Power of Governor to pro-
the judicial service. Distribution of Legislative Powers in certain cases. ucts.
mulgate Ordinances during
235. Control over subordinate 258A. Power of the States to en- 274. Prior recommendation of Chapter III-Property, Contracts,
recess of Legislature. 245. Extent of laws made by Par-
courts. trust functions to the Union. President required to Bills Rights, Liabilities
CHAPTER V-THE HIGH COURTS 236. Interpretation liament and by the Legisla-
IN THE STATES tures of States. 259. (Repealed) affecting taxation in which Obligation and Suits
237. Application of the provisions 294. Succession to property, as-
214. High Courts of States. of the Chapter to certain 246. Subject-matter of laws made 260. Jurisdiction of the Union in States are interested.
215. High Courts to be courts of by Parliament and by the relation to territories outside 275. Grants from the Union to sets, rights, liabilities and
class or classes of magis-
record. Legislatures of States. India. certain States. obligations in certain cases.
trates.

OLE - 279 OLE - 280 OLE - 281

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

295. Succession to property, as- 312. All-India Services. 327. Power of Parliament to make 340. Appointment of a Commis- 355. Duty of the Union to protect PART–XXI : TEMPORARY,
INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

sets, rights, liabilities and 312A. Power of Parliament to vary provision with respect to sion to investigate the con- States against external ag- TRANSITIONAL AND
obligations in other cases. or revoke conditions of ser- elections to Legislatures. ditions of backward classes. gression and internal distur- SPECIAL PROVISIONS
296. Property accruing by es- vice of officers of certain 328. Power of Legislature of a 341. Scheduled Castes. bance. 369. Temporary power to Parlia-
cheat or lapse or as bona services. State to make provision with 342. Scheduled Tribes. 356. Provisions on case of failure ment to make laws with re-
vacantia. 313. Transitional provisions. respect to elections to such of constitutional machinery spect to certain matters in
PART–XVII : OFFICIAL LANGUAGE
297. Things of value within terri- 314. (Repealed) Legislatures. in States. the State List as if they were
Chapter I-Language of the Union matters in the Concurrent
torial waters of continental 329. Bar to interference by courts 357. Exercise of legislative pow-
shelf and resources of the Chapter II-Public Service Commis- 343. Official language of the Union. List
sion in electoral matter. ers under Proclamation is-
exclusive economic zone to 344. Commission and Committee sued under article 356. 370. Temporary provisions with
315. Public Service Commission 329A. Special provisions as to elec- of Parliament of Official lan-
vest in the Union. 358. Suspension of provisions of respect to the State of
for the Union and for the tions to Parliament in the guage.
298. Power to carry on trade, etc. article 19 during emergen- Jammu and Kashmir.
States. case of Prime Minister and
299. Contracts Chapter II-Regional Languages cies. 371. Special provisions with re-
316. Appointment and term of Speaker (Repealed).
300. Suits and Proceedings. 345. Official languages or lan- 359. Suspension of the enforce- spect to the State of
office of members. PART–XVI : SPECIAL PROVISIONS guages of a State. Maharashtra and Gujarat
Chapter IV-Right to Property RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES ment of the rights conferred
317. Removal and suspensions of 346. Official language for commu- by Part III during emergen- 371A. Special provision with re-
300A. Person not to be deprived a member of a Public Ser- 330. Reservation of seats for spect to the State of
nication between one State cies.
of Property save by author- vice Commission Scheduled Castes and Nagaland
and another or between a 359A. Application of this Part to the
ity of law. 318. Power to make regulations Scheduled Tribes in the 371B. Special provision with re-
State and the Union. State of Punjab (Repealed).
PART XIII : TRADE, COMMERCE, as to conditions of service House of the People. spect to the State of Assam
AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN THE 347. Special provision relating to 360. Provisions as to financial
of members and staff of the 331. Representation of the Anglo- language spoken by a sec- 371C. Special provision with re-
TERRITORY OF INDIA emergency.
Commission. Indian community in the tion of the population of a spect to the State of Manipur
301. Freedom of trade, com- PART–XIX : MISCELLANEOUS 371D. Special provision with re-
319. Prohibition as to the holding House of the People. State.
merce and intercourse. 361. Protection of President and spect to the State of Andhra
of offices by members of 332. Reservation of seats for Chapter III-Language of the
302. Power of Parliament to im- Governors and Rajpram- Pradesh
Commission on ceasing to be Scheduled Castes and Supreme Court, High Courts, Etc.
pose restrictions on trade, ukhs. 371E. Establishment of Central
such members. Scheduled Tribes in the Leg- 348. Language to be used in the
commerce and intercourse. 361A. Protection of publication of Uni versi ty i n Andhra
320. Functions of Public Service islative Assemblies of the Supreme Court and in the
303. Restrictions on legislative proceedings of Parliament Pradesh
Commissions. States.
powers of the Union and of High Courts and for Acts, and State Legislatures. 371F. Special provisions with re-
the States with regard to 321. Power to extend functions of 333. Representation of the Anglo- Bills, etc.
Indian community in the Leg- 361B. Disqualification for appoint- spect to the State of Sikkim
trade and commerce. Public Service Commissions. 349. Special procedure for enact-
islative Assemblies of the ment on remunerative politi- 371G. Special provisions with re-
304. Restrictions on trade, com- 322. Expenses of Public Service ment of certain laws relat- cal post.
States. spect to the State of Mizoram
merce and intercourse Commissions. ing to language.
334. Reservation of seats and 362. (Repealed) 371H. Special provision with re-
among States. 323. Reports of Public Service Chapter IV-Special Directives spect to the State of
special representation to 363. Bar to interference by courts
305. Saving of existing laws and Commissions. 350. Language to be used in rep- Arunachal Pradesh
cease after fifty years. in disputes arising out of
providing for States monopo- PART–XIV A : TRIBUNALS resentations for redress of 371I. Special provision with re-
certain treaties, agree-
lies. 323A. Administrative tribunals 335. Claims of Scheduled Castes
grievances. ments, etc. spect to the State of Goa
306. (Repealed) 323B. Tribunals for other matters and Scheduled Tribes to ser-
350A. Facilities for instructions in 363A. Recognition granted to Rul- 371J. Special provision with re-
307. Appointment of authority for vices and posts.
PART–XV : ELECTIONS mother-tongue at primary ers of Indian States to cre- spect to the state of
carrying out the purposes of 336. Special provision for Anglo- Karnataka.
324. Superintendence, direction stage. ate and privy purses to be
articles 301 to 304. Indian community in certain 372. Continuance in force of ex-
and control of elections to 350B. Special officer for linguistic abolished.
PART XIV : SERVICES UNDER services. isting laws and their adap-
be vested in an Election minorties. 364. Special provisions as to ma-
THE UNION AND THE STATES 337. Special provision with re- tation
Commission. 351. Directive for development of jor ports and aerodromes.
Chapter I-Services spect to educational grants 372A. Power of the President to
325. No person to be ineligible for the Hindi language. 365. Effect of failure to comply
308. Interpretation for the benefit of Anglo-In- adapt laws
inclusion in, or to claim to PART XVIII : EMERGENCY with, or to give effect to, di-
309. Recruitment and conditions dian community. 373. Powers of President to make
be included in a special elec- PROVISIONS rections given by the Union.
of service of persons serv- 338. Special officer for Scheduled order in respect of persons
ing the Union or a State. toral roll on grounds of reli- 352. Proclamation of Emergency. 366. Definitions
Castes, Scheduled Tribes, etc. under preventive detention
gion, race, caste or sex. 367. Interpretation
310. Tenure of office of persons 338A. National Commission for 353. Effect of proclamation of in certain cases
serving the Union or a State. 326. Elections to the House of the Emergency. PART–XX : AMENDMENT OF THE
scheduled tribes. 374. Provisions as to judges of the
311. Dismissal, removal or reduc- People and to the Legislative CONSTITUTION
339. Control of the Union over the 354. Application of provisions re- Federal Court and proceed-
tion in rank of persons em- Assemblies for States to be 368. Power of Parl i ament to
administration of Scheduled lating to distributions of rev- ings pending in the Federal
ployed in civil capacities on the basis of adult suf- amend the Constitution and Court or before His Majesty
Areas and the welfare of enue while a Proclamation of
under the Union or a State. frage procedure therefore in Council
Scheduled Tribes. Emergency is in operation.

OLE - 282 OLE - 283 OLE - 284

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

375. Court, authorities and offic- Fourth Schedule 2A. Deployment of any armed force 30. Carri age of passengers and 54. Regulation of mines and mineral 72. Elections to Parliament, the leg-

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

ers to continue to function Allocation of seats in the Council of the Union in any state in aid goods by railway, sea, air or na- development in the public inter- islatures of states and the of-
subject to the provisions of of States of the civil power tional waterways est fices of President and Vice-Presi-
the Constitution Fifth Schedule 3. Cantonment areas and local self- 31. Posts and telegraph; telephones, 55. Regulation of labour and safety dent; the Election Commission
376. Provisions to Judges of High Provisions as to the Administra- government in such areas wireless, broadcasting and other in mines and oil fields 73. Salaries and allowances of mem-
Courts tion and Control of Scheduled Areas 4. Naval, military and air force like forms of communication 56. Regulation and development of bers and presideing officers of
377. Provisions as to Comptrol- and Scheduled Tribes works 32. Property of the Union inter-state rivers and river val- Parliament
ler and Auditor-General of Part A. General 5. Arms, firearms, ammunition, 33. (Omitted) leys 74. Powers, privileges and immuni-
India Part B. Administration and con- 34. Courts of wards for the estates 57. Fishing and fisheries beyond ter- ties of each House of Parliament
and explosives
378. Provisions as to Public Ser- trol of Scheduled Areas and Sched- of rulers of Indian states ritorial waters and of the members and the
6. Atomic energy and mineral re-
vice Commissions uled Tribes 35. Public debt of the Union 58. Manufacture, supply and distri- committees of each House
sources necessary for its pro-
378A. Special provisions as to du- 36. Currency, coinage and legal ten- bution of salt by Union and 75. Emoluments and service condi-
Part C. Scheduled Areas duction
ration of Andhra Pradesh der; foreign exchange other agencies tions of the president, gover-
Part D. Amendment of the 7. Defence industries nors, the ministers for the Union
Legislative Assembly Schedule 37. Foreign loans 59. Cultivation and manufacture of
8. Central Bureau of Intelligence and the Comptroller and Audi-
379-391. (Repealed) Sixth Schedule 38. Reserve Bank of India opium and its export
and investigation tor General
392. Power of the President to Provisions as to the Administra- 39. Post office savings bank 60. Sanctioning of cinematograph
9. Preventive detention for reasons 76. Audit of the accounts of the
remove difficulties tion of Tribal Areas in the State of 40. Lotteries organised by the Union films for exhibition
connected with defence, foreign Union and of the states
PART–XXII : SHORT TITLE, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and or state 61. Industrial disputes concerning
affairs, or the security of India 77. Organisation, jurisdiction and
COMMENCEMENT, Mizoram. 41. Trade and commerce with for- Union employees
AUTHORITATIVE TEXT IN HINDI 10. Foreign affairs powers of the Supreme Court
Seventh Schedule eign countries 62. National Library, the Indian Mu-
AND REPEALS 11. Diplomatic, consular and trade 78. Organisation, jurisdiction and
Division of powers between the 42. Inter-state trade and commerce seum, the Imperial War Mu-
representation powers of the Supreme Court
393. Short title 43. Trading corporations, including seum, the Victoria Memorial and
Union and the states in terms of lists. 12. United Nations Organisation 79. Extension of the jurisdiction of a
394. Commencement banking, insurance and financial the Indian War Memorial, and
List I. Union List 13. International conferences, asso- high court to any union territory
394A. Authoritative Text in the corporations but not including any other like institution of na-
List II. State List ciations and other bodies 80. Extension of the powers and ju-
Hindi language co-opeative societies tional importance
List III. Concurrent List 14. Treaties, agreements and con- risdiction of members of a po-
395. Repeals 44. Corporations, whether trading or 63. Benaras Hindu Unversity, the lice force belonging to any state
Eighth Schedule ventions with foreign countries Aligarh Muslim University and
SCHEDULES OF THE CONSTITUTION not, with objects not confined to to any area outside that state
Languages recognized by the 15. War and peace one state the Delhi University; any other
First Schedule Constitution. Originally, it had 14 lan- 81. Inter-state migration; inter-state
16. Foreign jurisdiction 45. Banking institution of national importance
guages but presently there are 22 quarantine
I. The States 17. Citizenship, naturalisation and 46. Bi lls of exchange, cheques, 64. Scientific or technical education
languages. 82. Taxes on income other than ag-
II. The Union territories aliens promissory notes and other like institutions of national impor-
Ninth Schedule ricultural income
Second Schedule 18. Extradition instruments tance
Validation of certain Acts and 83. Duties of customs including ex-
Part A. Provision as to the Presi- 19. Passports and visas 47. Insurance 65. Union agencies and institutions port duties
dent and the Governors of States Regulations. for training, research or detec-
20. Pilgrimages to places outside 48. Stock exchange and futures 84. Duties of excise on tobacco and
Part B. (Repealed) Tenth Schedule India markets tion of crime other goods except alcoholic li-
Part C. Provisions as to the Provisions as to disqualification 49. Patents, inventions and designs; 66. Standards in institutions for
21. Piracies and crimes committed quors for human consumption
Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of on ground of defection copyright; trade-marks and mer- higher education or research
on the high seas or in the air and opium, Indian hamp and
the House of the People and the Eleventh Schedule and offences against the law of chandise marks and scientific and technical in- other narcotic drugs and narcot-
Chairman and the Deputy Chairman nations. 50. Establishment of standards of stitutions ics, but including medicinal and
of the Council of States and the Powers, authority, responsibili-
22. Railway weight and measure 67. Ancient and historical monu- toilet preparation containing al-
Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of ties of Panchayats.
23. National highways 51. Establishment of standards of ments and records, and ar - cohol
the Legislative Assembly and the Twelfth Schedule quality for goods to be exported chaeological sites and remains of 85. Corporation tax
24. Shipping and navigation on na-
Chairman and the Deputy Chairman out of India or transported from national importance 86. Taxes on the capital value of the
Powers, authority, responsibili- tional waterways
of the Legislative Council of a State. one state to another. 68. The Survey of India, the Geologi- assets (exclusive of agricultural
ties of Municipalities. 25. Maritime shipping and navigtation
Part D. Provisions as to the 52. Industries, the control of which cal, Botanical, Zoological and An- land) of individuals and compa-
Judges of the Supreme Court and of Subjects of Union, State and Con- 26. Lighthouses for the safety of thropological Surveys of India;
by the Union is in the public in- nies; taxes on the capital of com-
the High Courts. current Lists shipping and aircraft. Meteorological organisations panies
terest
Part E. Provisions as to the 27. Major ports 53. Oil fields and mineral oil re- 69. Census 87. Estate duty in respect of prop-
Union List (List-I)
Comptroller and Auditor-General of 28. Port quarantine, seaman and sources; petroleum and petro- 70. Union Public Services; All-India erty other than agricultural land
1. Defence of India.
India marine hospitals leum products; other liquids and Services; Union Public service 88. Duties in respect of succession
2. Naval, military and air forces;
Third Schedule 29. Airways : aircraft and air navi- substances which are inflam- Commission to property other than agricul-
any other armed forces of the
Forms of Oaths or Affirmations gation; provision of aerodromes mable 71. Union pensions tural land
Union

OLE - 285 OLE - 286 OLE - 287

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

89. Terminal taxes on goods or pas- 5. Local government 32. Corporation, other than those in the newspapers and adver- 8. Actionable wrongs 28. Charitable institutions, religious
INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

sengers, carried by railway, sea 6. Public health and sanitation specified in List I, and univer- tisements broadcast by radio or 9. Bankruptey and insolvency endowments and religious in-
or air; taxes on railway fares 7. Pilgrimages, other than pilgrim- sities; unincorporated trading, television 10. Trust and Trustees stitutions.
and freights ages to place outside India literacy, scientific, religious and 56. Taxes on goods and passengers 11. Administrators-general and of- 29. Infectious or contagious
90. Taxes other than stamp duties other societies and associations; carried by road or on inland wa- ficial trustees deseases or pests affeeting
8. Intoxicating liquors
on transactions in stock ex- co-operative societies terways 11A. Administration of justice, con- men, animals or plants.
changes and futures markets 9. Relief of the disabled and unem- 33. Theaters and dramatic perfor- 30. Vital statistics including regis-
57. Taxes on vehicles stitution and organisation of all
91. Rates of stamp duty in respect ployable mances; cinemas; sports enter- tration of births and deaths.
58. Taxes on animals and boats courts, except the Supreme
of bills of exchange, cheques, 10. Burials and burial grounds tainments and amusements. 59. Tolls Court and the high courts. 31. Ports other than major ports.
promissory notes, bills of lading, 11. (Omitted) 34. Betting and gambling 60. Taxes on professions, trades, 12. Evidence and oaths; recogni- 32. Shipping and navigation on in-
letters of credit, policies of in- 12. Libraries, museums and other 35. Works, lands and buildings of callings and employments tion of laws, public acts and land waterways.
surance, transfer of shares, de- similar institutions; ancient and the state 61. Capitation taxes records, and judicial proceed- 33. Trade and commerce in, and
bentures, proxies and receipts historical monuments and 36. (Omitted) 62. Taxes on luxuries, including ings. the production, supply and dis-
92. Taxes on the sale or purchase records other than those of na- 37. Elections to the legislature of the 13. Civil procedure, including all tribution of, foodstuffs, includ-
taxes on entertainments, amuse-
of newspapers and on advertise- tional importance state matters included in the Code of ing edible oilseeds and oils;
ments, betting and gambling
ments published therein 38. Salaries and allowances of mem- Civil Procedure. cattle fodder; raw cotton, and
13. Communications, that is, roads, 63. Rates of stamp duty in respect cotton seeds; and raw jute.
92A. Taxes on the sale or purchase bridges, ferries and other means bers and presiding officers of of documents other than those 14. Contempt of court, but not in-
of goods other than newspapers, the legislature of the state 33A. Weights and measures except
of communication not specified specified in List I cluding contempt of the Su-
where such sale or purchase of establishment of standards.
in List I 39. Powers, privileges and immuni- 64. Offence against laws with re- preme Court.
goods other than newspapers, ties of the legislature of the state 34. Price control
14. Agriculture, including agricul- spect to any of the matters in 15. Vagrancy; nomadic and migra-
where such sale or purchase and of the members and the 35. Mechanically propelled vehicles
tural education and research this list tory tribes.
takes place in the course of in- committees thereof including the principles on
65. Jurisdiction and powers of all 16. Lunacy and mental deficiency. which taxes on such vehicles
ter-state trade or commerce 15. Preservation of stock and pre- 40. Salaries and allowances of min- courts, except the Supreme 17. Prevention of cruelty to animals are to be levied.
92B. Taxes on the consignment of vention of animal diseases isters for the state Court, with respect to any of the 17A. Forests 36. Factories
goods in the course of inter- 16. Pounds and the prevention of 41. States public services; State Pub- maters in this list. 17B. Protection of wild animals and 37. Boilers
state trade or commerce cattle trespass lic Service Commission 66. Fees in respect of any matters birds 38. Electricity
92.C. Taxes on services 17. Water, that is, water supplies, 42. State pensions in this list, but not including 18. Adulteration of foodstuffs and 39. Newspapers, books and print-
93 Offence against laws with re- irrigation and canals, drainange 43. Public debt of the state fees taken in any court. other goods.
spect to any of the matters in ing presses
and embankments, water stor- 44. Treasure trove 19. Drugs and poisons.
this list CONCURRENT LIST (LIST-III) 40. Archaeological sites and re-
age and water power 45. Land revenue, including mainte- 20. Economic and social planning.
94. Inquiries, surveys and statistics 1. Criminal Law, including all mat- mains other than those of na-
18. Land, that is, right in or over nance of land records 20A. Population control and family tional importance.
for the purpose of any of the ters included in the Indian Pe-
land, land tenures and the col- 46. Taxes on agricultural income planning. 41. Evacuee property (including
matters in this list nal Code.
lection of rents 47. Duties in respect of succession 21. Commercial and industrial mo- agricultural land)
95. Jursidiction and powers of all 2. Criminal procedure, including
19. (Omitted) to agricultural land nopolies, combines and trusts. 42. Acquisition and requisitioning of
courts (except the Supreme all matters included in the Code
20. (Omitted) 48. Estate duty in respect of agri- of Criminal Procedure. 22. Trade unions; industrial and property.
Court) with respect to any of the
21. Fisheries cultural land labour disputes. 43. Recovery in a state of claims in
maters in this list; admirality ju- 3. Preventive detention for rea-
risdiction 49. Taxes on lands and buildings sons connected with the secu- 23. Social security and social in- respect of taxes and other pub-
22. Courts of wards
96. Fees in respect of any of the 50. Taxes on mineral rights rity of a state, the maintenance surance; employment and un- lic demands.
23. Regulation of mines and mineral
matters in this list, but not in- 51. Duties of excise on alcoholic li- of public order, or the mainte- employment. 44. Stamp duties other than duties
development
cluding fees taken in any court quors for human consumption; nance of supplies and services 24. Welfare of labour including or fees collected by means of
24. Industries opium, Indian hemp and other conditions of work, provident judicial stamps, but not includ-
97. Any other matter not enumer- essential to the community.
25. Gas and gas-works narcotic drugs and narcotics, but funds, employers’ liability, ing rates of stamp duty.
ated in List II or List III includ- 4. Removal from one state to an-
26. Trade and commerce within the not including medicinal and toi- other state of prisoners and ac- workmen’s compensation, in- 45. Inquiries and statisties for the
ing any tax not mentioned in ei-
state let preparations containing alco- cused persons. validity and old age pensions purposes of any of the matters
ther of those lists
27. Production, supply and distribu- hol 5. Marriage and divorce; infants and maternity benefits. specified in List II or List III.
STATE LIST (LIST-II) 52. Taxes on the entry of goods into 46. Jurisdiction and powers of all
tion of goods and minors; adoption; wills, in- 25. Education, including technical
1. Public order a local areas education, medical education courts, except the Supreme
28. Markets and fairs testacy and succession; joint
2. Police 53. Taxes on the consumption or and universities. Court, with respect to any of
29. (Omitted) family and partition.
3. Officers and servants of the high sale of electricity 26. Legal, medical and other pro- the matters in this list.
30. Money-lending and money-lend- 6. Transfer of property other than
court 54. Taxes on the sale or purchase fessions. 47. Fees in respect of any of the
ers; relief of agricultural indebt- agricultural land; registration of
4. Prisons, reformatories, borstal of goods other than newspapers 27. Relief and rehabilitation of per- matters in this list, but not in-
edness deeds and documents.
institutions and other such in- 55. Taxes on advertisements other sons. cludi ng fees taken i n any
31. Inns and inn-keepers 7. Contracts court.
stitutions than advertisements published
OLE - 288 OLE - 289 OLE - 290
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

RECOGNISED STATE PARTIES AND THEIR SYMBOLS (2013)

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

States and Union Territories (Capital, Area, Language) Daman and Diu Daman 111 Gujarati
States/Union Capital Area in Language Delhi Delhi 1483 Hindi, Punjabi and Sl. Name of the State/ Name of the State Symbol
Urdu
Territories (Sq. Km.) No. Union Territory Party (Abbreviations) Reserved
Lakshadweep Kavaratti 30 Malayalam
Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad 1,60,205 Telugu Puducherry Puducherry 490 Tamil, Telugu, 1. Andhra Pradesh 1. Telangana Rashtra Car
(Seemandhra) New (Amaravati) Malayalam, English
Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar 83,743 Nyishi, Dafla, Miji, and French Samithi (TRS)
Wancho etc. POLITICAL PARTIES 2. Telugu Desam (TDP) Bicycle
Assam Dispur 78,438 Assamese
Bihar Patna 94,163 Hindi, Maithili These are voluntary associations Condition for Recognition as a
2. Arunachal Pradesh 1. All India Trinamool Flowers and
Chhattisgarh Raipur 1,35,192 Hindi or organised group of individuals State Party – Congress (AITC) Grass
Goa Panji 3,702 Marathi and who share the same political views 1. If it secures six percent of 2. People’s Party of Maize
Konkani and who try to gain politcal power the valid votes polled in the state at
Gujarat Gandhinagar 1,96,024 Gujarati Arunachal (PPA)
through constitutional means and a general election to the legislative
Haryana Chandigarh 44,212 Hindi who desire to work for promoting na- 3. Assam 1. All India United Lock and Key
assembly of the state concerned;
Himachal Pradesh Shimla 55,673 Hindi and Pahari
tional interest. and, in addition, it wins 2 seats in Democratic Front
Jammu & Kashmir Srinagar 2,22,236 Kashmiri, Urdu,
Condition for Recognition as Na- the assembly of the state concerned, (AUDF)
(Summer)
Jammu (Winter) Dogri tional Party – or
1. If it secures six percent of 2. If it secures six percent of
2. Asom Gana Parishad Elephant
Jharkhand Ranchi 79,716 Hindi, Santhali
Karnataka Bangalore 1,91,791 Kannada valid votes polled in any four or more the valid votes polled in the state at (AGP)
Kerala Thiruvanan- 38,852 Malayalam states at a general election to the Lok a general election to the Lok Sabha 3. Bodoland People’s Nangol
thapuram Sabha or to the legislative assembly; from the state concerned; and in ad-
Front (BPF)
Madhya Pradesh Bhopal 3,08,252 Hindi and in addition, it wins four seats in dition, it wins 1 seat in the Lok
Maharashtra Mumbai 3,07,713 Marathi the Lok Sabha from any state or Sabha from the state concerned; or 4. Bihar 1. Janata Dal (United) Arrow
Manipur Imphal 22,327 Manipuri states; or 3. If it wins three percent of (JDU)
Meghalaya Shillong 22,429 Khasi, Garo and 2. If it wins two percent of seats in the legislative assembly at 2. Lok Jan Shakti Party Bungalow
English seats in the Lok Sabha at a general a general election to the legislative
Mizoram Aizawl 21,081 Mizo and English election; and these candidates are assembly of the state concerned or (LJSP)
Nagaland Kohima 16,579 Sema, English elected from three states. or 3 seats in the assembly whichever 3. Rashtriya Janata Dal Hurricane Lamp
Odisha Bhubaneswar 1,55,707 Oriya 3. If it is recognised as a state is more. (RJD)
Punjab Chandigarh 50,362 Punjabi
party in four states.
Rajasthan Jaipur 3,42,239 Hindi and 5. Goa 1. Maharashtrawadi Lion
Rajasthani RECOGNISED NATIONAL PARTIES AND THEIR SYMBOLS Gomantak (MAG)
Sikkim Gangtok 7,096 Bhutia, Nepali,
Lepcha and Limbu Sl. Name of the Party Symbol Reserved 6. Haryana 1. Haryana Tractor
Tamil Nadu Chennai 1,30,058 Tamil No. (Abbrevivation) Janhit Congress
Telangana Hyderabad 1,14,840 Telugu, Urdu
Tripura Agartala 10,486 Bengali, Kakboark, 1. Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) Elephant* (HJC (BL))
Manipuri 2. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Lotus 2. Indian National Lok Spectacles
Uttar Pradesh Lucknow 2,40,928 Hindi and Urdu 3. Communist Party of India (CPI) Ears of Corn and Sickle Dal (INLD)
Uttarakhand Dehradun 55,483 Hindi 4. Communist Party of India Hammer, Sickle and Star
West Bengal Kolkata 88,752 Bengali 7. Jammu & Kashmir 1. Jammu & Kashmir Plough
(Marxist) (CPM)
Andaman & Port Blair 8,249 Bengali, Hindi, National Conference
Nicobar Island Nicobarese, Tamil, 5. Indian National Congress (INC) Hand
Telugu, and 6. National Congress Party (NCP) Clock (JKNC)
Malayalam 7. All India Trinamool Congress (AITC) Jora Ghas Phul 2. Jammu & Kashmir Bicycle
Chandigarh Chandigarh 114 Hindi, Punjabi * In all Sates/ U.T.s. except in Assam, where its candidates will National Panthers
Dadara and Nagar Silvassa 491 Gujarati and Hindi
have to choose a symbol out of the list of free symbols specified Party (JKNPP)
Haveli
by the Election Commission.

OLE - 291 OLE - 292 OLE - 293

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

TABLE OF PRECEDENCE
INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

8. Jharkhand 1. All Jharkhand Banana 17. Puducherry 1. All India Anna Two Leaves
Students Union Dravida Munnetra 1. President 12. Chiefs of Staff holding the rank
(AJSU) Kazhagam (ADMK) 2. Vice President of full General or equivalent
2. Jharkhand Mukti Bow and Arrow Or (AIADMK) 3. Prime Minister rank
Morcha (JMM) 2. All India N.R. Jug 13. Envoys extraordinary and min-
4. Governor of States within their
3. Jharkhand Vikas Comb Congress isters plenipotentiary accredited
respective states
Morcha (JVM(P)) 3. Dravida Munetra Rising Sun to India.
5. Former Presidents
4. Rashtriya Janata Dal Hurricane Lamp Kazhagam (DMK) 14. Chairman and Speaker of state
(RJD) 5a. Deputy Prime Minister
4. Pattali Makkal Katchi Mango legislatures within their respec-
9. Karnataka 1. Janata Dal (Secular ) A Lady Farmer (PMK) 6. Chief Justice of India, Speaker tive states; Chief Justice of high
JD(S) carrying Pady 18. Punjab 1. Shiromani Akali Dal Scales of Lok Sabha courts within their respective
on her head (SAD) 7. Cabinet Ministers of the Union; jurisdiction.
10. Kerala 1. Janata Dal (Secular ) A Lady Farmer 19. Sikkim 1. Sikkim Democratic Umbrella Chief Ministers of States within 15. Cabinet Ministers in states
JD(S) carrying Pady Front their respective states; Dy. within their respective states;
on her head Chairman, Planning Commis- CMs of UTs within their re-
2. Kerala Congress (M) Two Leaves FORMATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES (CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER) sion; Former Prime Minister; spective UTs; Deputy Ministers
(KEC(M)) Leaders of opposition in Rajya of the Union.
S.N. Name of the Party (Abbreviation) Year of Sabha and Lok Sabha.
3. Indian Union Muslim Ladder 16. Officiating chiefs of staff hold-
Formation
League (IUML) 7a. Holders of Bharat Ratna deco- ing their rank of Lt. General or
1. Indian National Congress (INC) 1885 ration. equivalent rank.
11. Maharashtra 1. Maharashtra Railway Engine
2. Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) 1920 17. Chairman, CAT; Chairman, Mi-
Navnirman Sena 8. Ambassadors extraordinary and
3. Communist Party of India (CPI) 1925 norities Commission; Chair-
(MNS) plenipotentiary and High Com-
4. Jammu & Kashmir National Conference (JKNC) 1939 man, SC and ST Commission;
2. Shiv Sena (SHS) Bow and Arrow missioners of Commonwealth
5. All India Forward Bloc (AIFB) 1939 Chairman, UPSC; Chief Jus-
12. Manipur 1. All India Trinamool Flower and Grass countries accredited to India.
6. Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP) 1940 tices of high courts outside
Congress (AITC) Chief Ministers of states out-
7. Indian Union Muslim League (IUML) 1948 their respective jurisdictions;
2. Manipur State Cultivator side their respective states;
8. Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) 1949 18. Cabinet ministers in states out-
Congress Party cutting Crop Governors of states outside
9. Mizo National Front (MNF) 1961 side their respective states;
3. Naga People’s Frong Cock their respective states.
10. Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party (MAG) 1963 Chairman and Speakers of
(NPF) 9. Judges of the Supreme Court
11. Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM) 1964 state legislatures outside their
4. People’s Democratic Crown 12. Shiv Sena (SHS) 1966 9a. Chief Election Commissioner; respective states; Chairman
Alliance 13. Mizoram People’s Conference (MPC) 1972 Comptroller and Auditor-General MR TP Commissi ons; Dy.
13. Meghalaya 1. United Democratic Drum 14. Jharkhan Mukti Morcha (JMM) 1972 of India. Chairman and Dy. Speakers of
Party (UDP) 15. All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 1972 10. Dy. Chairman, Rajya Sabha; state legislatures within their
2. Hill State People’s Lion (AIADMK) Dy. Chief Ministers of states; respective states;
Democratic Party 16. Kerala Congress (M) (KEC (M) 1979 Dy. Speaker Lok Sabha; Mem- 19. Chief Commissioners of UTs to
14. Mizoram 1. Mizo National Front Star 17. Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP) 1980 bers of Planning Commission; having councils of ministers,
(ZNP) 18. Telugu Desam Party (TDP) 1982 Ministers of State of the union within their respective UTs;
2. Mizoram People’s Electric Bulb 19. Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) 1984 and any other minister in the Dy. Ministers in states within
Conference (MPC) 20. Asom Gana Parishad (AGP) 1985 ministry of defence for defence their respective states; Dy.
3. Zoram Nationalist Sun (without 21. People’s Party of Arunachal (PPA) 1987 matters. Speakers of legislative assem-
Party (ZNP) rays) 22. Samajwadi Party (SP) 1992 11. Attorney-General of India; Cabi- blies in UTs, within their re-
15. Nagaland 1. Naga People’s Front Cock 23. Sikkim Democratic Front (SDF) 1993 net Secretary; Lt. Governors spective UTs
(NPF) 24. Rashtriya Lok Dal (RLD) 1996 within their respective Union 20. Dy. Chairman and Dy. Speak-
16. Odisha 1. Biju Janta Dal (BJD) Conch 25. All India Trinamool Congress (AITC) 1998 Territories. ers of state legislatures outside

OLE - 294 OLE - 295 OLE - 296

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

CONSTITUTIONAL OFFICES OF INDIA

INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

their respective states; Minis- Chairmans, Tariff Commission IMPORTANT OFFICES OF INDIA
ters of State in states outside Charge ‘d’ affairs and Acting Office Election Oath Resignation
Office Minimum Maximum Salary
their respective states; Puisne High Commissioners a pied and (Age) (Age) (Monthly) The President Electoral College-the Chief Justice Vice-President
judges of high courts outside ad interim elected members of both of the
their respective jurisdictions The President 35 years – Rs. 1,50,000 the Houses of Parliament Supreme Court
Chief ministers of UTs and
21. MPs and elected members
Chief Executive Councillor, The Vice President 35 years – Rs. 1,25,000 of Legislative Assemblies
22. Deputy Ministers in state out- Delhi. (Outside their respective (Chairman of Rajya Sabha) Vice-President Electoral college-All President President
side their respective state. Union Territories) members of the Lok
Lok Sabha Speaker 25 years – Rs. 1,25,000 Sabha and Rajya Sabha
23. Army commandar/Vice chief of Chief secretaries of State Prime Minister President appoints leader President President
Lok Sabha Deputy Speaker 25 years – –
the Army Staff or equivalent in Government outside their of the majority party
other services. Chief Justice of India – 65 years Rs. 1,00,000 Lok Sabha speaker Elected by the President Deputy Speaker
respective states.
Other Judges of the – 65 years Rs. 90,000 members of Lok Sabha of Lok Sabha
Chief secretaries to state gov- Deputy Comptroller and Deputy Speaker of elected by the members President Lok Sabha
ernments within their respec- Auditor General. Supreme Court Lok Sabha of Lok Sabha speaker
tive state. Chief Election President President President
Deputy Speaker of Legislative Members of Lok Sabha 25 years – Rs. 50,000 Commissioner
Commissioner for linguistic mi- Assemblies in Union Territories and other Attorney General President President President
norities. and Deputy Chairman. Members of Rajya Sabha 30 years – Rs. 50,000 Comptroller and President President President
Auditor General or (any person
Commissioner for Scheduled Delhi Metropolitan Council, and other (CAG) appointed by
Castes and Scheduled Tribes. outside their respective UTs. Attorney General – 65 years Rs. 90,000 the President)
(As decided Solicitor - President President President
Members, Minorities Commis- Director, CBI. General
sion by the Parlia- Chairman President President President
Director General, BSF.
ment) Public Service
Members, National Commission Director General, CRPF.
Comptroller and – 65 years Rs. 90,000 Commission
for Scheduled Tribes. Chairman, President President President
Director, IB
Officials of the rank of full Gen- Auditor General (As decided Planning
Lieutenant Governars (outside by the Parlia- Commission
eral or equivalent rank.
their respective UTs) ment) Members, Prime Minister – Prime-Minister
Secretaries to the governments Planning
Members, CAT Chairman U.P.S.C. – 65 years Rs. 90,000 Commission
of India (including officers hold-
Members, UPSC Governor, President President President
ing this office exofficio) Members, U.P.S.C. – 65 years Rs. 80,000 RBI
Minister of UTs and Executive Governor President Chief Justice President
Secretary, Minorities Commis- Governor 35 years – Rs. 1,10,000
Councillors Delhi outside their (High Court)
sion Chief Minister 25 years – Chief-Minister Governor (appoints leader Governor Governor
respective UTs,
Secretary, SCs/STs Commis- Members of Legislative 25 years – – of the majority Party)
Principal Staff Officers of the Chief Justice President (after Consulting Governor President
sion Assembly
Armed Forces of the rank of (High Court) the Chief Justice of Supr-
Secretary, to the President Members of Legislative 30 years – – eme Court and the Gover-
major General or equivalent
nor of the Concerned state
Secretary, to the Primminister rank. Council Other Judges President (after consulting Governor President
Secretary, Lok Sabha/Rajya Speakers of Legislative of High the Governor, and Chief
Advocate General – 62 years (As decided Court Justice of High Court
Sabha. Assemblies in UTs and by the Gov- Advocate Governor Governor Governor
Solicitor General chairman of Delhi, Metropolitan ernor) -General
Vice chairman, CAT Council, outsi de their Accountant- Governor Governor Governor
Members of State Public – 62 years General
24. Officers of the rank of lieuten- respecitve UTs. Chairman, Governor Governor Governor
Service Commission
ant General or equivalent rank. 26. Joint Secretaries to the State Public
Chief Justice of High – 62 years Rs. 90,000 Service
25. Additional secretaries to the Government of India and
Court Commission
Government of India. officers of equivalent rank Members, Governor Governor Governor
officers of the rank of Major Other Judges of High – 62 years Rs. 80,000 State Public
Additional Solicitor General
Service
Advocate General of States General or equivalent rank. Court Commission

OLE - 297 OLE - 298 OLE - 299

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

5 GEOGRAPHY Galaxy
INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

GEOGRAPHY
HIGH COURTS OF INDIA
Name Year Territorial establishment Seat � A galaxy is a vast collection of billion of stars, dust and hydrogen gas,
Jurisdication isolated in space from similar system.
Allahabad 1866 U.P. Allahabad,(Bench MEANING OF GEOGRAPHY � The two most important galaxies in the Universe are Milky Way Galaxy
at Lucknow) The word Geography is a combination of two Greek words, ‘geo’ and Andromeda Galaxy.
Andhra Pradesh 1954 Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad � Our own Sun and its family of planets belong to the Milky Way Galaxy.
(= earth) and ‘graphy’ (= writing about). Thus, in simple language Geography
Bombay 1862 Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra Bombay � Three basic shapes of galaxies are :
and Nagar Haveli and (Benches at can be defined as a study of the earth. However, this elementary definition
(i) Spiral Galaxy, (ii) Elliptical Galaxy, (iii) Regular Galaxy
Daman and Diu Nagpur, Panaji fails to provide a clear picture of the nature and scope of Geography. Geog-
� Milky Way galaxy is spiral type of galaxy.
and Aurangabad raphy as a subject not only deals with the features and patterns of the
Calcutta 1862 West Bengal Kolkata (Circuit surface of the earth, it also tries to scientifically explain the inter-relationship � Indian name of Milky Way galaxy is ‘Akash Ganga’.
Bench at between Man and nature. The scope of the subject matter of Geography is � Some of the brightest galaxies are elliptical galaxies.
Port Blair)
Chhattisgarh 2000 Bilaspur Bilaspur gradually widening and its methods and techniques are developing both in Constellations
Delhi 1966 Delhi Delhi precision and sophistication.
� The stars which appear in the form of closed groups and form recogniz-
Guwahati 1948 Assam, Guwahati (Bench The widening scope of Geography is very well-reflected in its diverse
able shapes are known as constellations.
Nagaland, Kohima, and branches and sub-branches. Geography has been divided into a variety of
Mizoram circuit Aizawl, � The Indian name for constellation is ‘Nakshatras’. About 80 constella-
branches to have more focused and specialised research in specific areas.
and Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar tions are known.
Gujarat 1960 Gujarat Ahmedabad Broadly, Geography has two distinct sub-fields-physical and human.
� Some of the important constellations are :
Himachal Pradesh 1971 Himachal Pradesh Shimla The physical or natural features are the creations of Nature and these are
Ursa Major : ‘Saptarishi’ Ursa Minor : ‘Laghu Saptarishi’
J&K 1957 J&K Srinagar and independent of human actions. These include mountains, rivers, flora and
Jammu fauna. Orion : ‘Mirga’ Scorpio : ‘Vrischika’
Jharkhand 2000 Jharkhand Ranchi The human or man-made features are those created by human actions Pleides : Kruttika Cassiopeia : ‘Sarmistha’
Karnataka 1884 Karnataka Bangalore
and which are essential for their survival and development. These are also Stars
Kerala 1956 Kerala and Lakshadweep Ernakulam
Madhya Pradesh 1956 Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur known as cultural features. � Stars are the heavenly bodies like the Sun that are extremely hot and
(Benches at THEORIES RELATED TO ORIGIN OF THE EARTH have light of their own.
Gawalior and
Indore) Hypothesis Propounder � Stars are made up of vast clouds of hydrogen gas, helium and dust.
Madras 1862 Tamil Nadu Chennai and � The star which lies immediately above the earth’s North Pole and around
Pondicherry Nebular Hypothesis — Laplace which all other stars seem to revolve is called Pole Star.
Odisha 1948 Odisha Cuttack Tidal Hypothesis — James Jeans Life of Stars : Stars pass through a definite evolutionary sequence. The
Patna 1916 Bihar Patna Supernova Hypothesis — F. Hoyle first step in the formation of a star from gases is the Protostar.
Punjab and Haryana 1966 Punjab, Haryana and
Chandigarh Chandigarh Gaseous Hypothesis — Immanuel Kant (a) A Protostar : It is formed by the gravitational contraction of gases
Rajasthan 1949 Rajasthan Jodhpur (Bench Planetesimal Hypothesis — Chamberlin present in the Galaxy. A Protostar is a highly condensed cloud of
at Jaipur) gases mainly hydrogen and helium.
Sikkim 1975 Sikkim Gangtok
Binary Star Hypothesis — H.N. Russell
(b) Red Giants : The continued Nuclear fusion upset the overall equilib-
Uttarakhand 2000 Uttarakhand Nainital rium of the star and to readjust it star’s outer region expands while
Manipur 2013 Manipur Imphal UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM
Meghalaya 2013 Meghalaya Shillong the core shrinks. Due to the large expansion of the outer shell, the
Tripura 2013 Tripura Agartala Universe star becomes very big, and its colour changes to red.
� The vast surrounding space is called Universe. It incorporates everything (c) Novae and Supernovae : A giant star phase may end in a Novae/
SPECIAL STATUS GRANTED TO STATES Supernovae stage. These are stars whose brightness increase sud-
that exists, the stars, planets, satellite as well as our earth and all the
State Year objects on it. denly by ten to twenty magnitudes or more due to a partial or out-
Assam 1969 right explosion in the star. When brightness increases to 20 magni-
� Light year and Parsec are the units of measuring distances in the Uni-
Nagaland 1969 tudes or more, it is called a Supernovae.
verse.
Jammu and Kashmir 1969 (d) White dwarfs : A Novae/Supernovae explosion in a small star like
Himachal Pradesh 1971 � One Light year is the distance travelled by light in one year. our Sun (stars lighter than 1.2 solar mass) may leave behind a very
Meghalaya 1972 1 Light Year = 9.46 × 1012 kilometers. dense core of that state. A star of this size cools and contracts to
Manipur 1972 � The nearest star to the earth ‘Alpha Centuari’ is about 4.3 light years become a White Dwarf.
Tripura 1972 away from the earth. (e) Neutron star : A supernovae explosion in a star bigger than the Sun
Sikkim 1975-1976
� Parsec is an astronomical unit of distance which is equal to 3.26 light
but not more than twice as big, may leave behind an extremely
Mizoram 1986-1987 dense, residual core of that star, reaching a density of 1014 grams/
years. 1 Parsec = 3.26 light years.
Arunachal Pradesh 1986-1987 cm3, known as Neutron Star.
Uttarakhand 2001 � The science dealing with the nature and origin of the Universe is known (f) Pulsar : A spinning neutron star emits radio waves and is called a
as Cosmology. Pulsar.
���

OLE - 300 OLE - 301 OLE - 302

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
(g) Black Holes : A black hole is an object with such a strong gravita- THE SOLAR SYSTEM � � Venus is the nearest planet to

GEOGRAPHY
� The earth’s Magnetosphere or We can see only 59% of its sur-
tional field that even light cannot escape from its surface. Black � The solar system consists of the Van Allen belts, as they were ear- face. the Earth.
holes are formed from neutron stars after the Supernoval explosions lier called, acts as a shield and � There is no atmosphere on the � The Earth revolves around the
Sun, the eight planets and their
of big stars. sun at a speed of 29.8 km/sec-
satellites and various other deflects the Solar winds. moon.
smaller heavenly bodies such as � ‘Sun spots’ are dark patches � The moon has no light of its own. ond.
asteroids, comets and meteors. notched on the surface of the It reflects sun light. Eclipse
The Sun Sun. They appear dark because � The reflected light by the moon � An eclipse is an astronomical
they are cooler i.e. they have a reaches on the Earth in 1.3 sec- event that occurs when an astro-
� The sun is a star. It is the star
around which the earth and other temperature of about 1500°C. onds. nomical object is temporarily ob-
planets revolve. � It has a low albedo. scured, either by passing into
Fig : Life of the Star The Moon
� It is the nearest star to the earth. � It reflects only 7% and the rest the shadow of another body or
Big Bang Theory It is at a distance of 150×10 6 � The Moon’s diameter is one- is absorbed by venus. by having another body pass be-
kilometres from the earth. fourth of Earth diameter. � Nei l Armstrong and Al dri n tween it and the viewer.
� The Big Bang Theory formed in 1972, according to this theory every
� Light travelling at a speed of � Circumference : 11000 km. ap- reached the moon on 21, July Solar Eclipse
thing in the universe emerged from a point known as singularity, 15
billion years ago. 300,000 km. per second, takes proximately. 1969. Through Apollo × 1. � As observed from the Earth, a so-
� This theory explains the origin of universe and every thing in it including about 8 minutes to reach us � Gravitational Pull in 1/6th of the � Landing spot is called ‘sea of lar eclipse occurs when the Moon
ourselves on the premise that the universe contained many million of from the Sun. Earth. tranquility’ passes in front of the Sun.
galaxies each one having thousand of millions of stars and each star � The next nearest star to earth is � Its orbit around the earth in el- � The black spot on the moon is � The type of solar eclipse event
having numerous planets around them. “Alpha Centuari”. liptical orbit. called 'sea of tranquility.' depends on the distance of the
� The galaxies moved apart from one another as the empty space between � The Sun is mainly composed of Moon from the Earth during the
� Distance between the Earth and The Earth
them expanded. hydrogen. The glowing surface of event.
the Moon is 3,82500 km.
� In the beginning the universe was much smaller as there was less space the Sun which we see is called � It is our planet. � A total solar eclipse occurs when
approx. (According to NASA)
between the galaxies. ‘Photosphere’. � As per order in distance from the Earth intersects the umbra
� Above the photospheres is the � The distance varies because it
� All the matter in the universe was created in one instant a fixed moment the sun. It is at third position. portion of the Moon’s shadow.
red cloud ‘Chromosphere’. Be- revolves around the Earth is an
in time. � It is at 5th position according to � When the umbra does not reach
yond the chromospheres is the elliptical orbit. the surface of the Earth, the Sun
� “As universe expanded for 15 billion years, the hot radiation in the origi- size.
‘Corona’, which is visible during � At Perigee the point at which the is only partially occulted, result-
nal fireball also expanded with it, and cooled as a result”. � It takes 365 days and 6 hrs. for
eclipses. moon is closest to the Earth, the ing in an annular eclipse.
Goldilocks Zone one rotation around the sun.
� The temperature of the photo- distance is approxi matel y � Partial solar eclipses occur when
� It is similiar to venus in shape
� It is an area of space in which a planet is just the right distance from its spheres is about 6000°C, that of 3,60000 km. the viewer is inside the penumbra.
and size.
home star so that its surface is neither too hot nor too cold. The condi- the chromosphere about 32400°C, � At Epogee the point at which the � When observed at points in
and that of the corona about � It is the only planet where life
tions in the Goldilocks zone are just right so that liquid water remains on moon is farthest to the earth, the space other than from the
the surface of the planet without freezing or evaporating out into space. 2,700,000°C. exists.
distance is approxi matel y Earth’s surface, the Sun can be
Terrestrial planet are more likely to lie in the Goldilocks zone. It is also � The core of the Sun has a tem- � It is also called ‘Blue Planet’.
4,05,000 km. ( Accordi ng to eclipsed by bodies other than the
called as habitable zone or life Zone. perature about 15 million de- � It is the densest of all Planet. Moon.
NASA).
grees C. � Perihelian is the nearest position � Two examples are when the crew
SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE OF INTERIORS � The Moon is 1/4th size of the
� The dark lines in the corona are of the Earth to the Sun. of Apollo 12 observed the Earth
Direct sources Indirect Sources called ‘Fraunhofer lines’. The Earth.
� The Earth reaches its perihelion to eclipse the Sun in 1969 and
emission of hydrogen in all direc- � The Moon take 27 day, 7 hrs, 43 on January 3 every year at a dis- when the Cassini probe observed
� The surface rocks or rocks � Meteors as they are made up
we get from mining of same materials as, or tions is called ‘Prominences’. min. and 11.47 sec. to complete tance of about 147 million km. Saturn to eclipse the Sun in
similar to our planet. � Sometimes they roll out of the one revolution around the Earth. � Aphelian is the farthest position 2006.
� Molten material (magma) from � Other important sources include: atmosphere to be seen as ‘Solar � The Moon in the only satellite of of the Earth from the Sun. The geometry of a Solar eclipse :
flares’. the Earth.
volcanic eruptions 1. Gravitation � The Earth reaches its aphelian on
� Observations from scientific 2. Magnetic field � The outward stream of protons � The Moon rotates on its axis in july 4, when the earth is at a dis-
projects such as : “Deep ocean 3. Seismic activity flowing out from the corona are exactly the same time as that of tance of 152 million km.
Drilling Project” and “Integrated called ‘Solar winds’, which is its revolution. That's why we see � It is also called ‘Green Planet’ be-
Ocean Drilling Project”. made up of plasma. only one part of the moon. cause of ecology.

OLE - 303 OLE - 304 OLE - 305

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY
Lunar Eclipse The geometry of Sun, Earth and Moon : � A Planet is made up of rock and � A non-satellite body fulfilling the
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
oceans, and by the shape of the
� Lunar eclipses occur when the coastline and near-shore bathym- metal. first two rule is classified as a
Moon passes through the Earth’s etry. � The Planets move around the Dwarf planet. So, Pluto is con-
shadow. Sun from west to east. sidered as Dwarf planet.
� Tide changes proceed via the fol-
� Since this occurs only when the � There are eight major Planets in- � A non-satellite body fulfilling the
lowing stages :
Moon is on the far side of the cluding earth. first rule is termed as Small So-
� Sea level rises over several lar System Body (SSSB).
Earth from the Sun, lunar hours, covering the intertidal The Eight Planets (Grahas)
eclipses only occur when there � According to the definition, there
zone; flood tide. (1) Mercury (Budha) are currently eight planets and
is a full moon. � The water rises to its highest
(2) Venus (Shukra) five Dwarf planets known in the
� There are three types of lunar level, reaching high tide.
(3) Earth (Prithvi) Solar System. The 5 Dwarf plan-
eclipses : � Sea level falls over several ets are Pl uto, Ceres, Eri s,
� Penumbral, when the Moon (4) Mars (Mangal)
hours, revealing the intertidal Makemake and Haumea.
crosses only the Earth’s pen- zone; ebb tide. (5) Jupiter (Brihaspati)
� Pluto has been given the num-
umbra; � The water stops falling, reach- (6) Saturn (Shani) ber 134340.
� Partial, when the Moon crosses ing low tide, a tides produce (7) Uranus (Indra) Asteroids : Asteroids are very
partially into the Earth’s um- oscillating currents known as (8) Neptune (Varun) small planets of rock and metal
bra; tidal streams. Pluto (Yama) is not a planet which revolve around the Sun mainly
� Total, when the Moon crosses � The moment that the tidal cur- now, Pluto is considered as Dwarf between the orbits of Mars and Ju-
entirely into the Earth’s um- rent ceases is called slack wa- planet : Pluto was discovered by piter.
bra. ter or slack tide. The tide then Clyde Tombaugh in 1930. Comets : A comet is a collection
The geometry of a Lunar eclipse : reverses direction and is said to The redefinition of planet by the of gas and dust which appears as a
be turning. The geometry of a Spring Tide : International Astronomical Union bright ball of light in the sky with a
(IAU) on August 24, 2006 states that, long glowing tail.
The Types of Tides : Springs and in the Solar System, a planet is a ce- Meteors : Meteors are the heav-
Neaps lestial body that enly bodies from the sky which are
� The semi-diurnal range (the dif- � orbit around the Sun. seen as a bright streak of light in the
Tides ference in height between high � has sufficient mass so that it as- sky. The meteors are also called as
� Tides are the rise and fall of sea and low waters over about half sumes a hydrostatic equlibrium shooting stars.
levels caused by the combined a day) varies in a two-week cycle. (nearly round) shape. Meteorite : A meteor which does
effects of the gravitational forces � Approximately twice a month, � has cleared the neighbourhood not burn completely on entering the
exerted by the Moon and the around new moon and full moon around its orbit. earth’s atmosphere and lands on
when the Sun, Moon and Earth earth surface is known as Meteorite.
Sun and the rotati on of the
Earth. form a line the tidal force due to SOLAR SYSTEM – FACT FILE
� Two almost equal high tides and the sun reinforces that due to the
Moon. Sun
two low tides each day, is called
a semi-diurnal tide. � The tide’s range is then at its Period of rotation : 25.38 days at equator
� Only one high and one low tide maximum : this is called the Diameter : 1392,000 km
each day, called a diurnal tide. spring tide, or just springs. Mass : 330,000 × that of earth
� When the Moon is at first quar- Temperature : 15-20 million degrees C at its
� Two uneven tides a day, or some-
ter or third quarter, the sun and core
times one high and one low each
Moon are separated by 90° when Surface temperature : 6,000°C
day; this is called a mixed tide.
viewed from the Earth, and the Mercury
� The time and amplitude of the
solar tidal force partially cancels
tides at a location are influenced Distance from the Sun : 57.9 million km
the Moon’s.
by the alignment of the Sun and Revolution around the Sun : 88 days
Moon, by the pattern of tides in � At these points in the lunar cycle, Rotation : 59 days
the tide’s range is at its mini- Planets
the deep ocean, by the Diameter : 4878 km
amphidromic systems of the mum: this is called the neap tide, � Planets are solid heavenly bodies which revolve around the Sun in closed Density : 5.5 × that of water
or neaps. elliptical paths.

OLE - 306 OLE - 307 OLE - 308

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
Mass : 0.055 × that of earth Diameter : 51,118 km � Pluto is the coldest and small- � Venus is also called the Earth’s

GEOGRAPHY
Surface temperature : 350°C on day side; minus Density : 1.3 × that of water est dwarf planet. twin.
170°C on night-side Mass : 14.4 × that of earth � Jupiter is the biggest planet. � Saturn and Uranus is known as
Venus Temperature : Minus 200°C at cloud tops � Earth is the densest planet. the planets with rings.
Neptune � Venus is the brightest planet. � Pluto is the Biplanet i.e. dwarf
Distance from the Sun : 108.2 million km
Distance from the Sun : 4,497 million km � Earth is the blue planet. planet.
Revolution around the Sun : 225 days
Revolution around the Sun : 165 years � Mars is the Red planet. � Pluto has the longest year.
Rotation : 243 days
Rotation : 17.1 hours � Venus i s the Mor ni ng and � Mercury has the shortest year.
Diameter : 12,104 km
Diameter : 49,500 km Evening Star. � Mercury has the maximum diur-
Density : 5.25 × that of water
Density : 1.6 × that of water � Pluto is the dwarf planet. nal range of temperature.
Mass : 0.82 × that of earth
Mass : 17.2 × that of earth
Surface temperature : 480°C
Temperature : Minus 200°C at cloud tops PLANETS AND THEIR SATELLITES
Earth Pluto (Dwarf Planet)
Planet Natural Satellites
Distance from the Sun : 149.6 million km Average Distance from the Sun : 5,900 million km
Revolution around the Sun : 365.26 days (1 year) Revolution around the Sun : 248 years Earth Earth’s moon
Rotation : 23.9 hours Rotation : 6.4 days Mars Phobos, Deimos
Diameter : 12,756 km Diameter : 2,800 km Jupiter Adrastea, Metis, Amal thea, Thebe, Io, Europa,
Density : 5.5 × that of water Density : 2 × that of water Ganymede, Callisto, Leda, Himalia, L ysithea, Elara,
Mass : 5.97 × 1024 metric tonnes Mass : 0.003 × that of earth Ananke, Carme, Pasiphae, Sinope
Surface temperature : Variable, averages 15°C Surface temperature : Minus 230°C Saturn Atlas, Prometheus, Pandora, Janus, Epimetheus, Mimas,
Mars � Increasing order of planet of distance from the sun. Euceladus, Tethys, Calypso, Dione, Helene, Rhea, Ti-
Distance from the Sun : 227.9 million km Mercury � Venus � Earth � Mars � Jupiter � Saturn � Uranus � tan, Hiperion, Iapetus, Phoebe.
Revolution around the Sun : 687 days Neptune Uranus Cordelia, Ophelia, Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet,
Rotation : 24.6 hours � Decreasing order of diameter of planet. Portia, Rosalind, Balinda, Puck, Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel,
Diameter : 6796 km Jupiter � Saturn � Uranus � Neptune � Earth � Venus � Mars � Titania, Oberon
Density : 3.94 × that of water Mercury Neptune Naiad, Thalassa, Despoina, Galatea, Larissa, Porteus,
Mass : 0.11 × that of earth FACTS TO REMEMBER Triton, Nereid
Surface temperature : Variable, averages minus 150°C Pluto (dwarf Charon and 2003 UB 313
Jupiter � Saturn has maximum number of � Venus rotates from East to West. planet)
Average Distance from the Sun : 778.3 million km satellites. � Uranus rotates from North to
Revolution around the Sun : 11.9 years � Pluto has the most electric orbit. South. International Date Line (IDL)
Rotation : 9.9 hours � Jupiter is the fastest rotating � Mercury is the fastest revolving � The International Date Line (IDL) is an imaginary line on the surface of
Diameter : 142,800 km planet. planet. the Earth, that runs from the north to the south pole and demarcates
Density : 1.33 × that of water � Venus is the slowest rotating � Pluto is the slowest revolving one calendar day from the next.
Mass : 317.9 × that of earth planet. dwarf planet. � It passes through the middle of the Pacific Ocean, roughly following
Temperature : Minus 150°C at cloud tops � Venus has the same period of � Planet revolves around the Sun
the 180° longitude but it deviates at Aleutian Islands, Fiji, Samoa and
Saturn rotation as revolution. in Anti-clockwise direction.
Gilbert Islands.
Average Distance from the Sun : 1,427 million km � The length of the day is nearly � Mercury is the nearest planet to
� The International Date line is on the opposite side of the Earth Prime
Revolution around the Sun : 29.46 years same on the planet Mars as that Sun.
� Venus is the nearest planet of Meridian.
Rotation : 10.7 hours of the Earth.
� Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Earth. � The Prime Meridian helps to define Universal Time and is the meridian
Diameter : 120,536 km
Density : 0.7 × that of water Neptune are the Jovian planets. � Neptune was farthest from Sun from which all other time zones are calculated.
Mass : 95.2 × that of earth � The angle of inclination of Mars during 1979-99. � A traveler crossing the International Date Line eastbound (i.e., from Ja-
Temperature : Minus 180°C at cloud tops is nearly same as that of Earth. � Now Pluto (dwarf planet) is the pan to USA) subtracts one day, or 24 hours, so that the calendar date
Uranus � Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and farthest from the Sun after 1999 to the west of the line is repeated after the following midnight.
Average Distance from the Sun : 2870 million km Neptune are the outer planets. for the next 228 years. � Crossing the IDL westbound results in 24 hours being added, advanc-
Revolution around the Sun : 84 years � Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars � Venus is the hottest planet, its ing the calendar date by one day.
Rotation : 17.2 hours are the inner planets. atmosphere contains 97% CO2.

OLE - 309 OLE - 310 OLE - 311

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY
� It passes through these countries — places of same latitude are called North Pole to the South Pole
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
1. Chile 2. Argentina 3. Paraguay parallels of latitude since they through the Equator.
4. Brazil 5. Namibia 6. Botswana are parallel to a line, the Equa- � They are also called meridians.
tor, which lies midway between The Prime Meridian (0°) is that
7. South Africa 8. Medagascar 9. Mozambique
the poles. These parallels of lati- meridian which passes through
10. Australia
tude are actually circles on the the Greenwich, near London and
Equator gl obe, becomi ng small er from which all other meridians
poleward. radiate eastwards and west-
� It passes through these countries —
� Some important parallels are : wards up to 180°.
1. Ecuador 2. Colombia 3. Brazil
(i) 0° latitude : Equator � 1° of latitude or longitude repre-
4. Gabon 5. Congo 6. Zaire sents 111 km approx.
7. Somalia 8. Uganda 9. Kenya (ii) 23½°N : Tropic of Cancer
� This distance is true for the lon-
10. Indonesia 11. Kiribati 12. Maldives (iii) 23½°S : Tropic of Capricorn
gitudes along the equator only
13. Sao Tome and Principe (iv) 66½°N : Arctic Circle since the distance between the
EARTH’S MOVEMENTS (v) 66½°S : Antarctic Circle longitudes gradually decreases
� The parallel of 60° is half of the towards the poles to 0 km.
(i) Rotation : Earth rotates on TILT OF EARTH’S AXIS
its own axis that is tilted at an angle � The axis of Earth is inclined to Equator in length and 75° is ¼th COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH
of 23½° to the vertical. of the Equator.
the plane of ecliptic at an angle Sr. No. Element Volume (%)
� It spins from west to east once � Longitude : Longitude is the an-
Prime Meridian : of 66½°. 1. Iron 35.0
in every 23 hours, 56 minutes gular distance measured in de-
� It gives rise to different seasons grees along the equator east or 2. Oxygen 30.0
� It is the mean solar time at the Royal ob in Greenwich London. and 4.9 seconds.
and varying lengths of day and west of the Prime Meridian. 3. Silicon 15.0
� GMT is formally used as the international civil time standard now � The linear velocity of rotation var-
night.
superseded in that function by coordinated universal time. ies, achieving a maximum of 1690 � On the globe the lines of longi- 4. Magnesium 13.0
km/hr at the equator, reducing � The Sun is vertically overhead at tude are drawn as a series of 5. Nickel 2.4
� The modern form of mean solar time at 0° longitude. gradually to zero at the poles. the equator on two days each year semi-circles that extend from the 6. Sulfur 1.9
� Prime meridian passes through these countries : Effects of Earth’s Rotation i.e. on March 21st and Septem-
1. U.K 2. Spain 3. France � We have day and night. ber 23rd. STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
4. Algeria 5. Burkino Faso 6. Ghana � A difference of 1 hour between � These days are called equinoxes
two meridians which are 15° apart. meaning ‘equal nights’.
7. Togo 8. Mali 9. Antarctica (South Pole)
� Deflection of ocean currents and � After the March equinox, the Sun
Tropic of Cancer appears to move northwards and
winds.
� It is an imaginary line in Northern hemisphere. is vertically at the Tropic of Can-
� Rise and fall of tides every day.
cer on June 21st. This is known
(ii) Revolution : Earth revolves as the Summer Solstice.
1O round the Sun once in every 365¼
� It can be drawn at 23 north to the equator.. � During summer solstice, the
2 days.
Northern hemisphere will have its
� Earth revolves on an elliptical or-
� Tropic of cancer passes through these countries : longest day and the shortest night.
bit at a speed of 106,560 km/
1. USA 2. Mexico 3. Bahamas hr. As it is not possible to show � By December 22nd, the Sun is
4. Mali 5. Mauritania 6. Niger a quarter of a day in the calen- overhead at the Tropic of Capri-
7. Algeria 8. Chad 9. Libya dar, a normal year is taken to be corn.
365 days, and an extra day is � This is the Winter Solstice.
10. Saudi Arabia 11. Egypt 12. UAE added every four years in a leap � In the Winter Solstice the South-
13. India 14. Bangladesh 15. Myanmar year. ern hemisphere will have its long-
16. China 17. Oman Effects of Revolution est day and shortest the night.
� Change of seasons.
Tropic of Capricorn LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES
� Variation in the lengths of day
� It is an imaginary line in southern hemisphere. and night at different times of � Latitude : Latitude is the angu-
the year. lar distance of a point on the
1O � Shifting of wind belts. earth’s surface, measured in de-
� It can be drawn at 23 South to the equator.. grees from the centre of the
2 � Determination of latitudes.
earth. Imaginary lines joining the

OLE - 312 OLE - 313 OLE - 314

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
� The structure of Earth can be defined in two ways : by mechanical � The core is divided into two � The thin parts are the oceanic COMPOSITION OF EARTH CRUST MAJOR DISCONTINUITY

GEOGRAPHY
properties such as rheology, or chemically. Mechanically, it can be di- parts, a solid inner core with a crust, which underlie the ocean Sr. No. Element By weight (%) Moho Discontinuity :
vided into lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesospheric mantle, outer core, radius of~1,220 km and a liquid basins (5-10 km) and are com-
1. Oxygen 46.60% Between Crust and Mantle
and the inner core. outer core extending beyond it to posed of dense (mafic) iron mag-
2. Silicon 27.7% Conrad Discontinuity :
� The interior of Earth is divided into 5 important layers. Chemically, Earth a radius of ~ 3,400 km. nesium silicate igneous rocks,
like basalt. 3. Aluminium 8.1% Between outer and Inner Crust
can be divided into the crust, upper mantle, lower mantle, outer core, � The solid inner core was discov-
� The thicker crust is continental 4. Iron 5.0% Weichert-Gutenberg Discontinuity :
and inner core. ered in 1936 by Inge Lehmann
crust, which is less dense and 5. Calcium 3.6% Between Mantle and Core
� The geologic component layers of Earth are at the following depths be- and is generally believed to be
composed of (felsic) sodium po- 6. Sodium 2.8% Repetti Discontinuity :
low the surface : composed primarily of iron and
tassium aluminium silicate rocks, 7. Potassium 2.5% Outer and Inner Mantle
some nickel.
Depth like granite. 8. Magnesium 2.09% Transition Discontinuity :
� The core is thus believed to
� The rocks of the crust fall into 9. Others 1.41% Outer and Inner Core.
Kilometres Miles Layer largely be composed of iron
two major categories -Sial (Silicate
0–60 0–37 Lithosphere (locally varies between 5 (80%), along with nickel and one GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE
+ Aluminium) and Sima (Silicate
and 200 km) or more light elements, whereas + Magnesium). Eons Era Period Epoch Age/Years Life/Major Events
0–35 0–22 Crust (locally varies between 5 and 70 other dense elements, such as � It is estimated that sima starts Before
lead and uranium, either are too Present
km) about 11 km below the Conrad
rare to be significant or tend to Quaternary Helocene 0-10,000 Modern Man
35–60 22–37 Uppermost part of mantle discontinuity (a second order dis-
35–2,890 21–1,790 Mantle bind to lighter elements and thus continuity). Pleistoc- 10,000-2 Homo Sapiens
remain in the crust. ene Million
100–200 62–125 Asthenosphere � The uppermost mantle together
Tertiary Pliocene 2-5 Million Early human Ancestor
35–660 22–410 Upper mesosphere (upper mantle) � The liquid outer core surrounds with the crust constitutes the Cainozoic Miocene 5-24 Million Ape: Flowering Plants
660–2,890 410–1,790 Lower mesosphere (lower mantle) the inner core and is believed to lithosphere. (From 65 and Trees
2,890–5,450 1,790–3,160 Outer core be composed of iron mixed with � The crust-mantle boundary oc- million Oligocene 24-37 Million An
curs as two physically different thropoid Ape.
5,150–6,360 3,160–3,954 lnner core nickel and trace amounts of
years Eocene 37-58 Million Rabbits and Hare
lighter elements. events.
to the Palaeoc- 57-65 Million Small Mammals :
� First, there is a discontinuity in Present ene Rats – Mice
Mantle
the seismic velocity, which is times)
� Earth’s mantle extends to a known as the Mohorovicic dis- Mesozoic Cretaceous 65-144 Million Extinction of
depth of 2,890 km, making it the continuity or Moho. The cause of 65-245 Dinosaurs
thickest layer of Earth. the Moho is thought to be a Million Jurassic 114-208 Million Age of Dinosaurs
� The mantle is composed of sili- change in rock composition from Mammals Triassic 208-245 Million Frogs and turtles
Permian 245-286 Million Reptile dominate-
cate rocks that are rich in iron rocks containing plagioclase feld-
replace amphibians
and magnesium relative to the spar (above) to rocks that con- Carbonifer- 286-360 Million First Reptiles :
overlying crust. tain no feldspars (below). Palaeozoic ous Vertebrates : Coal beds
� The high temperatures within the � Second, in oceanic crust, there 245-570 Devonian 360-408 Million Amphibians
mantle cause the silicate mate- is a chemical discontinuity be- Million Silurian 408-438 Million First trace of life on
tween ultramafic cumulates and land: Plants
rial to be sufficiently ductile that Ordovician 438-505 Million First Fish
tectonized harzburgites, which
it can flow on very long Cambrian 505-570 Million No terrestrial life :
has been observed from deep
timescales. Marine Invertebrate
parts of the oceanic crust that Proterozoic 570-2,500 Soft-bodied
� Convection of the mantle is ex- have been obducted onto the con- Million arthropods
pressed at the surface through tinental crust and preserved as Archean 2,500-3,800 Blue green Algage :
the motions of tectonic plates. ophi-olite sequences. Million Unicellular bacteria
� The melting point and viscosity � Many rocks now making up Pre- 3,800-4,800 Oceans and Conti
of a substance depends on the Hadean Cambrian Million nents
Earth’s crust formed less than
570 Milli- form-Ocean and Atmo-
pressure it is under. 100 million (1×108 ) years ago; on-4,800 sphere are rich in
however, the oldest known min- Million Carbon dioxide
Crust
eral grains are 4.4 billion (4.4 × Origin 5,000- 5,000 Million Origin of the sun
Core � The crust ranges from 5-70 km 10 9) years old, indicating that of Stars 13,700
� The inner most layer of the Earth is called the core. in depth and is the outermost Earth had a solid crust for at Supernova Million 12,000 Million Origin of the universe
� It is also known as metallic core. layer. least that long. Big Bang 13,700 Million

OLE - 315 OLE - 316 OLE - 317

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
The metamorphic rocks may be � In the non-foliated metamorphic

GEOGRAPHY
ROCKS AND SOILS iron, magnesium etc. some of the (a) Explosive Type : Volcanic animals and plants. Limestone, �
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
important igneous rocks are materials of violent volcanic erup- chalk and corals are the most classified into two categories : rocks, the minerals grains are
Rocks equi-diamensional e.g. quartzite
granites, rhyolite, pegmatite, tions include ‘bombs’ (big fragments common of this type of sedimen- (i) The Foliated and
� Rocks are made up of individual syetite, diorite, andestite gabbro, of rocks), lapilli (pea-sized fragments) tary rocks. and marble.
(ii) Non-Foliated.
substances, which are called basalt, dolerite and peridotite. and volcanic dusts and ashes. � Chemically formed rocks are � Uranium is found in metamor-
� The foliated rock is characterised
minerals found mostly in a solid � Igneous rocks are generally hard (b) Quiet Type : In this, lava formed by the direct precipitation by parallel arrangement of slaty phic rocks.
state. and water percolates through appear on the surface through of mineral matter from solution. minerals such as mica.
� Each mineral usually contains them with great difficulty along cracks and fissures and their Rock-salt is an example of such
� Example of metamorphic rocks formed from different rocks—
two or more simple substances the joints. continous flow form extensive lava rocks. Gypsum is also formed in
Metamorphic rock Made from
called elements of which the � Since water does not percolate
plateaus, e.g., Deccan Plateau, Co- a similar manner.
lumbia Plateau. Marble — limestone, chalk, dolomite
whole earth is made. easily, these rocks are less af- � ‘Sandstone’ is a common sedi-
mentary rock, is formed mainly Quartzite — Sandstone
� Out of about 2000 minerals, only fected by chemical weathering. (2) Sedimentary Rocks
of quartz particles cemented to- Slate — Shale
twelve are common all over the � These rocks are more prone to � Sedimentary rocks are consti- gether by silica, lime or iron ox- Graphite and Diamond — Bituminus coal
earth. These twelve minerals are mechanical weathering due to tuted of sediments, a material
called the rock-formers. ide. Gneiss — Granite
their granular structure. from wind or running water that � ‘Shale’ is most abundant of all MOUNTAINS
� As many as 87 per cent of the � These rocks are non-fossilifer- settle down. weathering caused by running
sedimentary rocks.
minerals in earth’s crust are sili- ous. � About 75% of the surface area water, ice, winds, etc.
� It is compacted silt and clay. Ka- Mountains
cates. On the basis of mode of occur- of the globe is covered by the (ii) Old Fold Mountains : Example :
olin and clay minerals are abun- � An uplifted portion of the earth’s
� The metal compounds of rocks rence, Igneous rocks are classified sedimentary rocks while rest The Caledonion and Hercynian
dant in it. surface is called a mountain.
is known as ‘ores’. into two major groups : 25% area is occupied by the ig- mountains of Central Europe,
� Rock gypsum is a white to red- � On the basis of their origin or
CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS (i) Intrusive Igneous Rocks : neous and metamorphic rocks. dish in colour. Gypsum and rock the Pennines, the Highland of
� Though sedimentary rocks cover mode of formation, the mountains Scotland, etc.
On the basis of the mode of When the rising magma is cooled and salt are formed by the evapora- are classi fied as structural,
solidified below the surface of the largest area of the earth’s sur- tion of sea water and salt lakes. � These mountains were folded in
formation, rocks are usually face, they constitute only 5% of residual or dissected and volcanic.
earth, they are known as Intrusive � ‘Chalk’ is a calcareous rock made very ancient times, then sub-
classified into three major types : the composition of the crust while Structural Mountains jected to denudation and uplift;
Igneous Rocks. These are further up of microscopic skeletal ele-
(1) Igneous Rocks 95% of the crust is composed of ments from a varieties of limes � Such systems are hundreds of many faults were formed and the
sub-divided into :
igneous and metamorphic secreting organism. kilometers wide and thousands layers of the rock were wrapped.
� Igneous rocks are found mostly (a) Plutonic Igneous Rocks : rocks. of kilometer long. � Many mountains exist as relics
in the Earth. They result from the cooling of � It is composed of almost pure
� The fossils are found in the lay- calcium carbonate. due to erosion.
� Two-third of the earth's crust is magma very deep inside the earth. � Many of them lie near or paral-
ers of sedimentary rocks. A fos- � Most of the sedimentary rocks
made of these rocks. Due to very slow cooling at that great lel to continental coastlines. � Block Mountains : These moun-
sil refers to any part of the once
� These rocks are called the basic depth, large grains are developed, are permeable and porous but a � Both the fold and the block tains are formed when great
living things preserved in the few of them are also non-porous
rocks. e.g.-Granite mountains are included in this blocks of the earth’s crust may
rock. It may be entire body, a such as clay.
(b) Hypabyssal Igneous Rocks : type. be raised or lowered during the
� These rocks are ancestors of all singe bone or a set of foot-prints.
(3) Metamorphic Rocks late stages of mountain–building.
other rocks and make up 85 per They are formed when magma cools It tells up about the life in past � Fold Mountains : These moun-
cent or more of the earth’s crust. and solidify just beneath the earth and they help us to date environ- � In Greek language the word tains have originated due to com- � When the earth’s crust cracks
surface. They take different shapes ment. Fossils also show what metamorphic means ‘change of pressional tectonic forces and due to tension or compression,
� Igneous rocks are formed by the
and forms depending upon the hol- kind of animals lived in the past. form’. have been thrown up to form faulting takes place.
cooling, solidification and crystal-
low places in which they solidify. � The layers of sedimentary rocks � When the original character of fold mountains e.g. Himalayas, � A section of the landform may
lization of molten earth materials,
(ii) Extrusive Igneous Rocks : hold all reserve of coal, oil and the rocks i.e. their colour, tex- Andes, Alps etc. subside or rise above the sur-
known as magma and lava.
These igneous rocks are formed by natural gas. ture and mineral composition is rounding level giving rise to Block
� Igneous rocks are also called as � On the basis of age the fold
the cooling and solidification of mol- � The mechanically formed sedi- partly or wholly changed, it gives Mountains or Horst or Rift val-
Primary rocks or parent rocks rise to metamorphic rocks, un- mountains can be grouped into.
ten lava on the earth’s surface. Ba- mentary rock contain pieces of ley or Graben.
because these were originated der favourable conditions of heat (i) New or Young Fold Mountains :
salt is the most important example other rocks. � The Block Mountains have a
first during the formation of � Agents like running water, wind and pressure. Example : The Alps, the
of extrusive igneous rocks, others steep slope towards the rift val-
crust through the process of and moving ice break them into � The formation of metamorphic Himalayas, the Circum-Pacific
being Gabbro and Obridian. These ley but the slope on the other
cooling of the earth surface. smaller pieces and deposits rock refers that in course of Oceanic Mountains, etc.
are generally fine grained or glassy side is long and gentle.
� The igneous rocks are made of them at new sites where they time shale may get changed to � The main features of these
because of quick rate of cooling of � An old fold mountain may also be
silicates (SiO2) and often combine form new sedimentary rocks. slate and schist, limestones to mountains are the complex fold-
with other oxides of aluminum, lava. The extrusive igneous rocks are left as block mountains due to
� Organically formed sedimentary marble, sandstone to quartzite ing of the rocks, faulting, volca-
divided into two sub-groups : continuous denudation.
potassium, sodium, calcium, rocks consists of the remains of and granite to gneiss. nic activities, the erosi on &

OLE - 318 OLE - 319 OLE - 320

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Ultisols : Soils of equatorial, tropical and subtropical latitudinal, zones, with

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
� The Vosges in France, Black For- Mount Raineer of Washington,

GEOGRAPHY
Alaska Plateau — USA
est (Rhine valley) in Germany and Lessen Peak of California, the Bolivia Plateau — Bolivia a subsurface horizon of clay accumulation and low base status.
Salt Range in Pakistan are cited Visuvious of Italy, the Fujiyama Great Basin Plateau — USA Vertisols : This soil contains high clay content. Vertisols develop deep,
as typical examples of block in Japan, the Aconcagna in Chile, Colorado Plateau — USA wide cracks when dry and the soil blocks formed by crack-
mountains. Kilimanjaro in Africa, Mt. Mayon Ozark Plateau — USA ing move with respect to each other.
Volcanic Mountains in Philippines, Mt. Merapi in Pamir Plateau — China Alfisols : Soils of humid and subhumid climates with subsurface horizon
Sumatra etc. Guiana Plateau — Venezuela and Guyana of clay accumulation and high base status.
� These mountains are formed by Spodosols : Soils of cold, moist climates, with a well developed B hori-
the accumulation of volcanic ma- Residual or Dissected Mountains Mongolian Plateau — Mangolia and China
zon of illuviation and low base status.
terial. Meghalaya Plateau — India
� They owe their present form due Mollisols : Soils of semiarid and subhumid mild midlatitude grasslands,
Peninsula Plateau — India Plateau
� The slope of the mountains be- to erosion by different agencies. with a dark, humus rich epipedon and very high base status.
comes steep and the height in- Weather Front � They largely depend upon the Aridisols : Soils of dry climates, low in organic matter, and often hav-
� They have been worn down from
creases due to the development � A weather front is a boundary nature of the bedrock from ing subsurface horizons of accumulation of carbonate min-
previously existing elevated regions.
of the cones of various types like separating two masses of air of which they are derived. erals or soluble salts.
Cinder cones, Composite cones, � This type of Mountains includes, different densities and is the � There are five soil forming fac- Histosols : Soils with a thick upper layer very rich in organic matter.
Acidic lava cones, Basic lava Vindhyachal ranges, Aravallis, principal cause of meteorological tors-bedrock, local climate, plant
phenomena. Earthquakes Types of earthquake waves :
cones, etc. Satpura, Eastern and Western and animal organisms, elevation
� The air masses separated by a and the relief. � When the Lithosphere plates There are three types of earth-
� Well-known examples of this Ghats, Nilgiris, Parasnath,
front usually differ in tempera- move, the surface of the Earth quake waves —
type are Popocatepetle of Mexico, Girnar, Rajmahal. Soil Classification
ture and humidity. vibrates. Primary waves (P waves) :
� Cold fronts may feature now � The two main zonal groups of soil
Fold Block Volcanic Residnal � The vibrations are travelled all � These waves are longitudinal
bands of thunders forms and se- are the Pedalfers and the Pe- round the Earth, these vibra-
Mountains Mountains Mountains Mountains waves.
vere weather and may on docals. tions are called earthquakes.
Himalayas Vosges-France Mauna Loa-USA Vindhyachal � Travel from the point of happen-
occassion be preceded by squall � These are further subdivided into � The point of origin of earthquake
Alps Vindhya-India Hawaii Island (USA) Aravalli lines or drylines. twelve major soil types all over ing by the displacement of sur-
is called ‘Focus’. rounding particles.
Fujiyama-Japan the Globe.
The Soil Profile � The point on the Earth’s surface
Rockies Satpura-India Popa-Myanmar Satpura � Pedalfers are found in humid cli- � They are transmitted through sol-
� The soil profile consists of the vertically above the focus is
Andes Harge-Germany Rainier-USA Mahadev mates extending from high-lati- ids, liquids and gases.
weathered material derived from called ‘Epicentre’.
Ural Salt Range-Pakistan Kilimanjaro-Tanzania Western Ghat tude coniferous forests, mid-lati- � These wave travel fastest.
the rock. But the bedrock itself � The waves are recorded by seis-
Appalachians — — Eastern Ghat does not form a part of it. tude deciduous forest lands to mograph. Secondary waves (S waves) :
Tian Shan — — Parasnath � A soil profile generally has three low-latitude tropical forests and � The magnitude of waves is mea- � These waves are transverse
Atlas — — — main horizons in it-true soil at grasslands. sured on Richter’s scale. waves.
Major Mountain Ranges in the World. the top, subsoil and the bedrock � Pedocals group of soils are found � The number on this scale ranges � These waves travel through sol-
apart from it. in the arid, semi-arid and the ids only.
Range Location Length (km.) from 0 to 9. Each increase of
� Each horizon is quite distinct sub-humid ones in the world. one unit on the Richter scale rep- � Can't pass through core.
Andes South America 7,200 km from the others by its own physi- � Pedocals are rich in calcium and
cal and chemical composition, resents a tenfold increase in Long waves (L waves) :
Rockies North America 4,800 km. mineral salts. earthquake strength.
and organic contents produced � These waves are also called sur-
Great Dividing Range Australia 3,500 km. the long process of soil formation. � The black earths or chernozomes � No earthquake has been mea- face waves.
Himalayas India, Nepal 2,400 km. � Each soil type has physical prop- are one of the richest soils of this sured above 9 on scale.
� Travel on Earth’s surface.
Atlas North-West Africa 1,930 km. erties like its colour, texture and group. � The region around the Pacific
the structure. � These waves cause maximum
Western Ghats Western India 1,610 km. Ocean is prone to earthquakes.
Other Important Classification of Soil destruction.
Cavcasus Europe 1,200 km. � In India, Himalayan region and
Alaska U.S.A. 1,130 km. Ganga-Brahmaputra valley are Effects of Earthquake
Inceptisols : Soil with weakly developed horizons, having minerals capable
Alps Europe 1000 km. of further alteration by weathering processes. prone to earthquakes. � Ground shaking
Andisols : Soils with weakly developed horizons, having a high propor- � Although earthquakes can't be � Differential ground settlements
Main Plateaus of the World
tion of glassy volcanic parent material produced by erupting predicated, the impact can cer- � Mud slides
Arabian Plateau — South-West Asia volcanoes. tainly be minimised if we are � Soil liquefaction
Deccan Plateau — South India Entisols : Soils lacking horizons, usually because their parent material prepared before hand. � Ground Lunching
Iran Plateau — Iran has accumulated only recently. � Around 21% of earthquakes oc- � Avalanches
Brazil Plateau — Brazil Oxisols : Very old highly weathered soils of low lattitudes, with a sub- cur in the mid-world mountain
� Fires
Mexico Plateau — Mexico surface horizon of accumulation of mineral oxides and very belt extending parallel to the
equator. � Tsunami
Colombia Plateau — USA low base status.

OLE - 321 OLE - 322 OLE - 323

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Composite Volcanoes

GEOGRAPHY
� Dormant Volcanoes : The volca-
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
IMPORTANT ACTIVE VOLCANOES OF THE WORLD COMPOSITION
� These volcanoes are characte- noes which are devoid of any ac-
Name Location Height Country rised by eruptions of cooler and tivities for a long time but in Gas Volume Gas Volume
(in metres) more viscous lava than basalt. which there is a possibility of (in %) (in %)
� These are made of lava and ash. eruption are called dormant vol-
Ojos del Salado Andes 6885 Argentina, Chile Nitrogen (N2) 78.084 Neon 00.0018
� On the basis of frequency of canoes.
Guallatiri Andes 6060 Chile eruption, volcanoes are classified Oxygen (O2) 20.947 Helium 00.0005
Cotapaxi Andes 5897 Ecuador into active, dormant and extinct � Extinct volcanoes : The volca-
Argon (Ar) 00.934 Methane 00.0002
Tupungatito Andes 5640 Chile volcanoes. noes in which the eruption has
Lascor Andes 5641 Chile � Active Volcanoes : The volcanoes completely stopped and is not Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 0.0314 Krypton 00.0001
Popocatepeti Altiplano de Maxico 5451 Maxico which continues to erupt periodi- likely to occur are called extinct Hydrogen (H2) 00.00005
Nevado del Ruiz Andes 5400 Colombia cally are called active volcanoes. volcanoes.
Sangay Andes 5230 Ecuador STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE
Active Volcanoes Dormant Volcanoes Extinct Volcanoes
Klyuchevskaya Sredinnyy 4850 CIS
Soplea Khrebet Mount Etna-Sicily island Fujiyama-Japan Kohsultan-Iran
Purace Andes 4590 Colombia Stromboli-Lepari island Visuvious-Italy Popa-Myanmar
Wrangell Wrangell mts. 4270 Alaska Cotapaxi-Ecuador Krakatao- Indonesia Chimborajo- Ecuador
Jajumulco Guatemala 4220 Guatemala
Mauna loa-Hawaii island Aconcagua-Argentina
Mauna Loa Hawaii 4170 U.S.A.
Ojos de Salado-Argentina
Tacana Sierra Medre 4078 Guatemala
Mt. Cameroon Monarch 4070 Cameroon - Chile boundary
Fuego Serra Madre 3836 Guatemala ATMOSPHERE
Erebus Ross Island 3795 Antarctica � The atmosphere is an insulating � Ozone, less than 0.0005 per
Rindjani Lombok 3726 Indonesia blanket protecting the Earth. cent by volume, is not uniformly
Pico de Teide Tenerife Canary Island 3718 Spain � It softens the intense light and distributed in the atmosphere.
Someru Java 3670 Indonesia heat of the Sun. � It’s greatest concentration is
Nyiragongo Viruga 3470 Zaire found between the altitude of 20
� It’s Ozone layer absorb most of
Karyakskaya Kamchat ka Peninsula 3456 CIS and 25 km. It absorbs the ultra-
the harmful ultraviolet rays from
Irazu Cordilera 3452 Costa Central violet solar radiation.
the Sun.
Slamat Java 3428 Indonesia � Water vapour content in the air
Mount Spurr Alaska Range 3474 USA Composition may vary from 0.02 per cent by
Mont Etna Sicily 3308 Italy volume in the cold dry climate to
� The atmosphere is composed of
Agung Bali 3142 Indonesia nearly 4 percent in humid trop-
various gases and water vapour,
Kilauea Hawai 1247 USA ics.
and in its uppermost reaches, it
Stromboli Islands 924 Mediterranean � It absorbs not only the long wave
is charged with subatomic par- terrestrial radiation, but also a
Surtesey Off SE Iceland 1963 – ticles. part of incoming solar radiation,
Ana Krakatoa Island 155 Indonesia � Of the many constituents, car- thus regulating the energy trans-
Volcanoes Types of volcanoes : There are three bon dioxide, dust particles, wa- fer through the atmosphere.
types of volcanoes — ter vapour and Ozone are of � About 90 per cent of water
� A volcano is an opening in the
Earth’s crust. great importance for the earth’s vapour lies below 6 km of the at-
Shield volcanoes : climatic conditions. mosphere. Only less than 1 per
� Crust allows magma to reach the cent of the total atmospheric
� The shield volcanoes are the larg- � Nitrogen serves mainly as a
Earth’s surface. moisture in the atmosphere is
� The magma that reaches the est of all the volcanoes on the diluents and its main function is
to regulate combustion by dilut- found above 10 km.
Earth’s surface is called lava. Earth. � The atmosphere has a layered structure.
ing oxygen. � Dust particle include all the solid
� Sometimes magma rises slowly to � These volcanoes are mostly made particles present in the air ex- � This is because of density stratification as a result of this lighter gases
the surface and spread over a vast up of Basalt. � Carbondioxide, just 0.03 per cent move up and denser one settles down.
cepting the gases and water
area. of the dry air, even though it has � The atmosphere can broadly be divided into 5 layers, there are :
� They become explosive if water vapour.
� Some plateaus and plains have great climatic significance. This
gets into the vent. � They absorb a part of the incom- (1) Troposphere
been formed in this way. gas emits about half of the ab- ing short-wave solar energy.
� The top of cone i s usually � These are formed by quiet erup- sorbed heat back to the earth � A certain percentage of solar ra- � The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere.
marked by a funnel shaped de- tion of lava with low silica con- and hence a very important func- � It extends roughly to a height of 8 km. near the Poles and about 18
diation energy is reflected back
pression, which is called crator. tent. tion in the heat energy budget. by these solid particles. km. at the equator.

OLE - 324 OLE - 325 OLE - 326

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
�

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
� Temperature decreases with The aurora borealis and aurora WIND mountains of Alps and blows to-

GEOGRAPHY
Coriolis Force : The phenomena
height, roughly at the rate of 1°C australis sometimes occur in the � Horizontal movement of the air is called as wind. Due to horizontal dif- of deflection of all winds to the wards the Mediterranean Sea.
for 165 meters of ascent. This upper part of thermosphere and right, anti-clockwise in the north- � Chinook and Foehn : Warm and
ference in air pressure, air flows from areas of high pressure to areas
is known as normal lapse rate. lower part of the exosphere, dry local winds blowing on the lee-
of low pressure. ern hemisphere, while they de-
� This layer contains dust particles where they overlap into the ther- ward sides of the mountains are
� The vertical or nearly vertical movement of air is referred to as air current. flects to the left, clockwise in the
and over 90 per cent of the mosphere. called Chinook in the USA and
� Winds and air currents together comprise a system of circulation in the Southern hemisphere with respect
� Thermosphere is a region of the Foehn in Switzerland.
earth’s water vapour. atmosphere. to the rotating Earth is called Co-
atmosphere that is ionized by so- � Tornado : An extremely violent
� All vital atmospheric processes riolis Force. The Coriolis force is
lar radiation. whirl-wind, covering a small area,
leading to various climate and zero at the equator and maximum
� It is responsible for auroras. sometimes wind velocity exceeds
weather conditions take place in at the poles as it depends on the
� During daytime hours, it 300 km per hour. It occurs fre-
this layer. sine of latitude. With the increas-
stretches from 50 to 1000 km quently in the Mississippi basin
ing wind velocity, coriolis force also
(2) Stratosphere and includes the mesosphere, of the U.S.A. and Sahara.
thermosphere and part of the increases. Since, this phenom-
� It lies beyond the Troposphere. enon was fi rstl y proved by a � Harmattan : The warm and dry
xosphere. winds blowing from north-east
The zone separating the two lay- French Scientist Ferrel, it is called
� Ionization in the mesosphere and east to west in the eastern
ers is known as the tropopause. largely ceases during the night, Ferrel’s Law.
parts of Sahara Desert are called
� The stratosphere extends upto a so auroras are normally seen only (2) Periodic winds : The Winds “Harmattan”. Similar winds are
height of 50 km. in the thermosphere and lower changing their direction periodi- called ‘brickfielder’ in Australia,
� In the lower part of this layer exosphere. cally with change in season are ‘blackroller’ in USA, ‘Shamal’ in
(upto 20 km) temperature re- � The ionosphere forms the inner called periodic winds. Monsoons Mesopotamia and Persian Gulf
mains constant. Afterwards it edge of the magnetosphere. are the best examples of large and ‘Norwester’ in New Zealand.
gradually increases upto a height (5) Exosphere scale modification of the plan- � Sirrocco : It is a warm, dry and
of 50 km because of the pres- � It is the uppermost layer of the etary wind system. dusty wind which blows in north-
ence of Ozone layer. atmosphere extending beyond � Monsoon : The word monsoon erly direction from Sahara desert
� Clouds are almost absent and the Thermosphere above a height has been derived from the Ara- and after crossing Mediterranean
there is very little dust or water- of 400 kms. Fig : The distribution of world pressure belts and planetary winds. bic word “Mausam” which means Sea reaches Italy, Spain etc. Simi-
vapour. � Here the atmospheric gases are Types of Wind season. The monsoon winds thus lar winds are known as ‘Kham-
(3) Mesosphere very thin. (1) Planetary winds : These winds blow throughout the year from one lati- refers to the wind systems that sin in Egypt, ‘Gibli’ in Libya,
� It extends upto a height of 80 km. � This part is extremely rarefied tude to the other in response to the latitudinal differences in air pres- have a pronounced seasonal re- ‘Chilli’ in Tunisia,
� Temperature decreases with and gradually merges with the sure, for example, the trade winds and the westerly winds. versal of direction.
Cyclone
height again and reaches upto outer space. � Trade Winds : The winds which blow from the sub-tropical high pres- � The monsoon winds blow over
� Here the temperature may reach India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, � A cyclone is an area of closed,
–100°C at the height of 80 km. sure towards the equatorial region of low pressure regularly throughout
to astonishing high value of more Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Arabian circular fluid motion rotating in
� Bulk of the meteors are de- the year in many areas especially the oceans and the hot deserts from
than 5000°C. Sea, Bay of Bengal, South-East- the same direction as the Earth.
stroyed in this region. north-east in the northern hemisphere. It brings little rain except on
Atmospheric Pressure the line of convergence of the two trade wind systems. ern Asia, Northern Australia, � This is usually characterised by
� It is also called ‘Chemosphere’. � Atmospheric Pressure is the inward spiraling winds that rotate
� Westerlies : The Westerly winds are those which blow with great fre- China and Japan.
� In upper part of the Mesosphere weight of the column of air at any anticlockwise in the Northern
quency from the Horse Latitudes towards the polar region throughout (3) Local Winds : Local winds de-
(60-80 km) oxygen exists in its given place and time. Hemisphere and clockwise in
the year with varying intensity and cause rain near the polar regions. velop as a result of local differ-
atomic form. � It is measured by means of an Southern Hemisphere of the
Westerlies are stronger in the Southern Hemisphere because of the vast ences in temperature and pres-
(4) Thermosphere instrument called a Barometer. Earth.
expanse of ocean water. Owing to their ferocious nature, they are also sure. They affect small areas
� It is located between 80 to 400 kms. � It is measured as a force per unit � A cyclone is a low pressure area.
described as “Roaring Forties”. “Furious Fifties” and “Shrieking Six- and are restricted to the lowest
� In its lower part, there is an area. The units used by meteo- levels of the troposphere. � A cyclone's center is the area of
ties” which were dreaded terms for navigation.
electrically charged layer called rologists for this purpose are lowest atmospheric pressure in
� Doldrums : Also known as inter-tropical convergence Zone (ITCZ). It is � Loo : A very hot and dry wind
the Ionosphere. called Millibars (mb). the region.
the equatorial belt of low atmospheric pressure where the north-east (hot wave) in the North Western
� Radio waves transmitted from the � The distribution of atmospheric � An extratropical cyclone is a
and south east Trade winds converge, it is a region of calmness. The India and Pakistan which blows
earth are reflected back to the pressure is shown on a map by synopti c scal e l ow pressure
calmness periodically broken by storms, accompanied by heavy rains. from the west in afternoon of May
earth by this layer. Isobars. weather system that does not
� Horse Latitude : They are the sub-tropical belts of high atmospheric and June and may cause sun-
� An Isobar is an imaginary line have tropical characteristics,
� Temperature again starts in- pressure over the oceans (near 30° latitude) between the regions of Trade stroke.
drawn through places having being connected with fronts and
creasing with height because of winds and Westerlies. They are regions of calm, light variable winds and � Mistral : The cold wind which
equal atmospheric pressure re- horizontal gradient in tempera-
radiation from the Sun. duced to sea level. dry air. They are also known as calm of Cancer and calms of Capricorn. originates over the snow-covered ture and dew point.

OLE - 327 OLE - 328 OLE - 329

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY
� A sub-tropi cal cycl one is a � Types of Front : There are four 4. Stationary Front : This front is � The ideal conditions for dew for- � Precipitation in the form of hard � They present a layered structure.
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
weather system that has some types of Fronts — formed when two contrasting air mation are : a clear sky, little or rounded pellets is known as hail. Numerous creepers like liana
characteri stics of a tropical 1. Cold Fronts masses converge in such a way no wind, high relative humidity � On the basis of its origin precipi- climb the trees. Due to high hu-
cyclone and some characteristics 2. Warm Fronts that they become parallel to each and cold and long nights. tation may be classified into three midity throughout the year epi-
of extratropical cyclone. 3. Occluded Fronts other and there is no ascent of � When condensation takes place main types : phytes growing on trees could be
� They can form between equator 4. Stationary Fronts air. at a dew point which is at or be- seen commonly.
(i) Convectional Precipitation :
and tropics. Humidity low freezing point, excess mois- � These are evergreen forests.
1. Cold Fronts : A cold front is It is caused when moist winds are
� A tropical cyclone is a storm ture is deposited in the form of � Most of the trees in these forests
located at the leading edge of � Humidity is the general term drawn into the convection currents
system characterized by a low minute ice crystals. It is called as have hard wood.
the temperature drop off which which describes the invisible of a hot region. It generally occurs in
pressure centre and numerous of white frost. � Mohogany, Rosewood, Ebony etc.
in an isotherm analysis shows amount of water vapour present equatorial region. The thundery rain
them produce flooding due to � Fog is defined as a cloud with its are the hard wood trees.
up as the leading edge of the in the air. of a summer afternoon is a typical
heavy rain and strong wind. base at or very near the ground.
isotherm gradient and it � Absolute Humidity is the weight example. (b) Monsoon Forests :
� A topical cyclone feeds on heat Fogs are of different kinds de-
normally lies within a sharp of actual amount of water vapour (ii) Orographic Precipitation : � These forest are found in central
released when moist air rises, pending upon the nature of the
surface trough. present in a unit volume of air. It is caused by the surface relief of and north-east India, Myanmar,
resulting in condensation of water cooling process.
vapour contained in the moist air. � Cold fronts often bring heavy It is expressed as grams per cu- the land, mainly, by the presence of Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambo-
thunder forms rain and hail. � Mist is also a kind of fog in dia and northeast Australia.
� An Anticyclone i s a weather bic meter of air. mountain range. There is heavy rain
� Cold fronts can produce sharper which the visibility is more than
phenomenon as a large scale � Specific Humidity is the weight of on the wind-ward side. � Monsoon forests are not very
one km but less then 2 km.
circulation of winds around a changes in weather and move up water vapour per unit weight of (iii) Cyclonic Precipitation : It dense. Sal, teak and Sisam are
to twice as quickly as warm � Cloud is a mass of minute drop- important trees of the region.
central region of high atmosphe- air. It is expressed as grams per is associated with the passage of a
fronts since cold air is denser lets of water or tiny crystals of
ric pressure. kilogram of air. cyclone or depression. � Besides, in the areas of high rain-
than warm air. ice formed by the condensation
� Clockwi se i n the Northern � Relative Humidity is the ratio of fall bamboos, rubber, cinchona,
of the water-vapour in free air at Forest in the World
Hemisphere and anti clockwise in 2. Warm Fronts : Warm fronts are the air’s actual water vapour con- mahogany etc. are found.
considerable elevations.
Southern Hemisphere. the leading edge of a homoge- tent to its water vapour capacity � According to a recent global (2) Temperate Deciduous Hardwood
neous warm air mass, which is � Generally there are ten major
Weather Front at a given temperature. It is ex- assement forests cover 31% of Forests
located on the equatorward edge types of cl ouds whi ch are
pressed in percentage. the total land area of the World. � Temperate regions of moderate
� A weather front is a boundary of the gradient in isotherms. grouped under three main catego-
� Dew point is the temperature at � The average land area per capita temperature and rainfall like cen-
separating two masses of air of ries arranged according to their
� These fronts lie within broader which saturation occurs. is 0.6 hectare. tral and western Europe, north-
different densities and is the prin- height.
trough of low pressure than cold eastern USA, Southern Russia,
cipal cause of meteorological phe- Evaporation and Condensation Three main categories of clouds : � The total forest areas in 2016
fronts. Central America, eastern Asia.
nomenon. 1. Cirrus clouds - Forms around was around 4 billion hectares.
� A warm front moves slowly than � Evaporation is the process by Korea, Japan, China etc. have the
� The air masses separated by a which water is transformed from 12 km altitude. Major Forest types
the cold front which usually fol- hardwood deciduous forests.
front usually differ in temperature liquid to gaseous form. 2. Altostratus clouds – forms
lows because cold air is denser (1) Tropical Hardwood Forestc : � Trees of these forests shed their
and humidity. around 6 km altitude.
and lander to remove from the � It takes approximately 600 calo- leaves at the onset of the winter
� Cold fronts may feature now These are found in the regions of
earth's surface. ries of energy to convert one 3. Stratocumulus clouds – forms and remai n wi thout l eaves
bonds of thunders forms and high temperature and high rainfall.
� Clouds ahead of the warm front gram of water to water vapour. at low altitude around 2.1 throughout the winter.
severe weather and may on Forests are divided into two types.
are mostly stratiform and rain � One calorie is the amount of heat km. � They are found between 30° to 50°
occasion be preceded by squall (a) Equatorial Forest : These
form gradually increases as the required to raise the temperature Precipitation North and South of the equator.
lines or drylines. forests extend between 5° North and
front approaches. of one gram of water to 1°C. � Wood of these trees are lighter
� Warm fronts are usually preceded � Condensation of water vapour in 5° South of the equator. They are
by stratiform preciptiation and fog. � Fog can also occur preceding a � Condensation is the process of and easier to work on. Important
the air in the form of water drop- found in Zaire basin of Africa, the
� The weather clears quickly after warm frontal passage. change of state from gaseous to trees of this forests are Oak,
lets and ice and their falling on Amazon basin of South America and
a front's passage. 3. Occluded Front : The overtaking liquid or solid state. Birch, Chestnut, Maple, Walnut
the ground is called precipitation. with some modifications in Malaysia
� Some fronts produce no precipi- of a warm front by a cold front � Dew, white frost, fog, mist and and Elm.
� The precipitation in the form of and Indonesia.
tation and l ittl e cl oudiness, in an atmospheric depression. clouds are various forms of con- (3) Temperate Coniferous Softwood
drops of water is called rainfall. � The equatorial forests in the Ama-
although there is invariability in Which ultimately lifts the warm densation. Forests or Taiga
sector off the surface of the � When the temperature is less than zon basin are also known as
a wind shift. � When the moisture is deposited � Except for a few hill-slopes, most
Earth, is called an Occluded O°C precipitation takes place in Selvas.
� Cold fronts and occluded fronts in the form of water droplets on of the coniferous forests are con-
front. This front shows the the form of fine flakes of snow � These forests are very dense due
generally move from the west to cooler surface of solid objects fined to the northern latitudes.
and is called snow-fall. to high temperature and rainfall
east while warm fronts move characteristics of both cold and such as stones, grass backs and � These are located between 50° N
warm front. � Sleet is frozen raindrops and re- throughout the year.
poleward. plant leaves, it is known as dew. and 70° N latitude.
frozen snow water.
OLE - 330 OLE - 331 OLE - 332
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
� In the southern hemisphere, the of Yamuna and river “Son” a tributary � Continental Shelf : It is the sea- � The average slope is between 0.5°

GEOGRAPHY
WATER ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE
extent of these forests is limited. of the Ganga are the subsequent ward extension of the continent and 1° & its general relief is low.
� They are found in an extensive streams. Reservoir Volume Percentage from the shoreline to the conti- � With increasing depth the Conti-
belt in the northern hemisphere (c) Obsequent Stream : It is the (Million Km3) of the Total nental edge. nental Rise becomes virtually flat
running through Canada, Nor- stream which flows following the di- Oceans 1,370 97.25% � The continental shelves provide and it merges with abyssal plain.
way, Swedan, Finland, Latavia, rection of the slope opposite to mas- Ice Caps and Glaciers 29 2.05% the richest fishing ground in the Abyssal Plains
Lithuania, Estonia and Central ter consequent stream. For example : world e.g. the Grand Banks off
Ground Water 9.5 0.68% � Beyond the Continental Rise it is
and Eastern Siberia. the Mahabharat Range of lesser Newfound land, the North sea and
Himalayas, Ganga, Yamuna etc. Lakes 0.125 0.01% found at the depth of 3000 to
� In Siberia they are known as the Sunda shelf.
(d) Resequent Stream : Such Soil Moisture 0.065 0.005% 6000 mt.
Taiga forests. They are found on � The shelves are also potential
the mountain slopes, between al- stream follows the direction of mas- Atmosphere 0.013 0.001% � They cover about 40% of the to-
ter consequent stream that meets the mining sites for minerals. tal ocean floor and generally are
titudes of 1500 and 2000 meters. Streams and Rivers 0.0017 0.0001%
subsequent stream at right angles. � A significant proportion of the bounded by hills on the seaward
� Coniferous trees are tall, straight Biosphere 0.0006 0.0004% world production of petroleum and
(2) Insequent Drainage System side.
with narrow, needle like leaves. COMPOSITION OF SEA WATER : natural gas comes from them.
The streams which do not follow Oceans and Seas � They are almost flat with a gra-
Most of these are evergreen but
the regional slopes and drain across Salt Percentage � The average width of shelves is dient less than 1:100.
some trees like larch are decidu- � The oceans comprise more than
the geological structure are called 70.1% of the earth’s surface. about 70 km and the mean slope � They are covered by sediments
ous. Sodium Chloride (Nacl) – 77.8%
insequent or inconsequent streams. is less 1. both of terrigenus and shallow
� These forests are commercially � They exert a great influence upon Magnesium Chloride – 10.9 %
(a) Antecedent Drainage : The Continental slope water origins. The irregular topog-
valuable as one species of tree is the global and regional climates. (MgCl2)
stream which originated before the raphy of the abyssal plain are
found over extensive areas. � They help to modify the distribu- Magnesium Sulphate � It lies at the edge of the continen-
upliftment of the surface on which burried forming relatively flat ar-
� Pine, Cedar, Spruce, Fir, Red tion of temperature along the (MgSO4) – 4.7% tal shelf, generally up to the depth
they flow. For example, Indus, Sutlej eas due to large supply of sedi-
wood and Walsum are some of the coastal areas. Calcium Sulphate – 3.6% of 2000 fathoms (3660 mt.) from
and Brahmaputra are antecedent riv- ments.
important trees of these forests. � They help to sustain the hydro- (CaSO4) the mean sea level.
ers as they originated before the
logical cycle. Potossium Sulphate – 2.5% Submarine Ridges
DRAINAGE upliftment of Himalayan Range and � It has a steep slope with the angle
hence create deep Gorge, along the � Oceans are the repositiories of a (K2SO4) � These are the mountain ranges in
of slope varying from 2° to 5°.
� The Drainage refers to a body of Mountain Range. large number of useful metallic DISSOLVED ELEMENTS IN the ocean.
flowing water, ranging in scale � It covers about 8.5% of the total
(b) Superimposed Drainage : It and non-metallic minerals such as SEA/OCEAN WATER � A large number of submarine
from a rill to river. oceanic area and individually
is formed when the nature and char- petroleum, gas, common salt, Elements/Salt gm of salt/ about 12.4% of the Atlantic ridges are placed centrally in the
� The evolution of drainage system acteristics of the valley and flow di- oceans.
gold, diamond etc. Kg water Ocean, 7.1% of the Pacific ocean
in a particular region is deter- rection of a consequent stream de- � At some places their summits
� The sea, as a biological environ- Chlorine 18.97 and 6.5% of the Indian ocean.
mined by the nature of the origi- velop on the upper geological formu- Sodium 10.47 may rise above the sea level form-
nal surface and the Geological ment is, the easiest available and � The continental blocks are sup-
lation and structure are superim- an inexhaustible source of food Sulphate 2.65 ing islands.
structures. posed on the lower geological forma- Magnesium 1.28 posed to end at the site of conti-
� There are broadly two categories and other products of value to nental slope. Abyssal Hills
tion of the entirely different charac- Calcium 0.41
of drainage – Sequent Drainage man. � The continental slope along the
teristics. For example, river Potassium 0.38 � A deep sea floor also contains
System and Insequent Drainage � Of all the marine resources, fish Bicarbonate 0.14 many coasts of the world is fur- numerous isolated abyssal hills,
Subarnarekha is superimposed on
System. Dalma hills on the west of Chandil in is the most abundant and impor- Bromine 0.06 rowed by deep canyons l ike sea-mounts and guyots.
the Chhotanagpur plateau region of tant. Borate 0.02 trenches termi nating as fan- � A submarine mountain peak ris-
(1) Sequent Drainage System
(a) Consequent Stream : In the Jharkhand. OCEAN RELIEF shaped deposits at the base. ing more than 1000 mt. above
region of flooded structure, stream HYDROSPHERE � There are five types of continen- ocean floor are known as “sea-
formed in the synclinical troughs is tal slopes-(a) fairly steep with elon- mount”.
� Hydrosphere is the water surface � Flat topped seamounts are known
called synclinical consequent stream. gated hills and basins, (b) gentle
which includes the oceans, lakes as “Guyots”.
Consequent stream follows the direc- slope with elongated hills and ba-
and rivers.
tion of the slope. Most of the stream sins, (c) faulted slope, (d) slope � All the above features are volca-
� It is estimated that the hydro- nic in origin.
draining the coastal plains of India with terraces & (e) slopes with
sphere contains about 1,460,000
are of this type. seamounts. Submarine Trenches or Deeps
cubic km of water.
(b) Subsequent Stream : When � Of this 97.3% is in the oceans Continental Rise � A long narrow and steep sided
the master consequent stream is and inland seas. The rest 2.7% � The place where the continental depression on the ocean floor is
joined by its tribuatary at right angles is found as glaciers and ice caps, slopes end, the gentle sloping called trench. These are the
it is called subsequent stream. For fresh water lakes, rivers and un- continental rise begins. deepest part of the ocean.
example the river “Asan”, a tributary derground water. Fig : Relief of ocean Basin
OLE - 333 OLE - 334 OLE - 335
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� They are usually 5500 mt. in SALINITY � In Northern Indian Ocean the cur-

GEOGRAPHY
� ‘Great Barrier Reef’ (off Queensland, (iii) Exclusive Economic Zone
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
OCEAN CURRENTS
depth and lie along the fringes of Australia) is the largest reef in the rents change their direction in re- (EEZ) : extends for 200
� Salinity is expressed as the num- Ocean Currents Nature
the deep sea plains and usually world. sponse to the reversal of the mon- nautical miles, starting from
run parallel to the bordering fold ber of grams of dissolved salts in soon winds.
� Coral Reefs : In tropical seas the same base line as the Pacific Kuroshio Warm
mountains or the island chains. many kinds of coral animals and 1000 grams of sea water. � The periodic phenomenon of al- territorial waters. Within
ternate rise and fall in the sea lev- Oyashio Cold
� They are believed to have resulted marine organisms such as coral � The average salinity of oceans is the EEZ, the coastal state
els is known as Tide. Okhotsk Cold
from faulting or down folds of the polyps, calcareous algae, shell- about 35 per thousand or 35%°. has the right to exploit all
� Tides are produced due to gravi- Alaskan Warm
earth crust and so tectonic in ori- forming creatures and lime-se- � The amount of salinity determines economic resources.
gin. tational interaction of Earth, Moon California Cold
creting plants live in large colo- the composition and movements (iv) High Seas lie beyond all
� They are most common in the Pa- and Sun. East Australian Warm
nies. these zones, and are free
cific ocean like “Mariana Trench”, of the sea water and the distribu- � Moon exerts the strongest influ- Peruvian/
� Though they are very tiny crea- to navigation by vessels of
off the Guam Island Chain which tion of various marine lives. ence on tides because of its close- Humboldt Cold
tures, their ability to secrete cal- all nations.
is deepest (11022 mt.) in cium carbonate within their tiny � Salinity varies both horizontally ness to Earth. Atlantic Antilles Warm
the world. cells has given rise to peculiar and vertically. � On the full moon and the new MAJOR TRENCHES Florida Warm
type of marine land form. moon tides are the highest (Spring North Atlantic
Submarine Canyons � The average salinity of N-Hemi- Tides). Name Location
� They exist in numerous species sphere is 34%o while for S-Hemi- Drift Warm
� These are the deep gorges on the � On the Ist and 3rd quarters, tides Mariana Trench Pacific Ocean
of many forms, colours and Gulf Stream Warm
ocean floor and are restricted to sphere it is 35%o. are lower than the usual (Neap Kurile Trench Pacific Ocean
shapes Under favourable condi- Labrador Cold
the continental shelves, slopes and � The greatest proportion of salt is tides). Java Trench Indian Ocean
tions, they grow in great profu- Canaries Cold
rises. found in two areas which lie about � Waves are oscillatory movements in Kermadec Trench Pacific Ocean
sion just below the water level. Brazil Warm
� Some canyons begin at the edge water mainly produced by winds. Japanese Trench Pacific Ocean
� Taking coral animals as a whole, the Tropic of Cancer and the Falkland Cold
of the continental shelf and ex- � Tsunamis Aleutian Trench Pacific Ocean
the polyps are most abundant and Tropic of Capricorn. From these Benguela Cold
tend down the continental slope. IMPACT OF CURRENTS Tonga Trench Pacific Ocean
also the most important. regions the salinity decrease both Guinea Warm
For example-“Oceanographer Can- Mindanao Trench Pacific Ocean
� Each polyp resides in tiny cup of towards equator and the poles. � Warm and Cold currents maintain
yon” near New-England. Peru-Chile Trench Pacific Ocean Indian Mozambique Warm
coral and helps to form coral reefs. the temperature of the place as
� Some canyons have dendritic ap- � In general there is low salinity in Puerto Rico Trench Atllantic Ocean Agulhas Warm
� When they die, their lime skel- per its temperature.
pearance like off the east coast of equatorial zone, high in tropical Nares Trench Atlantic Ocean West Australian Cold
Southern California. etons are cemented into coralline � Because of warm current, ports
limestone. belt, low in temperate zone and are open in Polar region.
� Some begins at the river mouth STRAITS OF THE WORLD
� There are also non-reef building minimum in sub-polar zone. � Winds that are in contact with
and extends over the continental
shelf as “Zaire”, Mississipi” and species such as the ‘precious cor- the warm current are full of hu- Bab-al- Mandeb — Red sea of Arabian Sea
als’ of the pacific oecan and the Worlds Highest Saline bodies midity and thus rainfall occurs in Bering — Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea
“Indus” canyons.
‘red coral’ of the Mediterranean coastal areas. Bosphorus — Black Sea and Marmara Sea
Bank, Shoal and Reef Lake/Sea Salinity (%O) � Due to cold current, deserts de-
which may survive in the colder Dover — North sea and Atlantic Ocean
� These are the marine features and even the deeper waters. Van Lake 330 velop.
Florida — Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean
which are formed through the pro- � As a rule they thrive well only in � A dense fog is created where two
Dead Sea 238 Gibralter — Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean
cesses of erosion, deposition and the warmer tropical seas. different currents meet.
biological activity. Great Salt lake 220 � Warm current melts the iceberg. Malacca — Java Sea and Bay of Bengal
� Coral Bleaching : The loss of al-
� Banks are almost flat topped el- Sambhar Lake 205 Palk — Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean
gae from the corals resulting into MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
evation located in the continental the white colour which indicates Red Sea 40 Magellan — South Pacific Sea and South Atlantic Ocean
margin. ZONES OF JURISDICTION Sunda — Java sea and Indian Ocean
the death of corals is considered
� The depth of water is relatively OCEAN MOVEMENTS (i) Territorial waters : over Yucatan — Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea.
as coral Bleaching.
small but adequate for navigation which a state has full sov- Hudson — Canada and Bafin Island
� The coral bleaching during 1997 � Ocean currents are swift moving,
and are sites of rich fishing e.g. ereignty. They are recogni-
-98, has been recorded as the large masses of surface water Denmark — Greenland and Iceland
“Dogger Bank” (North Sea), “Grand sed as extending for 12
most catastrophic event. that move in a fairly defined di- nautical miles from the Bass — Tasmania and Australia
Bank” (off Newfoundland). � Global warming has been reported Luzon — Philippines and Taiwan
� Shoales are detached elevation rection. coastline.
as the major factor of coral (ii) Contiguous Zone or pur- Mozambique — Mozambique and Madagascar
with shallow depth. bleaching. � Ocean currents are of two types-
suit zone : extends for fur- Cook — North Island and Southern Alps of Newzeland
� They are dangerous for navigation the warm currents and the cold cur-
� Large scale coral bleaching ac- ther 12 nautical miles in Bonifacio — Ajaccio and Sardinia (Italy)
as they only 18-20 mt. below the rents.
counting for 70% death of the cor- which the coastal state can English Channel — Bay of Biscay and North Sea
sea level.
als of the coasts of Maldives, � In the Northern Hemisphere, the take action against those Makassar — Borneo and Celebes
� Reefs are the mound or rocky el-
Andamans and Lakshadweep Is- current move to their right and in who break the law within Malacca — Singapore and Sumatra
evation like ridges made of or-
lands in Indian ocean and Kenya. Southern Hemisphre to their left. the true territorial waters.
ganic deposit. Molucca — Minhassa and Halmahera Islands

OLE - 336 OLE - 337 OLE - 338

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� This river flows through eight South Pacific Oceanic routes : This � The distance between Port Said

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY � This railway line is only 1600

GEOGRAPHY
km. long. countries of Europe. route j oi ns Austral i a, New and Port Suez is 193 km.
Transportation in the World � This type of railway was first
� It was for transportation in 1910. St. Lawrence River : This is the Zealand, North America and � Due to construction of this canal,
Highways constructed in 1825 from Stock-
Trans-Australian Railway : famous river of Canada. Western Europe with each other. the distance between Europe and
ton to Darlington in England. Routes of Indian Ocean : Indian Asia has decreased.
� Pan American highways : It is Trans-Australian railways move � This river joins North America
extended from Alaska of North 2. Trans-Continental Railways : with Atlantic Ocean. oceanic waterways are used by Soo Canal : This canal joins the
along the eastern coasts of
America to Southern Parts of This type of railways joins the � This river is approximately 1400 the countries which fall in the Lake Superior and Huran lakes
Australia in a North-South
Chile of South America. distant places of thin population. km. vicinity of Indian Ocean. of USA.
direction in Australia.
� Trans-Canadian highways : It Trans-Siberian railways, Trans- Mississippi River : This is the � Countries of Indian Ocean exports � There is a Saint Mary waterfall
� This railways starts from Chairs
joins the Eastern corner of Caspian railways, Canadian- major river of USA. jute, tea, mineral ores etc. between both the lakes.
in the North and reaches Can-
Canada with the western bor- Pacific railways, Chile-Argentina berra in the south. � It has many branches. Routes of Mediterranean Sea : This Welland Canal : This canal joins
ders of Canada. This highway railways are the examples of such � This railway route passes through � Total length is about 3200 km. water way j oi ns Asi a and the lake Erie and Ontario.
goes from Sai nt John to railways. Sydney Broken hills, Port Augusta Volga River : Volga river is Australia continents with North � There is a famous Niagra water
Vancouver via Quebec, Montreal, 3. Intragressive Railways : and Kalgoorli centres. mainly Russian river. Atlantic Oceanic routes. fall between both the lakes.
Ottawa, Sudbury, Thunder Bay, Intragressive railways start from Cape to Cairo Railway : This � This river contributes about � Through this waterways the raw � Its lengths is 43 km.
Winnipeg and Calgary. the centre of the continent and railway track join Cape Town of 80% to the total trade of the material of Eastern countries are Eric Canal : This canal joins Erie
goes up to the coastal areas. South Africa to Cairo the capital country. being transported to western lake and Michigan lake. Its length
� Alaska highways : This high-
� Such railways are found in hot of Egypt. � This river falls into Caspian sea. countries. is 584 km.
ways joins Admont Town with
deserts and cold regions. � This railway track is about Nile River : This river is called Cape of Good Hope Sea route : Panama Canal : This canal is
Alaska.
14,400 km. long. the ‘life line of Egypt’. Cape of Good Hope Sea route between Paci fic ocean and
Inter continental highways Major Railways of the World joins Eastern Asia and Europe to
� The whole railway track is divided � This river flows in the continent Carribean ocean.
� Trans-Siberian highways : Rus- Southern parts of Africa.
� Trans-Siberian Railways : Trans- into three parts — of Africa. � Gatun lake is situated near this
sian Federation has constructed Canals canal.
Siberian railways are the longest 1. Cape Town to Alabo � The mouth of this river lies in
the Trans-Siberian highways Suez Canal : This is the world’s � Thi s canal is constructed in
and the most important railway 2. Makbar to Wadi Haffa Mediterranean sea.
which joins the Eastern Parts of biggest canal constructed in the Panama, a country of central
line of the world. 3. Swan to Cairo 2. Oceanic water ways :
the country with Western Parts Senai peninsula of Egypt. America.
� Its length is approximately 9232 Union Pacific Railway : This is North Atlantic Oceanic routes :
of the country. � This i s the most i mportant � This canal joins Atlantic Ocean
km. a well known railway route of These routes are much more
� Indian Sher Shah Suri Marg : i mportant than any other waterway. with Pacific Ocean.
� This railway is extended from USA.
This hi ghway was joining waterways. � This canal is constructed by � The length of Panama is about 80
Leningrad, Moscow to Vladivostok. � This route joins SanFrancisco
Kolkata with Peshawar earlier, � This waterways joins the region cutting the Isthmus of Suez. km.
� This railway joins Western Part of and New York.
but now it goes up to Amritsar, of western Europe with the � This canal joins Red sea with Kiel Canal : This canal falls in
Russian Federation with the Waterways :
after the partition of country. region of North America. Mediterranean sea. Germany.
Eastern Part of Russian Federa- Waterways are divided into two
This road in India is known as � Gl asgow, Manchester, South � The Northern bank of Suez canal � This canal joins Baltic sea with
tion. types —
‘Grand Trunk Road’ (G.T. Road). Haiyxton, London, Rotterdam, i s known as ‘Port Sai d’ of North sea.
� The Construction of Trans- 1. Inland Waterways
Railways Breman, Bordio, Lisben, Ouebec, Mediterranean sea and Southern � This canal is about 98 km in
Siberian railways was started in 2. Oceanic Waterways.
� Railways are the greatest contri- Montreal, New York, Havana are bank of Red sea is known as Port length.
1891 and was completed in 1905 1. Inland Waterways : There are
bution to the humanity of mod- the important Ports of the world Suez.
for traffic. following Inland waterways.
ern times. Rhine River : Rhine river is the on this oceanic route. MAJOR INDUSTRIAL CITIES
� The railways came into exist- � Canadian-Pacific Railways : The � The maxi mum goods are USA
major waterways of Europe.
ence in 1785 as small route in Canadian-Pacific railways start transported through these Boston — Shipbuilding
� This river is known as the 'Life
Europe and United States of from Halifax and St. John on Line'of European trade. waterways. Pittsburgh — ‘Iron and steel’
America. Atlantic Ocean and reaches � This is the world's busiest river. South Atlantic Oceanic routes : Buffalo — Chemicals, metal goods and flour mills
� In India the first railway line was Vancouver located on the coasts � Mainly coal is transported from This routes join North America Akron — Synthetic rubber
laid in 1854 from Mumbai to of Pacific Ocean via Quebec, ‘Ruhr Valley’ through the Rhine and Europe with South America. Ciatel — Aeroplane
Thane by Lord Dalhousi during Montreal, Ottawa, Fort William river. � Goods are transported through Kansas — Seal packing meat
the British time. and Winnipeg. � Due to coal transportation, this this route from North America to Chicago — Seal packing meat
Pattern of Railways Network � Its length is 5600 km. river is also called ‘coal river’. South America and Europe. Baltimore — Shipbuilding
1. Intensive Railways : When � It is called the backbone of Canada. � This river falls into the North North Pacific Oceanic routes : Plymouth — Shipbuilding
many railways tracks are con- Chile-Argentina Railways : This Sea. These water ways join East Asia Los Angeles — Aeroplane, film
structed in an area, that type of railway route joins Valparaiso Port Denube River : This is the and North America with each Detroit — Automobiles
railways are called intensive rail- of Chile with Buenos Aires of Ar- longest river of the European other. Birmingham — Cotton textiles, chemical and metal work
ways. gentina. continent. � This water way is very long. New Orleans — Metal work

OLE - 339 OLE - 340 OLE - 341

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Canada Germany Ukrain

GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
Hamilton — Iron and steel, cars, porcelain Essen — Iron and steel centre Kharkov — Machinery, engineering
Toronto — Automobiles, chemicals, textiles Dortmund — Iron and steel centre Kiev — Engineering
Windsor — Automobiles and tyre making industries Krefeld — Textiles Krevagrog — Iron and steel, ship building
Sarnia — oil refineries Rulr-westaphila — Industrial region Netherland
South America Wappertal — Textiles
Buenos Aires — Meat packing, flour milling Rotterdam — Marine engineering, shipbuilding
Frankurt — Railway engineering
Brasilia — Steel mills, chemicals Amsterdam — Diamond polish
Hamburg — Shipbuilding
Montevideo — Packing industry Hannover — Metal and chemical industries Important Cities on River Banks
Rio-de Janeiro — Shipbuilding, aircraft engineering, Cotton,coffee Jena — Photographic equipment
Sao Paulo — Coffee industry Dresden — China clay City River City River
UNITED KINGDOM Munich — Shipbuilding London — Thames Bangkok — Menam
The Midland Leipzig — Optical instrument New York — Hudson Belgrade — Danube
Birmingham — Steel industry Italy Budapest — Danube Bonn — Rhine
Conventry — Automobile industry Milan — Textiles Delhi — Yamuna Cairo — Nile
Derby — Textile and engineering Turin — Automobiles, aircraft industries Lahore — Ravi
Rome — Tiber
Leicestershire — Coal field Russia Linz — Danube
Baghdad — Tigris
Nottingham — Hosiery, cigarettes, tobacco, pharmaceuticals Gorki — Heavy engineering steel mills
Washington — Potamac Calcutta — Hooghly
North East England Tula — Steel industries
Bellingham — Chemicals Alexandria — Nile Moscow — Moskava
Moscow — Textiles, machines, chemicals
Darlington — Locomotives Montreal — Ottawa Karachi — Indus
Ivanovo — Cotton industries
Gateshead — Engineering Paris — Seine Quebec — St. Lawrence
Leningrad — Shipbuilding
Middlesbrough — Iron and steel Vladivostok — Shipbuilding Shanghai — Chang Jiang Tokyo — Sumida
New Castle — Shipbuilding Chelyabinsk — Steel industries, machine tools Vienna — Danube Yangoon — Irrawady
South Shield — Port industry Japan
The Lancashire Region Tokyo — Electrical engineering The Continents
Manchester — Major textile centres
Kawasaki — Glass work, cement, marine engineering Name Area (sq.km.) Percentage of Population
Port sunlight — Soap factory
Kobe — Shipbuilding Earth’s area estimates (million)
St. Helens — Glass industry
Kyoto — Porcelaine toys and Handicrafts work
Bolton and Bury — Spinning
Nagoya — Textiles Asia 43,820,000 29.5 4,436,224,000
Blackburn — Weaving
Yorkshire, Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire Osaka — Textiles Africa 3,03,70,000 20.4 1,216,130,000
Bradford — Worsted textile Yokohama — Shipbuilding
N. America 24,490,000 16.3 579,024,000
Huddersfield — Woolen textile Nagasaki — Shipbuilding
China S. America 17,840,000 11.8 422,535,000
Leeds — Garments industries
Sheffield — Cutlery Manchuria — Heavy industry Antarctica 13,720,000 9.6 4,490
Central Scotland Shanghai — Cotton textile mills Europe 10,180,000 7.1 738,849,000
Dumbartion — Engineering Wuchang — Iron and steel industry
Australia 9,008,500 5.3 39,901,000
Glasgow — Iron and steel industry Hayang — Iron and steel industry
Port Glasgow — Ship building Hankou — Iron and steel industry Continent Mean Highest Lowest Elevation
Great London — Industrial region, Cement and oil refineries. Sichuan — Automobiles, machine tools
Elevation Elevation (m.)
South wales — Coal mining Changchung — Automobiles, machine tools
Wuhan — Cotton, shipbuilding, steel industry (m.) (m.)
Belgium
Antwerp — Diamond cutting Australia Asia 923 Mt Everest (8850) Dead Sea (-396)
Liege — Iron and steel industry Adelaide — Agriculture industries Africa 585 Mt Kilimanjaro (5951) Lake Assal (-151)
Mons — Textiles Melbourne — Chemicals, shipbuilding, aircraft engineering
Namur — Agriculture engineering N. America 615 Mt. Denali (6252) Death Valley (-87)
New Castle — Iron and steel, locomotive, aircraft, chemicals
France Port Kembla — Iron and steel, locomotive, aircraft, chemicals S. America 554 Mt Aconcagua (7026) Valdes Peninsula (-40)
Clermont-Ferrand — Michelin tyres Chile Antarctic 1846 Vinson Massif (5189) Bentley Subglacial
Greater Paris — Wide range of goods Valparaiso — Oil refineries, wine industries Trench (-2538)
Lorraine — Iron and steel production Santiago — Wine industries Europe 302 Mt. El’brus (5687) Caspian Sea (-28)
Limoges — Pottery South Africa
Lyons — Silk textiles Australia 308 Mt. Kosciuszko (2251) Lake Eyre (-16)
Johannesburg — Gold mining
Marseilles — Oil refineries Kimberlay — Diamond mining Note : Mt. Denali is changed name of Mt. Mckinely since 16.09.2015

OLE - 342 OLE - 343 OLE - 344

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY
RIVER SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD River Source Destination Country � Lake Tana in Ethiopia is the source of Blue Nile.
� Liberia is a leading producer of coffee and rubber.
River Source Destination Country Orinoco Parima Moun- Atlantic Colombia, Venezuela
� Lake Chad is the region of inland drainage.
Amur Lake Khanka Sea of Okhotsk China, Mongolia, Russia tain Ocean
Parana Parnaiba River Rio dela Plata Brazil � Madagascar is actually a huge block of Africa that separated from the
Brahmaputra Tibet Bay of Bengal China, India, Bangla-
Rio Grande mainland about 80 million years ago.
desh
Chang Jiang Kunlun Shan East China China Purus Ucayali Amazon River Peru, Brazil FACTS TO REMEMBER–AFRICA
Sea Paraguay Mato Grasso Parana River Paraguay, Brazil, Argentia,
� Land of Gold and Diamonds South Africa
Ganga Himalayas Bay of Bengal India, Bangladesh Bolivia
� New capitals of Nigeria & Tanzania Abuja, Dodoma
Huang Ho Kunlun MT. Gulf of Bohai China Sao Canastra Mts. Atlantic Ocean Brazil
Francisco � Clove Bowl of the World Zanzibar & Pemba
Indus Mt. Kailash Arabian Sea India, China, Pakistan
Yukon Atlin Lake Bering Sea Canada, USA � Lake Nasser is on River Nile
Irrawaddy Mali River Andaman Sea Myanmar
Murray Australian Alps Southern Australia � River boundary between S Africa and River Limpopo
Lena Lake Baikal Laptev Sea Russia
Mekong Lasagongma South China China, Thialand, Laos, Ocean Botswana
Sea Vietnam, Cambodia, IMPORTANT ISOPLETHS � Akosombo dam is on River Volta
Myanmar � Largest waterfall in the world Victoria Falls
Type Line (representing) Connects points of Equal.
Irtysh Altai Mountain Ob River China, Russia � Victoria falls are on River Zambezi
Salween Tibet Andaman Sea China, Myanmar, Isobath equal depth � Two countries of Africa that were never Ethiopia, Liberia
Thailand Isobar equal atmospheric pressure colonized
Tarim Tibet Lop Nur China Isobathy Therm depth of water with equal temperature
� Kimberley is famous for Diamond
Tigris Turkey Shatt-at-Arab Iraq, Turkey, Syria. Isocheim equal mean winter temperature
� Witwatersrand is famous for Gold
Ural Ural Mountain Caspian Sea Russia, Kazakhstan Isodose equal intensity of radiation
� African country with the best quality Liberia
Volga Valdai Hills Caspian Sea Russia Isohel equal amounts of sunshine
magnetite ore
Yenisey Stanovoy Range Arctic Ocean Russia, Mongolia Isohyet equal precipitation
� Pastoral tribe of Kenya Masai
Danube Black Forest Black Sea Germany, Austria, Isoplat equal acidity in precipitation
Mountain Hungary, Slovakia, Isostere equal atmospheric density � River Orange is a boundary between S Africa & Namibia
Croatia, Serbia, Roma- Isothere equal mean summer temperature � A new country carved out of Ethiopia Eritrea
nia, Bulgaria, Maldova Isodrosotherm equal dew point during 1992s
Dnieper Valdai Hills Black Sea Belarus, Russia, Isogonal equal magnetic declination � Lourenco Marques was renamed as Maputo
Ukraine Isohaline equal salinity � S African farmer of Dutch descent Boer
Rhine Black Forest North Sea Switzerland, France, Isohume equal humidity � Countries bordering Lake Victoria Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda
Mountains Germany, Netherlands Isoneph equal amaunt of cloud cover � Gate of Tears Bab-el-Mandeb
Zaire Lake Mweru Atlantic Ocean Dem. Rep. Congo, Isophene biological events occurs at the same time. � A highly nutritious crop of Ethiopian Teff
Gabon Isotach equal wind speed.
Zambezi Mwinilunga Indian Ocean Dem. Rep. Congo, highlands
Isotherm equal temperature � Most tropical of all continents Africa
Malawi, Zambia, Angola,
Isogloss Separating linguistic features. � Place of origin of Coffee Ethiopia
Mozambique
Niger Guinea High Gulf of Guinea Nigeria, Mali, Niger, AFRICA–FACT FILE � A flightless bird of Kalahari desert Ostrich
lands Guinea, Benin � Eastern most terminus of Tanzara Dar-es-Salam
� The African continent is separated from Europe by the Mediterranean
Nile Lake Victoria Mediterranean Dem. Rep. Congo, Sea and from Asia by the Red Sea. railway which begins from Katanga
Sea Egypt, Tanzania, � Suez Canal is a 160 km long man-made canal which cuts through the mineral belt
Uganda, Sudan, South isthmus between Egypt and Sinai Peninsula. � Country facing the strait of Bab-el- Djibouti
Sudan
� Harmattan is a hot, dry, dust laden wind blowing from the Sahara to Mandeb
Amazon Andes Moun- Atlantic Ocean Equador, Peru, Brazil the Guinea coast.
tains � Country with maximum Hydroelectric Zaire (Dem. Rep. of
� One of the striking features of Africa is its Great Rift Valley.
Mississippi Lake Itaska Gulf of Mexico Canada, USA power (HEP) potential in Africa Congo)
� The northwest African countries of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia are to-
Mackenzie Great slave lake Beaufort sea Canada gether called the Maghreb. � Gold, Ivory, Slave and Grain coasts, Grain, Ivory, Gold,
Madeira Mamore River Amazon River Brazil, Bolivia � Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and the source of White Nile. arranged west to east Slave coast

OLE - 345 OLE - 346 OLE - 347

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY
� Animism � Orange and Zambezi � Quebec
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
The religion followed by many tribes The Kalahari desert is situated between The largest province of Canada
in Africa which is based on love and the rivers � The most populated province of Canada Ontario
respect of nature � The country having highest death rate Sierra Leone � The largest city of Canada Toronto
� The Victoria Fall was discovered by David Livingston and least life expectancy in world � The smallest province of Canada Prince Edward Island
� The policy of segregating people on the Apartheid � A hot local wind blowing from Sahara Sirocco � Canada is the largest producer of Paper and pulp
basis of their race or their colour of skin Zambezi to Mediterranean � Highest tidal range is experienced in Bay of Fundy
� The famous Cobora Bassa Dam is on � The oldest surviving African language Swahili � The ‘Detroit of Canada’ Windsor
the river � Most of Kalahari lies in Botswana � The ‘Birmingham of Canada’ Hamilton
� The famous Kainji Dam is on the river Niger � Farmers of Egypt are also called Fellahin � The Sudbury mines in Canada are Lead, Zinc & Silver
� The river forming the boundary between Zambezi � Three points where Africa almost Gibraltar, Suez and Bab- famous for
Zambia and Zimbabwe el-Mandeb � The Strait separating N. America Davis Strait
� A region of inland drainage Lake Chad � Southernmost tip of Africa Cape of Agulhas from Greenland
� Seat of legislature of S Africa Cape Town � The highest peak in Africa Mt. Kilimanjaro � The Canadian Pacific Railway runs St. John’s in New
� Natural region with the greatest Rain Forests � City of the confluence of Blue and Kahrtoum between Brunswick and Vancouver
biodiversity White Nile � The most famous Aircraft Seattle
� Judicial capital of South Africa Bloemfontein � The hottest place in the world Al-Azizhiya, Libya manufacturing Centre of the USA
� The temperate grassland of S Africa High Veld � The three Maghreb Republics Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia � Death valley is situated along the river Colorado
� Countries which form the Horn of Africa Ethiopia, Somalia, � Source of Blue Nile and White Nile L Tana, L Victoria � Fort Worth and Dallas are called “Twin Trinity
Djibouti � The Little and the Great Bitter lakes Suez Canal Cities” are situated at the bank of river
� Nubian desert lies in Egypt are along � Washington DC is located on the Potomac
� The only river that crosses the River Zaire � A large geographically disadvantaged State Zaire bank of river
equator twice � The lowest point in Africa Lake Assal, Djibouti � The two provinces of Canada from Alberta and
� Aborigines of upper Nile River Zaire � The nomadic herders of Sahara Tuaregs where 75% of mineral oil comes Saskatchewan
� Administrative capital of S Africa Pretoria � The main entrepot of Africa Zanzibar � The Latitude dividing USA and Canada 49° N
� Land of Oil Palm Nigeria � A large lake in East Africa not lying Lake Victoria � The head office of the software giant Seattle
� The only river to cross the Tropic of Limpopo in the Great Rift valley Microsoft is in
Capricorn twice
FACTS TO REMEMBER-NORTH AMERICA � The Canadian National Railway Halifax to Prince Rupert
� The hot dry wind blowing in the South Berg
connects in British Columbia
Eastern part of South Africa � Chicago is located on Lake Michigan
� Mediterranean type of climate is found in California
� The famous Copper Mines of Zaire Lubumbashi � Niagra Falls lie between Lakes Erie and Ontario
� The confluence of Mississippi and Missouri St. Louis
� The famous Copper and Cobalt Mines Katanga � The canal joining lakes Superior and Soo Canal
Huron � The busiest inland waterway of St. Lawrence
of Zaire-Zambia
� The Ngana, tropical disease of cattle Tsetse fly � The canal joining lakes Erie and ontario Welland canal North America
in Africa is carried by � The ‘Big Apple’ describes the city of New York � The 49th and 50th States of USA are Alaska and Hawaii
� The Coal Mines of Zimbabwe Wankee � North America’s largest urban New York � The ‘Old Faithful’ Geyser is in Yellowstone National
� The tribes who are the forests dwellers Pygmies Park, Wyoming
agglomeration
of the Congo basin � Smallest State of USA Rhode island
� The rocket launching centre of USA Cape Kennedy, Florida
� The Sirocco winds in Libya is known as Gibli � Busiest airport of the US J. F. Kennedy Airport, � Most populated State of USA California
� The leading producer of mineral oils in Nigeria New York � Longest river of USA Mississippi-Missouri
Africa is � The driest and the hottest place Death Valley � Highest peak in N. America Mt. Mckinley (Denali)
� The largest producer of Sisal in Africa is Tanzania in USA Note : The U.S. Government changed the name of Mt. Mckinely on
� The Desert in the North East of Sudan Nubian Desert � The most recent federal territory of Nunavut 16.09.2015. Now its International official name is Denali.
� The South African town where Pietermoritzberg Canada � Highest peak in conterminus USA Mt. Whitney
Mahatma Gandhi, on being thrown � The number of provinces and federal 10 & 3 respectively � The river forming a boundary between Rio Grande
out of the train, waved to fight racism territories in Canada USA and Mexico

OLE - 348 OLE - 349 OLE - 350

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
� Hollywood is in the State of California � The shape of the famous corn belt of Rectangular � Lake Maracaibo, famous for crude oil is in Venezuela

GEOGRAPHY
� The first President of the US George Washington USA is � Kourou, the French satellite launching French Guiana
� Great Lakes arranged from West to East Superior, Michigan, � The first Census in the USA was held in 1790 station is in
Huron, Erie and Ontario � Caliche (Sodium Nitrate) is found in Atacama Desert
FACTS TO REMEMBER–SOUTH AMERICA � South American countries bordering Colombia, Venezuela,
� The lowest point in the USA is The Death Valley (86 m
below sea level) � Largest tributary of Amazon Madeira Caribbean Sea Guyana, Suriname,
� The city of Golden Gate San Francisco � Highest peak of South America Mt. Aconcagua French Guiana and Brazil
� Mackenzie, the longest river of Beaufort Sea � Argentinian ranches are called Estancias � South American country which is Venezuela
Canada drains into � Largest city of South America Sao Paulo a member of OPEC
� The State of USA which is the leading Texas � Outport of Sao Paulo Santos
� Highest wood that is found only in Balsa
producer of cotton � Trees that yield quinine Cinchona
South America
� The representative station of Laurentian Toronto � Coffee pot of the world Brazil
� Highest navigable lake in the world L. Titicaca
type of climate in N. America � Legal capital of Bolivia Sucre
� Only country through which both Brazil
� The type of delta formed by the river Bird foot type � Administrative capital of Bolivia La Paz
equator and one of the tropics pass
Mississippi in the Gulf of Mexico � Southern most inhabited city in the Punta Arenas, Chile
� South American countries which coasts Colombia, Chile
� The area of inland drainage in the The Great Basin area world
along both Pacific and Atlantic oceans � World’s largest exploitable reserves Chile
N. America
� Copper capital of the world Chuquicamata of copper
� Biggest naval and fishing port on the Victoria
� Official language of Brazil Portuguese � Most mineral rich State of Brazil Minas Gerais
Pacific coast
� Brazil shares its boundary with all Chile and Ecuador � Strait between South America and Drake Passage
� The State of USA in which the famous Wyoming
South American countries except Antarctica
Yellow stone National Park is situated
� Buffer states between Argentina & Paraguay, Uruguay and � Driest place on earth Iqique, Atacama
� The capital of Hawaii and known as “the Honolulu
Brazil Bolivia
cross roads of Pacific” FACTS TO REMEMBER–AUSTRALIA
� Coffee soils of Brazil Terra Roxa
� The famous Hoover dams is on river Colorado
� The highest active volcano in the world Mt. Ojas del Salado � The international airlines of Australia Qantas Airways
� The country that leads in production of USA
� The flightless bird of South America Emu � The southern most capital city of the Wellington
fine paper from grasses
world
� The leading producer of Newsprint and Canada � People of mixed European and American Gauchos
� Largest lake of Australia Eyre
Pulp in the world Indian ancestry who work on cattle farms
� The pride of Australia, Don Bradman, Brisbane
� The Strait of Florida separates USA and Cuba � South America’s largest steel making Tubarao, South Brazil
hails from the city of
� The Magnetic North Pole located on Prince of Wales Island facility
� The Strait between North & South Island Cook Strait
(70°N 100°W) � Coffee plantations of Brazil are called Fazendas
of New Zealand
� The largest consumer and importer of USA � Land-locked countries of South America Bolivia, Paraguay
� The biggest city of New Zealand Auckland
mineral oil in the world � Countries in descending order of I. Brazil II. Colombia � The first European to discover Abel Tasman
� Canada’s smallest and most densely Prince Edward Island population III. Argentina IV. Peru New Zealand
populated province � Trans-Andean railway connects Buenos Aires and � The most populous urban centre in Auckland
� The last province to Join Canada Newfoundland Valparaiso New Zealand
in 1949 � Tropical grasslands of South America Llanos and Campos � The highest peak of New Zealand Mt. Cook
� The most famous Industrial Centre of Akron � Bolivia is named after Simon Bolivar � The chief farming region in New Zealand Canterbury Plains
USA having specialisation in automobile � Hot winds blowing down the Andes in Zonda � The largest territory of New Zealand South Island
tires Argentina � The highest uplifted coral island Niue
� An intensely cold and strong wind Blizzard � Temperate Grasslands of Argentina Pampas in the world
accompanied by falling snow bund � A violent cold wind in Argentina and Pampero � The largest State of Australia Western Australia
in northern N. America Uruguay � The Trans-Continental Stuart Highway Northern Territory and
� Iron and steel capital of the world Pittsburgh � Angel falls, the highest in the world is on Orinico river, Venezuela of Australia connects South Australia

OLE - 351 OLE - 352 OLE - 353

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY
� Australia and New � Mt. Kosciusko � The mountain which divides China Quinling mountain
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
Australasia stands for Highest mountain peak in Australia
Zealand � Strait between Australia and Tasmania Bass Strait into North and South China
� The city of Australia known for lead-zinc Sydney � Great Barrier reef lies off the coast of Queensland � The channel which separates Andaman Great channel
and silver mines � The longest tributary of Murray-Darling Marambidgee Nicobar Islands from Sumatra
� Capital and chief harbour of Queens land Brisbane � Kalgoorlie is famous for Gold Mining � The land of white elephant Thailand
� Centre of lignite and sub-bituminous Ipswich � An animal bird with 4 legs that lays eggs Platypus � The largest Buddhist Temple Borobudor (Java)
coal mining in Australia � National animal of Australia Kangaroo � The two States of Malaysia located in Sarawak and Sabah
� The tree of Australia which yields Wattle the northern Borneo
� Most industralised State of Australia Victoria
golden flowers in summer � The Singapore of future Pening
� Mt. Tom Price is famous for Iron
� Beside Kangaroo, the other two famous Koala & Wallby � The land of golden Pagoda Myanmar
� Lead-Zinc-Silver are mined at Mt. Isa and Broken Hills
marsupial of Australia � The countries forming the golden triangle, Laos, Myanmar and
� Weipa in Cape York Peninsula is famous for Bauxite
� The wild dog of Australia Dingo the region known for opium cultivation Thailand
� Australian Temperate Grasslands Downs
� The largest producer of Bauxite in the � The city which is the world’s largest Banlung
� Strait between Australia and New Guinea Torres Strait
world Australia supplier of cinchona for Quinine
� City of Canberra was designed by Water Burley Griffin
� The labourers working in the sheep Jackaroos � The Balkan of East S.E. Asia
� Outport of Perth Freemantle
stations of Australia are known as � The official language of Indonesia Bhasa Indonesia
� Aborigines of Australia Bindibus
� The Australian province which has New South Wales � The home of green revolution Philippines
� Canberra is located on river Molonglo
maximum number of sheep � The largest Peninsula of the world Arabian Peninsula
� The city where 2000 Olympics were held Sydney
� The Australian province having highest Queensland � The two countries of Asia which are Turkey and Russia
number of cattle � Dry interiors of Australia Australian Outback
also partly in Europe
� Two important varieties of Eucalyptus Jarrah and Karri � The most populated Australian states New South Wales
� The key to Black Sea Strait of Bosporus
found in Australia � Two federal territories of Australia Northern Territory; Aus-
� The Paris of East Beirut
tralian
� The country which generates 7% of its New Zealand � The Island of Pearl Bahrain
� Capital of Tasmania Hobart
energy from geo-thermal springs � The land of five Seas Saudi Arabia
� The most famous geysers of Maori Pohutu Geyser � Sheep rearing farms in Australia are called Stations
� Countries having control over the strait Yemen and Djibouti
town � Gippsland is famous for Petroleum
of Bab-el-Mandeb
� The Australian cities in decreasing Sydney, Melbourne, � The aborigines of New Zealand of Maoris
� Countries having control over the strait Oman and Iran
order of population Brisbane Polynesian descent of Hormuz
� The Australian Trans-Continental Sydney to Perth FACTS TO REMEMBER – ASIA � The largest Salty desert of the world Dasht-i-Kavir
Railway connects situated in the Northern Iran
� The lowest point of the world Dead Sea (400 m. below
� The major roads in Australia are called Commonwealth High- sea level) � The countries forming Golden crescent, Pakistan, Afghanistan &
ways � The saltiest lake in the world Lake Van (Turkey) the region of illict opium cultivation Iran
� A self-governing overseas territory Niue � The salt lake in China which is the Lake Lop Nor � Most famous of shore oil well of Burnei Ampa
of New Zealand site of numerous nuclear testing � The island country of the Persian gulf Behrain
� The first coutnry to enfranchise women New Zealand � The river which forms the boundary Mekong � The cultural capital of Iran Shiraz
� The largest city of Australia Sydney between Thailand and Cambodia � The Land of Seven Hills Jordan
� The New Zealander who was the 1st Edmund Hillary � The region which is known as the “Cross S.E. Asia � The Land of Rivers and Distributaries Bangladesh
to scale Mt. Everest roads of culture” � The country of Canals Pakistan
� Plains of New Zealand famous for Taranaki � The river which forms the boundary Amur � World’s largest non-capital city Shanghai
the dairy industry between Russia and China � The steel capital of China Anshan
� Region of inland drainage in Australia Lake Eyre � World’s longest artificial waterway Ground Canal � The Detroit of Japan Nagoya
� Natural fountains in Australia Great Artesian Wells from Beijing to Nanjing � The longest river of Asia Chang Jiang

OLE - 354 OLE - 355 OLE - 356

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
� The life line of Myanmar Irrawaddy FACTS TO REMEMBER – EUROPE � The only fibre crop of Europe which Flax

GEOGRAPHY
� The island which is known as the Rice Luzon � The biggest and the richest coal Ruhr is used for making Linen
Bowl of Philippines producing area of Europe � The highest peak of the Alps Mt. Blanc (7807 m)
� “The land of thunder dragon” Bhutan � Besides Ruhr, the other two important Saar, Saxony � The highest peak of Europe Mt. Elbrus (5633 m)
� The largest dam of Pakistan which is Mangla Dam coal fields of Germany � The mountain forming the boundary Pyrenees
located on the Jhelum river � The Iron ore in Germany is mainly Bavaria between France and Spain
� The longest river of Sri Lanka Mahaweli Ganga found in � Only Continent without desert Europe
� The only active volcano of philippines Mount Mayan � The country of Europe having maximum Sweden � The mountain lying in the eastern France Jura
� The three cities of Pakistan known for Chaman city, Quetta and coniferous trees which separates it from Switzerland
growing fruits Kalat � The canal which Joins Baltic Sea with Kiel canal � The mountain forming the boundary Vosges
� The twin ancient towns of Pakistan Harappa & North Sea between France and Germany
belongs to Indus Valley Civilisation Mohenjodaro � The city of Russia on the bank of the Brotsk � The mountain which separates France Alps
have been excavated Angara river having world’s tallest hydel from Italy
� The only hydroelectric project of Bhutan Chukha Project power station � The Ruhr is a small right bank Rhine
with the help of India � The Bay of Biscay separates France and Spain tributary of
� The famous tin and tungsten mines Tanintharyi � The key to the Mediterranean Strait of Gibralter � Two important ancient cities of Leipzig, Dresden
of Myanmar � The Bosporus Strait separates Istanbul and Anatolia Pen- Germany situated along the river Elbe
� The place where pearls are found Gulf of Martaban insula � The city of Germany which is the centre Munich
in Myanmar � The longest river of Russia Ob-Irtysh for art and culture
� The coldest place in the Northern Verkhoyansk (Russia) � The Manchester of Italy Milan � The major ice-free port along the Arctic Murmansk
Hemisphere � The Detroit of Italy Turin coast
� The Strait that separates Hokkaido Tsugaru strait � The most important fishing ground of UK Dogger Bank
SOME GEOGRAPHICAL SUPERLATIVES
and Honshu islands of Japan � A large mountain mass with one or Massif
� The Manchester of Japan Osaka two summits � Highest active volcano Ojas del Salado
� The tough and fearless people, Kirghiez Tartar � A narrow gate between the Vosges Burgundy Gate � Most active Volcano Kilauea Hawaii
are also known as and the Jura through which the river � Largest Bay Hudson Bay
� The famous variety of orange found Jaffa Rhine passes � Largest Sea South China Sea
in Israel � The longest river of Europe Volga � Driest Place Atacama desert
� The discontiguous city of Russia Kaliningrad � The three CIS countries which are Estonia, Lithuania, � Wettest Place Mawsynram
� The contribution of Japan in the 15% known as Baltic States Latvia � Lowest temperature Vostok, Antarctica
total fishing haul of the world � Big embankments built along the sea Dykes � Highest temperature Al-Aziziyah
� The island on which the cities of Honshu front to protect the land from the sea � Highest waterfall Angel falls
Tokyo and Yokohama are located � The land which is reclaimed from the Polders � Largest Waterfall Victoria Falls
� The biggest trading partner of Japan USA sea by making dykes � Largest Gulf Gulf of Mexico
� The tropical cyclone hiting the southern Typhoons � The city of five ports Moscow � Broadest Strait Davis Strait
coast of Japan frequently � The second largest country in Europe, France � Largest Delta Sundarban
� The two important oil fields of Japan Nigata, Akita next only to Russia � Largest Mangrove forest Sundarban
� The southern island groups of Japan Kerma Island � More than 90% of iron ore of France Lorraine field � Largest Peninsula Arabia
� The roof of the Korean Peninsula Korma Highlands comes from � Largest Glacier Siachidn glacier
� The deepest fresh water lake of the world Lake Baikal � The silk industry of France is located in The Rhone valley � Largest Gorge Grand Canyon
� The Sick Man of Europe Turkey (Asia Minor) � The White City of North Helsinki (Finland) � Largest Lake Caspian Sea
� The Switzerland of Middle East Lebanon � The city known as “the key to the Baltic” Copenhagen � Saltiest lake Van lake

OLE - 357 OLE - 358 OLE - 359

 GEOGRAPHY

MAJOR CROPS, GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR CULTIVATION, LEADING PRODUCER/

EXPORTERS ETC.

S.No. Crop Climatic Soils Other Factors Leading Exporting Production in

Conditions (°C) Producer Countries India
T-Temperature, Countries/
R-Rainfall (cms) Regions
First country is in most cases
First in production (export)
Food Crops Cool and moder- —Sandy loams, Level land —Cool China, U.S.A, —The alluvial
1. Wheat ately moist alluvial and black facilitates use of Temperate Canada plains of Sutlej—
machines Grassland Australia,
during growing —Requires Region is the Ganga basin
period and warm manuring every world’s greatest Argentina comprising
dry and shiny alternate year. producing region Punjab, Haryana
during Reasons and Western
harvesting —Fertile soil Uttar Pradesh
—Sparsely
OLE - 360
period, T : mild populated and, —Black soil
13 to 19, therefore, large region of
R : moderate 25 and abundant Gujarat, Mahar-
to 75; with holdings ashtra, Madhya
irrigation in —Suitable climate Pradesh and
—Former USSR,
areas having R U.S.A, China, Andhra Pradesh
less than 25. India, Canada, —Varieties :
Australia, Argentina Kalyana, Shera,
—Wheat most Moti, sonalika,
Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

important crop in Lerma, Sonara-

Australia in
terms of 64
area,production
and exports

2. Rice —Hot and moist —Loams with —Level land Tropical Monsoon China, U.S.A, —India second
—Flooding in high silt and because of Region is the India, Former largest producer
early period of clay content as flooding require- principal USSR, Sudan, but still an
growth these prevent ments. There- producing region Egypt importer.
T : average 27, rain water from fore, alluvial soils along with —West Bengal
R : 100-150 seeping to of river valleys Equatorial Low- largest producer.
under ground. and deltas most Bihar, Orissa,
land Region
—Constant use suitable Assam, Coastal
—China, India,
of fertilisers and —Cheap labour, plains, Punjab,
manure. Indonesia, Japan, Haryana, U.P.
Therefore densely Thailand
populated areas Production low
—In Japan, because
principal crop —crop dependent
upon rainfall.
Well-drained Varieties : Ratna,
deep loam Padma, Jaya, etc.,
3. Maize Humid U.P, Bihar, Punjab,
subtropical U.S.A, China, In M.P., Karnataka,
T : 20 to 24 in
OLE - 361

U.S.A, maize is A.P., Varieties-

summer, 8 to 14 Rich fertile used as an animal sartaz, Deccan-
in autumn feed. 103, Arun
4. Barley —Similar to U.P, Bihar,
wheat T : mild Former USSR, Rajasthan, M.P.
13 to 19 U.S.A, Canada, Maharashtra.
R : moderate 75 China, West
to 100 European
—Grows in wide countries
range of
Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

climate : hot, Can grow in

temperate, cold. poor sandy soils
5. Pulses Moderate Climate Varieties of Soils It includes Gram, M.P., Maharashtra,
Arhar, Moong, India, China, U.P., Rajasthan
Peas, Masur, etc. U.S.A
GEOGRAPHY
 GEOGRAPHY
6. Millets Hot and semi-arid Can grow in poor China, India, Tamil Nadu, Maharash-
climate sandy soils Former USSR tra, Rajasthan,
T : 24 to 29 Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh
R : 50 to 75
Industrial —India has largest
Crops acreage under cotton
7. Cotton Warm moderately Grown on variety —Sea breeze U.S.A, Former U.S.A, Former cultivation in the
moist dry summer of soils; light improves quality USSR, China, world, but she is fo-
USSR, Sudan, urth largest producer.
days in the later sandy, loams, —Manuring after India, Egypt. Egypt —Important growing
part. heavy clay, a fixed number Also these
T : 21 (average) areas : Black Cotton belt
bottom sands, of years countries are of Deccan consisting of
R : 60-110 yield increasing —Use of insecti- largest producer Plateau of Malwa,
(moderate) in that order cides and of cotton seeds Southern and north
pesticides to eastern Gujarat, almost
check disease whole of Maharashtra,
—Cheap labour northern Andhra
— Require frost- Pradesh, north eastern
free weather and and south eastern

OLE - 362
shiny sunshine. Karnataka, Central
Tamil Nadu
Sujata II is best qua-
lity cotton grown. India
exports short staple
cotton and imports
long staple Cotton.
8. Tobacco Temp. –15-38° C — regularly Abundant rainfall China, Brazil, Brazil, U.S.A. A.P., Karnataka,
Rainfall. - 50 (avg.) fertilized soil and frost are India, U.S.A. Zimbabwe and Gujarat
Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

harmful for it. Turkey

9. Jute Hot and moist —Well-drained —Abundant India and Bangladesh —West Bengal (50 per
T : 24-27 loamy and clayee supply of water Bangladesh hold (exporter of cent of total output);
R : 200 well —Delta and flood for soaking, virtual monopoly. raw wool), Assam, Bihar, Orissa
distributed over plains are best washing Thailand,

the growing since soil fertility Mymensingh Nepal, India ‘Mesta’ is a variety
period is recouped —Cheap labour area in imports raw jute of Jute
every year by —Cheap Bangladesh from Bangla-
natural process transport alone produces desh but It is
70 per cent of largest exporter
raw jute produc- of manufactured
tion of the Jute.
country.
10. Rubber —Hot and humid Deep well- —Cheap labour Wild rubber : Malaysia, Southern States:
T : 25-35°C drained loamy Brazil and some Indonesia, Kerala (90 per cent
R : 175-250; other S. American Thailand, Sri of total production),
well distributed countries Planta- Lankan Rubber Tamil Nadu,
throughout the tion rubber : SE exports account Karnataka
year Asian countries, for 20-50 per
Sri Lanka, India, cent of export
Myanmar, SE
earnings of first
Asian r egion
possesss virtual three countries
monopoly Malaysia,
Indonesia,
OLE - 363 Thailand
11. Sugarcane Tropical climate, Alluvial soil India, Br azil, Brazil, Cuba U.P., Maharashtra,
— Abundant
20-27°C, 75-120 Uganda, Cuba Tamil Nadu
water supply
cm
12. Coconut —Hot wet Flourishes in Philippines, India, Lakshdweep,
Palm T : 24-28 coastal belts of Indonesia, Philippines Kerala
R : over 200 tropical Countries Singapore
13. Groundnut —High Tempera- clayey soil India, China, Maharashtra, Gujarat,
USA A.P., Karnataka, Tamil
Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

ture
—Moderate Nadu, Madhya Pradesh,
rainfall Uttar Pradesh
14. Sesame Tropical and India, China
sub-tropical Myanmar, Pak.

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
15. Linseed Warm sum-mers, Moist; loamy or Canada, Argenti- U.S.A, Canada
high hu-midity, sandy na, U.S.A export seed
moderate rainfall while India
well distributed exports linseed
over the growing oil
pe-riod
16. Soyabean Moderate Light, Sandy, USA and China USA, China M.P. Maharashtra
rainfall loamy hold virtual
monopoly
17. Castor Plant India, Brazil Gujarat
18. Tea —War m and Fertile well —Cheap labour —Virtual India, Brazil NE India and S. In-
humid through- drained soil rich —Chemical monopoly of —India China, Sri dia NE India : Assam
out the year in organic matter fertilisers and Monsoon Region Lanka Valley Surma Valley,
T : 27 (average) and iron green manure —India, China, —Tea accounts for Darjeeling, Terai,
R : Heavy, about Sri Lanka more than 50 per cent Tripura S. India :
200 cm. coming in of export earnings of Tamil Nadu, Kerala.
frequent sh-owers Sri Lanka
19. Coffee —Warm to hot —Fertile, well Cheap labour Brazil, Colombia Brazil, Colombia Darjeeling produces
OLE - 364

and moist drained soil, rich (S. America); the best quality tea.
T : 21 to 27 in iron and Ivory Coast —Karnataka, on
R : 125 to 250, potash (Africa) Nilgiri Hills in Tamil
well distributed —Terra Roxa soil Nadu, on Cardamom
throughout the is ideal India, China Hills in Kerala
growing period
20. Spices Varying It includes block India, China. Largest producer
climatic pepper, turmeric, black pepper-Kerala,
conditions chilli, saffron, red chilli- Andhra
Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

cardamom, clove, Pradesh, Turmeric-

etc. Tamil Nadu, Ginger-
Kerala, Cardamom
-Kerala, Safforn -
Jammu & Kashmir
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY
FAMOUS PLACES/STRUCTURES AND THEIR LOCATION Place/ Location Importance Place/ Location Importance
Structure Structure
Place/ Location Importance
Structure Mohenjodaro Pakistan Historical site of Indus Valley Los Angeles USA Largest city of USA, film indus-
civilisation try
Abadan Iran World’s biggest oil refinery
Angkor Vat Combodia A ruined city with specimens of Murree Pakistan Chief hill station Miami Beach USA Centre of world beauty contests
Indian art and culture and Nagasaki Japan An atom bomb was dropped Montreal Canada Large trading centre
Hindu complex devoted to Lord here on August 9, 1945 during New York USA Leading commercial and finan-
Vishnu built by the Khemer King Second World War, seaport cial centre of the world, located
Suryavarman-II in the period Nazareth Israel Holy place of Christians associ- on the Hudson river, houses the
1113-1150 A.D. ated with the life of Christ second largest building of the
Babylon Baghdad (Iraq) Ancient centre of art, science Quetta Pakistan Hill station, commands the en- world–Empire State Building,
and culture, remains of biblical trance to the Bolan Pass has the Statue of Liberty
tower/hanging gardens found Shatt-al-Arab Iraq One of the world’s ancient wa- New Oreleans USA Cotton market
here terways, witnessed early human Quebec city Canada Seaport
Bangkok Thailand Known as ‘Venice of the East’, settlements
San Francisco USA Seaport, industrial centre, meat
largest city in Thailand and capi- Shanghai China Largest and most populous city
packing, automobiles
tal of China
Basra Iraq Principal port on the bank of the Tashkent Uzbekistan Venue of talks between Prime Sao Paulo Brazil Second largest city of Brazil, cof-
river Shatt-el-Arab near the Per- Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and fee growing
sian Gulf President Ayub Khan on Indo- Sudbury Canada World’s biggest source of nickel
Bethlehem Israel Birth place of Jesus Christ Pak War problem. Toronto Canada Largest city of Canada
Boddam Near Diego Garcia A military base being developed Tokyo Japan World’s one of the most populous Washington DC USA White House (Official residence
by the US as a station for cities in the world. capital city of the President), DC denotes
nuclear sub-marines and ships Armero Columbia Also called ‘White City of Colum- District Columbia, Capital city
Diego Garcia Indian Ocean An important American military bia’, more than 20,000 people Vancouver British Columbia Seaport
base in the Indian Ocean killed in volcanic eruption (Canada)
Herat Afghanistan Ancient trade centre, carpet and Barranacas Mexico World’s first urban settlement to Yellow Stone USA Oldest and largest national park
silk products manufacturing be exclusively powered by solar National Park with about 3000 geysers and hot
Harappa Pakistan Ruins of ancient India, site of the energy
springs
Indus Valley Civilisation Belize Central America Formerl y Bri tish Honduras
Al-Aqsa Mosque Jerusalem Islam’s third holiest place
Hiroshima Japan Industrial town was known as which became independent on
‘Venice of Japan’, ruined by the September 21, 1981, 156th Kaaba Mecca Inner shrine of the great Mosque
first atom bomb dropped by USA member of the UNO of Mecca
in the Second World War on Au- Buenos Aires Argentina Largest city in the southern Kremlin Moscow A large fortified citadel, the Sec-
gust 6, 1945, also a seaport hemisphre, famous for dairy retariat of the former Soviet Gov-
Haifa Israel Chief seaport products ernment
Jeddah Saudi Arabia Chief seaport on Red Sea, an- Chicago USA Important trading city, meat Malacanang Manila Presidential palace of Ferdinand
cient city packing is the chief industry Palace Marcos, President of the Philip-
Jerusalem Israel Jesus Christ was crucified here, Cape Kennedy USA Missile launching centre and HO pines who ruled for more than
also called ‘Holy City’ and capi- of NASA, named after John F 20 years
tal of Israel Kennedy US Senate Mao Mausoleum Beijing Built from material brought from
Khandhar Afghanistan Trading centre Capitol Washington US Senate every province of China
Kandy Sri Lanka Temple of Tooth (Buddha’s Detroit USA HO of biggest car manufactur- Pentagon Washington A five-sided building, houses the
Tooth) ing company, Ford Motor
ministry of defence of the USA
Karachi Pakistan Chief seaport Gettysburg USA Histori cal town, si te of the
Kirkuk Iraq Oilfields Wall Street New York Stock Exchange of New York
American civil war
Lop Nor China Site of the Chinese nuclear test White House Washington Official residence of the Presi-
Havana Cuba Cigar manufacturing, also capi-
explosion dent of USA since 1800 AD and
tal town
Madina Saudi Arabia Place of pilgrimage for Muslims, constructed in1792. President
Honolulu Hawaii Islands Tourist resort, capital city
birth place of Prophet John Adam was the first US
Hollywood USA Film industry
Mohammed, second capital city President to occupy it
Kansas USA Chief livestock trading centre

OLE - 365 OLE - 366 OLE - 367

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
Place/ Location Importance Place/ Location Importance Place/ Location Importance
Structure Structure Structure
Broadway USA Broadest street in the world Istanbul Turkey Seaport, formerl y cal led Red Square Kremlin, Moscow An open ground attached to the
C N Tower Toronto World’s tallest free standing ‘Constantinople’ Kremlin and used for proces-
structure, 553.33 m high Kew Gardens London Botanical gardens sions & demonstrations
Aswan Egypt A tourist resort, world’s biggest Leningrad Russia Seaport, second largest city of White Hall London The seat of British Government
Aswan Dam (13 km.) Russia. In World War II it was offices, the former official resi-
Benghazi Libya Chief town and port on the Gulf seiged by Germany, also an in- dence of the Queen of England
of Sidra in Mediterranean sea dustrial town Big Ben London A huge clock on the tower of the
Durban South Africa Associated with political activities Leipzig Germany Industrial town British Parliament installed in the
of Gandhiji Liverpool UK Seaport, exporter of milk year 1859
London UK Seaport, capital city Brandenburg Berlin Main gate between the erstwhile
Entebbe Africa Commercial centre
Vatican City Italy The Resi dence of the Pope, Gate east and west Berlin
Johannesburg South Africa Gold mines
smallest independent State in the
Kimberley South Africa Diamond mining Bridge of Sighs Venice (Italy) A bridge on which condemned
world 0.44 sq km, population-
Al Asnam Algeria World’s greatest earthquake prisoners had to pass over be-
1000
when 80% city was destroyed fore being executed
Waterloo Belgium Battle of Waterloo was fought
Alexandria Egypt Seaport, city founded by here between the British and Buckingham London Palace of the British Monarch
Alexander the Great her allies and the French forces Palace since Queen Victoria’s accession
Zanzibar Tanzania Produces cloves in which Napolean was defeated in 1837
Barcelona Spain Chief port and a commercial cen- in 1815 10, Downing England Official residence of the Prime
tre, venue of the 1992 Olympics Wimbledon London Famous for its tennis tourna- Street Minister of England
Bergen Norway Biggest city of Norway and sea- ments Elysee Palace France Official residence of President of
port Zurich Switzerland University of Switzerland France
Cologne Germany Industrial centre, ‘Eau-de-Co- Aberdeen England Industrial city, seaport, famous Escurial Spain One of the largest palaces in
as the ‘Granite City’ Spain
logne is after its name
Antwerp Belgium Seaport, diamond cutting, ship
Dover England Sea port on the Strait of Dover
building, oil and sugar
Dunkirk France A French port on the English MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION (WORLD GEOGRAPHY)
Baku Russia Oil centre on the Caspian Sea
Channel near the Belgium bor- Baikonur Kazakhstan Russian Rocket launch station SOBRIQUETS Garden City of India : Bangalore
der Milan Italy Second largest city of Italy Big Game Country : African Gate of Tears : Bab-el-
Edinburgh Scotland Important educational centre Moscow Russia Largest city of Russia-capital
Savanna Mandab
Epsom London Famous Racecourse Munich Germany Beer manufacturing, venue of
Blue Mountains : Nilgiri Hills Gift of Nile : Egypt
Essen Germany Coal mining, iron and steel in- 1972 Olympics
dustries Britain of the South : New Zealand Granite City : Aberdeen
Olympia Greece Birth place of Olympic Games
Geneva Switzerland European HQ of the UN, former Pisa Italy Leaning tower which is one of Hermit Kingdom : North Korea
City of Dreaming
seat of the League of Nations, the wonders of the world Herring Pond : Atlantic Ocean
Spires : Oxford
capital town Rome Italy Centre of Roman civilisation and Holy Land : Palestine
culture, historical buildings, City of Palaces : Kolkata
Genoa Italy Seaport in Mediterranean Sea Golden Triangle of : South East
Gibraltar Spain A famous British colony capital city City of Seven Hills : Rome
Opium Production Asia
Glasgow Scotland Biggest ship building centre, Rotterdam Netherlands Ship building, iron and steel in- City of the Golden
dustries Industrial Heartland : Ruhr basin
seaport Gate : San Francisco
Elba Mediterranean sea An island in the Mediterrean of Europe
Greenwich London Observatory, the time in all City of the Golden
where Napolean was exiled in The lungs of the : Brazilian Rain
countries is calculated on the Temple : Amritsar
1814-15 world Forest
basis of Greenwich Mean time
Stratford England Birthpl ace of Wi l li am Cockpit of Europe : Belgium Clove Bowl of the
Goteborg Sweden Seaport of Gota connected to the Shakespeare
Baltic Sea by a canal City of Skyscrapers : New York World : Zanzibar
Avon
The Hauge Netherlands Seat of UNO Internatonal Court Emerald Island : Ireland Island of Pearls : Bahrain
Ulster Ireland Where struggle between Catho-
of Justice (ICJ) lic and Protestant Christians took Eternal City : Rome Key to
Hamburg Germany Chief seaport place Garden of England : Kent Mediterranean : Gibraltar

OLE - 368 OLE - 369 OLE - 370

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
Land of Seven Seas : Arabia Port of Five Seas : Moscow Huron Canada & USA 2nd Largest among great lake

GEOGRAPHY
Place Discoverer Nationality Year
Land of Golden Quaker City : Philadelphia Erie Canada & USA Niagra waterfall lies between lakes Erie and
Fleece : Australia Queen of the Adriatic : Venice Ontario New Zealand Abel Janszoon Tasman Holland 1642
Land of Garden Queen of the Ontario Canada & USA The smallest of great lake North Pole Robert Peary U.S.A. 1909
Pagoda : Myanmar Arabian Sea : Cochin Michigan USA 3rd largest among great lake Planetary Motion Kepler German 1600
Land of Kangaroo : Australia Roof of the World : Pamirs Great Salt USA Sea Route to India Vasco da Gama Portuguese 1498
Land of Lilies : Canada Pink City : Jaipur Mead Lake USA (via Cape of
Land of Maple : Canada Ruhr of East : Damodar Titicaca Bolivia-Peru Largest lake of South America world’s Good Hope)
Land of Morning Valley highest navigative lake South Pole R. Amundsen Norway 1911
Calm : Koreas Sick Man of Europe : Turkey Marcaibo Venezuela Solar System Copernicus Poland 1540
Land of Midnight Singapore of Future : Pinang Victoria Zambia On river Zamberi, Largest lake of Africa. Suez Canal Designed by French
Sorrow of Bengal : River Kariba Mozambique On river Zamberi Engineer Fardinand de
Sun : Norway
Damodar Lesseps French 1869
Land of Rising Sun : Japan Nasser Egypt On river Nile
Sorrow of China : River Hwang
Land of Thousand Chad — Makes boundary with Niger, Nigeria, Chad PRINCIPAL MOUNTAIN PEAKS
Ho
Lakes : Finland Cameroon
Spice Garden of Name Country Range
Land of Thunderbolt: Bhutan Timsah Egypt Located on Suez canal
India : Kerala
Land of White Eyre Australia Salt Lake
Sugar Bowl of the Mt. Everest Nepal-Tibet Himalayas
Elephants : Thailand Disappoint- K2 (Godwin Austin) India Karakoram
World : Cuba
Lighthouse of ment lake Australia Dry salt lake Kanchenjunga Nepal-India Himalayas
Venice of North : Stockholm
Mediterranian : Stromboli White City : Belgrade Baikal Russia Deepest lake on Earth Lhotse Nepal-China Himalayas
Pearl of Antilles : Cuba White Man’s Grave : Guinea Coast Ladoga Largest lake in Europe Makalu Tibet-Nepal Himalayas
Playground of Windy City : Chicago Onega Russia Dhaulagiri Nepal Himalayas
Europe : Switzerland World’s Breadbasket : American Balkhash Kazakhstan Nanga Parvat India Himalayas
Prairies Van lake Turkey Saltiest lake Nanda Devi India Himalayas
LANDLOCK COUNTRIES Deadsea Israel - Jordan Lowest lake in the world McKinley (Denali) Alaska (U.S.A.) Rockies
Asia Aral sea Russia Kazakhastan-Uzbekistan Mt Logan Canada Rockies
Maldova Luxemburg
Afghanistan Nepal Geneva lake Switzerland Mt Whitney USA Rockies
Switzerland Slovakia
Mongolia Laos Toba lake Indonesia Mt Elbruz Russia Caucasus
Liechtenstein Serbia
Bhutan Tajikistan Rudolf Kenya Mont Blanc France Alps
Africa Toubkal Morocco Atlas
Kyrgyzstan Armenia Tanganyika Tanzania-Zambiq
Burundi Chad Mt Kosciusko Australia Australian Alps
South America Zaire-Burundi
Ethiopia Mali
Paraguay Bolivia Malawi (Nyasa) Africa Makes boundary with Malawi, Mozambique GREAT DESERTS
Niger Rwanda
Europe and Tanzania Name Country/ Name Country/
Uganda Botswana
Belarus Czech Republic Caspian Sea Asia-Europe Largest lake in the world, makes bound- Region Region
Malawi Zambia ary with Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan,
Bratislana Austria Zimbabwe Burkina-Faso Sahara (Libyan, Patagonia : Argentina
Iran and Azerbaijan.
Hungary Nubian) : N Africa Kalahari : Botswana
Central African Vostok Antractica Largest lake of Antarctica
Macedonia Kosovo Australian (Gibson, Namib : Namibia
Republic Kuko China Simpson,Victorian, Thar : NW India
PRINCIPAL LAKES OF THE WORLD Great Sandy) : Australia Negev : Israel
GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES Arabian (Rub’al Ordos : China
Lake Country Significance Khali, An-Nafud) : Arabia Takla Makan : China
Great Bear Canada A glacial lake, drained by Great Bear River Place Discoverer Nationality Year Dast-e-Lut (Barren Gobi : Mongolia, China
Great Stave Canada Drained by Mackenzie river Desert) : Iran Kara Kum : Turkmenistan
America Christopher Columbus Italy 1492 Kyzyl Kum : Kazakhstan,
Reindeer Canada Drained by Raindeer river Dast-e-Kavir
Brazil Petro Alvarez cafrol Portuguese 1500 (Salt Desert) : Iran Uzbekistan
Winnipeg Canada Drained by Nelson river
Hawaii Islands Captain James Cook England 1778 Desierto de Mohave : S California,
Athabasca Canada — Island of Tasmania N America
Sechura : Peru
Superior Canada & USA Largest Fresh water lake in the world and New foundland John Cabot England 1497 Atacama : N Chile Sonoran : N America, Mexico

OLE - 371 OLE - 372 OLE - 373

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
POLITICAL BOUNDARIES

GEOGRAPHY
17th Parallel : North & South
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
Burster COUNTRY AND ITS SHARING BOUNDARY WITH SEA
R. Rio Grande : Mexico & USA Vietnam (Before Khamsin Warm Egypt
unification) Country Sea Country Sea
R. Amur : China & Russia Harmattan Warm Guinea Coast
R. Limpopo : S Africa & IMPORTANT STRAITS Mistral Cold S E France Yemen Red sea Saudi Arabia Red sea
Botswana and S Puna Cold Andes Algeria Mediterranean sea Tunisia Mediterranean sea
Name Links Libya Mediterranean sea
Africa & Zimbabwe Pampero Cold S. America
Bab-el-Mandeb : Red Sea and Ara- Ukraine Black sea Romania Black sea
R. Zambezi : Zambia & Zimba- Simoon Warm Arabian Peninsula
bian Sea Bulgaria Black sea Turkey Black sea
bwe Haboob Warm Sudan
R. Orange : S. Africa & Namibia Bering : Arctic Ocean and Turkmenistan Caspian sea Kazakhstan Caspian sea
Bering Sea Norwester Warm New Zealand
R. Mekong : Cambodia & Thai- Azerbaijan Caspian sea Iran Caspian sea
Lizon : South China Sea Bora Cold North Italy
land, Myanmar Russia Black sea Egypt Red sea
and Pacific ocean Blizzard Cold Canada/USA
& Laos, Thailand Sudan Red sea Eritrea Red sea
& Loas Makassar : Celebes Sea and Sirocco Warm Sahara to Mediterranean Sea
Java Sea GRASS LANDS
R. Salween : Myanmar & Thai- PRINCIPAL LAKES OF THE WORLD
land Hormuz : Persian Gulf and Temperate Grassland Tropical Grassland
Gulf of Oman. Name Length (sq. km.) Country
R. Danube : Romania & Bul-
Bosporous : Black Sea and Sea Prairie USA Savanna Africa
garia, Yugoslavia 1. Caspian Sea (Largest) 3,71,800 Russia-Iran
of Marmara Steppe Russia Lanos Venzuela
R. Uruguay : Uruguay & Brazil 2. Superior 82,350 USA-Canada
Dardanelles : Sea of Marmara Pampas Argentina Campos Brazil
R. Parana : Paraguay & Argen-
tina, Brazil and Aegean Sea 3. Victoria 69,500 Kenya-Uganda Downs Australia Selvas Amazon Basin
R. Oder : Germany & Poland Dover : North Sea and the 4. Aral 64,500 Russia Veld South Africa Kagon Philippines
Durand Line : Afghanistan & Pa- Atlantic Ocean Cantebury New Zealand
5. Hudson 59,600 USA-Canada
kistan Florida : Gulf of Mexico and Taiga Polar region
6. Michigan 58,000 USA
Hindenberg Line: Germany & Poland Atlantic Ocean
7. Tanganyika 32,900 Tanzania-Zambia COUNTRIES WITH THE LONGEST COAST LINE
(After 1st World Gibraltar : Mediterranean Sea
and Atlantic Ocean 8. Baikal 30,500 Russia
War) 1. Canada 2. Indonesia (Asia) 3. Russia 4. Philippines (Asia)
MacMohan Line: India & China Magellan : South Pacific and 9. Erie 25,700 USA-Canada
5. Japan 6. Australia 7. Norwey 8. USA
Maginot Line : France & Germany South Atlanti c 10. Winnipeg 24,500 Canada
9. New Zealand 10. China (Asia)
Oder Niesse Line: Pol and & Ger - Ocean 11. Malawi 23,310 Malawi Mozambique
many (Presently) Malacca : Java Sea and Bay 12. Ontario 19,500 USA-Canada SEAs (Decreasing order in Area)
Radcliffe Line : India & Pakistan of Bengal 13. Chad 16,300 Nigeria-Chad Mediterranean Sea Caribbean Sea South China Sea
38th Parallel : North & South Ko- Palk : Bay of Bengal and 14. Eyre (Salt) 9,580 Australia Bering Sea Eastern China Sea Japan Sea
rea Palk Bay 15. Rudolf 9,065 Kenya North Sea Black Sea Red Sea
49th Parallel : USA & Canada Tartar Strait : Sea of Japan and 16. Titica 8,300 Peru-Bolivia Baltic Sea Yellow Sea Caspian Sea (lake)
16th Parallel : Namibia & Angola Sakhalinsky (Sea 17. Athabasca 8,100 Canada Arab Sea (Lake)
of Okhotsia)
18. Nicaragua 8,000 Nicaragua
VALLEYS OF THE WORLD
PRINCIPAL WATERFALLS 19. Reindeer 6,389 Canada
Name Location LOCAL WINDS 20. Kuko 5,957 China Kaghan Valley Pakistan Cerce Valley France
Angel : Venezuela Names Nature Region 21. Torrens 5,775 Australia Douro Valley Portugal Hunza Valley Pakistan
Tugela : South Africa 22. Victoria Nyanza 26,640 East Africa Lauter brunnen Valley Switzerland The Valley of Geysers Kamchatka
Fohn Warm Alps
Yosemite : California 23. Nyasa 30,044 Africa (Russia)
Chinook Warm Rockies
Ostra Mardolafoss : Norway (Snow eater) Porsmork Valley California Khumbu Valley Nepal
Cuqenam : Venezuela Kalbaisakhi Warm North India OCEANS Danum Valley Borneo Waipi'o Valley Hawaii
Berg Warm S Africa Yangdi Valley China Napa Valley California
Sutherland : New Zealand Ocean Water area (%) Deepest point Depth (m)
Zonda Warm Andes Jiuzhargoh Valley China
Ribbon : California
Loo Warm Indian sub- Pacific 46 Mariana Trench 11,034
Grey Kamarang : Guyana ISLANDS OF THE WORLD
continent Atlantic 23 Puerto Rico Trench 9,200
Northern Mardals : Norway Santa Ana Warm Coastal Indian 20 Java Trench 7,450 Rank Name (Island) Area(km2) Country
Fossen Southern
Buyoma falls : Zaire California Southern 7 South Sandwich 7,236 1 Greenland 2,139,800 Greenland
Victoria Falls : Zimbabwe Southerly Cold New South Ocean Trench 2 New Guinea 785,753 Indonesia and Papua
Niagra : USA/Canada Wales Arctic 4 Eurasian Basin 5,122 New Guinea

OLE - 374 OLE - 375 OLE - 376

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY
Rank Name (Island) Area(km2) Country TEN SMALLEST COUNTRIES Bantu : South Africa Basques : Spain and France
Basseri : Iran Bedouins : Africa
3 Borneo 748,168 Brunei, Malaysia, S. No. Country Area (Sq. km)
Bushmen : Kalahari desert in
Indonesia 1. Vatican City (Europe) 0.44
Africa, Botswana
4 Madagascar 587,713 Madagascar 2. Monaco (Europe) 1.95
Delaware : USA Eskimos : Canada & Greenland
5 Baffin Island 507,451 Canada 3. Nauru (Southern Pacific) 21.10
Giriama : Tanzania Gurumba : Papua Newguines
6 Sumatra 443,066 Indonesia 4. Tuvalu (Southern Pacific) 26.00
Haida : Canada Hopi : USA
5. San Marino (Europe) 61.00
7 Honshu 255,800 Japan Kirghiz : Kirghizir,
6. Liechtenstein (Europe) 160.00
8 Great Britain 218, 595 United Kingdom Kazakhstan
7. Marshall Island (Central Pacific) 181.00
9 Victoria Island 217,291 Canada 8. St. Kitts and Nevis (Eastern Caribbean) 269.00 Maori : New zealand Masai : Kenya
10 Ellesmere 196,236 Canada 9. Maldives (Indian Ocean) 298.00 Mongols : Mongolia Nambicuara : Brazil
11 Sulawesi 180,681 Indonesia 10. Seychelles (Indian Ocean) 308.00 Nayar : Kerela, India Ona : Argentina
12 South New Zealand 145,836 New Zealand Papuans : New Guinea Pygmies : Zaire Basin
POPULATION WISE TEN BIGGEST AND SMALLEST COUNTRIES Red Indian : North America Samoans : Samoa Island
13 Java 138,794 Indonesia
TEN BIG COUNTRIES Tartars : Siberia Tutsi : Zaire, Rwanda,
14 North New Zealand 111,583 New Zealand
15 Luzon 109,965 Philippines S. No. Country Population (In Million) (2011) Burundi
Veddas : Sri Lanka Washo : USA
16 New Foundland 108, 860 Canada 1. China (Asia) 1,347,350,000
Yana : USA Zulu : South Africa
17 Cuba 105,806 Cuba 2. India (Asia) 1,210,193,422
18 Iceland 101,826 Iceland 3. U.S.A. (North America) 313,466,000
4. Indonesia 237,641,326 COUNTRY-CAPITAL ; AREA ; CURRENCY ; NAME OF THE
19 Mindanao 97,530 Philippines
5. Brazil (South America) 192,376,496 PARLIAMENT ; RELIGION
20 Ireland 81,638 U.K.
6. Pakistan (Asia) 179,436,000 Country Capital Area Currency Name of Religion
SHIFTING-CULTIVATION 7. Nigeria (Africa) 162,471,000 (sq. km) Parliament
8. Bangladesh (Asia) 142,319,000
Country Name of shifting Country Name of shifting 9. Russia (Europe-Asia) 143,056,383 ASIA
cultivation cultivation 10. Japan (Asia) 127,650,000 Afghanistan Kabul 6,47,807 Afghani Shora Islam
Mexico : Milpa Laos : Ray Armenia Yerevan 29,743 Dram — Christianity
LIST OF LANGUAGES BY NUMBER OF NATIVE SPEAKERS Azerbaijan Baku 86,600 Manat — Islam
Congo/Zaire : Masole Sumatra : Djuma
Ghana : Proka Malaysia : Ladang Rank Language % of World population Bahrain Manama 707 Bahraini Islam
1. Mandarin (Chinees) 14.1 % Dollar
India : Jhum Thailand : Tamrai
Bangladesh Dhaka 1,47,500 Taka Jatiya Hindu,
Myanmar : Taungya Philippines : Caingin 2. Spanish 5.85%
Sansad Buddhism,
Sri Lanka : Chena Brazil : Roca 3. English 5.52%
Islam &
Indonesia : Humah Madagascar : Tavy 4. Hindi 4.46 %
Christianity
5. Arabic 4.23%
Venenzuela : Conuco Bhutan Thimpu 46,500 Nagultrum Tsongdu Hinduism &
6. Portuguese 3.08 %
AREAWISE TEN BIGGEST AND SMALLEST COUNTRIES 7. Bengali 3.05% Buddhism
8. Russian 2.42% Brunei Bandar 5,765 Brunei — Islam
TEN BIGGEST COUNTRIES
Seri Begawan Dollar
S. No. Country Sq. km (Total Portion) MAJOR TRIBES OF THE WORLD
Cambodia Phnom 1,81,035 Riel National Buddhism
Acta : Philippine Dayak : Borneo Penh Assembly
1. Russia (Europe-Asia) 17,075,000
Kafir : S. Africa Beja : Sudan China Beijing 95,72,900 Renminbi People’s Bhuddhism,
2. Canada (N. America) 9,976,139
Fellah : Egypt Kurd : Iran, Iraq (Yuan) National Taoism, Conf-
3. China (Asia) 9,561,000
Bora : South East Fullani : Nigeria Assembly ucianism.
4. U.S.A. (N. America) 9,372,614
Colombia Han : Nigeria Cyprus Nicosia 9,251 Cyprus — Christiantiy,
5. Brazil (S. America) 8,511,965
Yugeer : North East Asia Buryats : Central Aisa Pound Islam
6. Australia (S. Pacific) 7,682,300
Inuit : N. America Yuit : Siberia East Timor Dilli 17,222 US Pound
7. India (Asia) 3,287,263
Aborigines : Australia Afikpo : Nigeria Georgia Tabilisi 69,700 Ruble (Lari) — Christianity
8. Argentina (S. America) 2,776,654
Ainu : Japan Alacaluf : Chile Hong Kong Victoria 1,034 Hong Kong — Catholic
9. Kazakhstan (Europe-Asia) 2,717,300
Andmanese : India Arapesh : Papua New Guinea Dollar Buddhism
10. Algeria (Africa) 2,381,741 Arunta : Australia Ashants : Ghana

OLE - 377 OLE - 378 OLE - 379

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
India New Delhi 32,87,263 Rupee Sansad ; Hinduism, Sri Lanka Colombo 65,610 Rupee — Same as above
Haiti Port-au- 27,700 Gourde — Christianity,
Lok Sabha & Islam, Syria Damascus 1,85,180 Syrian People’s Islam
Prince Voodoo
Rajya Sabha Buddhism, Pound Council Honduras Tegucigalpa 1,12,492 Lempira — Christianity
are houses Jainism, Taiwan Taipei 36,188 New Taiwani — Buddhism, Jamaica Kingston 10,991 Jamaican — Christianity
Christianity Dollar Taoism Dollar
Indonesia Jakarta 18,90,754 Rupiah People’s Hinduism, Tajiskistan Dushanbe 1,43,100 Tajik Ruble — Islam
Consultative Islam, Marshall Dalap 181 Dollar — Christianity
Thailand Bangkok 5,13,115 Baht — Buddhism, Island Uliga
Assembly Christianity
Iran Tehran 16,48,195 Rial Majlis Islam Islam Mexico Mexico City 19,67,183 New Peso — Christianity
Iraq Baghdad 4,34,128 Iraqi Dinar National Islam Turkey Ankara 7,80,580 Turkish Lira Grand Islam Nicaragua Managua 1,31,812 Cordoba — Christianity
Assembly National (Secular) Panama Panama 75,001 Balboa — Christianity
Israel Jerusalem 21,946 Sheqel Knesset Judaism, Assembly Puerto Rico San Juan 9,104 — — Christianity
Islam
Turkmenistan Ashkabad 4,48,100 Manat — Islam USA Washingt- 98,26,629 Dollar Congress Christianity
Japan Tokyo 3,77,829 Yen Diet Shintoism,
United Arab Abu Dhabi 83,657 Dirham — Islam on DC (Senate & House of Representatives)
Buddhism
Jordan Amman 91,860 Jordan Emirates
SOUTH AMERICA
Dinar — Islam Uzbekistan Tashkent 4,47,400 Som — Islam
Kazakhstan Astana 27,24,900 Tenge — Islam, Christ- Vietnam Hanoi 3,32,934 Dong National Buddhism, Argentina Buenos 27,80,400 Peso National Christianity
ianity Assembly Islam, Christ- Aires Congress
Korea (North) Pyongyang 1,22,762 Won (KPW) — Buddhism, ianity, Taoism Bolivia La Paz 10,98,581 Boliviano National Christianity
Confucian- Congress
ism, Christi- Yemen Sana & 5,55,000 Rial — Islam
Brazil Brasilia 85,14,215 Real National Christianity
anity Aden
Congress
Korea(South) Seoul 99,585 Won — Multi-religions
NORTH AMERICA & CENTRAL AMERICA Chile Santiago 7,56,096 Peso — Christianity
Kuwait Al Kuwait 17,818 Kuwaiti — Islam
Colombia Bogota 11,41,748 Peso Congress Christianity
Dollar
Antigua & St. John’s 442 E. Caribbean — Christianity Ecuador Quito 2,75,830 U.S. Dollar — Christianity
Kyrgyzstan Bishkek 1,99,900 Som — Islam
Laos Vientiane 236,800 New Kip People’s Buddhism, Barbuda Dollar French Guiana Cayenne 91,000 —
Supreme Tribal Bahamas Nassau 13,939 Bahamian General Christianity Guyana George- 2,15,083 Guyana National Christianity,
Assembly Dollar Assembly town Dollar Assembly Islam, Hindu-
Lebanon Beirut 10,452 Pound — Christianity, Barbados Bridgetown 430 Barbados — Christianity ism
lslam Dollar Paraguay Asuncion 4,06,752 Guarani — Christianity
Malaysia Kuala 3,29,847 Ringgit Dewan Islam, Peru Lima 12,85,216 Sol — Christianity
Lumpur Rakyat & Hinduism, Belize Belmopan 22,964 Belize Dollar National Christianity
Surinam Paramaribo 1,63,820 Surinam Staten Christianity,
Dewan Buddhism Assembly
Guilder Islam, Hindu-
Negara Bermuda Hamilton 500 — — Christianity
ism
Maldives Male 298 Rufiyaa Majlis Islam Canada Ottawa 99,84,670 Dollar House of Christianity Trinidad & Port of 5,310 Tri & Tob. — Christianity
Mongolia Ulan Bator 15,65,008 Tugrik Great Peoples’ Buddhism Commons & Tobago Spain Dollar Buddhism,
Khural
Senate Islam
Myanmar Nay Pyi Taw 6,76,577 Kyat Pijithu Hluttaw Buddhism
Macau Macau 23.6 — Pataka Chinese, Costa Rica San Jose 51,100 Colon — Christianity Uruguay Montevideo 1,76,215 Peso — Christianity
Purtgege Cuba Havana 1,04,748 Peso National Christianity Venezuela Caracas 9,16,445 Bolivar National Christianity
Nepal Kathmandu 1,47,181 Nepalese Pratinidhi Hinduism Assembly of Congress
Rupee Sabha People’s Power EUROPE
Oman Muscat 3,09,500 Omani Rial — Islam Dominica Roseau 750 E. Caribbean — Christianity Albania Tirana 28,748 Lek People Islam, Chris-
Pakistan Islamabad 7,96,095 Rupee National Islam Dollar Assembly tianity
Assembly Dominican Santo 48,671 Pesooro — Christianity Andorra Andorra-la 468 Euro — Christianity
& Senate Vieille
Republican Domingo
Philippines Manila 3,00,076 Peso — Christianity, Austria Vienna 83,871 Euro — Christianity
El Salvador San 21,041 Colon — Christianity
Islam Belarus Minsk 2,07,600 Ruble — Christianity
Qatar Doha 11,437 Riyal — Islam Salvador
Belgium Brussels 30,528 Euro — Christianity
Saudi Arabia Riyadh 21,49,690 Rial — Islam Greenland Godthab 21,76,000 Danish — Protestantism
Bosnia- Sarajevo 51,129 New Yugoslav — Christianity,
Singapore Singapore 682.3 Singapore — Hinduism, Krone
Herzegovina Dinar Islam
City Dollar Islam, Buddh- Grenada St.Geor- 344 E. Caribb- — Christianity Britain London 2,43,073 Pound House of Christianity
ism, Christia- ge’s ean Dollar Sterling Commons &
nity, Guatemala Guatemala 1,08,889 Quetzal — Christianity House of Lords

OLE - 380 OLE - 381 OLE - 382

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY
Bulgaria Sofia 1,10,994 Lev Narodna Christianity, Ukraine Kiev 6,03,073 Hyrvania — Christianity, Comoros Moroni 1,862 C. Franc — Christianity,
Subranie Islam, Atheist Islam Islam
Croatia Zagreb 56,542 Kuna National Christianity Vatican City Vatican City 0.44 Lira — Christianity, Congo Brazzaville 3,41,821 Franc — Christianity,
Assembly of (Catholic) Islam,
People’s Serbia Belgrade 1,02,173 Euro, Dinar — Christianity Animism
Power Montenegro Cetirrje 13,812 Euro — Christianity Cote D’ Ivoire Yamouss- 3,22,466 Franc — Christianity,
Czech Prague 78,866 Koruna — Christianity oukro & Islam & Others
Republic OCEANIA
Abidjan
Denmark Copenhag- 43,098 Krone Folketering Christianity Australia Canberra 76,92,030 Australian Federal Christianity (defacto)
en Dollar Parliament Djibouti Djibouti 23,200 Djibouti — Islam
Estonia Tallinn 45,227 Euro — Christianity Fiji Suva 18,272 Dollar — Christianity,
Franc
Finland Helsinki 3,04,473 Euro — Christianity Islam, Hindu-
Egypt Cairo 10,01,450 E. Pound People’s Christianity,
France Paris 5,43,965 Euro National Christianity ism
Assembly Islam
Assembly Kiribati Tarawa 811 A.Dollar — Christianity
Equatorial Malabo 28,051 Franc CFA — Christianity
Germany Berlin 3,57,034 Euro Bundestag & Christianity Nauru Yaren 21.3 Australian — Christianity
Guinea
Bundsrat Dollar
Eritrea Asmara 11,100 Birr — Christianity,
Greece Athens 1,31,957 Euro — Christianity New Zealand Wellington 2,70,534 NZ Dollar — Christianity
Islam
Papua New Port 4,62,840 Kina — Christianity,
Hungary Budapest 93,030 Forint National Christianity Ethiopia Addis 11,27,127 Birr Shergo Christianity,
Guinea Moresby Tribal
Assembly Ababa Islam
Soloman Island Honiara 28,370 S.I. Dollar — Christianity
Iceland Reykjavik 1,02,819 Krona Althing Christianity Gabon Libreville 2,67,667 Franc — Christianity,
Tonga Nuku’alofa 748 Paanga — Christianity
Ireland Dublin 70,273 Euro Dial Eireann Christianity Tribal
Tuvalu Funafuti 26.0 Australian Christianity
& Seanad Gambia Banjul 10,689 Dalasi — Islam, Chris-
Dollar
Eireann tianity
Vanuatu Vila 12,190 Vatu Representa- Christianity,
Italy Rome 3,01,277 Euro — Christianity Ghana Accra 2,38,533 Cedi — Islam, Chris-
tive Assembly Animism
Latvia Riga 64,589 Lats — Christianity tianity
Western Apia 2,830.8 Tala — Christianity
Liechtenstein Vaduz 160 Swiss Franc — Christianity Guinea Conakry 2,45,857 Guinea — Islam, Chris-
Samoa
Lithuania Vilnius 65,200 Litas — Christianity Franc tianity, Tribal
Luxembourg Luxembourg 2,586 Euro — Christianity AFRICA
Kenya Nairobi 5,82,646 Shilling — Islam, Tribal,
Macedonia Skopje 25,713 Denar — Christianity, Algeria Algiers 23,81,741 Dinar (DA) National Islam Christianity
Islam Popular
Lesotho Maseru 30,355 Maloli — Christianity,
Malta Valletta 246 Lira Maltija— Christianity Assembly
(Loti) Tribal
Moldova Chisinau 33,848 Ruble, Lev — Christianity Angola Luanda 12,46,700 New Kwanza National Tribal &
Liberia Monrovia 99,065 L. Dollar National Christianity,
Monaco Monaco 1.95 Franc — Christianity Popular Christianity
Assembly Tribal, Islam
Netherlands Amsterdam 41,528 Euro The Staten Christianity Assembly
Benin Porto-Novo 1,12,622 Franc CFA National Christianity, Libya Tripoli 17,59,540 Libyan General Islam
General
Revolutionary Animism, Dollar People’s
Norway Oslo 3,23,758 Krone Storting Christianity
Assembly Islam Assembly
Poland Warsaw 3,12,685 Zloty Sejm Christianity
Botswana Gaborone 5,81,730 Pula National Christianity, Madagascar Antanan- 5,87,041 Malagasy — Christianity,
Portugal Lisbon 91,905 Euro — Christianity
Assembly Tribal arivo Franc Islam,
Romania Bucharest 2,38,391 Lev Grand Christianity
Burkina Faso Quaga- 2,67,950 Franc — Tribal & Islam Animism
National
dougou Malawi Lilongwe 1,18,484 Kwacha — Christianity,
Assembly Burundi Bujumbura 27,834 Burundi — Tribal, Tribal, Islam
Russia Moscow 1,70,75,400 Ruble — Christianity Franc Christianity Mali Bamako 12,48,574 Franc — Islam, Tribal
San Marino San Marino 61.19 Euro — Christianity Cameroon Yaounde 4,75,440 Franc CFA — Tribal, Christ- Mauritania Nouakchott 10,30,700 Ouguiya — Islam
Slovakia Bratislava 49,034 New Koruna — Christianity ianity, Islam
Mauritius Port Louis 2,040 Rupee — Hinduism,
Slovenia Ljublijana 20,273 Tolar — Christianity Cape Verde Praia 4,033 Escudo People’s Christianity
Spain Madrid 5,06,030 Euro Cortes Christianity Islam,
National
Sweden Stockholm 4,49,964 Kroner Riksdag Christianity Assembly Christianity
Switzerland Bern 41,284 Swiss Franc Bundesvers Christianity Central African Bangui 6,22,436 Franc — Christianity, Morocco Rabat 4,58,730 Dirham — Islam
Ammlung Republic Tribal Mozambique Maputo 7,99,380 Metical — Christianity,
(Nationalrat & Chad N’ Djamena 12,84,000 Franc — Christianity,
Islam
Standerat) Islam, Tribal

OLE - 383 OLE - 384 OLE - 385

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY
� Child sex ratio : 919 (0-6 age group)
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
Namibia Windhoek 8,25,112 Rand — Christianity,
GEOGRAPHY (INDIA)
Tribal � Population Density : 382 (per sq. km.)
Niger Niamey 11,86,408 Franc — Islam,Tribal � Union Territories : 7
Nigeria Abuja 9,23,768 Naira — Christianity, � States : 29 (29th Telangana)
� Total Number of Districts : 676 (earlier 640)
Tribal, Islam
� Total Number of Villages : 640,930
Rwanda Kigali 26,338 Rwanda — Christianity,
� Population of SC : 16.6%
Franc Tribal, Islam
� Population of ST : 8.6%
Sao Tome & Sao Tome 1,001 Dobra — Christianity Reference Date of Census : 1st March, 2011
Principe
Base Highest Lowest
Senegal Dakar 1,96,722 Franc National Islam, Tribal
1. Population 1. UP 1. Sikkim
Assembly
2. Maharashtra 2. Mizoram
Seychelles Victoria 455 Rupee People’s Christianity 3. Bihar 3. Arunachal Pradesh
Assembly 4. West Bengal
Sierra Leone Freetown 73,326 Leone — Christianity, 5. Andhra Pradesh
Islam, Tribal Population (UTs) 1. Delhi 1. Lakshadweep
Somalia Mogadishu 6,37,657 Somali People’s Islam 2. Puducherry 2. Daman and Diu
Shilling Assembly 3. Chandigarh 3. Dadra and Nagar Haveli
South Africa Pretoria 12,19,090 Rand House of Hinduism, 2. Density 1. Bihar 1. Arunachal
(Adm); Assembly Islam, 2. West Bengal 2. Mizoram
Capetown Christianity 3. Kerala 3. Sikkim
(Legislative); 4. Uttar Pradesh 4. Manipur
Bloemfontein 5. Haryana 5. Nagaland
Density (UTs) 1. Delhi 1. Andman Nicobar Island
(Judicial)
2. Chandigarh 2. Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Sudan Khartoum 25,05,813 Dinar National Christianity,
3. Puducherry 3. Lakshadweep
Assembly Tribal, Islam
3. Sex Ratio 1. Kerala 1. Haryana
South Sudan Juba — Dinar — —
2. Tamil Nadu 2. Jammu and Kashmir
Swaziland Mbabane 17,363 Liangeni Liblandla Christianity,
3. Andhra Pradesh 3. Sikkim
Tribal
4. Manipur 4. Punjab
Tanzania Dodoma 9,42,799 Shilling — Christianity, 5. Chhattisgarh 5. Uttar pradesh
Tribal, Islam Sex Ratio (UTs) 1. Puducherry 1. Daman and Diu
Togo Lome 56,785 Franc — Christianity, 2. Lakshadweep 2. Dadra and Nagar Haweli
Tribal, Islam
Indian : Some Facts
3. Andman & Nicobar Island 3. Chandigarh
� Geographical Area : 32,87,469 sq. km.
Tunisia Tunis 1,63,610 Dinar — Islam 4. Child Sex Ratio 1. Arunachal Pradesh 1. Haryana
� Population : 1,21,08,54,977 crore
Uganda Kampala 2,41,548 Uganda — Christianity, 2. Mizoram 2. Punjab
� Population Growth Rate : 17.7%
Shilling Islam, Tribal � Cities more than 10 lakh Population : 53 3. Meghalaya 3. Jammu and Kashmir
Zaire (Congo) Kinshasa 23,44,798 Zaire — Christianity, Male Population : 51.47% 4. Chattisgarh 4. Rajasthan
Tribal, Islam Female Population : 48.53% Child Sex 1. Andman & Nicobar Island 1. Delhi
Zambia Lusaka 7,52,614 Kwacha National Christianity, � Urban Population : 31.1% Ratio (UTs) 2. Puducherry 2. Chandigarh
Assembly Islam,
� Rural Population : 68.9% 3. Dadra & Nagar Haweli 3. Daman and Diu
� Literacy Rate : 73% 5. Literacy Rate 1. Kerala 1. Bihar
Animism
� Male Literacy Rate : 80.9% 2. Mizoram 2. Arunachal Pradesh
Zimbabwe Harare 3,90,757 Dollar — Christianity,
� Female Literacy Rate : 64.6% 3. Goa 3. Rajasthan
Islam, Tribal
� Sex Ratio : 943 (per 1000 Male) 4. Tripura 4. Jharkhand
OLE - 386 OLE - 387 OLE - 388
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
5. Himachal Pradesh 5. Andhra Pradesh � Southernmost point of Indian Territory — Indira Point (6°45') Andman 5. Maharashtra 6. Kerala

GEOGRAPHY
Literacy Rate 1. Lakshadweep 1. Dadra and Nagar Haweli and Nicobar 7. Odisha 8. Karnataka
(UTs) 2. Daman and Diu 2. Puducherry � Coastline of mainland India — 6100 km. 9. West Bengal 10. Goa
3. Andman & Nicobar Island 3. Chandigarh � Total coastline including Lakshadweep and Andman and Nicobar — � There are 5 countries in Indian subcontinent —
6. Area 1. Rajasthan 1. Goa 7516.6 km. 1. India 2. Pakistan 3. Bangladesh
2. Madhya Pradesh 2. Sikkim � India stretches from North to South — 3214 km. 4. Nepal 5. Bhutan
3. Maharashtra 3. Tripura � India stretches from East to West — 2933 km. � Puducherry is streches in three states of India —
4. Uttar Pradesh 4. Nagaland � Total length of mainland — 15,200 km. 1. Mahe (Kerala) 2. Karikal (Tamilnadu)
Area (UTs) 1. Andman and Nicobar 1. Lakshadweep � Total length of coastline — 7516.6 km 3. Puducherry (Tamilnadu) 4. Yanam (Andhra Pradesh)
2. Delhi 2. Daman and Diu � Total boundary — 22716.6 km � Four North-East States don't share their boundaries with Bangladesh —
7. Growth Rate 1. Meghalaya 1. Nagaland � No. of Island in Bay of Bengal — 204 1. Nagaland 2. Manipur 3. Arunachal Pradesh
2. Arunachal Pradesh 2. Kerala � No. of Island in Arabian Sea — 43 4. Sikkim
3. Bihar 3. Goa � Mac Mohan line divides India and China in Arunachal Pradesh.
LAST POINT OF INDIAN BOUNDRY
4. Jummu and Kashmir 4. Andhra Pradesh � Indian state sharing its boundary with Nepal, Bhutan and China in
5. Mizoram 5. Sikkim 1. Eastern Point — Kibithu (Arunanchal Pradesh) Sikkim.
2. Western Point — Gour Meta (Gujrat) � Andaman and Nicobar is known as Emerald Island.
MAJOR LANGUAGES (NUMBER OF NATIVE SPEAKERS)
3. Northern Point — Indira Col (Jammu and Kashmir) � There are seventeen states share its boundaries with neighbouring coun-
Rank Language Percentage to State 4. Southern Point — Indira Point tries.
Total Population 5. Southern most point of mainland — Kanyakumari (Cape Comorin, � Uttar Pradesh borders maximum number of states (8) Uttarakhand,
1. Hindu 41.03% Tamil Nadu) Himanchal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
2. Bengali 8.11% Jharkhand and Bihar.
THE INDIAN STATES ON INTERNATIONAL BOUNDRIES
3. Telgu 7.19% � 82°30' E longitude is considered as the standard Meridian which passes
4. Marathi 6.99% 1. Bangladesh 4096.7 km.West Bengal > Tripura > Meghalaya > through Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh.
5. Tamil 5.91% Mizoram > Assam � The Indian standard Time (IST) is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of the
2. China 3488 km. Jammu and Kashmir > Arunachal Pradesh> Greenwhich Time (GMT).
RELIGION-WISE POPULATIO OF INDIA (2011)
Himachal Pradesh > Uttarakhand > Sikkim � Indian Standard Meridian passes through UP, MP, Chhattisgarh, Odisha
Rank Religion Population Proportion in 3. Pakistan 3323 km. Jammu and Kashmir > Rajasthan > Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh.
(Crores) India’s population > Punjab
MAIN CHANNELS
1. Hindu 96.63 79.8% 4. Nepal 1751 km. Uttar Pradesh > Bihar > Uttarakhand >
West Bengal > Sikkim 1. Great Channel Indira Point and Indonesia
2. Muslim 17.22 14.2%
5. Myanmar 1643 km. Arunachal > Mizoram > Nagaland > Manipur 2. 8° Channel Maldiv and Minicoy
3. Christain 2.78 2.3%
6. Bhutan 699 km. Assam > West Bengal > Arunachal > Sikkim 3. 9° Channel Minicoy and Lakshadweep
4. Sikh 2.08 1.7%
7. Afghanistan 106 km. Jammu and Kashmir (POK) 4. 10° Channel Little Andman and Car Nicobar
5. Buddhist 0.84 0.71%
6. Jain 0.45 0.4% � There are seventeen states on International boundries. 5. Palk Strait Gulf of Mannar and Bay of Bengal.
7. Other 0.79 0.7% VIZ : North-East States = 07
MAJOR PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS � It is also known as Tethis Hima-
Sikkim = 01 layans.
Location 1. The Himalayan Mountain Chain
West Bengal = 01 � Pamir Knot is known as “the roof
India is the seventh largest and the second most populous country in 2. The Northern Plains — (a) Great of the world”.
the world.
Uttar Pradesh + Uttarakhand + Himachal Pradesh Planes, (b) Thar Desert � Kunlun run into Tibet.
� It lies between latitudes 8°4' N and 37°6' N and longitudes 68°7' E and + Jammu & Kashmir + Bihar = 05 3. The Great Peninsula Plateau — � Karakoram enters into Kashmir.
97°25' E. Punjab + Rajasthan + Gujarat = 03 (a) Central Highland, (b) Penin- � Karakoram pass is situated in
� Country is divided into almost equal parts by the Tropic of Cancer. Total = sula Plateau (c) Coastal Plains Karakoram range.
� Tropic of Cancer Passes through 8 states — (From West to East) The Himalayan Mountain Chain � Baltoro and Siachin are the gla-
Gujarat — Rajasthan — Madhya Pradesh — Chattisgarh — Jharkhand STATES OF COASTLINE (DESCENDING ORDER) ciers of this range.
Trans Himalayan :
— West Bengal — Tripura — Mizoram. 1. Andman and Nicobar Island 2. Gujarat � Lengthwise glaciers of Karakoram
� Trans Himalayans are the part of — Siachin — Hispar — Biafo —
� Southernmost point of Mainland — Cape Comorin (Kanya Kumari), 3. Andhra Pradesh 4. Tamil Nadu Eurasian Plate. Balforo.

OLE - 389 OLE - 390 OLE - 391

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
�

GEOGRAPHY
� Indus ri ver ori gi nates from Kangchenjunga lies in Sikkim. Shivaliks : � The Khadar is composed of newer alluvium and forms the flood plains
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
Chamayung dung Glacier near � Namchabarva is an important � Southern most ranges of Himalayas are called Shivalik. along the river banks. It is a lowland formed by deposition of detritus
Kailash. peak in east overlooking the � Shivaliks are made of unconsolidated deposits of rivers. of new alluvium in the river beds during floods every year.
� Indus ri ver flows between Bhramaputra where this range � The Great Indian Plains of North India can be divided into the following
� Shivaliks are prone to earthquakes and land slides.
Ladakh and Zaskar ranges from takes a sudden change and twist four major regions.
south east to north west. towards south to enter India. � This is the outer Himalayas.
(i) The Rajasthan or Western Plains (ii) The Punjab-Haryana Plains
� Indus river make the deepest � Namchabarva lies in Tibet � This is called the sub Himalayan.
(iii) The Ganga Plains (iv) The Brahmaputra Plains
gorge in Gilgit. (China). � Shivalik is known as Jammu Hills in Jammu and Dafla, Mishimi, Abor,
� The Rajasthan Plain : The plain consisting of Thar or Marusthali,& the
� Trans himalayas are formed by � Several Passes are lie in this in Arunachal Pradesh.
arid plain of Rajasthan. Luni is the only river flowing through this desert
sedimentary rock. range like Bara Pass, Lapcha, � It is the newest range. region. North of the Luni basin, there is a large area of inland drainage.
� The rocks from Tertiary age to Shipkila, Thangla, Nifila, Nathula.
Cambrian age are found here. IMPORTANT PEAKS OF INDIA Eastern Thar Desert has several saline lakes such as Sambhar, Didwana,
� Hindustan-Tibet way which joins Degana, Sargol, Khatu etc. Sambhar is the largest salt lake in India.
� Trans himalayas separate itself shimla to Gangtok, passes Highest peak of Himalayas in India : Kangchenjunga
from great hi mal ayas with � The Punjab Haryana plain : This part of the plain is formed as a result
through ‘Shipkila Pass’ in Satluj Highest mountain peak in India : K2 or Godwin Austen
Shuture zone. of deposits brought by five rivers ( Satluj, Ravi, Chenab, Jhelum & Beas)
Valley.
Highest peak of Aravalis : Gurushikhar and known as Punjab. It is primarily made up of Doabs (interfluves ) -
� K2 (Godwin Austen) is the high- � Great Himalayas separate from
est peak of Trans Himalaya Highest peak of Western Ghats : Anaimudi the land between two rivers.
middle Himalays with main cen-
(Karakoram Range) with range of tral thrust. Highest peak of Nilgiri : Dodabeta � The important Doabs in this plain are :-
8611 meters. � The great himalayan mountain Highest peak of Eastern Ghats : Mahendragiri 1. Bist -Jalandhar Doab between Beas and Satluj.
Greater Himalayas range boasts of the tallest heads Highest peak of Rajmahal hills : Parasnath 2. Bari Doab between the Beas and Ravi.
� It is called as Himadri. of the world. Highest peak of Andaman & Nicobar : Saddle peak 3. Rechna Doab between the Ravi and the Chenab.
� Mount Everest is the highest � Most of the peaks remain under 4. Chaj Doab between Chenab and the Jhelum.
peak of the world. perpetual snow. THE NORTH INDIAN PLAINS 5. Sindsagar Doab between the Jhelum, Chenab and the Indus.
� Mount Everest is located in � In Greater Himalayas, the snow � The Great North Indian plain lies to the north of the peninsula and to � Ganga plain : The plain stretches between Punjab- Haryana plain to the
Nepal. It is called Sagarmatha in line is at lower elevation of the the south of the Himalayas. Sundarbans Delta region. The Ganga along with Yamuna, Gomti,
Nepal. It’s height is 8848 meter. southern slopes than on the � The plain extends for 3200 km between the mouths of the Ganga and Ghaghara, Gandak and Kosi has deposited large quantities of alluvium
� Tibetians call it Chamlungma. northern slopes because the the Indus, all along the foot of the moutains, with a width varying from to build this fertile and densely populated region.
� Kangchenjunga is the second southern slopes are steeper and 150 to 300 km. � The important doabs in this plain are :
highest peak of greater received more rainfall. � The plain is narrowest in Assam with its width varying between 90 and
himalayas. (i) Ganga-Yamuna Doab (ii) Ganga-Ghaghra Doab
100 km.
� It is 160 km wide near the Rajmahal hills and 280 km near Allahabad. (iii) Ghaghra-Gandak (iv) Gandak-Kosi Doab (Mithila Plain)
HIGHEST PEAK OF THE GREATER HIMALAYAS
� The plains were formed as a result of the filling of depression lying be- � The Ganga plain is further divided into, Upper Ganga plain, Middle Ganga
Peak Country Heights (in mtrs)
tween the peninsula and the Himalayas by the depositional work of the plain, and the Lower Ganga plain.
1. Mt. Everest — Nepal — 8,848 Himalayan and peninsular rivers. � The Brahmaputra plain : It is an aggradational plain built up by, depo-
2. Kangchenjunga — India — 8,598 � It is erroneous to characterise the plains as an area of monotonous re- sitional work of Brahmaputra and its tributaries. It is girdled by
3. Makalu — Nepal — 8,481 lief having little variety in its geomorphological features. Purvanchal hills, Patkai Bum, Naga hills in the east, Garo-Khasi-Jaintia,
4. Dhaulagiri — Nepal — 8,172 � Generally the plain is recognised as consisting of four divisions each Mikir hills and Meghalaya plateau in the south. Several islands have Origi-
characterised by important differences in surface relief. These divisions nated because of the deposition of soil in the middle of the Brahmaputra.
5. Nanga Parvat — India — 8,126
are : (i) Bhabar (ii) Terai (iii) Bhangar and ( iv ) Khadar. ‘Majuli’ is such island which is in Assam. It is the largest riverine island
6. Annapurna — Nepal — 8,078
� The Bhabar is a narrow belt of 8-16 km wide running east-west direc- in the world.
7. Nanda devi — India — 7,817 tion along foothills of Shiwaliks. The Himalyan rivers deposits their sedi-
8. Namchabarwa — Tibet (China) — 7,756 ments creating alluvial fans along the foot hills. The fans consisting of THE PENINSULAR PLATEAU
9. Gurla Mandhata — Tibet — 7,728 gravel and unsorted sediments merge together to form the Bhabar belt. � It is a part of Gondvana land.
� The Bhabar zone is studded with pebbles and it consists of porous beds. � Triangular in shape.
Middle Himalayas (Lesser Himalayas or the Himachal) The porosity is so high that all streams lose themselves in Bhabar. � Archaean age
� Lie to the south of Great Himalayas. � The Terai is marshy tract south of the Bhabar marked by reemergence
� It is the oldest plateau not only in India but also in the World.
� Mountains and valleys are disposed in all direction. of underground streams of the Bhabar belt. These streams convert large
areas along the rivers into marshy lands of excessive dampness. � Average height is 600-900 m.
� Its important ranges are ; Dhauladhar, Pirpanjal, Niaga-Tibba, Mussoorie.
� The Bhangar refers to the upland formed by deposition of older allu- � Its slopes towards north and east side and in southern part from west
� Important hill stations are : Dharmshala, Dalhousie, Shimla, Mussoorrie,
vium in river beds. It is alluvial terrace above the flood plains, often to east.
Nainital, Darjelling, Chakrata, Almora, Chhail, Ranikhet. impregnated with calcareous concentration known as Kankar. � It is divided into two parts : (i) Central lands, (ii) Deccan plateau.

OLE - 392 OLE - 393 OLE - 394

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
WESTERN GHATS EASTERN GHATS EAST COAST PLAINS ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLAND

GEOGRAPHY
Peninsular Plateau
� Form a continuous barrier from � Eastern Ghats form a discontinu- � Coastal strip along with Bay of � Extend from 6°39' N to 13°34' N.
Central Upland Deccan Plateau
north to south almost parallel to ous line of hills Parallel to east Bengal is broader as compared � Consist of two groups — Andman
1. Aravalli range 1. Satpura range
the Arabian sea. coast. to the Western coast. Group and Nicobar Group
2. Upland of Eastern Rajasthan 2. Maharashtra Plateau
� Extended in 1600 km. long. � General altitude is 600 m. � Known as Utkal plains in Odisha.
3. Malwa Plateau 3. Mahanadi Basin � They are submerged part of
� General altitude is 900 – 1200 m. � Chi l ka l agoon is located i n
4. Bundelkhand Plateau 4. Dandkaranya � Width is 190km in north and 75 Arakanyoma (Myanmar). It is a
Odisha.
5. Vindhyachal and Baghelkhand Plateau 5. Telangana Plateau and width 50-80 km. km is south. � Kol leru lake l i es i n Andhra mountain range.
6. Chhotanagpur Plateau 6. Tamilnadu Plateau � It is standing as a wall. One can � Its width decreases from north to Pradesh. � 10° channel separates Andman
7. Meghalaya plateau 7. Western Ghats across through the pass. south because Peninsular Plateau � Pulicat lake is located here. from Nicobar.
8. Eastern Ghats � It is vertical to the south-west is triangle is shape. � Coromandal Coast is in Tamil
� Little Andman is separate from
monsoon. Nadu in south.
� Mahendragiri is the highest peak Great Andman by Duncan pas-
ARAVALLI REGION � Chambal and Yamuna rivers have � It is the source of many big riv- � It is formed by alluvium brought
is in Odisha. sage.
� It is a fold mountain made a bad land in Bundelkhand. ers. by rivers.
� It is not a source of any big river. � Great Nicobar is the largest is-
� Its elevation is 800-900 m. � Dhuandhar water falls is in � It is known as Sahyadri in � Rivers of this coastal plains are
� It receives less rainfall. longer and less erosine. land in the group.
� It is a residual mountain range. Jabalpur. Maharashtra and Karnataka,
� It is older than Himalayas. Nilgiri in Tamilnadu. � It is known by different names at � Rivers form deltas � Saddle peak is the highest peak
MEGHALAYA PLATEAU
different places — � This coast is prone to cyclone
� Broader in South as compared to � It is an outlier of the Peninsular � Nilgiri is the meeting point of of Andaman and Nicobar island
and floods.
north. Western Ghats and Easter n 1. Northern circars north of located in North Andaman.
Plateau. � Ports are lesser than that of
� Elevation goes on decreasing from Ghats. Godavari � Area is prone to earthquakes and
� Important ranges and peaks: Eastern Coast Plains.
south to north. � Hills of Western Ghats from North 2. Palkonda and Nallamala be-
1. Dafla, Miri Abor and Mishmi LAKSHADWEEP ISLAND tsunamis.
� Gurushikhar is the highest peak to South — Kalsubai — tween Godavari and Palar river.
— Eastern Himalayas � Extend from 8°N — 12° N. � Port Blair, the capital of Andaman
of Aravalli. Harishchandra — Mahabaleshwar 3. Shevaroy and Javadi as � Consists of 30 small islands, only and Nicobar Islands is situated
� Gurushikhar is near Mount Abu 2. Patkai, Naga, Mizo, Barail, — Bababudan — Nilgiris — 10 of which are populated.
Tamil Nadu hills. in South Andaman.
in Rajasthan. Rengma, Mikir — East side Annamalai— Palani — Carda-
� Hills from north to south — � Population consists of moppilis
� Extends from Delhi Ridge to 3. Garo, Khasi, Jaintia — mom. from Kerala. � The barren Isl and whi ch i s
Ahmedabad. Nall amal a — Erral mala — India’s only active volcano is
Meghalaya Plateau. � Doda Beta (2637) is the highest � Some islands are called Attol be-
� Aravalli acts as Gangetic water Velikonda — Palkonda — Javadi
� Lakes — Loktak in Manipur with peak of Nilgiris. cause of horseshoe shaped. situated in the east of Middle
divide. — Shevaroy.
floating island. � Minicoy islands lie to the ex- Andaman.
� Udagamandalam (Ooty) is a hill
� Nakki lake is located at Mt. Abu. WEST COAST PLAINS treme south, it is the largest is-
� Mynsynram receives highest rain- station located in Nilgiris in Tamil � Tri bes : Onges, Senthel ese,
It is very famous for tourists. � Extend from Gujarat to Kerala. land of Lakhadeewp.
fall. Nadu. Jarawas, Shompens.
THE MALWA PLATEAU � Known by different names at dif-
� Lies between Aravallis and � Parks — Namdapha, Keibul � Anai Mudi is the highest peak of
ferent states — CLIMATE
Vindhyan ranges. Lamjao, Dampa, Norkrek. Western Ghats.
1. Konkan in Gujarat and Goa � The climate of India can be broadly (iii) South-West Monsoon sea-
� It is very affected by gully ero- SATPURA RANGE � Anai Mudi is located in Annamalai
2. Kanara in Karnataka. describe as Tropical Monsoon Cli- son, and
sion. hills.
� Satpuras are fold mountains. mate. (iv) The Season of retreating
� Rolling Plains are found on this � It is falls in Kerala. 3. Malabar in Kerala.
� Mahadeo hills forms the highest � Derived from the Arabic word Monsoon.
plateau. � Plains are wider in south and nar-
portion. � Famous hill station Kodaikanal ‘Mausam’ monsoon implies a sea- � Summer is India’s hottest sea-
� Gwalior hills are lying to the north rower in the north. sonal reversal in the wind direc-
lies in Palani hills in Tamil Nadu. son. Summer season starts in
of this plateau. � Dhupgarh is the highest peak of
� Pariyar lake is situated in Palani � Garsopa fal l s ( Jog fall s) on tion through the year. March with day times tempera-
� Chambal and its tributeries have Satpura. It is near Panchmarhi in � The monsoon regime emphasises
turned the north of this plateau hills. Karnataka coast are highest in tures exceeding 30° C. Coastal
Madhya Pradesh. the unity of India with the rest
into ravines. � Western Ghats is divided into two India. India as well as the southern
� River Tapi rises from Panchmarhi. of south-east Asia region.
parts named — North Sahyadri states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala
BUNDELKHAND — BAGHELKHAND � In Kerala, Coast has salt water � The meteorol ogists usual l y
� Narmada and Tapi rivers are experience high humidity. By
— VINDHYACHAL and South Sahyadri. lakes called lagoons. recognise the following four sea-
west flowing rivers. May, most of interior India expe-
� The north-east side of Malwa Pla- � Western Ghats act as a water di- � Ashtamudi and Vembanad are sons:-
teau is known as Bundelkhand � Son river is the biggest tributary rience very high temperature
vide. important lakes located here. (i) Hot weather season,
and Baghelkhand. of Ganga from south. (40° C).
(ii) Cold weather season,

OLE - 395 OLE - 396 OLE - 397

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY
DRAINAGE
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
� Warm land surface creates large Northeast Monsoons: After the � These rivers flow across the

Rapti, Sarda. It joins the Ganga near Chapra.

It joins the Ganga at Patna. Total drainage :

area of low pressure over north withdrawal of the monsoons, the � India has been adorned, with young fold mountains and are
western India. This creates an northeast monsoons begin by hundreds of large and small riv- still in a youthful stage.

Bhairab, Matabhanga-Gorai Confluence of

onshore wind bringing the mois- November. Supplying 20 per ers, by the nature.
� The upper reaches of the Hima-

Mahananda, Kamla, Damodar, Jalangi,

ture laden maritime air from In- cent of India’s rainfall it doesn’t � The threefold physiographic di- layan rivers are highly tortuous.
dian Ocean to the land. cover the entire country but only vision has an important bearing
When they enter the plains,
the States of Tamil Nadu, West

In Nepal it is known as Karnali.

� Southwest Monsoons: The on the drainage of Indian Sub-
there is a sudden reduction in

Ghaghara, Kosi, Burhi Gandak,

In Nepal, it is known as Narayani.

Kabul, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi,

Yamuna, Ram Ganga, Gandak,
Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh,

Swat, Kurram, Shigar, Gilgit,

continent.

Gartus, Konar, Jamunia and

Barakar; once known as the
southwest monsoons supplies

Zaskar, Astar, Dras, Shyok,

the speed of flow of water. Un-

Sai, Barma, Saryu, Chuha,

over 80 per cent of India’s an- Karnataka, Kerala and � On the basis of their origin the

Joins the Ganga at Munger

Meghalaya. der these circumstances these

Important Tributaries
nual rainfall. It consists of two river system of India can be clas-
rivers form meanders and often

Bagmati, Gomti, Son,

Yamuna at Allahabad
arms, the Bay of Bengal arm, � Cold mountain air travelling along sified into two categories:-
the Brahmaputra river brings rain shift their beds.

Sorrow of Bengal
and the Arabian Sea arm. Both (i) The Himalayan rivers

Beas and Satluj

45,800 sq. km.
to the northeast region of India. � The Himalayan rivers form big

Gachai, Jomki
arms are attracted to the low (ii) The Peninsular rivers.
This picks up moisture over the deltas at thei r mouths. The
pressure area over the Thar
Bay of Bengal resulting in heavy The Himalayan River System Ganga- Brahmaputra delta is the
desert in Rajasthan.
rain in southern India. � It is constituted by the Indus, largest in the world.

(Bihar)
� The monsson makes its presence
felt by the end of May. It starts FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and The Peninsular River System
around the 29th May, hitting the INDIAN MONSOON their tributaries.
� The Peni nsul ar ri vers have
Andaman and Nicobar Islands in �

River System of India

10,150
These rivers originate from the

20, 303

26, 755

22, 000

1,27,950

8,61,404

9,540

30, 437

3,21,290
Drainage Area

(in India)
(sq.km.)
1. The differential heating and cool- shorter and shallower courses as
the Bay of Bengal. It strikes the ing of land water creates low lofty Himalayan ranges and are compared to their Himalayan
mainland of Kerala on June 1. By pressure on the landmass of In- named as the Himalayan rivers. Counterparts.
9th June, it hits Mumbai and dia while the seas around expe- � These rivers have large basins � A large number of the Peninsu-
Delhi by 29th June. By first rience comparatively high pres- and catchment areas. lar rivers are seasonal, as their
week of July, the entire country sure.
� The total basin area of the Indus, flow is dependent on rainfall.
experiences rain. Predictably, 2. The shift of the position of In-

Length

320

460

1,800

541

1,080

2,525

425

940

in India
(in India)

(in India)
(in km.)

which
2,880 of
1570 km.
the Ganga and the Brahmaputra � The Peninsular drainage system
Southern India receives more ter Tropical Convergence Zone
rainfall than Northern India. is 11.78, 8.61 and 5.8 lakh is older than the Himalayan one.
(ITCZ) in summer, over the
� The Bay of Bengal branch moves square kilometres respectively. � Most of the major rivers of the
Ganga plain.
in the northwest direction 3. The presence of the high-pres- � The Himalayan rivers flow Peninsula such as the Mahanadi,
whereas the Arabian Sea arm sure area, east of Madagascar, through deep I-shaped valleys the Godavari, the Krishna and

Kulu hill (elevation 3,960 and

(i) Alaknanda at an elevation

About 3 km. east of Pilibhit

moves in the northeast direction. approximately at 20°S over the called gorges. These gorges have the Cauvery flow Eastwards and

plateau (near Balumatha in

Jharkhand) at an elevation
Hills of elevation at 330m.
� During this season, cyclones oc- Indian ocean. been carved out by down cutting drain into the Bay of Bengal.

Western slope of Sumesar

Rises in Chhotanagpur

near Mansarovar Lake

elevation of 6,600 m.
cur, causing widespread devas- 4. The Tibetan plateau gets in- carried on side by side with the �

7,620 m. near Tibet.

The Narmada and the Tapi are

near Rohtang Pass)

at 200m. elevation.
(ii) Bhagirathi at an
tation to coastal regions. tensely heated during summer,

4,900 m at Lahul
uplift of the Himalayas. These are the only long rivers, which flow

Mansarovar Lake
At an elevation of

At an elevation of
Cherapunji and Mawsynram in which result in strong vertical examples of antecedent drainage. west and make estuaries rather
Meghalaya, the world's wettest air currents and the formation � The Himalayan rivers are peren- than making a delta because of

of 1,366 m.

of 7,800 m.
Rivers of North India
place, receive rainfall above of low pressure over the plateau their swift flow and steep slopes.
nial in nature, i.e., the water
at about 9 km above sea level.

Source
300 cms annually.
flows throughout the year in � The drainage basins of the Pen-
� The monsoons start, withdraw- 5. The movement of the westerly
these rivers. insular rivers are comparatively
ing by the last week of August. jet stream to the north of the
� These rivers receive water both smaller in size.
By mid September, it has with- Himalayas and the presence of
the tropical easterly jet stream from the monsoons and snow- � Estuaries are partially enclosed
drawn from Mumbai and by Oc-

Ghaghara
Damodar
melt. The perennial nature of bodies of water along coastlines

Gandak

Gandak
Chenab
tober, the southwest monsoons over the Indian peninsula dur-

Ganga

Gomti
River

Indus
Burhi
these rivers makes them useful where fresh water and salt wa-

Beas
have completely withdrawn from ing summer.
India. for irrigation. ter meet and mix.

OLE - 398 OLE - 399 OLE - 400

 Kosi From Tibet/Nepal 730 11, 600 Kosi, Arun, Tamur, Total
(in India) drainage : 74,500 sq. km. Notorious for floods
and hence known as ‘Sorrow of Bihar’
Ravi Kulu hill (Himachal Pradesh) 725 14, 442
Ram Ganga Near Nainital, in the lower 696 32, 412 joins the Ganga below
Himalaya at an elevation of Farukkhabad. Tributaries :
3,110 m. Khoh, Gangan, Aril Kosi, Deoha
Satluj At an elevation of 1,050 24, 087 Beas joins at Harike
4,570 m near Dharma Pass (in India)
Son Amarkantak 784 Joins Ganga at Maner near Patna; Tributaries-
N. Koel & Punpun
Yamuna at an elevation of 6,330 m 1,300 3,59,000 Chambal, Betwa, Son, Hindu,
from a spring at Yamunotri. Ken, Sarda
The Brahmaputra River System
River Source Length Drainage Area Important Tributaries

OLE - 401
(km) (sq.km.)

Barak Manipur hills 902 25, 900 Jiri, Chiri, Horong, Katakhel, Longai
Buri Dihang 362 8,473 Namphunk, Namchik, Manaton, Tirap
Dhansiri Laisang peak (Nagaland) 354 12, 250 Dihing, Diphu, Nambar, Kalyan
Jia Bhorelli Tibet 264 11, 843 Bichom, Khari, Dikari, Sonai, Tongsa, Kur
Jaldhaka Sikkim 186 3,958 Murk, Dihana
Koppili Mikir North Cachar hills 256 15, 800 Jamuna, Borpani, Umum
Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

Manas Bhutan 376 37, 500 Tonsa, Kur

Subansiri Tibet 442 32, 640 Kamla
(known as
Lohit in the
lower reaches)

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
Teesta Sikkim 109 12, 540 Rajani, Great Ranjit, Lish, Gish, Ghel
Torsa Chumbi valley (Tibet) 358 4,883 Holong, Kalgani
Rivers of South India
River Source Length Drainage Area Important Tributaries
(in kms) (sq.km.)

Narmada Amarkantak plateau 1,312 98, 796 Burner, Baiyar, Sher, Dudhi,
(Madhya Pradesh) Shakkar, Tawa, Hiran, Tendoni, Barna, Kolar,
Anjal, Machak, Kundi, Goi, Karyan
Tapi Near Multai (Betul district) 724 64, 145 Pur na, Betul, Levda, Vaghur, Patki, Ganjal,
Dhattrranj, Bohad, Bori, Anbhora, Khursi, Kapra,
Sipra, Panjhara, Garja, Khokri, Utaoli, Bokar,
Subi, Mor, Mautri, Guli, Aner, Arunavati, Gomal,
Harki, Valer, etc.
Luni Annasagar (Ajmer district) 482 37, 250 Sukri

OLE - 402 Sabarmati Aravalli hills 300 21, 674 Wakal, Jawai, Mittri, Sei, Harnav, Halthmathi,
Watrak, Meshwa
Mahanadi Near Pharisa village (Rajpur 806 1,41,600 Sheonath, Hadse, Mand, lb
district) (left bank), Jonk, Ong, Tel (right bank)
Brahmani Near Nagri village (Ranchi 800 39, 033 Kura, Sankhed, Tikra
District)
Baitarni 333 19, 500
Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

Subarna-
rekha Jharkhand 395 19, 300 Kanchi, Karfari
Godavari Trimbak in Nasik 1465 312, 812 All the following rivers upto Pranhita river.
Pravara Western Ghats 200 6,537 Mula

Purna Ajanta hills 373 15, 579

Manjra Balaghat 724 30, 844 Tima, Lanaya.
Penganga Buldhana Range 676 23, 895 Pus, Arna, Aran
Wainganga Seoni 609 61, 093 Pench, Bagh, Andhari
Wardha Betul district 483 24, 087 Wunna, Bembla, Penganga
Pranhita 133 after 1,09,077 Wainganga, Wardha
confluence
Indravati Kalahandi 531 41, 665 Narangi, Kotri, Bandia, Nandira
Maner 13, 106 Haldi
Sabari Sindaram hills 418 2,40,427 Sileru
Krishna At an altitude of 1,360, 1,400 2,58,948 All the following rivers
north of Mahabaleshwar
Koyna
Ghatprabha Western Ghats 283 8,829 Hiranyakshi, Markandeya
Malprabha Western Ghats 306 11, 549
OLE - 403

Bhima Western Ghats 861 76, 614 Mula, Mutha, Ghod, Nora
Tungbhadra 531 71, 417 Varada, Hagari
Musi Madek District 240 11, 212 Aleru
Muneru 235 10, 409
Kaveri Brahmaputra hills 800 87, 900 All the following rivers
Harangi Western Ghats in 165 5,200 Yagachi Algur
Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

Mudgil Taluk
Kabini Wynad Taluk 210 6,693
Suyarnayathi Nasurum Ghat 64 1,689
Bhavani Silent Valley Forest 216 7,144 Siruvani, Kundah, Coonoor, Moyar

GEOGRAPHY
 GEOGRAPHY
MULTIPURPOSE PROJECTS
Project River States involved Purpose
1. Bhakra-Nangal Satluj River Joint Venture of Punjab, Two dams at Bhakra and Nangal
Project (Highest Haryana and Rajasthan. Bhakra irrigation Canals
straight way Power houses at Ganguwal, Kotla;
gravity dam in provides water for irrigation purpose
the world.)
2. Beas Project Beas River Punjab, Haryana and Pong Dam–provide water supplies to
Rajasthan Rajasthan canal;
project mainly provides irrigation to Punjab, Haryana
and Rajasthan;
a small power house for power generation
3. Beas–Sutlej Beas and Sutlej Himachal Pradesh and ��To tap the hydroelectric and irrigation
Link Project Rivers Rajasthan potential of the River Beas.
�� Remaining water of Beas is stored in Pong Reservoir

OLE - 404
for irrigating arid wastelands in Rajasthan through the
Rajasthan canal.

4. Chambal Project Chambal River Joint venture of �� Completed in three stages

(origin on the Rajasthan and Stage I–Gandhisagar Dam, near
northern slopes of Madhya Pradesh Chaurasigarh fort for power production;
the Vindhyas near Kota Barrage, near Kota–irrigation to
Mhow in M.P.) both States; Right main canal–irrigation to both states;
Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

Left main canal–irrigation exclusively to Rajasthan.

Stage II—Rana Pratap Sagar at Rawatbhata in
Chittorgarh District—Irrigation and power generation.
Stage III—Jawahar Sagar Dam—Power generation.

5. Damodar Valley Damodar River Jharkhand and West �� Flood Control

Project (rises in the Bengal. �� Irrigation
Kamarpet hill in �� Navigation
the Chhotanagpur ��Afforestation and control of soil erosion
Plateau of ��Promotion of agriculture and industry
Jharkhand). �� Electricity generation
��Four dams at Tilaiya, Konar, Maithan, Panchet
6. Gandak Project Gandak River Joint venture of U.P., ��Barrage at Balmikinagar in Bihar—
Bihar. Nepal; also receives irrigation
irrigation and power ��Main Western Canal—irrigation to
facilities Bihar and U.P.
��Main Eastern Canal—irrigation to Bihar and Nepal
�� Power House—Gift to Nepal
7. Hasdeo Project Hasdeo River, Chhattisgarh �� Completed in 3 phases :—
a tributory of Phase I—Hasdeo Barrage; Left Bank
Mahanadi Canal—supplies cooling water to Korba Thermal Power
Station and create irrigation potential.
Phase II—Right Bank Canal and Janjgir branch Canal–

OLE - 405
Irrigation.
Phase III—Hasdeo Bargo Dam—storage and irrigation;
Extension of the Left Bank Canal—irrigation and hydel
power generation.
8. Hirakud Project Mahanadi River Odisha �� It is divided into two stages:
(rises from Bastar Stage I—(a) Hirakud dam in
Hills near Sihawa Sambalpur district of Odisha—Power
and flows through supplies to Indian Aluminium Co.,
Chhattisgarh other industries in the region.
Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

and Orissa). (b) Canals—Sambalpur Canal, Baragarh Canal, Saran

Canal—Irrigation to Orissa.
(c) Mahanadi Delta Irrigation Scheme.
(d) Navigation—from Dholpur to Cuttack.
Stage II—Power house at Chiplima, Hirakud Dam at
Tikarpare and at Nraj west of Cuttack.
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
9. Kosi Project Kosi River (rises Bihar & Nepal ��It has three units :
from 6000 m. high Unit I—Barrage near Hanumannagar
Tibet Plateau). in Nepal—Appurtenant Works.
Unit II—Flood embankment and other protective works–
to control flood in Bihar and Nepal.
Unit III—Eastern Kosi Canal System—Irrigation of North
Bihar.
�� Others—Kosi Power House—Power supplies to Bihar
and Nepal; Western Kosi Canal—Irrigation to Bihar and
Nepal; Rajpur Canal—Irrigation to Bihar.
�� The pr oject pr ovides t ranspor t facilit ies, soil
conservation and development of agro-based industries.

10. Nagarjunasagar Krishna River Andhra Pradesh � Irrigation to Krishna river delta and
Project surrounding regions.
�� Power generation.
OLE - 406

11. Rihand Dam Rihand River Uttar Pradesh �� Flood control by preserving water in
(It rises in the Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar Reservoir
Manipat Hills in �� Cheap Power supply to industries in
the Sarguja district U.P. and railways (Son nagar and
of M.P.) Karamnasa).
��Provides irrigation to eastern parts of U.P. and Bihar.
�� Development of fisheries, water sports, tourism and
Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

navigation in U.P. and M.P.

12. Tungabhadra Tungabhadra River Joint venture of ��Irrigation to Andhra Pradesh and
Project Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
Karnataka �� Two Power Stations at Hampi supply cheap power.
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
Hydroelectric Power Projects in 2. Chamera project – Ravi river Chhattisgarh : Karnataka :

GEOGRAPHY
River water disputes and States involved
India 3. Bairo Sidal project – 1. Hasdeo project – Hosdeo river 1. Kalinadi project – Kalinadi river Dispute States Involved
� India’s first hydro-electric 4. Ranpur project – Satluj river 2. Sharavati project
Rajasthan : Krishna Water dispute Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and
power plant was established 5. Luhari project – Satluj river – Sharavati river
in Darjeeling (W.B.) in 1897. 6. Khab project – Spiti river 1. Rana Pratap Sagar project Maharashtra
3. Shivasamudram project Mahadayi/Mandovi Water Goa, Karnataka and Maharashtra
� The second hydel power plant 7. Zipsa project – – Chambal river
– Kaveri river dispute
was establi shed i n Shiva- 8. Renuka project – Renuka river 2. Jawahar Sagar project
4. Bhadra project – Bhadra river Vansadhara Water dispute Andhra Pradesh and Odisha
samudram on the Kaveri river in – Chambal river
1902. The National Hydel Power Punjab : 5. Ghataprabha project Cauvery Water dispute Tami l nadu, Karnataka, Keral a and
3. Zawai project – Zawai river
Corporation was established in 1. Bhakra Project – Satluj river – Ghataprapha river Puducherry
1975 for the development of hy- Gujarat : 6. Almati project – Krishna river Babhali Barrage issue Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra
2. Dehar project – Beas river
droelectricity. 3. Pong project – Beas river 1. Ukai project – Tapi river 7. Tungbhadra project Mulla Periyar Dam issue Tamilnadu and Kerala
Arunachal Pradesh : 4. Shahpur project – Ravi river. 2. Sardar Sarovar project – Tungbhadra river Godavari water dispute Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya
– Narmada river Pradesh, Odisha, Karnataka
1. Ranganadi project – Ranganadi Uttarakhand : Tamil Nadu :
3. Kadana project – Mahi river Narmada water dispute Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharash-
river. 1. Tehri project – Bhagirathi river tra, Gujarat
1. Mettur project – Kaveri river
2. Papumpap project and its tributaries Bihar :
2. Kunda project – Kunda river
3. Paki Project 2. Tankpur project – Kali river 1. Kosi project – Kosi river IMPORTANT PLACES ON RIVER BANKS
3. Papanasm project
4. Dhinkrong project 3. Koteshwar Hydel project Place State River
Jharkhand : – Tamraparni river
5. Upper Lohit project – Lohit river 4. Deosari dam project Agra Uttar Pradesh Yamuna
1. Damodar valley project – On 4. Paikara project – Paikara river
6. Kameng project – Kameng river – (Pindar) Slaknanda River Basin Ahmedabad Gujarat Sabarmati
Damodar river and its tributaries 5. Periyar project – Periyar river
7. Damway project 5. Deoramori project – Tons river Allahabad Uttar Pradesh Confluence of Ganga
8. Upper Siyang project – Siyang 2. Subarnarekha project Manipur :
6. Dhauliganga project Yamuna & Saraswati
river. – Dhauliganga river – Subarnarekha river
1. Loktak project – Manipur river Alwaye Kerala Periyar
7. Lakhwar Vyasi project 3. Mayurakshi project
Andaman and Nicobar Island : 2. Tipaimukh project – Barak river Ayodhya Uttar Pradesh Saryu
– Yamuna river – Mayurakshi river
1. Kalingpong project. Kerala : Badrinath Uttarakhand Alaknanda
Uttar Pradesh : Odisha : Bhagalpur Bihar Ganga
Assam : 1. Idukki project – Periyar river
1. Rihand project – Rihand river (a 1. Balimela project – Sileru river Buxar Bihar Ganga
1. Kopli project – Kopli river tributary of Son) 2. Sabarigiri project – Pamba river
2. Hirakud project Kolkata West Bengal Hooghly
2. Kulsi project – Kulsi river. 2. Ramganga project – Ramganga 3. Pallivasal project
– Mahanadi river Cuttack Odisha Mahanadi
Andhra Pradesh : river (a tributary of the Ganga). – Madirapuzha river
Telangana : Delhi Delhi Yamuna
3. Matatila project – Betwa river 4. Parimbkulam Aliyar project
1. Machkund project – Machkund 1. Nizam Sagar Project – Manjara Dibrugarh Assam Brahmaputra
4. Chilla project – Chilla river
river river (a tributary of Godavari). Nagaland : Ferozepur Punjab Satluj
5. Chibro project – Tons river (a
2. Lower and Upper Sileru project 1. Doyang project – Doyang river Guwahati Assam Brahmaputra
tributary of the Ganga). 2. Ramgundam project
Jammu and Kashmir : – Godavari river (a tributary of the Brahmaputra). Haridwar Uttarakhand Ganga
Madhya Pradesh :
1. Tulbul project – Jhelum river 3. Pochampad project Mizoram : Haora West Bengal Hooghly
1. Bansagar project – Son river
2. Uri project – Jhelum River – Godavari river Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh, Telangana Musi
2. Narmada Sagar – Narmada river 1. Dhaleshwari project
3. Salal project – Chenab river 4. Nagarjuna Sagar project Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh Narmada
3. Gandhi Sagar project – Dhaleshwari river
4. Baglihar porject – Chenab river – Chambal river – Krishna river Kanpur Uttar Pradesh Ganga
2. Tuiral project – Tuirial river
5. Dulhasti project – Chenab river 4. Pench project – Pench river 5. Srisailam project – Krishna river Ludhiana Punjab Satluj
3. Tuibai project – Tuibai river
6. Kishanganga project 5. Maheshwar project Maharashtra : Mathura Uttar Pradesh Yamuna
– Kishanganga river – Narmada river Meghalaya : Moradabad Uttar Pradesh Ramganga
1. Koyana project – Koyna river
7. Bursar project – Chenab river 6. Indra Sagar project – Narmada 1. Kardamkulai project Munger Bihar Ganga
2. Tata Hydel project
8. Ujh project – Ujh river river Nasik Maharashtra Godavari
3. Gosi Khurd project Sikkim :
Himachal Pradesh : 7. Omkareshwar project Patna Bihar Ganga
4. Jaikwadi project – Godavari river 1. Rangit project – Rangit river
– Narmada river Srinagar Jammu & Kashmir Jhelum
1. Nathpa – Jhakri project 5. Girna project –Girna river 2. Tista project – Tista river
8. Tava project – Tava river
– Satluj river Surat Gujarat Tapti

OLE - 407 OLE - 408 OLE - 409

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY
Tiruchirapalli Tamil Nadu Cauvery � Limonite : It is yellowish in colour. Mosabani : Jharkhand Dhobani : Jharkhand
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh Krishna � It is known as the 'hydrated iron-oxide'. Surda : Jharkhand Pathargoda : Jharkhand
Varanasi Uttar Pradesh Ganga � It is inferior and contains 35-50% of metal. Sonmukhi : Jharkhand Agnigundal : Andhra Pradesh
Sekobabad Assam Brahmaputra � It is found in Damuda series in Raniganj coal fields, Mirazapur (UP), Rangpo : Sikkim Bhotang : Sikkim
Srirangaptanam Karnataka Kaveri Kangra valley of Himachal Pradesh. Khammam : Telangana Pandharpur : Maharashtra
( River Island ) � Siderite : Hassan : Karnataka
Kurnool Karnataka Tungabhadra � It contains many impurities and has just 35-40% pure iron.
� However due to presence of lime, it is self fluxing. Top Producing States Top Reserver States
NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE
Mines of Iron ore 1. Madhya Pradesh 1. Rajasthan
MAJOR INDIAN FOREST TYPES Dallirajhara : Chhattisgarh Bailadila : Chhattisgarh 2. Rajasthan 2. Madhya Pradesh
(1) Tropical Evergreen Forest Gurumahisani : Odisha Pompad : Odisha 3. Jharkhand 3. Jharkhand
� Region : Areas having 200-300 cm or more annual rainfall such as Bacampahar : Odisha Barbil : Odisha
Manganese
windward side of Western Ghats, North-Eastern hills of India, Andaman Mayurbhanj : Odisha Joda : Odisha
� It is mainly used as an abrasive, also used in Stainless steel produc-
and Nicobar Islands. Keonjhar : Odisha Banspani : Odisha tion, ferro alloys of iron and manganese.
� Important trees : Rosewood, Shisham, Ebony, Mahogany, etc. Bababudan hills : Karnataka Kundremukh : Karnataka
(2) Tropical Monsoon Forests � 90% manganese of India is found in gondite and Kodurite series of the
Sandur range : Karnataka Bangarkal : Karnataka Dharwar rocks.
� Region : Areas having annual rainfall between 100-200 cm ( in Orissa,
Bhandara : Maharashtra Ratnagiri : Maharashtra � About 50% Manganese is produced by Maharashtra and Madhya
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka).
� Important trees : Sal, Teak, Sandalwood, Myrobalan, Bamboo, Rose- Pansiraburu : Jharkhand Bandaburu : Jharkhand Pradesh.
wood, Ebony, Shisham, etc. Naomandi : Jharkhand Singhbhum : Jharkhand Places/Mines of Manganese
(3) Tidal or Littoral Forests Pirna-Adolpale-
Kendujhar : Odisha Bonai : Odisha
� Region : Areas of West Bengal, Andaman and Nicobar, Orissa and Andhra Asnora : Goa Sanquelins onda : Goa
Pradesh having annual rainfall above 200cm. ( deltaic regions). Kalahande : Odisha Gangapur : Odisha
Kundem-surla : Goa Sirigaon : Goa
� Important trees : Sundari Barbil : Odisha Dhubna : Odisha
Bicholim-dalda : Goa Nathrapal : Rajasthan
(4) Montane Forests Bhutra : Odisha Koraput : Odisha
Top 5 Producing States (Indian Bureau of Mines Report 2014-15)
� Region : Eastern and Western Himalayas and Nilgiri, regions of Jammu Balaghat : Madhya Pradesh Jamarpain : Madhya Pradesh
1. Karnataka 2. Chhattisgarh 3. Odisha
and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. 4. Goa 5. Jharkhand Chhindwara : Madhya Pradesh Bhandara : Maharashtra
� Important trees : The type of trees depends on the height of moun-
Top reserver states (IBM 2014-15) Sandoor hills : Karnataka Tumkur : Karnataka
tain: Sal ( lower Shiwalik range); Chir ( higher range); and Pine, Cedar,
1. Karnataka 2. Jharkhand 3. Chhattisgarh
Fir, Spruce,( 1,600-3,300m).
Top Producing States Top Reserver States
(5) Thorn Forests Industry Supply of Iron Ore
� Region: Areas of Rajashtan, Punjab and Gujarat having annual rainfall 1. Odisha 1. Odisha
Durgapur (WB) — Plateau of Chotanagpur and Odisha
between 25 to 80cm. 2. Maharashtra 2. Karnataka
Raurkela (Odisha) — Keonjhar, Bonai
� Important trees : Khajuri, Khair, Kikar and Babul.
Bhilai (Chhattisgarh) — Dallirajhara 3. Madhya Pradesh 3. Madhya Pradesh
MINERALS 4. Karnataka 4. Maharashtra
Bokaro (Jharkhand) — Odisha
Iron Ore Jamshedpur (WB) — Gurumahisani, Mayurbhanj Mica :
� Iron ore is not found in pure form. It is often found mixed with lime, Bhadrawati (Karnataka) — Bababudan hills
magnesium, phosphorus, silica etc. � India is the World’s leading producer of Mica and accounts for about
Vishakhapttanam (AP) — Bailadila 60% of global Mica trade due to which India is largest exporter of Mica
Types of Iron Ore
Paradweep (Odisha) — Keonjhar in the world.
� Haematite : This is called ironoxide. Its metallic content varies between
60-70 percent. � Mica is a non-metalic mineral.
Copper
� It is mainly found in the Dharwarian rocks. � It is mainly used in electrical machinery, automobiles, stainless steel etc. � Mica finds its application in electrical and electronic industry as an in-
sulator.
� Its main deposit is in Jharkhand and Odisha � When alloyed with zinc it is known as 'brass'.
� Magnetite : It is known as 'black ore'. � Statewise Mica production (in descending order)
� When alloyed with tin, called 'bronze'.
� This is the quality of Iron ore. Places/Mines of Copper 1. Andhra Pradesh (Approx. 72% of the national production)
� The metal content of magnetite varies between 65-75%. Malajkhand : Madhya Pradesh Taregaon : Madhya Pradesh 2. Rajasthan
� It is mainly found in Dharwad and Cuddapah system of Karnataka, Khetri : Rajasthan Singhana : Rajasthan 3. Jharkhand
Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu. Khodariba : Rajasthan Raghunathpura : Rajasthan [Source : Indian Minerals Year Book, 2015]

OLE - 410 OLE - 411 OLE - 412

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Lead

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
Places/Mines of Diamond Nickel :

GEOGRAPHY
� It is widely used because of its heaviness, malleability, softness and Anantpur : Andhra Pradesh Cuddapa : Andhra Pradesh � About 92% nickel of India is found in Odisha and rest in
bad conductivity of heat. Guntur : Andhra Pradesh Panna : Madhya Pradesh Jharkhand, Kerala, Karnataka, etc.
� It does not occur free in nature Behradin : Chhattisgarh Kodwali area : Chhattisgarh Locality States Locality States
Producing States : Tokapoul : Chhattisgarh Duga poul : Chhattisgarh Ukkam : Jharkhand Dhaba hills : Jharkhand
� Rajasthan : Rajasthan is the leading producer of lead. Singhbhum : Jharkhand Cannore : Kerala
Top Producing States Top Reserver States
� It is mined in Udaipur, Dungarpur, Banswara and Alwar. Simlipal : Odisha Mayurbhanj : Odisha
1. Madhya Pradesh 1. Andhra Pradesh
� Jharkhand : Hazaribagh, Palamu, Ranchi, Singhbhum Kendujhar : Odisha
2. Andhra Pradesh 2. Madhya Pradesh
� Madhya Pradesh : Gwalior, Hoshangabad, Shivpuri 3. Chhattisgarh 3. Odisha Asbestos :
� Himachal Pradesh : Kangra, Kulu 4. Chhattisgarh � Two different mineralas are included under this name : Amphib-
� Jammu and Kashmir : Baramula, Udhampur Silver : ole and chrysotile.
� West Bengal : Jalpaiguri, Darjeeling � Silver is generally found in a mixed form with ores like zinc, lead and � Chrysotile accounts for 80% of the asbestos of commercial use.
Bauxite copper. � Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer and accounts for almost
� Aluminium is obtained from bauxite. � Zawar area of Rajasthan, Kolar and Chitradurg areas of Karnataka and 100% of the total production in India.
district of Cuddapah, Guntur and Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh are fa- Marble :
� It is not a specific mineral.
mous for production of silver. � It is metamorphic rock.
� It is a rock consisting mainly of hydrated aluminium oxide.
� At present, Rajasthan is producing 99 % silver of the country.
Places/Mines � It is used mainly in building construction.
Some other minerals
Koraput : Odisha Kalahandi : Odisha � The Makrana area of Nagore district in Rajasthan famous for its
Chromite : Odisha stands first in the production of Chromite in India. production.
Bolangir : Andhra Pradesh Sambhalpur : Andhra Pradesh Locality States Locality States
� Rajasthan is the largest producer, followed by the Madhya Pradesh.
Gulf Khambat Kondapalli : Andhra Pradesh Rorburu : Jharkhand
Tin :
and Kachchh : Gujarat Dumka : Jharkhand Kiriburu : Jharkhand Tojohatu : Jharkhand
� It is used in metallurgy.
Gunla : Jharkhand Lohardaga : Jharkhand Sukinda : Odisha Katpal : Odisha
� Chhattisgarh is the foremost producer of tin.
Munger : Bihar Ranchi : Jharkhand Sindhuvalli : Karnataka Byarapur : Karnataka
Kolhapur : Maharashtra Ratnagiri : Maharashtra Zinc : ENERGY RESOURCES
Satara : Maharashtra Thane : Maharashtra � It is used in galvanisation, dry cell, etc industries.
Coal
Pune : Maharashtra Raigarh : Chhattisgarh � Mochia-Magra area, Rajsamand and Chittor are major zinc producing � It is found in sedimentary rocks.
areas in Rajasthan.
Sarguja : Chhattisgarh Amarkantak : Chhattisgarh � It originated in carboniferous age.
� Almost total production of zinc in the country is done in Rajasthan.
� It contributes for 80% of energy production.
Top Producing States Top Reserver States Dolomite :
� It is a mixture of lime-stone and magnesium. � India rank 3rd in the world after China and USA (IBM 2014-15)
1. Odisha 1. Odisha
� Iron and steel industry is the chief consumer of dolomite accounting � Approximately 80% of coal deposits are of bituminous type in India.
2. Gujarat 2. Andhra Pradesh
for over 90% consumption followed by fertilizer (4%), ferror-alloys and Mines/areas
3. Jharkhand 3. Maharashtra glass (2%) and alloy steel (1%). � Gondwana coal area : It is found in Damodar, Mahanadi, Godavari,
4. Maharashtra 4. Chhattisharh � Chattisgarh is the largest producer (30%) of dolomite followed by Andhra Narmada valleys
Gold Pradesh (25%) and Odisha (19%). � Over 98% of the total coal reserves of India belong to the Gondwana
� It is know as an international currency. Gypsum : land period.
� There are three gold fields in India— � It is used mainly in the production of cement, plaster of paris and fer- � The Gondwana coal is mainly bituminous or anthrecite.
1. Kolar — Karnataka tilizers. � Raniganj coal area : It is India's biggest coal field.
� By and large, the entire production of Gypsum was reported from � 35% coal is received from here.
2. Hutti — Karnataka
Rajasthan (99%). The remaining 1% was from Jammu and Kashmir and
3. Ramgiri — Andhra Pradesh Gujarat. � It is in West Bengal.
� Karnataka stands first in the reserves and production of gold in India. Monazite Giridel coal area : It is in Jharkhand.
� It is obtained mainly from Kolar, Dharwar, Hassan and Raichur districts. Locality States Locality States Jharia coal area : It is the biggest coal production are in Jharkhand.
� Andhra Pradesh is the 2nd largest producing state in India. Nellore : Andhra Monghyr : Bihar Bokaro : Jharkhand Karanpura : Jharkhand
� The main depostits of gold in Andhra are found in Ramgiri, Chittoor Ajmer : Rajasthan Bhilwara : Rajasthan Korba : Chhattisgarh Tatapani : Chhattisgarh
and Kurnool districts. Sikar : Rajasthan Raigarh : Chhattisgarh

OLE - 413 OLE - 414 OLE - 415

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY
Top Producing States Top Reserver States
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
The Nahorkatia oil field : This oil field lies the south west of Digboi. Sectorwise Consumption of Electricity (%) in India (2013-14)
(IBM 2015) (IBM 2015) � Arunachal Pradesh : Manabhum, Kharasang and Charali.
SL. No. Sector Consumption (%)
� Rajasthan : In Rajasthan, oil discoveries were made by British Agency
1. Jharkhand 1. Jharkhand 1. Industrial 43.83%
cairn in Burmen district.
2. Chhattisgarh 2. Odisha Petroleum Refineries : 2. Domestic 22.46 %
3. Odisha 3. Chhattisgarh 1. Indian oil corporation ltd. — Guwahati
4. Madhya Pradesh 4. West Bengal 3. Agriculture 18.03%
2. Indian oil corporation ltd. — Digboi
5. Andhra Pradesh 5. Madhya Pradesh 4. Commercial 8.72%
3. Indian oil corporation ltd. — Bongaigaon
4. Indian oil corporation ltd. — Koyali (Gujarat) 5. Railways 1.72%
Top Producing States Top Reserver States
of lignite coal of lignite coal 5. Indian oil corporation ltd. — Haldia 6. Others 5.23%
6. Indian oil corporation ltd. — Mathura
1. Tamil Nadu 1. Tamil Nadu Atomic Power Stations in India
7. Indian oil corporation ltd. — Panipat
2. Gujarat 2. Rajasthan 8. Indian oil corporation ltd. — Barauni SL. Atomic power Place
3. Rajasthan 3. Gujarat 9. Hindustan Petroleum corporation — Mumbai No. Station
Mines of lignite coal : 10. Hindustan Petroleum corporation — Vishakhapattanam
Mannargudi : Tamilnadu Neveli : Tamilnadu 1. Tarapur Palghar district, Maharashtra
11. Bharat Petroleum corporation — Kochi
Palana : Rajasthan Jellippa : Rajasthan 2. Rawatbhata Kota district, Rajasthan
12. Bharat Petroleum corporation — Mumbai
Sonari : Rajasthan 3. Kalpakkam Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu.
13. Chennai Petroleum corporation — Manali
Industry Supply of coal 14. Chennai Petroleum corporation — Nagapattanam 4. Narora Bulandshahar district, U.P.
Durgapur : Barakar, Jharia, Raniganj 15. Numaligarh Refinery Ltd. — Numaligarh (Assam) 5. Kakrapara Surat District, Gujarat
Raurkela : Jharia, Talchar 16. Oil and Natural Gas corporation — Tatipaka (Andhra Pradesh)
6. Kaiga North Kanara district, Karnataka
Bhilai : Jharia, Bokaro, Korba 17. Mangalore Rifinery Ltd. — Mangalore
7. Kudankulam Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu
Bokaro : Jharia, Kargali 18. BOPL — Beena
Jamshedpur : Jharia 19. HPCL + Arsseler Mittal — Bhatinda (Punjab) SOILS IN INDIA
Bhadrawati : Western Ghat 20. Reliance Industries Ltd. — Jamnagar � Soil is a mixture of many solid, liquid and gaseous substances. It forms
Vishakhapattanam : from Australia 21. Reliance petroleum Ltd. — Jamnagar (SEZ) the top most layer of earth’s crust.
Paradweep : Jharia, Talchar 22. Essar Oil Ltd — Vadinar � In India there is a vast variety in the soil cover due to differences in
Power Resources in India terrain and climatic conditions.
Petroleum � The densely-populated deltaic tract of West Bengal and the coastal plain
� There are three major means of electrical energy production in India-
� It is of Organic Compounds (Material). thermal energy, hydro-electrical energy and atomic energy. Also Renew- of Kerala have rich alluvial soils and support flourishing agriculture.
� It is found in sedimentary basins. able Energy is emerging as the major source of electricity which con- � The shallow and coarse grained soils of Telangana and the dry regions
� Assam is the oldest oil producer of India. tribute about 10% energy production of India. of Rajasthan do not provide a base for developed agriculture.
� Oil was first discovered at Makum in 1867 in Assam. Use of Resources for Electricity production in India. � The process of soil formation is known as Pedogenesis.
Oil fields � The process of soil formation depends upon factors like Parent mate-
SL. No. Resources (Fuel) Percentage rial, Relief, Climate and Natural Vegetation.
� Bombay High : ONGC has discovered oil in 1974
� 2/3 oil is produced here. 1. Thermal (total) 64.98 % MAJOR SOIL TYPES OF INDIA
� It is the largest petroleum production oil field in India. (a) Coal 54.09%
� All India Soil Survey Committee has divided the Indian soils into eight
� Basin deposits of oil and natural gas. (b) Gas (Natural Gas) 10.20%
major groups. They are (1) Alluvial soils, (2) Black soils, (3) Red soils,
� Gujarat coast : 3rd largest oil producing of the country. (c) Oil 0.69% (4) Laterite and Lateritic soils, (5) Forest and Mountain soils, (6) Arid
Ankleshwar : Gujarat Lune : Gujarat 2. Hydro-electricity (Renewable) 21.64% and Desert soils, (7) Saline and Alkaline soils and, (8) Peaty and Marshy-
Mehsana : Gujarat Kalol : Gujarat 3. Nuclear 2.75% soils.
Kosamba : Gujarat 4. Renewable Energy Sources 10.63% SOME IMPORTANT SOIL TYPES
The Brahmaputra Valley
Note : Renewable Energy sources, includes, Solar energy, Wind en- (1) Alluvial Soils
� Crude oil was first discovered in the Brahmaputra valley.
ergy, Tidal energy, Geothermal energy, Small Hydro project, Biomass
� The oil bearing rocks are spread from the Dehang Basin up to the Swime � These soils are generally confined to the river basins and coastal plains.
Gasifier, etc.
Valley. � These soils are very fertile soils.

OLE - 416 OLE - 417 OLE - 418

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
� These soils contribute signifi- (3) Red Soils � The laterite soils are commonly enough but there is a deficiency

GEOGRAPHY
AGRICULTURE IN INDIA � The major kharif crops are rice,
cantly to the development of ag- � The reddish colour of the soil is found in Karnataka, Kerala, of nitrogen and humus. jowar, maize, cotton, groundnut,
Crop Classification : Indian
riculture in India. Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and � Coarse cereals such as jowar, jute, hemp, tobacco, baj ra,
due to the presence of iron in crops can be divided into follow-
� The alluvial soils are fine-grained Madhya Pradesh. bajra, ragi etc and oilseeds are
crystalline and metamorphic ing categories : sugarcane, pulses, forage
both in the areas of new allu- � The laterite soils are poor in lime produced in these soils.
rocks. 1. Food Crops : Rice, Wheat, grasses, green vegetables,
vium (Khadar) as well as the old and magnesia and deficient in Ni-
alluvium (Bangar). � The physical properties of these (7) Saline and Alkaline Soils Maize, Millets-Jowar, Bajra, chillies, gourd, lady finger etc.
trogen.
� These soils vary from sandy soils vary from region to region. � The development of these soils Ragi , Pul ses-Gram, Tur 2. Rabi Crops
loam to clay in texture. � Red soils are generally shallow (5) Mountain or Forest soils has happened in those areas (Arhar).
� They are generally rich in potash and their pH value ranges from where dry climate is found and � These crops, grown in winter, re-
� These soils are rich in fossils but 2. Cash Crops : Cotton, Jute,
but poor in phosphorus, nitrogen 6.6 to 8.0. they are undecomposed so, hu- there is lack of proper drainage. quire relatively cool climate dur-
Sugarcane, Tobacco, Oil-
and humus. � Red soils are poorer in quality as ing growth and warm climate dur-
mic acid is formed and the soils � These soils are also called ‘reh’, seeds, Groundnut, Linseed,
� The soils of North India are the compared to Alluvial soils. ing germination of their seeds and
became acidic. ‘usar’ or ‘Kollar’. Sesame, Castorseed, Rape-
examples of alluvial soils.
� These soils are spread on almost � These soils contain thin layers � These soils are rich in sodium, maturation. Therefore, sowing is
� These soils cover about 22% seed, Mustard etc.
the whole of Tamil Nadu, parts because of their development on calcium and magnesium. done in November and crops are
parts of the total geographical 3. Plantation Crops : Tea, Cof-
of Karnataka, south-east of mountain slopes. � These soils are deficient in nitro- harvested in April-May.
area of the country.These are fee, Spices, Cardamom, Chil-
Maharashtra, eastern parts of � These soils poor in potash, gen and lime.
azonal soils. lies, Ginger, Turmeric, Coco- � The major rabi corps are wheat,
Andhra Pradesh, Madhya phosphours and lime. They are � In coastal areas the coconut
(2) Black Soils nut, Arecanut and Rubber. gram, and oilseeds like mustard
Pradesh, Odisha and Chhota- less fertile. trees are found in plenty in these
4. Horticulture : Fruits-Apple, and rape seed.
� The black soils are concentrated nagpur. � Plantations are done in these soils.
over the Deccan lava tract. � By and large, the red soils are Peach, Pear, Aprecot, Al- 3. Zaid Crops
soils because of their being on
� These are also known as the poor in lime, magnesia, phos- (8) Peaty or Organic Soils mond, Strawberry, Walnut,
the mountain slopes. Plantations � Besides these two dominant
‘black cotton soils’ or ‘Regur’ phates, nitrogen and humus, but of tea, coffee, spices and fruits � These soils are dark, heavy and Mangao, Banana, Citrus
soils. These soils are famous for too much acidic. Fruits and Vegetables. crops, a brief cropping season
are fairly rich in potash. are done in these soils in India.
the cultivation of cotton. � In their chemical composition � These soils are formed by depo- has been lately introduced in In-
� These soils are affected by the CROPPING SEASON
� The black soils are generally they are mainly siliceous and lu- sition of too much organic mat- dia mainly in irrigated areas
problem of erosion.
clayey, deep and impermeable. minous, with free quartz as ter in marshy areas. 1. Kharif Crops where early-maturing crops,
� Chemically the black soils consist (6) Desert or Arid Soils called zaid crops, are grown be-
sand, the alkali content is fair, � These soils are found mainly in � These are sown (in June or early
of lime, iron, magnesium and alu- some parts being quite rich in � These are infertile soils which All eppey di stri ct of Kerala, tween March and June.
July) with the commencement of
mina. potassium. are alkaline in nature. Almora in Uttarakhand, the south-west monsoon and are � The chief zaid crops are urad,
� The black soil lack in phospho- � On the uplands, the red soils are � These are sandy soils in which Sunderbans delta and other harvested by the end of monsoon moong, melons, water melons,
rus, nitrogen and organic matter. thin, poor and gravelly, sandy or iron and phosphorous are lower deltaic regions.
� Black soil is very retentive of or autumn (September/October). cucumber, tuber vegetables etc.
stony and porous, but in the Areawise classification of Indian soils into the following order as per
moisture. It swells greatly and
lower areas they are rich, deep the USDA soil taxonomy. LARGEST PRODUCERS OF MAJOR CROPS/
becomes sticky when wet in
dark and fertile. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
rainy season.
� These soils are zonal. SL. Soil Area in Precentate
� Black soils of uplands are of low
No. (Thousand Hectares) Crops/Products State Crops/Products State
fertility but they are darker, (4) Laterite Soils
deeper and richer in the valleys. 1. Inceptisols 130372.90 39.74% Rice West Bengal Soyabean Madhya Pradesh
� The laterite soils are formed due
� Some of the major crops grown to the alternations of wet and dry 2. Entisols 92131.71 28.08 % Wheat Uttar Pradesh Sunflower Karnataka
on the black soils are cotton,
season which leads to the leach- Maize Madhya Pradesh Tea Assam
wheat, jowar, linseed, virginia to- 3. Alfisols 44448.68 13.55%
ing away of the siliceous matter
bacco, castor, sunflower and mil- Sugarcane Uttar Pradesh Coffee Karnataka
of the rocks. 4. Vertisols 27960.00 8.52%
lets.
� The soils in the higher areas are Cotton Maharashtra Rubber Kerala
� These soils are mainly found in 5. Aridisols 14069.00 4.28%
Maharashtra, Western Madhya generally more acidic than in low Pulses Madhya Pradesh Pepper Kerala
lying areas. 6. Ultisols 8250.00 2.51%
Pradesh, parts of Karnataka, Groundnut Gujarat Chillies Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and � The main development of later- 7. Mollisols 1320.00 0.40%
Tamil Nadu. ite soil has taken place in the Potato Uttar Pradesh Coconut Kerala
higher areas of the plateau. 8. Others 9503.10 2.92% Onion Maharashtra
� These soils are zonal.

OLE - 419 OLE - 420 OLE - 421

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY
IMPORTANT CROPS AND THEIR PRODUCING AREAS � Cement Industry : M.P., Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Andhra � Delhi : Textiles, chemicals, elec- � Mirzapur : Carpet, pottery, stone-
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
� Rice : W. Bengal, Assam, Bihar, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, A.P., U.P., Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, U.P. and Odisha have some factories also. tronics, sewing machines. ware and brass.
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh and Punjab. � Paper Industry : West Bengal, Maharashtra, U.P., Bihar, Odisha, Punjab, � Dhariwal : Woollen goods. � Moradabad : Brassware, cutlery,
� Wheat : Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat. � Ferozabad : Glass-bangles. enamel industry.
Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat. � Iron and Steel Industry : Jamshedpur, Bokaro (Jharkhand), Bhilai � Hardwar : Heavy electricals. � Karnataka : Sandalwood oil, ivory
� Bajra : Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, U.P., (Chhattisgarh), Durgapur, Hirapur, Kulti, Burnpur (West Bengal), Rourkela � Jamshedpur : Iron and steel work, silk goods.
Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh. (Orissa), Bhadrawati (Karnataka) and Neyveli (Tamil Nadu). works, train coaches locomotives. � Renukoot : Hindustan Aluminium
� Leather Industry : Chennai, Agra, Kolkata, Delhi, Kanpur, Mumbai. Works.
� Jowar : Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, � Jalandhar : Sports articles and
� Aluminium : Alwaye (Kerala), Hirakund (Odisha), Muri (Jharkhand), � Saharanpur : Paper mill.
U.P., Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, and Maharashtra. surgical goods.
Renukoot (U.P.), Bailur (W. Bengal), Koyna Mettur (Tamil Nadu) and � Srinagar : H.M.T. factory, wood-
� Millets : Maharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, � Jaipur : Ivory work, brass work,
Odisha. work, embroidery, paper ma-
Gujarat, Haryana and the dry areas of Andhra Pradesh. jewellery, pottery, cloth painting.
chine, woolen shawls.
� Maize : Bihar, U.P., Punjab, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Gujarat. � Matches : Bareilly, Kolkata, Chennai, Gwalior and Hyderabad. � Kolkata : Iron and steel, jute, � Surat : Cotton textiles.
� Pulses : Punjab, Haryana, Rajashtan, Andhra Pradesh, M.P., U.P., � Photo Film Industry : Octacamund (Tamil Nadu). paper, pottery. � Tarapur : Atomic power plant.
Odisha, Maharashtra and Karnataka. � Glass : Ferozabad, Shikohabad, Naini, Howrah, Bangalore, Bahjoi, and � Kanpur : Leather, cotton, aircraft � Titagarh : Paper and jute.
� Sugarcane : U.P., Punjab, Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Bengal, Rajasthan Belgaon. factories, woollen mills, soap, � Trombay : Oil refineries, atomic-
and A.P. � Chemical Industry : Delhi, Pimpri, Pune, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, iron, flour mills. reactors.
� Oilseeds : Bihar, Odisha, U.P., Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rishikesh, Bangalore and Amritsar. � Kolar : Gold-fields. � Varanasi : Diesel-locomotives,
Andhra Pradesh and Punjab. � Rubber-Goods Industry : Kolkata, Chennai, Delhi, Bangalore, Mumbai, � Lucknow : Embroidery, gold, sil- brass-wares, lac bangles.
� Cotton : Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Hyderabad, Ballabhgarh. ver, lac work. � Vishakhapatnam : Ship-bulding.
Uttar Pradesh, W. Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. � Locomotive Industry : Chittaranjan (West Bengal), Varanasi in U.P., � Ludhiana : Hosiery, cycle.
� Jute : Assam, West Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. Perambur (Tamil Nadu).
� Tobacco : Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Karnataka, West � Automobile Industry : Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, and Jamshedpur.
LAKES OF INDIA
Bengal, U.P. and Haryana. � Antibiotic Industry : Rishikesh, Pimpri and Delhi.
� Aircraft Manufacturing Industry : Bangalore, Kanpur, Nasik, Koraput State/UT Lakes
� Tea : Assam, W. Bengal, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, U.P., Himachal
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu. and Hyderabad. Andhra Pradesh Kolleru Lake, Pulicat Lake
� Coffee : Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. � Fertilisers Industry : Durgapur, Kanpur, Foolpur (Uttar Pradesh), Arunachal Pradesh Sela Lake, Gango Lake
� Coconut : Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Haldia, Namrup, Rourkela, Vadodara, Barauni, Vishakhapatnam, Assam Chandubi Lake, Deepor Beel, Son Beel
Gujarat, Odisha and West Bengal. Gorakhpur, etc.
Bihar Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary
� Rubber : Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. 95 per cent of the total � Plastic Industry : Mumbai, Kolkata, Amritsar, Kanpur, Hyderabad and
Coimbatore. Chandigarh Sukhna Lake
output of rubber is produced in Kerala.
� Petro-Chemical Industry : Vadodara and Mumbai Bongaigoan, Assam. Gujarat Hamirsar Lake, Kankaria, Nal Sarovar, Narayan
� Spices (Pepper) : Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
Sarovar, Sardar Sarovar, Thol lake, Vastrapur
MAJOR INDUSTRIES AND TOWNS ASSOCIATED WITH INDUSTRIES
lake.
ITS CENTRES � Agra : Stoneware, leather, car- � Chennai : Integral coach factory, Haryana Badkhala Lake, Blue Bi rd Lake, Brahma
� Cotton Textiles : Mumbai, Sholapur, Nagpur, in Maharashtra; pets and marbles. leather, cigarette, cotton.
Sarovar, Damdama Lake, Karna Lake, Sannihit
Ahmedabad, Surat, Vadodara in Gujarat and Indore in M.P.; Chennai, � Ahmedabad : Cotton-textiles. � Mumbai : Chemicals, oil refiner-
Sarovar, Surajkund, Tilgar Lake.
Madurai and Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu; Kanpur in U.P. and Kolkata in � Aligarh : Cutlery, locks and ies, fertilisers, film industry,
woollen goods, cotton manufac- Himachal Pradesh Maharana Pratap Sagar, Pandoh Lake, Gobind
West Bengal. dairy-industries.
� Ambala : Scientific goods. turing. Sagar, Renuka Lake, Macchial Lake, Khajjar
� Jute Textiles : West Bengal, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, U.P. and M.P.
� Amritsar : Cloth-printing, car- � Chittaranjan : Electrical locomo- Lake, Kumarwah Lake, Prashar Lake, Dehnasar
� Silk Textiles : Assam, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Jammu & Kashmir,
pets, woollen goods, shawls. tives. Lake, Nako Lake, Chandra Tal, Suraj Tal,
Odisha, U.P., M.P., W. Bengal, Bihar, Maharashtra and Punjab.
� Bangalore : Watches, telephone, � Churk : Cement. Dhankar Lake, Dashai r, Bringhu Lake,
� Woollen Textiles : The chief centres of woollen textiles are Punjab, U.P.,
aircraft industry. � Cochin : Coffee, coconut, oil, Manimahesh Lake, Ghadhasaru Lake, Mahakali
Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, West Bengal.
� Bareilly : Rubber factory, match ship-building. Lake, Lama Dal, Chander Naun, Kareri Lake,
� Sugar Industry : U.P., Bihar and some centres are there in Maharashtra, � Dalmianagar : Cement.
factory, wood work. Rewalsar
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Punjab. � Darjeeling : Tea, orange.
� Bhagalpur : Silk.

OLE - 422 OLE - 423 OLE - 424

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY
Jammu and Kashmir Anchar Lake, Dal Lake, Manasbal Lake, Mansar WATERFALLS Palar Falls Perriyar Falls TRIBES OF INDIA Lushai : Tripura
Lake, Pangong Tso Sheshnag Lake, Tso Moriri, Suruli Falls Vattaparai Falls Name State/Union Territory Kotwalia : Gujarat
Vantang Water falls : Mizoram
Wular Lake Maharashtra
Nohkalikai Water falls : Shilong Rabari : Gujarat
Agaria : Madhya Pradesh
Karnataka Hebbal Lake, Ulsoor Lake, Bellandur Lake, Agara Amboli Ghat Falls Dudhsar Falls
Kuki : Manipur, Assam
Lake, Shanti Sagar, Karanji, Honnamana Kere, Sadthum Water falls : Meghalaya Dhobi Falls Lingamala Falls Saharia : Rajasthan, M.P.
Pampa Sarovar. Khamti : Arunachal Pradesh,
Karansuri Water falls : Meghalaya Mandakini Falls Ramtirtha Falls Kol : Madhya Pradesh
Kerala Ashtamudi Lake, Kuttanand Lake, Manaanchira, Assam
Tyarchi Water falls : Meghalaya Madhya Pradesh Muriyas : Madhya Pradesh
Padinjarechira, Paravcirkayal, Punnamada Lake, Dhuandhar Falls Miri : Arunachal Pradesh
Munri Water falls : Meghalaya Birhor : Jharkhand
Shasthamkotta Lake, Vadakkechira, Dugdhadhara Falls Tangin : Arunachal Pradesh
Elephant Water falls : Meghalaya Santhal : Jharkhand, W.B.,
Vanchikulam, Vellayani Lake. Kabildhar Falls Pandav Falls Mishmi : Arunachal Pradesh
Akashiganga Water : Assam Odisha
Madhya Pradesh Bhojtal, Lower Lake, Upper Lake, Tawa Reser- Pawa Falls Keoti Falls Apatamis : Arunachal Pradesh
voir falls Oraon : Jharkhand, Odisha
Jharkhand Bhutias : Sikkim
Maharashtra Gorewada Lake, Khindsi Lake, Lonar Lake, Champawati Water : Assam Ho : Jharkhand
Dassam Falls Dharagiri Falls Limbu : Sikkim
Pashan, Powai Lake, Rankala, Salim Ali Lake, falls Gur Falls Hirni Falls Munda : Jharkhand
Shivasagar Lake, Tolao Poli, Upvan Lake, Venna Lepcha : Sikkim
Shivakundra Water : Assam Lodh Falls Sits Falls Khond : Odisha
Lake Gujjar Great : Jammu & Kashmir
Hundru Falls Gaddis : Himachal Pradesh
Manipur Loktak Lake (Keibul Lamjao National Park) falls Changpa : Jammu & Kashmir
Himachal Pradesh Pawi : Mizoram
Meghalaya Umiam Lake Arvalam Falls : Goa Andamanese : Andaman Nicobar
Budla Waterfalls Hmar : Meghalaya,
Mizoram Palak dil, Tam dil Dudhsagar Falls : Goa Jarawas : Andaman Nicobar
Bhagsu Waterfalls Mizoram, Assam,
Odisha Anshupa Lake, Chilka Lake, Kanjia Lake Karnataka Badri Waterfalls Onges : Andaman Nicobar
Tripura,
Puducherry Bahour Lake Apsarakonda Falls Chadwick Waterfalls Nicobaries : Nicobar
Abbey Falls Barkana Falls Jaintia : Meghalaya
Punjab Harike Wetland, Kanjili Wetland, Ropar Wetland Rahla Waterfalls Sentinelese : Andaman Nicobar
Bennehole Falls Burude Falls Garo : Meghalaya
Rajasthan Ana Sagar, Balsamand Lake, Dhebar Lake, Sissu Waterfalls
Shompens : Andaman Nicobar
Chunchana katte Falls Machhrial Waterfalls Khasi : Meghalaya, Assam
Jaisamand Lake, Jal Mahal Lake, Kalyana Lake,
Toda : Tamil Nadu
Lake Foy Sagar, Loonkaransar, Nakki Lake, Chelavaram Falls Dabbe Falls Bihar Bodos : Assam
Pachpadra Lake, Pushkar Lake, Rajsamand Lake, Kota : Tamil Nadu,
Dondole Falls Gokak Falls Kakolat Falls Karbi : Assam
Ramgarh Lake, Sambhar Lake, Talwara Lake, Godchinamalaki Falls Madhuvdhandam Falls Karnataka
Mikir : Assam
Ummed Sagar. Hebbe Falls Irupa Falls North Tank Falls Kadar : Tamil Nadu
Abhor : Assam
Sikkim Gurudongmar Lake, Khecheopalri Lake, Lake Jog Falls Lalguli Falls Chhattisgarh Badaga : Tamil Nadu
Mishing : Assam
Cholamu, Lake Tsongmo Mallali Falls Chitrakoot Falls Paliyan : Tamil Nadu
Rabhas : Assam
Tamil Nadu Berijam Lake, Chembaram bakkam Lake, Kaliveli Nisargadhana Falls Teerathgarh Falls Irula : Kerala, T.N.
Lake, Kodaikanal Lake, Ooty lake, Perumal Eri, Tiwa/Lalung : Assam
Shanti Falls HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Uralis : Kerala
Red Hills Lake, Sholavaram Lake, Singanallur Dimasas : Assam
Kerala Kanis : Kerala
Lake, Veeranam Lake � The present day population of Angami : Nagaland
Ananthoni Falls Chenchu : Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana Durgam cheruvu, Himayat Sagar, Hussain Sagar, the Indian Sub-continent is Nagas : Assam, Nagaland
Kaalakkayam Falls
Mir Alam Tank, Osmar Sagar, Shamirpet Lake supposed to have affinity to the Gugarat
Meenmutty Falls Rengma : Nagaland
Uttar Pradesh Barua Sagar Tal, Belasagar Lake, Amakhera following racial groups : Baiga : Madhya Pradesh,
Nyayanad Falls Zeliang : Nagaland
Lake, Keetham Lake, Ramgarh Tal Lake, Bhadital Gujarat
Soochipare Falls 1. The Negrito Khasa : Uttar Pradesh
Lake, Sheikha Lake, Nachan Tal
2. The Proto-Australoids Gond : Madhya Pradesh,
Uttarakhand Skeleton Lake, Sattal, Bhimatal, Nainital, Tamil Nadu Tharu : Uttar Pradesh
Aintharuvi Falls Catherine Falls 3. The Mongoloids Jharkhand, Odisha,
Naukuchiatal, Dodital Bhotia : Uttar Pradesh
Elk Falls Fairy Falls 4. The Mediterraneans Andhra Pradesh
West Bengal Debar Lake, East Calcutta Wetlands, Jore Pokhri, Gaori : Maharashtra
Mirik Lake, Rabindra Sarobar, Rasikbil, Fairy Falls Hogenakal Falls 5. The Brachycephalic Bhil : Madhya Pradesh,
Warli : Maharashtra
Santragacchi Lake, Senchal Lake. Kolakambai Falls 6. The Nordics Rajasthan, Gujarat
Meena : Rajashtan

OLE - 425 OLE - 426 OLE - 427

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
the centre of the abacus with a bull 1896 session of the Indian National a white patch under the eye and a NATIONAL FLOWER

GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
NATIONAL INSIGNIA on right and a horse on left and the
outlines of other wheels on extreme
Congress. The following is the text of
its first stanza :
long, slender neck. The male of the
species is more colourful than the fe-
Lotus (Nelumbo nuciferra) is the
National Flower of India. It is a sacred
NATIONAL FLAG the Emblems and Names (Prevention right and left. The bell-shaped lotus Vande Mataram! male, with a glistening blue breast flower and occupies a unique position
The National Flag is a horizontal of Improper Use) Act. 1950 (No. 12 has been omitted. The words Sujalam, suphalam, malayaja and neck and a spectacular bronze- in the art and my-
of 1950) and the Prevention of In- ‘Satyameva Jayate’ from ‘Mundaka shitalam, green train of around 200 elongated thology of ancient
tricolour of deep saffron (Kesaria) at
sults to National Honour Act, 1971 Upanishad’, meaning ‘Truth Alone Shasyashyamalam, Mataram! feathers. The female is brownish, India and has been
the top, white in the middle and dark
(No. 69 of 1971). The Flag Code of Triumphs’, are inscribed below the Shubhrajyothsna slightly smaller than the male and auspicious symbol
green at the bottom in equal propor- of Indian culture
India 2002 is an attempt to bring to- abacus in Devanagari script. pulakitayaminim, lacks the train. The elaborate court-
tion. The ratio of Phullakusumita drumadala since time immemorial.
gether all such laws, conventions, ship dance of the male, fanning out
width of the flag to NATIONAL ANTHEM shobhinim,
practices and instructions for the the tail and preening its feathers is a DOLPHIN : NATIONAL AQUATIC ANIMAL
its length is two to The song Jana-gana-mana, com- Suhasinim sumadhura
guidance and benefit of all concerned. gorgeous sight. The Centre on Oc-
three. In the centre posed originally in Bengali by bhashinim,
The Flag Code of India, 2002, The peacock is widely found in tober 6, 2009 declared
of the white band is Rabindranath Tagore, was adopted in Sukhadam varadam, Mataram!
took effect from 26 January, 2002, the Indian sub-continent from the the dolphin (Platanista
a navy-blue wheel its Hindi version by the Constituent gangetica) a National
and superseded the ‘Flag Code of NATIONAL ANIMAL south and east of the Indus river,
which represents Assembly as the National Anthem of
India’ as it existed. As per the provi- The magnificent tiger, Panthera Jammu and Kashmir, east Assam, Aquatic Animal to save
the Chakra. Its de- India on 24 January, 1950. It was
sions of the Flag Code of India, tigris, is a striped animal. It has a south Mizoram and the whole of the the rare freshwater
sign is that of the wheel which ap- first sung on 27 December, 1911, at species from disappearing from the
2002, there shall be no restriction the Calcutta Session of the Indian thick yellow coat of fur with dark Indian peninsula. The Peacock enjoys
pears on the abacus of the Sarnath on the display of the National Flag protection from the people as it is India’s aqua map.
National Congress. The complete song stripes. The combination of grace,
Lion Capital of Ashoka. Its diameter by members of general public, pri- s tr e n gt h , never molested for religious and sen- NATIONAL NATIONAL TREE
consists of five stanzas. The first FRUIT
approximates to the width of the white vate organisations, educational insti- agility and timental reasons. It is fully protected
stanza contains the full version of the Banyan
band and it has 24 spokes. The de- tutions, etc., except to the extent National Anthem : enormous under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Mango Tree
sign of the National Flag was adopted provided in the Emblems and Names Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka, jaya power has Act, 1972.
by the Constituent Assembly of India (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, he earned the
tiger its National Heritage Animal
on 22 July, 1947. 1950 and the Prevention of Insults Bharata-bhagya-vidhata � Central Government has declared Elephant as a National Heritage animal.
of National Honour Act, 1971 and any Punjab-Sindh-Gujarat-Maratha pride of
place as the national animal of India. � Ministry of Environment has issued a notification on 22 October, 2010
The tricolour was first born in other law enacted on the subject. Dravida-Utkala-Banga regarding this.
Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga Out of eight races of the species
the All India Congress Committee � National Wildlife Board of India has given acceptance on 13 October,
Uchchala-Jaladhi-taranga known, the Indian race, the Royal 2010 in his Permanent Committee.
(AICC) meeting at Bezwada in 1912, STATE EMBLEM
Tava shubha name jage, Bengal Tiger, is found throughout the
when a flag was shown by an The state emblem is an adapta- NATIONAL CALENDAR
Tava shubha asisa mage, country except in the north-western
Andhra youth and improved by tion from the Sarnath The national calendar based on the Saka Era, with Chaitra as its first
Gahe tava jaya gatha, region and also in the neighbouring month and a normal year of 365 days was adopted from 22 March, 1957 along
Mahatma Gandhi with the addition Lion Capital of Ashoka. Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he countries, Nepal, Bhutan and with the Gregorian calendar for the following official purposes: (i) Gazette of
of a white band and chakra. The In the original, there Bharata-bhagya-vidhata Bangladesh. To check the dwindling India, (ii) news broadcast by All India Radio, (iii) calendars issued by the Gov-
ratio of the width (proportion) of are four lions, standing Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he, population of tigers in India, Project ernment of India and (iv) Government communications addressed to the mem-
the flag to its length is 2 : 3. All the back to back, mounted Jaya jaya jaya, jaya he! Tiger was launched in April 1973. So bers of the public.
three bands are of equal width with on an abacus with a Playing time of the full version of far, 48 tiger reserves have been es- Dates of the national calendar have a permanent correspondence with
deep saffron at the top, white in frieze carrying sculp- the National Anthem is approximately tablished in the country under this dates of the Gregorian calendar, 1 Chaitra falling on 22 March normally and
tures in high relief of an project, covering an area of 53,547 on 21 March in leap year.
the middle and dark green at the 52 seconds. A short version consist-
bottom. The wheel in the middle, elephant, a galloping ing of first and last lines of the stanza sq. kms. Saka Months Numbers of Day Corresponding Gregorian Dates
symbolises India’s ancient culture, horse, a bull and a lion separated by (playing time approximately 20 sec- Population of tigers gone around 1 Chaitra 30 (31 in leap year March 22 (21 in leap year)
intervening wheels over a bell shaped onds) is also played on certain occa- 2500 in 2016 in country. India is 1 Vaishaka 31 April 21
dynamism and peaceful change.
lotus. Carved out of a single block of sions. home to 70 percent of tigers in the 1 Jyaishtha 31 May 22
White: Signifies Truth and Peace world. 1 Asadha 31 June 22
polished sandstone, the Capital is
Green : Signifies Faith and Chiv- NATIONAL SONG NATIONAL BIRD 1 Shravana 31 July 23
crowned by the Wheel of the Law
alry The song Vande Mataram, com- 1 Bhadra Pad 31 August 23
(Dharma Chakra). The Indian Peacock, (Pavo
posed in Sanskrit by Bankimchandra 1 Ashvin 30 September 23
In the state emblem, adopted by cristatus), the na-
Apart from non-statutory instruc- Chatterji, was a source of inspiration 1 Kartika 30 October 23
the Government of India on 26 Janu- tional bird of In-
tions issued by the Government from to the people in their struggle for free- 1 Agrahayana 30 November 22
ary, 1950, only three lions are vis- dom. It has an equal status with dia, is a colourful, 1 Pausha 30 December 22
time to time, display of the National ible, the fourth being hidden from swan-sized bird,
Flag is governed by the provisions of Jana-gana-mana. The first political 1 Magha 30 January 21
view. The wheel appears in relief in occasion when it was sung was the with a fan-shaped crest of feathers, 1 Phalguna 30 February 20

OLE - 428 OLE - 429 OLE - 430

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
State Animals, Birds, Trees and Flowers of India

GEOGRAPHY
TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN INDIA

GEOGRAPHY
Road Transport � NH 1 & 2 is called G.T. Road.
State/UT Animal Bird Tree Flower
� India has one of the largest road � Jawahar Tunnel is located in
Andhra Pradesh Black buck Indian Roller Neem Lotus networks in the world. The total NH1A.
Arunachal Pradesh Mithun Great Hornbill Hollong Lady slipper length of the roads is approximately � 47A is the smallest highway of
Orchid
46.9 lakh km. India. Its length is only 6 km.
Assam One horned white winged Hollong Foxtail
Rhinoceros Wood Duck Orchids National Highways This is in Kerala.
Bihar Ox House Sparrow Peepal Kachnar � Nati onal Hi ghways i s the � NH-15 passes through the desert
Chhattisgarh Wild Buffalo Hill Myna Sal — responsibil ity of the central of Rajasthan.
Goa Gaur Black Crested Matti — Government. These have about � Recently NH-7 renamed as NH-44.
Bulbul 96,214 km length, according to � Golden Quadrilateral (5846 km) :
Gujarat Asiatic Lion Greater Flamingo Mango Marigold the survey of India 2014-15 and High quality road joining the four
Haryana Black buck Black Francolin Peepal Lotus
comprise only 2% of the total traffic. megacities of the country (Delhi,
Himachal Pradesh Snow Leopard Western Tragopan Deodar Rhododendron
� The longest NH in India is 375 km Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai) is
Jammu & Kashmir Hangul Black Necked Chinar Lotus
long NH–44 called as Golden Quadrilateral
Crane
Jharkhand Elephant Koel Sal Palash (Srinagar – Kanyakumari). Connecting National Highways.
Karnataka Elephant Indian Roller Sandal Lotus (1) Delhi-Kolkata : NH-2
� The new NH-44 i s the
Kerala Elephant Great Hornbill Coconut Golden shower combination of NH - 1A, 1, 2, 3, (2) Mumbai -Delhi : NH-8
Tree (3) Mumbai -Chennai : NH-4
7, 26 and NH - 75.
Madhya Pradesh Swamp Deer Asian Paradise Banyan Parrot Tree
� It passes through 12 states (4) Chennai-Kolkata : NH -5
Fly Catcher
Maharashtra Giant Squirrel Yellow-Footed Mango Jarul J & K, HP, Punjab, Haryana, North South and East-West corridor
Green Pigeon Delhi, UP, MP, Maharashtra, � Under National Highways Devel-
Manipur Sangai Mrs. Hume’s Toon Shirui Lily Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, opment Project (NGDP) North-
Pheasant Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. South corridor will join from
Meghalaya Clouded Leopard Hill Myna White Teak Lady Slipper � Earlier NH-7 was the largest Srinagar to Kanyakumari and
Orchid East-west corridor from Silchar to
highway of India.
Mizoram Serow Mrs. Hume’s Iron Red Vanda Porbandar composing and laning
Pheasant Wood (Varanasi-Kanya Kumari : 2369 km).
of 7522 km of National Highway.
Nagaland Mithun Blyth’s Tragopan Alder Rhododendron � NH-7 passes through UP (120 Length of North-South corridor
Odisha Sambar Indian roller Banyan Lotus km), MP (504 km), Maharashtra and East-West corridor is 4,000
Punjab Black Buck Northern Sheesham — (232 km), Telangana (504 km.), km and 3,500 km respectively.
Goshawk Andhra Pradesh ( 250 km.) , � Jhansi is the junction of North-
Rajasthan Camel Great Indian Khejri Rohira Karnataka (125 km) Tamil Nadu
Bustard South and East-West Corridors.
(627 km).
Sikkim Red panda Blood Pheasant Rohodo- Noble
dendron Orchid TOP TEN LONGEST NATIONAL HIGHWAYS OF INDIA
Tamil Nadu Nilgiri Tahr Emerald Dove Palmyra Palm Kandhal Rank National Length In Between Major cities on Route
Telangana Deer Indian Roller Jammi Tangedu
Tripura Phayre’s Langur Green Imperial Agar Nageshwar Highway km
Pigeon
1 NH-7(44) 2,369 Varanasi- Kanyakumari Varanasi � Jabalpur �
Uttarakhand Musk Deer Himalayan Burans Brahm
Monal Kamal Nagpur � Hyderabad
Uttar Pradesh Swamp Deer Sarus Crane Ashok Brahm Kamal � Bengaluru� Madurai
West Bengal Fishing cat White-Breasted Chatian Shephali � Kanyakumari
Kingfisher
2. NH-6 1,949 Hajira - Kolkata Hajira� Surat � Dhule
Andaman & Nicobar — — — —
Chandigarh — — — — � Nagpur�Raipur�
Dadra & Nagar Haveli — — — — Sambalpur � Kolkata
Daman & Diu — — — —
3. NH-5 1,533 Cuttak-Chennai Bhubaneswar ���Visha-
Delhi Nilgai House Sparrow — —
Lakshadweep — — — — khapatnam �� Vijaya-
Puducherry Squirrel Asian Koel Vilva Tree Cannonball wada � Nel l ore �
Source : Ministry of Environment of India
Chennai

OLE - 431 OLE - 432

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Manali-Leh passes through Bara Lacha La is world’s highest motorable

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY
Rank National Length In Between Major cities on Route Punjab 1, 1A, 10, 15, 20, 21, 22, 64, 70, 71, 95 2136
road.
Highway km. Rajasthan 3, 8, 11, 11A, 12, 14, 15, 65, 76, 79, 79A,
� Asia’s biggest rop road way is in Gharahwal (Uttrakhand) this joins
4. NH-5 1,526 Pathankot-Samakhioli Pathankot � Amritsar 89, 90, 113, 112, 114 7806
Joshmath and Auli. Its total length is 500 m.
� Bhatinda � Bikaner Sikkim 31A, 310 309
Statewise list of National Highways of India
� Jaisalmer� Tamil Nadu 4, 5, 7, 7A, 45A, 45B, 46, 47, 49, 66, 67, 68,
Samakhioli State National Highways length 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 219, 220, 226 5006
5. NH-2 1,465 Delhi-Dankuni (Kolkata) Faridabad � Mathura � (km) Tripura 44, 44A 562
Agra � Allahabad � Uttrakhand 58, 72, 72A, 73, 74, 87, 94, 108, 109, 123, 119 2365
Andhra Pradesh 4, 5, 7, 9, 16, 18, 18A, 43, 63, 202, 205, 214 7029
Varanasi � Aurangabad
(Inclu. Telangana) 214A , 219, 221, 222, 234 1780 Uttar Pradesh 2, 2A, 3, 7, 11, 19, 24, 24A, 25, 25A, 26, 27,
� Dhanbad� Durgapur
�� Kolkata Assam 31, 31B, 31C, 36, 37, 35A, 38, 39, 4451, 52, 28, 29, 56, 56A, 56B, 58, 72, 72A, 73, 74,
6. NH-8 1,428 Delhi-Mumbai Delhi � Gurgaon� 52A, 52B, 53, 54, 61, 62, 151, 152, 153, 154, 75, 76, 86, 87, 91, 92, 93, 96, 97, 119, 231 7863
Jaipur � Udaipur� 127B, 315A 3575 West Bengal 2, 6, 31, 31A, 31C, 32, 34, 35, 41, 55, 60, 80,
Gandhinagar� Ahmeda- Andman & 81A, 114A, 117, 116B, 231, 232 2910
bad � Vadodara� Surat Nicorbar Islands Dadra Nagar Haveli 448A 31
�� Silvassa � Mumbai Groups 223 331 Daman Diu 448B, 251 22
7. NH-17 1,269 Panvel-Kochi Panvel � Panaji � Bihar 2, 19, 28, 28A, 30, 30A, 31, 57, 77, 78, 80, Border Road Organisation (BRO)
Ankola � Manglore �
81, 82, 84, 85, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, � It is istablished in 1960.
Kozhikode � Kochi
105, 106, 107, 110, 131A, 327, 338A, 527 4539 � It is under Home Ministry, Central Government.
8. NH-4 1,235 Mumbai - Chennai Mumbai � Pune�
Chandigarh 21 15 � It is established for the development of roads of strategic importance in
Kolhapur � Bangalore
� Vellore � Chennai Chhatisgarh 6, 16, 21A, 43, 78, 200, 202, 216, 217, the northern and north eastern borders of the country.
9. NH-3 1,161 Agra - Mumbai Agra � Gwalior� 111, 221, 343 3078 � At present this organisation is constructing bridge, airfield and flats.
Indore � Mumbai Delhi 1, 2, 8, 10, 24, 236 80 � BRO made roads in naxalite areas of Maharashtra under ‘Project Hirak’.
10. NH-31 1,125 Barhi-Guwahati Barhi � Begusarai� Goa 4A, 17, 17A, 17B 262 � Road were made by BRO in Bhutan under ‘Project Dantak’.
Dalkhola � Siliguri� Gujarat NI-1, 6, 8A, 8B, 8lC, 8D, 8E, 14, 15, 59, 113, International Highways
Kokrajhar � Guwahati 228, 3973 � These highways are formed under the agreement of the Economic and
State Highway Haryana 1, 2, 8, 10, 21A, 22, 65. 71. 71a, 72, 73, 73A, 2557 Social Commission on Asia and Pacific (ESCAP).
� State Highway is the responsibilty Himachal Pradesh 1A, 20, 21, 21A, 22, 70, 72, 88, 73A, 305, 2396 � These highways are financed by the World Bank.
� State having maximum road den-
of State Government. Jammu & � It connects India with its neighbouring countries .
sity is Kerela.
� At Present, the total length of Kashmir 1A, 1B, 1C, 13 2319 � They are of two types :
� State having minimum road den-
State Highways is 1,42,687 km. Karnataka 4, 4A, 7, 9, 13, 17, 48, 63, 206, 207, 209, 1. The main arterial routes linking the capitals of neighbouring countries
sity is Jammu and Kashmir.
� State having maximum roads like _____.
� In UTs Delhi has maximum road 212, 218, 234 6294
(length wise) (i) The Lahore - Mandalay (Myannar) route passing through Amritsar-
Maharashtra > Uttar Pradesh >
density. Kerala 17, 47, 47A, 49, 208A, 212, 213, 220 1812
Delhi-Agra-Kolkata-Golaghat-Imphal.
Odisha Madhya Pradesh 3, 7, 12, 12A, 25, 26, 27, 59, 69, 75, 78,
(ii) The Agra-Gwalior-Hyderabad-Bangalore-Dhanushkodi road.
79, 86, 92, 26B, 69A 927A 5185
Road Network of India (2016) (iii) The Barhi-Kathmandu road.
Maharashtra 3, 4, 4B, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 16, 17, 50, 59, 204,
2. Route linking major cities—
Road class Length (km) Percentage of Total 211, 222, 26B, 360 6335
Road length (i) Agra-Mumbai road (ii) Delhi-Multan road
Jharkhand 2, 6, 23, 31, 32, 33, 75, 78, 98, 99, 100,
(iii) Bangalore-Chennai road (iv) Golaghat-Ledo road.
1. Expressway 200 0.006 114A, 333 2997
Super National Highway Project
2. NH 96260.72 2.88 Manipur 39, 53, 150, 155, 102A, 102B, 137 1504
3. SH 131899 3.94 � Connecting major ports and cities in the country.
Meghalaya 40, 44, 51, 62, 127B 1204
4. District Roads 467763 13.98 � To increase the traffic flow and accelerate the means of transport. These
Mizoram 44A, 54, 54A, 54B, 150, 154, 502A 1181
5. Village and road 2650000 79.2 are —
Nagaland 36, 39, 61, 150, 154, 502 1046
(i) Super National Highway No.1 (Maharaja Agrasen marg) : Delhi-
Total 3346122 (approx) 100 Odisha 5, 5A, 23, 42, 43, 60, 200, 201, 203, 215, 217 4685 Kanyakumari via Jaipur-Udaipur-Ahmedabad-Mumbai-Pune-
Source— www nhai.org Puducherry 45A, 66 64 Bangaluru-Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram.

OLE - 433 OLE - 434 OLE - 435

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
(ii) Super National Highway No. 2 (Guru Gobind Singh Marg) : Amritsar � Export iron ore.

GEOGRAPHY
Airways � Central Inland water ways Au- 3. Marmagao
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
to Chennai via Chandigarh-Delhi-Kanpur-Patna-Dhanbad-Kolkata- � The ministry of civil Aviation is thority was set up in 1986. � It is located in Goa. � Located in Andhra pradesh.
Bhubaneshwar-Channai. responsible for the formulation of � The head office of the authority � It has a naval base. 10. Paradip
(iii) Super National Highway No. 3 (Sant Ravi Das Marg) : Pathankot national policies and programmes is located at Noida. � It is India’s leading iron-ore port. � Located on Odisha coast along
to Jalandhar. for the development and regula- the Bay of Bengal.
� There are two types of water 4. New Mangalore
(iv) Super National Highway No. 4 (Ravindra Nath Tagore Marg) : Patna tion of civil aviation. ways— (1) Inland Water Ways, (2) � Handles iron ore and coal.
� Called the ‘Gateway of Karnataka’.
to Guwahati � In the Public sector there are Air � It is deep water sea port.
Maritime Transport � Located at southern ti p of
(v) Super National Highway No. 5 (Bhagwan Mahavir Marg) : Delhi India, Indian Airlines, Air India 11. Kolkata
Inland Water Ways : Navigated by Karnataka coast.
to Bengaluru via Agra-Nagpur-Hyderabad Charters Ltd., and Alliance Air. � It is a riverine port.
river, canals and lakes � Handles the export of iron-ore
(vi) Super National Highway No. 6 (Bhagwan Parshuram Marg) : � The Air India was constitued in � Located on the bank of river
Mumbai to Dhanbad via Nagpur-Rourkela � Waterway from Hal di a to from Kundremukh.
1947. Hooghly in West Bengal.
(vii) Super National Highway No. 7 (Swami Dayanand Marg) : Bengaluru Allahabad, was declared as NW1 5. Kochi
� In 1952 ; the Planning Commis- 12. Haldia
to Chennai by the central government in 22 � It is a natural harbour.
sion recommended the national- � This port located in West Ben-
October, 1986. � It is located on Kerala coast.
International Airports of India ization of Air Transport Industry gal.
Ports � It is a ship building centre � This port has made for reduc-
� Indira Ghandi International Airport — New Delhi which was effected in 1953 with
� There are 13 major and 185 me- � Handles tea, coffee and spices. ing pressure on Kolkata port.
the creation of nationalized cor-
� Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport — Mumbai dium and small airports in India. � It is the harbour for those large-
porations. 6. Tuticorin
� Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport— Kolkata � Major ports are under the juris- sized ship which do not reach
� Indian Airlines was setup under � It come into existence during
� Anna International Airport — Chennai diction of the central government Kolkata.
the Air Corporation Act, 1953 the region of Pandya kings.
� Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport — Lucknow while the minor and intermediate � Handles petroleum products,
with its Head Quarters at Delhi. � It is located in Tamilnadu. coal, iron and steel.
� Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport — Varanasi ports are managed and main-
� Jaipur International Airport — Jaipur � Director General of Civil Aviation � Artificial deep sea harbour. 13. Jawaharlal Nehru Port
tained by the respective state gov-
� Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel International Airport — Ahmedabad is the regulatory body for civil 7. Ennore � Located in Maharashtra
ernments
aviation in India. � Developed to reduce pressure of
� Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport — Nagpur � Minor ports are maximum in � Occupies the 5th position in the
� Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport — Guwahati � Rajiv Gandhi International Air- traffic on Chennai Port. world’s fastest growing ports.
Maharashtra.
� Sri Guru Ram Das Jee International Airport — Amritsar port, Hyderabad is the first green � It is the latest port. 14. Port Blair
Airport in Asia. � Vishakhapattanam is the deepest
� Trivandrum International Airport — Thiruvananthapuram � It is country’s first corporate � Added in the list of major ports
� Airport Authority of India was land lock port in India.
� Calicut International Airport — Kozhikode port. in June, 2010.
formed in 1995. � Chennai is the oldest artificial � It is the 13th major port.
� Rajiv Gandhi International Airport — Hyderabad 8. Chennai
� AAI in responsible for providing harbour. � The port is of stratagic impor-
� Cochin International Airport — Kochi � Oldest artificial harbour.
safe and efficient Air Traffic Ser- � Ennore is India’s first corporate tance to India.
� Dabolini International Airport — Goa � Handles petroleum products,
vices; communication and naviga- port. � It is closer to two international
� Kempegoda International Airport — Bengaluru fertilizers and iron-ore.
tional aids at all the airports. Major Ports shipping lines—
� Mangalore International Airport — Mangalore 9. Vishakhapatnam
� Coimbatore International Airport — Coimbatore Greenfield Airport and Brown- 1. Mumbai Saudi Arabia — Singapore and
� Deepest land lock port US — Singapore.
� Tiruchirapalli International Airport — Tiruchirapalli filed Airport : Greenfield Airport � Natural port on west coast
is a new airport built from RAILWAYS
� Gaya International Airport — Gaya � It is the biggest port of India in
scratch in a new location be- � The rail transport in India began in 1853 when the first train was run
� Lok Nayak Jayaprakash International Airport — Patna terms of cargo handling.
cause the existing airport is un- between Mumbai and Thane (34 km).
� Pune Airport — Pune � It makes Mumbai the gatway of
able to meet the projected re- � The first section of the East India Railway, from Howrah to Hooghly was
� Visakhapatnam Airport — Visakhapatnam India.
quirement of traffic. inaugurated on 15 August 1854.
� Imphal International Airport — Imphal � It handles 1/5th of India’s foreign
The project which are modified or � Indian railways is world’s second largest rail network under the single
� Shaheed Bhagat Singh International Airport — Chandigarh trade. management. (USA is the largest one).
upgraded from existing facilities
� Bagdora Airport — Siliguri 2. Kandla � It is the largest public sector undertaking of the country.
are called ‘brown field projects’.
� Bhogapuram Airport — Visakhapatnam (Future) � It is a tidal port � Of the two main segments -freight and passenger-the freight segment
Water Transport
� Mopa Airport — Goa (Future) � Developed to release pressure on accounts for roughly two - third of revenues.
� Waterways are the cheapest
� Kannur International Airport — Kannur (Future) the Mumbai port. � Three types of rail gauges
means of transport.
� Navi Mumbai International Airport — Navi Mumbai (Future) � It is located on eastern end of — Broad gauge – 1.676 m. — Metre gauge – 1.00 m
� They provide 1% of total trans-
� New Pune International Airport — Pune (Future) Gulf of Kachchh. —Narrow gauge – 0.762 m
port in India.

OLE - 436 OLE - 437 OLE - 438

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
15. Diphuk Pass Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh to : Located i n the � Dalhousie : A hill station located

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
Indian Railways has been divided into 17 zones. � As ans ol

GEOGRAPHY
Myanmar Bardhaman di strict of West on a spur of the Dhauladhar
SL. Zone Name Headquarters Year Estb.
16. Likha Pani pass Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh to Bengal , Important r ai l way range of the Hi malaya i n
No. Himachal Pradesh. It is famous
Myanmar junction and famous for IISCO
1. Central Railway (CR) Mumbai 1951 17. Chaukan Pass Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh to (Indian Iron and Steel Company). for handicrafts industry and is a
2. Eastern Central Railway (ECR) Hajipur 2002 Myanmar Asbestos Industry & Automobile military base. It has spectacular
Industries located here. scenic beauty and is the gateway
3. Eastern-Coastal Railway (ECoR) Bhubaneshwar 2003 18. Pangsad Pass Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh to
� Bengaluru : Capital of Karnataka to Chamba district.
Myanmar
4. Eastern Railway (CER) Kolkata 1952 state, Bengaluru i s a cl ean, � Darjeeling : A major hill resort of
19. Tuzu Pass Manipur Imphal to Myanmar
5. Nothern Railway (NR) Delhi 1952 spacious and well planned city of West Bengal and has strategic
20. Nathu La Pass Sikkim Sikkim to Tibet importance as a possible access
6. North-Central Railway (NCR) Allahabad 2003 beautiful parks and is known as
21. Jelep La Pass Sikkim Chumbi valley to Tibet ‘Garden city of India’. One of the to Nepal and Tibet. The Hima-
7. North-Western Railway (NWR) Jaipur 2002 22. Palaghat Pass Kerala Palakkad to layan mountaineering institute is
fastest growing city, this ‘city of
8. North-Eastern Railway (NER) Gorakhpur 1952 Coimbatore the future’ is famous for BHEL, located on it. It is also famous for
9. North East Frontier (NEFR) Guwahati 1958 23. Bhorghat Pass Maharashtra Mumbai to Pune HAL, HMT, Indian Telephone tea estates and handicrafts.
24. Thalaghat Maharashtra Mumbai to Nasik industry and IT Industry and is Darjeeling Himalayan railways is
10. South Central Railway (SCR) Secunderabad 1966
known as ‘Silicon valley of India’. UNESCO world heritage site.
11. South East Central Railway (SECR) Bilaspur 2003 25. Shenkotta Pass Kerala and T.N. Kollam to Madurai
� Baroda/Vadodra : Third most � Dhanbad : Located near river
VALLEYS OF INDIA
12. South Eastern Railway (SER) Kolkata 1955 populated city of Gujarat. On Damodar in Jharkhand, it has
� Nubra Valley — Leh (Jammu and Kashmir) coal mining centre and Indian In-
13. South Western Railway (SWR) Hubli 2003 Vishwamitri river, cultural capital
� Araku Valley — Andhra Pradesh of Gujarat and administrative stitute of Mining.
14. Southern Railway (SR) Chennai 1951 � Murkha Valley — Ladakh (Jammu and Kashmir) headquarters of Vadodra district, � Ghatshila/Ghatsila : It is a cop-
15. West Central Railway (WCR) Jabalpur 2003 � Chumbi Valley — Sikkim Petrochemi cal , engi neeri ng, per mini ng centre i n the
16. Western Railway (WR) Mumbai 1951 � Zuku Valley — Nagaland pharmaceutic al s, pl asti c Si nghbhum regi on of
17. Kolkata Metro Kolkata 2010 � Sangla Valley — Himachal Pradesh i ndustri es are located here. Chhottanagpur plateau. Located
� Yuthang Valley — Sikkim (Valley of Flower) Gujarat refinery of IOC, Gujarat on the bank of river Subarnrekha
PASSES state fertilizers and chemicals near Jamshedpur.
� Kullu Valley — Himachal Pradesh
Pass State Way IPCL. Gujarat Alkaline Chemicals � Guwahati : Oil refinery gateway
� Pangi Valley — Chamba, Himachal Pradesh
Ltd. etc are also present here. to North Eastern States, biggest
1. Karakoram Pass Karakoram Range, J&K India’s highest pass � Tons Valley — Himachal pradesh � Bhubaneswar : Capital of Odisha, city of Assam on the bank of
2. Zozila Pass Zaskar Range , J&K Srinagar to Leh � Dibang Valley — Arunachal Pradesh popularly known as the ‘Temple Brahmaputra river. Largest com-
3. Baramula Pass Pirpanjal Rage, J&K Srinagar to � Neora Valley — West Bengal city fo India’. It is a planned city, mercial, industrial and educational
Mujaffarabad � Ketti Valley — Tamil Nadu cultural and educational town, centre of Assam.
4. Pir Panjal Pass Pirpanjal Range, J&K Pahalgaon to Koshi � Charavati Valley — Karnataka famous for its Khandagiri and � Gwalior : A historical and cul-
� Kangra Valley — Himachal Pradesh Udayagiri cave and Dhaulagiri tural city with an expanding in-
5. Banihal pass Pirpanjal Range, J&K Jammu to Srinagar,
� Duke Valley — Manipur rock edict. dustrial base located in the agri-
NH1A, Jawahar Tunnel
� Chennai : Capital of Tamil Nadu, cultural heartland of Madhya
6. Baralacha La Himachal Pradesh Mandi (H.P.) to Leh � Milam Valley — Uttarakhand
centre of Dravi di an cul ture, Pradesh. Famous for palaces,
(J&K) Major Cities of India anci ent ci ty and the ol dest forts, temples, tombs and handi-
7. Rohtang Pass Himachal Pradesh Manali to Leh � Agra : A Cultural, historical and important industrial, cultural and artificial harbour on the east coast crafts.
8. Shipkila Pass Himachal Pradesh Shimla to Tibet industrial city of Uttar Pradesh educational town. of India. India’s largest sea beach � Haldia : It is a port town recently
9. Thangla Pass Himachal Pradesh — located on the banks of the � Ajmer : Situated in Taragarh hills Marina beach is on its Bay of been developed on the ri ver
10. Niti La Pass Uttarakhand, Kumaun Uttarakhand to Tibet Yamuna river. The most popular in Aravallis, important railway Bengal coast. Hooghly about 105 km down-
tourist attraction and UNESCO junction & trade and a pilgrim � Coimbatore : In Tamil Nadu, also stream from Kolkata. Its main
Range and Mansarovar
World Heritage sites - Taj Mahal centre. Famous for Pushkar Lake called Koval, second largest city purpose is to release congestion
11. Mana La Pass Uttarakhand, Kumaun Uttarakhand to Tibet and Agra Fort are located here. and Dargah of Moinuddin Chishti. at Kolkata. Haldia has an oil re-
of Tamil Nadu, located at the
Range and Mansarovar � Ahmedabad : Situated in the � Amritsar: Home to Harmandir foothills of Nilgiris. It is important finery. It receives larger vessels
12. Lipu Lekh Pass Uttarakhand, Kumaun Uttarakhand to Tibet cotton belt of the Gujarat plains, Sahib (Golden Temple), spiritual for cotton textile, electric motors, which otherwise would have gone
Range and Mansarovar it is the largest city of Gujarat and and cul tural centre of Si kh to Kolkata.
pumps, automobile, iron and steel
is known as the “Manchester of religion, commercial activities
13. Muling La Pass Uttarakhand, Kumaun Uttarakhand to Tibet and aluminum castings. It is � Hyderabad : Capital of Andhra
the East”. Located on the banks i ncl ude s touri sm, c arpets
Range and Mansarovar known as the Manchester of Pradesh and Telangana located
of rive r Sabarmati i t is an manufacturing, farm produce
South India. on the Bank of river Musi. It is
14. Bomdila Pass Arunachal Pradesh Tavang Valley to Tibet and Light engineering.

OLE - 439 OLE - 440 OLE - 441

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
the largest town leading industrial � Kakinada : A deep water port � Kullu : Kullu town is situated on � Mathura : Ancient holy city, popularly known as the ‘Queen largest hill station in the world

GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
and trade centre, twin city is with Special Economic Zone the banks of the winding river Iargest oil refinery of India, silver of Hill Station.’ It nestles in the and cap i tal of the s tate of
Secunderabad. Major industries status, also known as fertilizer Beas, is famous for its orchards, polishing industry and is famous Nilgiris (Blue mountain) near the Hi machal Pradesh. Thi s hi ll
are engineering goods, power gen- city o f Andhra Pr adesh. temples, scenery and handloom for Eari printing and water-tap junction of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu resort is famous for its meadows
eration, Indian drugs and phar- Hinterland have a great economic shawls. factories. and Kerala. Also famous for its and for est and hand i craft
maceuticals factory and electronic value due to the natural gas � Ladakh : A dry, mountainous land � Mount Abu : Rajasthan’s only hill Botanical garden and plantations. industry.
industry. deposit in Krishna-Godavari of the passes, sand wiched station, located on the Aravalli hill, � Paradip : A cultural, industrial � Srinagar : Capital of Jammu &
� Imphal : Capital of Manipur, cul- basin. between the Karakoram range it is an important pilgrim centre. and port city of Odisha, Paradeep Kashmir, located on river Jhelum.
tural and administrative centre, � Kalol : Famous for oil refinery, and Zaskar range, most often Gurushikhar, the highest peak of is located on the Bay of Bengal Cultural and industrial centre,
fertile plains of Manipur, cotton crude-oil and natural gas reserve, referred to as the “little Tibet”. Aravalli is near this town. Nakki coast. It handles iron ore and coal famous for wood work, woolen,
textile, handicraft, bamboo made crude-oil transported through Ladakh is the highest altitude lake and Dilwara temple are most along with some other dry cargo. si l k cl othi ng, carpet
goods, central university, NH-39. pipeline to Koyali for refining. plateau region in India. Leh is the important tourist attraction. � Po rban dar : Locat ed i n manufacturing and handicrafts.
� Jaipur : Surrounded on three � Kanyakumari : India’s southern- largest town in Ladakh. � Mumbai : It is the Gateway of Porbandar district of Gujarat, a � Surat : Situated on river Tapi.(left
sides by the rugged Aravalli hills, most mainland town. Important � Leh : The ancient capital of India from the west, largest city, coastal city on the extreme west bank). Climate is tropical and rain
Jaipur is the picturesque capital for Tourism. It is the meeting Ladakh, lies in a fertile valley biggest port and commercial coast of Arabian Sea, birthplace is abundant, industrial hub for
of Rajasthan. It is a planned city, point of three great seas - the near the Indus river. It has many capital. Originally located on the of Mahatma Gandhi, all weather producti on of syntheti c,
known as the gate way to Indian ocean, the Arabian sea and Buddhist monasteries, mosque salsette island, it is the state port wi th di rect be rthi ng manmade fibers and diamond
Rajasthan and ‘Pink City’. It is the Bay of Bengal. and highest airport and golf capi tal of Ma harashtra and facilities. cutting industry.
� Kochi : It is another natural course in the world. It is a quiet Hollywood of India. � Pune : A cultural, military and an � Talcher : Industrial town in Angul
famous for forts, palaces, an-
harbour located on the coast of little township and tourist centre, � Murshidabad : Located in the left administrative town famous for district (The industrial hubs of
cient observatory, handicrafts
Kerala. Kochi has sheltered overlooked by a hilltop palace and
and jewellery. bank of Bhagirathi river in West pal aces, t empl es, fi l m and Odisha), rich in black diamond,
backwater bay. It handles the monastery.
� Jaisalmer : The desert town Bengal, this city is famous for television institute and museum. NTPL power plant uses coal from
export of tea, coffee and spices � Mad urai : One of the most
founded on an oasis, palaces, manufacturing utensil, handloom, It is the birth place and one of Talcher coalfields and water from
and imports of mineral oil and pleasant cities, Madurai has a
fort, jain temple and camel and weaving and silk industry. the main estates of the Maratha a small barrage reservoir on river
chemical fertilisers. The Kochi Oil charming situation on the river
sheep’s fair, handicrafts made � Mysuru : A cultural and industrial hero Chhatrapati Shivaji. Brahmani.
Refiner y receives cr ude oil Vaigai, fringed by lush paddy
this city as the most important ci ty, known for its palaces, � Puri : A minor seaport of Odisha, � Trivandrum : It is a busy seaside
through this port. fields and coconut groves. It is
tourist destination. Every year garden, si l k factor y, and world famous for the Jagannath city built seven hills overlooking
� Kodaikanal : A quiet, charming famous for handloom, handic-
‘Desert Festival’ celebrated in hill station situated in the scenic rafts the Meenakshi temple. handicraft. It is also known as Temple. It is a cultural city and the peaceful valleys. It derives its
January. It is the district head- Palni hills of Tamil Nadu. It has � Mahabaleshwar : One of the most the ‘Sandalwood city’ and the ‘city pi l gri m age. Located on the name from Thiru-Anantha-Puram
quarters of the largest district of the solar physics observatory and popular hill station of western of palaces’. It is the second conti ne ntal shel f of Bay of (Home of the Serpent) and is also
Rajasthan. orchidarium. It is famous for the India, and at 1372 mt the highest largest city of Karnataka. Bengal, it has a beautiful natural known as the city of the Sacred
� Jammu : Gateway to Kashmir, Kurinji flower which blooms once of the region. Situated in the � Nainital : Town in Uttarakhand sea-beach and chemicals, drugs Geese.
Jammu is also the winter capital in 12 years. Sahyadri range of the Western in Kumaon hills, present in a & pharmaceutical industries. � Tuticorin : A port city developed
of the state. Situated on the � Kolkata : India’s second largest Ghats i n Satara dist rict of valley containing pear-shaped � Ramchandrapuram : Located in in the coast of Tamil Nadu which
banks of the river Tawi, this busy, city and capital of West Bengal. Maharashtra. Mahabaleshwar is lake, famous tourist spot. India’s Andhra Pradesh near Godavari handles traffic of coal, foodgrains,
prosperous town is surrounded Located in the jute producing also blessed with spectacular oldest national park. Corbett del ta. The c entral power edible oils, sugar and petroleum
by lakes, hil ls, temples and centre of India, it is a major port views of the Krishna and Koyna national park is located here. distribution company of Andhra products.
fortress es. It i s a cu ltural, city ca lled the ‘Gat eway to valleys and also known as a holy � New Mangalore : It is situated Pradesh is located here. It is � Varanasi (Benaras) : The centre
commercial and a major tourist Eastern India’. place. on the coast of Karnataka and famous for ri ce, be tel and of Hinduism and most important
centre. � Korb a : Power hub of � Mahabalipuram : UNESCO world handles export of iron ore from coconut cultivation. pilgrimage place in India. Located
� Jharia : Located in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh. l and of black heritage site. Famous for Shore Kudremukh. It also handl es � Ranchi : Capital of Jharkhand on the Bank of Ganga it is an
second in India in terms of coal diamond, Kosa silk and Thermal temple (Pancha temples) and is a import of fertilizers, petroleum state. Industrial and cultural important seat of learning. It is
reserves. The best in metallurgi- power, a major mineral source of port city. products, edible oils and other town famous for machine tools, famous for templ es, metal
cal store of India. Base for a Chattisgarh. Half of total mineral � Manali : Situated in northern end cargo. spare parts and alumina. Dassam handicrafts and sarees.
number of Iron-steel industries income of state, one of largest of Kullu valley, a hill resort, good � Neyveli : Thermal power centre fal l s l ocated nearby . Ri ver � Visakhapatnam : It has the
and other metallurgical centres. treasure of coal in India. Other scenic beauty, tourist spot, in Tamil Nadu, famous for lignite Subarnarekha flows near this city. deepest landlocked and protected
� Jodhpur : Situated close to the limestone, fireclay, etc. ‘Gavra famous for Yak Skiing. coal, helped in development of � Raniganj : One of the largest and port. An important industrial,
edge of the Thar desert, Jodhpur project’ largest opencast mine of � Marmagao : It is an important port industries. most important coalfields of India educational, medical and port city.
is a historical and cultural city. It India is located here. Major of Goa and occupies fifth position � Oo tac amu nd (Ud hag ama n- situated in upper Damodar valley It has iron & steel, fertilizer,
is an important tourist destination industrial hub, Aluminium coal in handling the traffic. For a long dalam) / Ooty : Former summer in West Bengal. petroleum refinery and the ship-
due to beautiful forts, museum and power industries are located period, it handled the export of capital of the Madras presidency � Shimla : Former summer capital building and ship repair industry.
and handicraft industries. here. iron ore from Goa. ( now Ta mi l Nadu) , O oty i s of British India, Shimla is the ���

OLE - 442 OLE - 443 OLE - 444

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY
Effective Literacy Rate (2001-2011)

GEOGRAPHY
POPULATION : 2011 CENSUS 2001(%) 2011(%) Difference
The study of population is called Demography. Persons 64.83 73 8.17
Population Trend in India Males 75.26 80.9 5.64
� 1891-1921 Period of stagnant population Females 53.67 64.6 10.93
� 1921-1951 Period of steady growth
Ranks of Districts in 2011
� 1951-1981 Period of high growth
� 1981-2011 Period of declining rate Top 2 Districts Bottom 2 Districts
� The year, 1921 is known as the year of Great Divide.
As per Population
National Population Policy 2000
This policy outlined the following objectives to be achieved Thane 1,10,54,131 Dibang Valley 7,948
� To lower down the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) to achieve replacement level (Maharashtra) (Arunachal Pradesh)
by 2010. North Twenty Four 1,00,82,852 Anjaw 21,089
� Population stabilisation by 2045. Paraganas (Paschim (Arunchal Pradesh)
� Reduce MMR (Maternal Mortality Rate) to below 100 per 100000 births. Banga)
� Reduce IMR (Infant Mortality Rate) to below 30 per thousand live births. As per Sex Ratio
� Making school education compulsory.
� Promote delayed marriage of girls.
Mahe (Puducherry) 1176 Daman (Daman and Diu) 533
Almora (Uttarakhand) 1142 Leh (Ladakh, J & K) 583
� Promote and control communicable diseases.
Demographics Sex Ratio
� First synochronized census in India took place in 1881. Since 1901, it
has been taking place after every decade. 2001 2011
� Census 2011 is the 15th Census, and 7th after Independence. Population Proportion Population Proportion
� The slogan of census 2011 is “Our Census, Our Future”. (in mn) (in %) (in mn) (in %)
� India was the first country to adopt family planning in world. ��Males 532.2 51.74 623.1 51.51
� According to the census 2011, there are 50 million plus cities in India ��Females 496.5 48.26 587.4 48.46
as compared to 35 in census 2001. Adults Sex Ratio 933 943
� ‘Cafeteria approach’ to family planning was adopted during Janta Party ��Males 85.0 51.89 82.9 52.24
Government Rule in 1978. ��Females 78.8 48.11 75.8 47.76
Population Child Sex Ratio 927 919
(All figures based on Census, 2011)
Ranking of States/UTs(2011)
Total Population 1,21,08,54,977
Male 62,32,70,258 Literacy Rate Population Density Sex Ratio
Females 58,75,84,719 Top 2 states/UTs Top 2 States/UTs Top 2 States /UTs
Density 382 per sq km
��Kerala 94 ��NCT of Delhi 11,320 ��Kerala 1,084
Adult Sex Ratio 943 (females per 1000 males)
�� Lakshadweep 91.80 ��Chandigarh 9,258 ��Puducherry 1,037
Child Sex Ratio 919 (girl per 1000 boys)
Bottom 2 States/UTs Bottom 2 States/UTs Bottom 2 States/UTs
Largest and the Smallest States /UTs (in Population)
��Bihar 61.8 ��Arunchal Pradesh 17 ��Daman Diu 618
Top States/UTs Bottom States/UTs ��Arunachal 65.40 ��Andaman and 46 ��Dadra and 774
Uttar Pradesh 19,98,12,341 Lakshadweep 64,473 Pradesh Nicobar Islands Nagar Haveli
Maharashtra 11,23,74,333 Daman and Diu 2,43,247
CENSUS 2011
Bihar 10,40,99,452 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 3,43,709
� Total Population of India — 1,21,08,54,977
West Bengal 9,12,76,115 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 3,80,581
� Sex Ratio (females per thousand males) — 943
Andhra Pradesh 4,93,86,799 Sikkim 6,10,577
� Density — 382 persons per sq. km.

OLE - 445 OLE - 446

 �
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�

Jain
Sikh
Hindu
Muslim
Christian

Buddhist
64.2 years

(2011)
Religious
Community
135.79 million sq km.
Female — 64.6 per cent)

0.45
0.84
2.08
2.78

and Chennai respectively.

17.22
96.63
(crore)
Population
Crude Death Rate (2009) — 7.3
� Crude Birth Rate (2009) — 22.5

Population Census started in 1881.

OLE - 447
0.4
0.7
1.7
2.3
State with lowest literacy — Bihar (61.8%)

14.2
79.8

Decadal growth rate in Population — 17.7%

State with highest literacy — Kerala (94.0%)

State having lowest Sex Ratio — Haryana (879)

State having highest Sex Ratio — Kerala (1,084)

Growth

Lowest Scheduled Tribe Population is in Punjab.

State with lowest female literacy — Bihar (51.5%)

Percentage
Maternal Morality Rate — 407 per lakh live births

State having lowest Population — Sikkim 6,10,577

Lowest Scheduled Caste Population is in Nagaland.

State with highest female literacy — Kerala (92.1%)

State with highest Population Density — Bihar (1106)

India supports 17.5 per cent of the World Population.

Highest Scheduled Caste population is in Uttar Pradesh.

State having highest decadal growth — Meghalaya (27.9%)
Infant Mortality Rate (2006) — 57 per thousand live births

5.4
6.1
8.4

Highest Scheduled Tribe Population is in Madhya Pradesh.

Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

15.5
24.6
16.8
State with lowest Population Density — Arunachal Pradesh (17)
State having highest Population — Uttar Pradesh 19,98,12,341

Decadal

Lowest Death Rate among states is in Kerala — 16 per thousand.

Andhra Pradesh was the first state to prepare a population policy.

Highest Death Rate among states is in Odisha — 98 per thousand.

State having lowest population decadal growth rate — Nagaland (–0.6%)

Four cities having highest population in India are Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi
� First census was undertaken in 1872 but a systematic programme of
India accounts for a meagre 2.4 per cent of the world surface area of

Life Expectancy at Birth — 63.5 years, Male — 62.6 years, Female —

Literacy rate of the country — 73 per cent. (Male — 80.9 per cent,

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
CENSUS-2011 : AT A GLANCE
State-Wise Distribution of Indian population, Decadal Growth, Sex Ratio, Population Density and Literacy

State/ India/ Total Population Sex Ratio Population Decadal Literacy Rate
Union State/ (Females Density Growth
Terri- Union per 1000 (persons per (%)
tories males) sq. km)

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

India 1,21,08,54,977 62,32,70,258 58,75,84,719 943 382 17.7 73.00 80.9 64.6
01 Jammu & Kashmir 1,25,41,302 66,40,662 59,00,640 889 124 23.6 67.2 76.8 56.4
02 Himachal Pradesh 68,64,602 34,81,873 33,82,729 972 123 12.9 82.8 89.5 75.9
03 Punjab 2,77,43,338 1,46,39,465 1,31,03,873 895 551 13.9 75.8 80.4 70.7
04 Chandigarh 10,55,450 5,80,663 4,74,787 818 9,258 17.2 86.0 90.0 81.2
05 Uttarakhand 1,00,86,292 51.37,773 49,48,519 963 189 18.8 78.8 87.4 70.0

OLE - 448
06 Haryana 2,53,51,462 1,34,94,734 1,18,56,728 879 573 19.9 75.6 84.1 65.9
07 NCT Delhi 1,67,87,941 89,87,326 78,00,615 868 11,320 21.2 86.2 90.9 80.8
08 Rajasthan 6,85,48,437 3,55,50,997 3,29,97,440 928 200 21.3 66.1 79.2 52.1
09 Uttar Pradesh 19,98,12,341 10,44,80,510 9,53,31,831 912 829 20.2 67.7 77.3 57.2
10 Bihar 10,40,99,452 5,42,78,157 4,98,21,295 918 1,106 25.4 61.8 71.2 51.5
11 Sikkim 6,10,577 3,23,070 2,87,507 890 86 12.9 81.4 86.6 75.6
Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

12 Arunachal Pradesh 13,83,727 7,13,912 6,69,815 938 17 26.0 65.4 72.6 57.7
13 Nagaland 19,78,502 10,24,649 9,53,853 931 119 -0.6 79.6 82.8 76.1
14 Manipur 28,55,794 14,38,586 14,17,208 985 128 24.5 79.2 86.1 72.4
15 Mizoram 10,97,206 5,55,339 5,41,867 976 52 23.5 91.3 93.3 89.3

16 Tripura 36,73,917 18,74,376 17,99,541 960 350 14.8 87.2 91.5 82.7
17 Meghalaya 29,66,889 14,91,832 14,75,057 989 132 27.9 74.4 76.0 72.9
18 Assam 3,12,05,576 1,59,39,443 1,52,66,133 958 398 17.1 72.2 77.8 66.3
19 West Bengal 9,12,76,115 4,68,09,027 4,44,67,088 950 1,028 13.8 76.3 81.7 70.5
20 Jharkhand 3,29,88,134 1,69,30,315 1,60,57,819 949 414 22.4 66.4 76.8 55.4
21 Odisha 4,19,74,218 2,12,12,136 2,07,62,082 979 270 14.0 72.9 81.6 64.0
22 Chhattisgarh 2,55,45,198 1,28,32,895 1,27,12,303 991 189 22.6 70.3 80.3 60.2
23 Madhya Pradesh 7,26,26,809 3,76,12,306 3,50,14,503 931 236 20.3 69.3 78.7 59.2
24 Gujarat 6,04,39,692 3,14,91,260 2,89,48,432 919 308 19.3 78.0 85.8 69.7
25 Daman & Diu 2,43,247 1,50,301 92,946 618 2,191 53.8 87.1 91.5 79.5
26 Dadra And Nagar Haveli 3,43,709 1,93,760 1,49,949 774 700 55.9 76.2 85.2 64.3
OLE - 449

27 Maharashtra 11,23,74,333 5,82,43,056 5,41,31,277 929 365 16.0 82.3 88.4 75.9
28 Andhra Pradesh 8,45,80,777 4,24,42,146 4,21,38,631 993 308 11.0 67.0 74.9 59.1
29 Karnataka 6,10,95,297 3,09,66,657 3,01,28,640 973 319 15.6 75.4 82.5 68.1
30 Goa 14,58,545 7,39,140 7,19,405 973 394 8.2 88.7 92.6 84.7
31 Lakshadweep 64,473 33,123 31,350 947 2,149 6.3 91.8 95.6 87.9
32 Kerala 3,34,06,061 1,60,27,412 1,73,78,649 1,084 860 4.9 94.0 96.1 92.1
Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

33 Tamil Nadu 7,21,47,030 3,61,37,975 3,60,09,055 996 555 15.6 80.1 86.8 73.4
34 Puducherry 12,47,953 6,12,511 6,35,442 1,037 2,547 28.1 85.8 91.3 80.7
35 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 3,80,581 2,02,871 1,77,710 876 46 6.9 86.6 90.3 82.4

GEOGRAPHY
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY
STATES OF INDIA
GEOGRAPHY

LARGEST INDIAN STATES : AREA-WISE STATE OF INDIA

Rank States Area Rank States Area
(Sq. km) (Sq. km) ANDHRA PRADESH (Seemandhra)
1 Rajasthan 3,42,239.00 16 Jharkhand 79,714.00
2 Madhya Pradesh 3,08,252.00 17 Assam 78,438.00 IMPORTANT FACTS
3 Maharashtra 3,07,713.00 18 Himachal Pradesh 55,673.00
� Location : 12o30’ to 19o45’ N. � District of Maximum Rural
4 Uttar Pradesh 2,40,928.00 19 Uttarakhand 53,483.00
Latitude & 76o 40’ to 84o 50’ E Population : East Godavari
5 Jammu & Kashmir 2,22,236.00 20 Punjab 50,362.00
Longitude � District of Maximum Urban
6 Gujarat 1,96, 244.00 21 Haryana 44,212.00
7 Karnataka 1,91,791.00 22 Kerala 38,863.00 � Capital : Hyderabad Population : Visakhapatnam
8 Andhra Pradesh 1,60,205.00 23 Meghalya 22,429.00 � Area : 1,60,205 sq km � State Day : 1 November
9 Odisha 1,55,707.00 24 Manipur 22,327.00 � Population : 4,93,86,799
� Principal Language : Telugu &
10 Chhattisgarh 1,35,192.00 25 Mizoram 21,081.00 � Popualtion Density : 308 Urdu
11 Tamil Nadu 1,30,060.00 26 Nagaland 16,579.00 � Decadal growth Rate : 11.0%
12 Telangana 1,14,840.00 27 Tripura 10,486.00 � Largest City : Visakhapatnam
� Percentage of Urban Popualtion � Time Zone : IST (GMT + 5:30)
13 Bihar 94,163.00 28 Sikkim 7,096.00
: 33.49%
14 West Bengal 88,752.00 29 Goa 3,702.00 � Official Language(s) : Telugu,
15 Arunachal Pradesh 83,743.00 � Sex Ratio (per thousand) : 992 Urdu
� Sex Ratio (0-6 age group) : 943 � Establishment : 1st October 1953
LARGEST INDIAN STATES (Population-Wise) : 2011
� Literacy Rate : 67.41 � State Animal : Black buk
Rank States Persons Rank States Persons
��Male : 75.56 � State Bird : Indian Roller
1 Uttar Pradesh 19,98,12,341 16 Punjab 2,77,43,338 ��Female : 59.74
2 Maharashtra 11,23,74,333 17 Chhattisgarh 2,55,45,198 � State Tree : Neem
3 Bihar 10,40,99,452 18 Haryana 2,53,51,462 � Biggest District area wise : � State Flower : Lotus
4 West Bengal 9,12,76,115 19 Jammu & Kashmir 1,25,41,302 Ananthapur � First Chief Minister : Tanguturi
5 Madhya Pradesh 7,26,26,809 20 Uttarakhand 1,00,86,292 � Most Populace District : East Prakasam
6 Tamil Nadu 7,21,47,030 21 Himachal Pradesh 68,64,602 Godavari � First Governor : Sir Chandulal
7 Rajasthan 6,85,48,437 22 Tripura 36,73,917
8 Karnataka 6,10,95,297 23 Manipur 28,55,794 � Least Populace District : Madhavlal Trivedi
9 Gujarat 6,04,39,692 24 Meghalaya 29,66,889 Vizianagaram � Website : www.aponline.gov.in
10 Andhra Pradesh 4,93,86,799 25 Nagaland 19,78,502
11 Odisha 4,19,74,218 26 Goa 14,58,545 HISTORY collection of 700 erotic gathas
12 Telangana 3,51,93,978 27 Arunachal Pradesh 13,83,727 written in Maharashtri.
13 Kerala 3,34,06,061 28 Mizoram 10,97,206 � There are 13 districts with 9 in
� Sapatasati opens with a passage
14 Jharkhand 3,29,88,134 29 Sikkim 6,10, 577 coastal Andhra and 4 i n in adoration of Siva.
15 Assam 3,12,05,576 Rayalaseema.
� The next important king who
LARGEST UNION TERRITORIES : AREA-WISE � Hyderabad is the joint capital of received the Satavahana power
both Andhra Pradesh and was Gautmiputra Satakarni.
Rank States Area Rank States Area
Telangana states for a period of
(Sq. km) (Sq. km) � The Satavahana empire col-
10 years.
1 Andaman & Nicobar lapsed when Abhiras seized
� The first capital of satavahanas Maharashtra and Ikshavakus
Islands 8249.00 5 Chandigarh 114. 00
is Dharkan which is identified and Pallavas appropriated the
2 Delhi 1483.00 6 Daman & Diu 111. 00
3 Dadra & Nagar 7 Lakshadweep 30. 00
as Dharmkota near Amravati in eastern provinces.
Haveli 491. 00 Guntur district. � After the decli ne of the
4 Puducherry 490. 00 � Later Simuk shifted his capital Satavahans there was a chaos
Paithan. in this region till the advent of
LARGEST UNION TERRITORIES (Population-Wise) : 2011
� Simuka (235 to 213 B.C.) was the eastern Chalukyas.
Rank States Persons Rank States Persons succeeded by hi s brother � The Eastern Chalukyas was a
Krishna. branch of the Chalukyas of
1 Delhi 1,67,87,941 5 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 3,43,709
2 Puducherry 12,47,953 6 Daman & Diu 2,43,247 � Satakarni II had the longest rule. Badami.
3 Chandigarh 10,55,450 7 Lakshadweep 64,473 � Hala was the 17th ruler in line. � The mai n ki ngs of eastern
4 Andaman & He was the compiler of famous Chalukya dynasty are Vishnu-
Nicobar Islands 3,80,581
literary text Gatha Sapatsati, a vardhan (624-641), Jai Singh I
OLE - 450 OLE - 451
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
(641-673), Vishnuvardhan II

GEOGRAPHY
� Krishnadeva Raya Andhra � Patronized by the Nizam, � A number of rivers flow across
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
(637-681), Jai Singh III (705- Bhasha Nilyam Library was es- Rajakar forces became arrogant the coastal plain, through the hills FACTS
717), Vijayaditya I (752-771), tablished in 1901 in Hyderabad which vitiated the atmosphere. into the bay, form west to east. Area of State –
1,60,205 sq. km.
Vishnuvardhan IV (771-806) under the guidance of K.V. There was communal violence. � The Krishna and Godavari deltas
and Vijayaditya II (806-846). Laxman Rao.
Length of State –
846 km (E to W)
� On 13 September 1948, Maj Gen from the central part of the plain.
� The successor of Mahadeva, � Osmania university’s movement Jayant Choudhary was sent to � The Eastern Ghats are broken Width of State –
804 Km. (N to S)
Ganapati Deva, was the great- against the ban of Vande quash the rebellion and he freed up by numerous river valleys Highest Peak –
Mahendra Giri (1500 m)
est Kakatiya ruler. Matram is known as Vande Hyderabad, without finding any and do not form a continuous Average Temperature 18oC to 22oC (Jan) & 30oC to 35oC (July)
–
� His reign is known as the “Golden Matram movement. way Nizam joined India in 1949. range in Andhra Pradesh.
Rain fall –
110 to 125 cm in northern part & 50 cm
Period of the Andhra history”. � The Nizam government of the � Thus the new Andhra Pradesh � Maximum and Minimum tem-
in Southern
� The first Muslim attack on this state banned the Congress was formed. perature in most parts of the
which is continued till 1946 and State ranges from 23oC to 28oC Major Rivers – Krishna, Godavari, Musi, Penneru,
region came in 1303. Under the Telangana
leadership of Faqaruddin Juna. on the other hand he promoted and 10oC to 12oC respectively. Tungabhadra
ADMINISTRATION � Plants like teak, bamboo, rose Major Canals – Godawari delta canal, Krishna delta canal,
� Later in 1308, Alauddin’s Slave the activities of Ittehad-ul
Malik Kafur marched against Mulamun which was estab- Legislature Bicameral wood are found. Tungabhadra delta canal, Jawaharlal Ca-
Warangal to avenge the prior defeat. lished in 1927. Member of � Cashew is grown in the coastal nal, Lal Bahadur canal
� The Kakatiyas had to face an- � Swami Ramanand Tirth, districts. � Agriculture is the main occupation of about 62 percent of the
Legislative Council 40
other Khalj i invasion by Heeralal, Motilal Mantri Sree � Common trees found in the
Member of Legislative people.
Khushrav Khan during the reign Niwas Rao Hawaldar, A.R. state include the banyan, mango
assembly 119 neem, pi pal and floweri ng � Rice is a major food crop and stable food of the state contribut-
of Mubarak Shah Khalji. Despande, Dewrabhai Chauhan
and Praneshacharya was chosen plants like rose and Jasmine. ing about 77 percent of the food grain production.
� Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq sent two Member of
from the state by Gandhijee for Lok Sabha 17 � Tigers, leopards, bears, and � Forest cover 23 percent of the state’s area.
expeditions against the Kakatiya
ruler of warangal, under the com- the Individual Satyagraha. deer are found in the hills and
Member of MAJOR MULTIPURPOSE RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS
mand of his son, Jauna Khan. � When the British left India, the forest areas of the State.
Nizam had aspirations of uniting Rajya Sabha 7
� In 1590, the fourth Qutab Shahi 1. Nagarjuna Sagar Project – Krishna River
Sultan, Quali Qutabshah estab- with Pakistan despite 85% of his High Court Hyderabad ECONOMY
subject Hindu and only 9% (1954) 2. Tungabhadra Project – Tungabhadra River
lished Hyderabad town on the � Andhra Pradesh is called the
bank of Musi. Muslim. 3. Machkund Project – Machkund River
GEOGRAPHY Rice Bowl of India.
� The Mughals captured this re- TELANGANA (Brief Profile) 4. Prakasham Project
� Andhra Pradesh is the fifth larg- � Agriculture occupation of 60%
gion in 1687. 5. Pochampad Project
Established 2 June, 2014 est state of India regarding both people.
� Aurangzeb divided the con- Capital Hyderabad � Agricultural Pradocts : Rice
area and population.
quered part of South India in six Largest city
Districts
Hyderabad
31 � It is bound in the north by Odisha (70%), Jowar, Bajra, Maize, Ragi, INDUSTRY � Cement : Krishna, Vijayawada,
states, out of which Hyderabad Mangalagiri, Machhrela
•••••Governor E. S. L. Narasimhan and Chhattisgarh, in the west by Small Millets, Pulses, Castor, To- � Cotton Garments : East
and Masulipattam were Telugu •••••Chief••minister Kalvakuntla
speaking areas. Maharashtra and Karnataka, in bacco, Cotton and Sugarcane. Godawari, Hyderabad, Guntur, � Glass : Hyderabad, Warangal
Chandrashekar Rao(TRS)
•••••Legislature Bicameral••(119 + 40
the south by Tamil Nadu and in � Other products are Cashew, Warangal, Sikunderabad
� In 1707, after the death of � Caustic Soda : Hyderabad
seats) the East by the Bay of Bengal with � Wool en Gar ments : Ileru,
Aurangzeb, the power of the Eucalyptus oil etc. � Fertiliser : Visakhapatanam
•••••Lok Sabha 17 a Coastline of 974 km.
Mughals began to decrease. In constituencies � National highways in Andhra Warangal
� It is 846 km long from east to � Sulphuric Acid : Sikandarabad
1713, the Emperor’s viceroy of •••••High Court High Court of Judicature Pradesh are 4,472 km and State � Silk Garments : Chittor, Karun
at Hyderabad west and 804 km wide from north
the South, Mi r Qamruddin highways cover 10,519 km.
Area to south. Nagar, Ananthpur, Warangal UNIVERSITIES
Khan, descendent of Asaf
Jahans family declared himself
•••••Total 114,840••km2 � Andhra Pradesh has three main MINERALS � Vanaspati Ghee : Hyderabad, � Andhra Uni versi ty –
(44,340••sq••mi) physiographic regions : a coastal
as the Subedar. Area rank 12th � Mica – Kalichettu, Telibadu, Sikandarabad Visakhapatnam
Population••(2011) plain laying in the eastern part of � Sugar : Krishna, Sitanagar,
� In between 1812 and 1857 Rayapur, Atmakur � Hyderabad University –
•••••Total 3,51,93,978 the State, the Eastern Ghats which
peoples of the state revolted on � Iron ore – Cuddapah, Kurnool, Kowa, Haspet, Vijayavada
•••••Rank 12th form the western flank of the Vijayawada
many occasion. •••••Density 310/km2••(790/sq••mi) Chittor, Krishna, Warangal. � Iron and Steel : Vijayanagar,
Coastal plain and a plateau west � N.T.R. Medical Science Univer-
� On 17 July, 1857 the Rohilla Literacy 66.50% � Coal – Si ngareni, T andoor, Vishakhapatnam
Official language Telugu,••Urdu
of the Eastern Ghat. sity – Vijayawada
army under the leadership of � The Coastal Plain extends from the Kottagudam
State Animal Deer � Shipping : Visakhapatanam
Turrabaz Khan an Maulavi � Mangnese – Ramagunda � JNTU Kakinada
State Bird Indian Roller Bay of Bengal to the mountain � Paper : Ti rupati , Raj aul a,
Alauddi n attacked on State Tree Jammi ranges and runs nearly the entire � Copper – Agnigundal, Ganni � JNTU Anantapur
Hyderabad Residency. State Flower Tangedu � Gold – Chigargunta Mandangiri, Sirpur
length of the Andhra Pradesh.

OLE - 452 OLE - 453 OLE - 454

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Nagarjuna University – Guntur FLORA AND FAUNA

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
� The Mythological period of � Because of its strategic impor-

GEOGRAPHY
ARUNACHAL PRADESH
� National Sanskrit Vidyapeeth – Telugu literature is regarded tance, however, it was adminis- � Arunachal Pradesh have seven
Tirupathi from 1000 to 1500 A.D. IMPORTANT FACTS tered by the ministry of exter- types of forests. These are
� Shree Krishna Devarai Univer- nal Affairs until 1965 and sub-
NEWS PAPERS � Location : Latitude : 26°28’ W � Legislature : Single House tropical, sub tropical, pine, tem-
sity – Ananthapur sequently by the ministry of perate, alpine, bamboo and de-
� The famous Telugu newspapers and 29°30’ N Longitude : 91°20’ � Legislative Assembly : 60 Home Affairs, through the gov-
� Sri Padmavati Women University graded forests. Besides these
published from the State are E and 97°30 E’ members ernor of Assam.
– Tirupathi forests there are greenlands in
Enadu, Andhra Sabha, Andhra � Capital : Itanagar � No. of Members of Lok Sabha : 2
� Sri Venkateshvara University – � In 1972 it was constituted as a the Riverine plains and higher
Jyoti, Andhra Bhoomi, Udayam � Area : 83,743 sq. km.
Tirupathi � No. of Members of Rajya Sabha : 1 Union Territory and renamed altitudes.
and Vartha.
� Medical Science University – � Districts : 16 � National Park : Namdapha Arunachal Pradesh � The State is home to a variety
� The famous English newspapers
Vijayavada � No. of cities in the State : 27 � Wild Life Sanctuaries : Itanagar, � On 20 February, 1987, it be- of finer species, Orchids, Oaks,
are Deccan Chronicle, Times of
� No. of Villages in the State : Lali, Parwni, and Mehao came the 24th State of the In- Rhododendrons, medi cinal
SOME OTHER INSTITUTIONS India etc. are Siyasat Daily,
dian Union. plants, firms, Bamboos and
Ravi-e-Hind and Buniyadi 4,065 � State Day : 20th March
� Satellite Launching Centre – canes.
Shree Harikota Deccan are some famous Urdu � Population : 13,83,727 � Main Languages of the State :
ADMINISTRATION � It is home to the Mithun, El-
� Central Tobacco Research Insti- dailies. ���Male : 7,13,912 Monpa, Miji, Aka, Sherdukpen,
ephant, Tiger, Leopard, Snow
tute – Rajamundari �� Female : 6,69,815 Nissi/Daffla, Nepali, Bengali, Legislature – The State has 60
SOCIETY & CULTURE Leopard, Clouded leopard, white
� Indian Geological Institute – � Population growth rate : 26% Mismi, Idu-Mismi, Khamti, Migu seats Legislative Assembly, out of browed gibbon, red Panthers,
Hyderabad � The idol of Lord Venkateswara (2001-2011) Mismi, Nocte, Tangsa, Wancho, which 59 are reserved for STs. musk deer, Gaur and Wild Buf-
� Adminsitrative Staff College – is considered as the combined Nyishi, Apatam, Tagin, Hillmeri, Judiciary – Arunachal Pradesh falo.
� Population Density : 17 person
Hyderabad form of Lord Vishnu and Lord Adi, Digaru. is under jurisdiction of the Itanagar
per sq. km. � The species of primates found
Shiva by the Hindus. � Largest City : Itanagar Bench of the Guwahati High Court
MUSEUMS � Urban Population : 22.9% in the State include slow Loris,
� The famous Siva temples of the � Time Zone : IST (GMT + 5:30) at Guwahati Assam. hool ock gi bbon,. Rhesus
� Salarjung Museum –Hyderabad � Sex Ratio : 938
� Venkateswara Museum – State are Shreesailam, Shree � Official Language(s) : Adi, Nishi, Macafue Pig tualed macafue,
� Literacy Rate : 65.4% GEOGRAPHY
Tirupathi Kalahasthi and Draksharama. Monpa Asamese Macafue, Stumped
���Male : 72.6%
� Victori a Jubli ee Museum – � The temple of Mallikarjun Swami � Establishment : 20th Bebruary tailed macafue and capped Ape.
�� Female : 57.7% � Arunachal Pradesh is a land of
Vijayavada in Sree Sailam is an ancient 1987 � Three species of goat - antelope,
� Child Sex Ratio : 972 lush green forests, deep river scrow, Aoral and Takin are
� Hyderabad Art Society – temple and is counted as one of � State Animal : Mithun
the 12 Jyotirlingas. � Total Urban Population : 3,17,369 valleys and plateaus. found in the State.
Hyderabad � State Bird : Great Hornbill
� Sri Kalahasti is on the way from � The State is divided into five
� Health Museum – Hyderabad � Total Rural Population :
� State Tree : Hollong river valleys ; the Kameng, the ECONOMY
� Damerela Rao Memorial Art Gal- Guntur to Renugunta, 37 km 10,66,358
from Tirupathi to the East. � State Flower : Lady slipper Orchid Subansiri, the Siang, the Lohit
lery and School – Rajamundari � No. of Literates : 7,66,005 � Agriculture is the mainstay of
� According to legend, here Shiva � First Chief Minister : Prem and the Tirap.
��Male : 4,39,868 the people of Arunachal Pradesh
TELUGU LANGUAGE & is worshipped by Sri (Spidev), Khandu Thungan � The main ranges of the great
About 80 percent population is
LITERATURE ��Female : 3,26,137 Himalayas lie further north
Kall (Time) Naga i.e. Snake and � First Governor : Bhisma Narain dependent on Jhum cultivation.
� Telugu is also a language of � Population Structure : Indo- Singh along the Chinese Border.
Hasti i,e, Elephant, hence the � The major crops grown in the
Dravidian family and largely in- name is Sri Kalahasti. Tibetan and Indo-Burmese � Neighbouring States and Union
� Website : states are rice, maize, millet,
fluenced by the Sanskrit lan- � Simhachalam is renounced for � Educational Institutions : 1 Territory : International Bor-
www.arunachalpradesh.nic.in wheat, pulses and sugarcane.
guage. Narasimha Dev temple built in University and 4 Colleges ders : Bhutan, China, Myanmar. � Encouragement is being given to
� The origin of this language is the 13th century. States : Assam, Nagaland.
Ahom Ki ngs began to rul e the cultivation of Cashcrops like
traced in the 11th century. HISTORY � Major Rivers : The Brahma- potatoes and horticulture crops
� The word Telugu was first used TOURIST SPOTS Assam.
� The historical evidence indicates putra, known as Siang i n like Apples, Oranges and Pine-
by Adikavi, Nannaya Bhatt. � Charminar, Salarjung Museum, � Modern History of Arunachal
Arunachal Pradesh and its apples.
� The writings of Nannaya Bhat is Golconda Fort in Hyderabad. that not only was the area well Pradesh begins with the incep-
tributaries which include the � Handicrafts, j ackets, bags,
considered as the first writing � Thousand pillar temples and fort known, but also the people liv- tion of British rule in Assam af-
Lohi t, Subansiri , Di bang, sherdukpan shawls are very
of Telugu. in Warangal. ing here had close relation with ter the treaty of Yandboo con-
cluded on 24 February, 1826. Kameng, Tirap, Kamla, Siyum, popular.
� The first grammar of Telugu lan- � Tirmalai temple at Tirupathi. the rest of the Country. Noa-Dihing and Kamlang. � Coal reserves at Namchik –
guage is in Sanskrit. � Before 1962 the area was popu-
� Sri Mallikarjuna Swami Temple � The recorded history of this � Climate : The Cl i mate of Namphuk coal field are esti-
� The Pre Nannaya Telugu litera- larly known as the North East
at Srisailam. state is available only from the Frontier Agency and was consti- Arunachal Pradesh varies from mated at 90 million tonnes. Pe-
ture is in two forms Desi and
sixteenth century onwards. It subtropical in the South to troleum crude reserves are es-
Margi. � Araku Valley, Horsley hills. tutionally a part of Assam.
was at this point of time that the Apline in the North. timated at 1.5 million tonnes.

OLE - 455 OLE - 456 OLE - 457

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� The State has a notable tradition

GEOGRAPHY
� Besides these, there are re- by Bhutan and Arunachal
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
came under the administration � Manas National Park is situated
ported deposits of iron, copper, of Bamboo and cane handi- HISTORY Pradesh on the north, Manipur,
of Chief Commissioner. Later in Kamrup district near the bor-
limestones, graphites, dolomite, crafts, as well as pottery, car- on, since 1921 Governor was Nagal and and Arunachal
� Assam was known as Pragjyotisha der of Bhutan.
quartzite, Kyanite and Mica. pet weaving and wood carving. Pradesh on the East and Me-
or the place of Eastern Astrono- appointed to rule the region. � The Kaziranga National Park is
� Handloom is a significant aspect of
ghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram on
TOURISM the State’s culture and tradition. my during the epic period and � With the independence in 1947, situated 200 km away from
later named as Kamrupa. Sylhet leaving Karimuganj went the South.
� Places of tourist interest are : FESTIVALS AND FAIRS Guwahati and spreaded in 440
� In an epic Raghuvansha, writ- out to joint east Pakistan, now � The river Brahmaputra travels
Tawang, Dirang, Bomdila, Tipi, sq. km. area.
� Some of the important festivals Bangaldesh. Devangiri of North 2900 km to fall in the ocean. It
Itanagar, Malinithan, Likabali, ten by Kalidas, this region was
of the state are ; Mopin and Kamrup was added to Bhutan in has about 120 tributaries. INDUSTRY
Parsghat, Along, Tezu, Miao, Solung of the Adis. Lossar of the introduced as ‘Nillohit’.
Roing, Daporijo, Namdapha, � This region has been known in 1951. � Nalbari district was established � Consumption of the export pro-
Monpas and Boori-boot of the
Bhismak-nagar, Parashuram Hill miris, Sherdukpens dree of history since Gupta age. The IMPORTANT FACTS REGARDING on 14th August 1985. moti on i ndustrial park at
Kund and Khousa. the Apatanis, Si-donyi of the earliest epigraphic reference to Amingaon is nearing completion.
FREEDOM STRUGGLE ECONOMY
Tagins, Reh of the idu mishmis, the Kingdom of Kamrupa is
SOCIETY & CULTURE � The contribution of Tarun Ku- � A software Technology park will
Nyokum of the Nishs, etc. Ani- found in the Allahabad pillar in-
mal sacrifice is a common ritual mar Fukan, Naveen Chandra � Agriculture plays an important be constructed at Borjhar near
� Most of the dance forms of the scription of King Samudragup-
in most festivals. Bardoloi, Gopinath Bardoloi, etc. role in the economy of the State. Guwahati.
State are group dances per - ta. Kamrupa is mentioned as a
� Parashuram kund Mela and during Ghandhian age is very About 80 per cent population of � Cottage industries in Assam in-
formed by both man and pratyanta or frontier State out-
Malimithan Mela (likabali) are important. the state is dependent on agri- clude handloom, Sericulture,
women. side the Gupta empire but with
two notable fair of the state. culture. It occupies about 74 per
friendly and subordinate relation � During the Quit India Movement bamboo, cane and carpentry,
of 1942 the people of this region cent of work force. brass and bell metal crafts.
ASSAM to it.
� It has been told that a ruler of played very important role. Along- � The State has an estimated 39.44 � Presently four oil refineries have
IMPORTANT FACTS this region Samudra Verma was with the male even female like lakh hectares gross cropped area been working in the state includ-
contemporary of emperor Kanak Lata laid their life for the of which net area sown in about ing the one at Digboi.
� Location : Latitude : 24o45’ to � Literate Population :
Samudra Gupta. A king of sake of freedom. 27.01 lakh hectares.
27o55’ North Longitude : 90o to 1,91,77,977 IRRIGATION AND POWER
96’ East ��Male : 1,05,68,639 Gupta dynasty named Mihirsen � The principle food crop is rice.
��Female : 86,09,338 had defeated his contemporary ADMINISTRATION The cash crops are Jute, Tea, � Continuous effort to improve the
� Capital : Dispur
�� Rural : 2,68,07,034 king Susthit Verma of Assam. � From Assam, 7 members for Cotton, Oilseeds, Sugarcane, power generation is being made.
� Area : 78,438 sq. km.
��Urban : 43,98,542 � Hiuen-Tsang, the Chinese Rajya Sabha and 14 members Potato etc. Chandrapur Thermal Project,
� Rural Area : 77476.23 sq. km. � Main Languages of the State : Scholar pilgrim who visited for Lok Sabha are elected. � Noteworthy horticulture items Namrup Thermal Project and a
� Urban Area : 961.77 sq. km. Assamese (included in 8th are Orange, Banana, Pineapple,
Kamrupa in about 743 AD on an � Guwahati High Court is at the few mobile gas turbine units
� Total Number of Districts : 27 Scheduled of the Constitution). Arecanut, Coconut, Guava, Man-
invitation of its monarch, Kumar top of Judiciary. All the states along with a mini hydro electric
� Population : 3,12,05,576 Besides its Bengali, Oddissi, go, Jackfruit and Citrus Fruits.
Bhaskar, Varman, left a record of North East except Sikkim are project are some major power
Hindi, Mundari and Nepali
��Male Population : 1,59,39,443 of the Kingdom, he called under its jurisdiction. station.
language are also prevalent. FOREST
��Female Population : 1,52,66,133 � Largest City : Guwahati komolupa. � There is a special provision for � Revitalising the thermal power
� Kamrupa also figures in the � Assam is potentially rich in for-
� Decadal Population growth rate: � Time Zone : IST (GMT + 5:30) the state under Article 271B in station of Bongaigaon and com-
writings of the Arabian historian est resources, almost 30% of
17.1% � Official Language(s) : the Constitution. There is also pleting the Karbi-Langpi project
Assamese, Bodo/Boro, Karbi Alberuni in the eleventh century. the state is forest covered.
� Population Density : 398 person a special provision for the ad- will boost the power supply in
per sq. km. � Establishment : 15 August � In 1832, Kachar and in 1935 ministration of tribal areas of � Rich forest is richer in wild stock
1947 of members. The whole state the State.
� Child sex ratio : 962 Jayantia Hill joined Assam, but the state under different acts of
� State Animal : One Horned seems to be a natural zoo. � Approval has been received for
� Sex Ratio : 958 female per in 1839 upper Assam went out the sixth schedule of the Con-
Rhinoceros to join Bengal. Tipaimukh Dam Project.
thousand male � State Bird : White Winged
stitution. WILD LIFE
� Literacy Rate : 72.2% word Duck � In 1874, Assam became a prov-
� The State have five national parks TRANSPORT
� State Tree : Hollong ince under the administration of GEOGRAPHY � Although Assam is a mountain-
��Male Literacy rate :77.8% and eleven wild life sanctuaries.
� State Flower : Foxtail Orchids Chief Commissioners. � Assam is the sentinel of North
��Female Literacy rate : 66.3% � The Kaziranga national park, and ous state it has developed a good
� First Chief Minister : Gopinath � In 1905, with the partition of East India and gateway to the transportation facilities rapidly.
� Population of 0-6 age group : Manas tiger project (national
Bardoloi Bengal, the then British govern- North Eastern States. The State
46,38,130 park) are internationally famous � The extension of broad gauge line
� First Governor : Sir Akbar ment effected the union of is close to India’s international
��Male : 23,63,485 Hydari for one horned Rhino and Royal from Guwahati to Dibrugarh had
Assam with the eastern region borders with Bangladesh and
��Female : 22,74,645 � Website: www.assamgovt.nic.in Bengal tiger respectively. been completed.
of Bengal. Again in 1912 Assam Bhutan, Assam is surrounded
OLE - 458 OLE - 459 OLE - 460
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
ASSAMESE LITERATURE ary of two rivers, Mandovi and

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
GOA

GEOGRAPHY
� The regular civil air services are ADMINISTRATION
operating from Lokopriya Gopi- � Assemese literature is well known Zuari is covered with mangorve
nath Bordoloi airport (Guwahati), for its rich heritage. Its evolu- IMPORTANT FACTS � State Legislature : Unicameral forest.
Salonibari (Tezpur), Mohambari tion is considered to be occurred i.e. Vidhan Sabha :
� Capital : Panaji � Urbanization : 62.2 % ECONOMY
(Dibrugarh), Kumbhigram (Sil- with a book Prahalad Charitra, � Area : 3,702 Sq, km Member of Vidhan Sabha : 40
� State Day : 19 December
char), Rawriah (Jorhat) and Si- written by Hem Sarswati. Member of Lok Sabha : 02
� Population : � Principal Language : Konkani, � Ri vers ori gi nated from
lonibari (North Lakhimpur). � The great man Shankardev had Member of Rajya Sabha : 01 westernghat and Sahyadri
��Person : 14,58,545 Marathi, Kannada
lead the Assamese literature in mountain regions and Arabian
UNIVERSITIES right direction in 15th century.
��Male : 7,39,140 � Time Zone : IST (GMT + 5:30) � High Court : Bench of Mumbai
��Female : 7,19,405 H.C. at Panaji sea hail Goa to keep the state
Assam University, Silchar, He had written Kirtan Ghosh, � Official Language(s) : Konkani
� Popualtion Density : 394 fertile.
Dhibrugarh University, Madhav Ghosh wrote Namghosh � Establishment : 30 May 1987
Guwahati University, � Decadal Growth Rate : 8.2 GEOGRAPHY � Rice is the main food crop.
and Badageet. � State Animal : Gaur
� Sex-Ratio (per thousand) : 973 Pulses, Ragi and other food
Guwahati Indian Institute of � Eminent writers of modern age � State Bird : Black Crested Bulbul � Goa is the smallest state of In-
� Sex Ratio (0-6 age group) : 942 crops are also grown.
Technology, are Hemchandra Goswami, Lak- dia, 104 km from north to south
� Literacy Rate : � First Chief Minister : Dayanand � Main cash crops are cashewnut,
Tezpur University, Tezpur. shminath Bej Barua, Chandra B. Bandodkar and 59 km from east to west.
��Person : 88.7% coconut, arecanut, sugarcane
Kumar Aggarwal, Nalni Bala Duri,
� First Governor : Gopal Singh � Goa is situated on the western and fruits like pineapple, mango
SOCIETY & CULTURE Jyoti Prasad Aggrawal, Kamlesh- ��Male : 92.6%
� Website : www.goagovt.nic.in coast of the Indian Peninsula, and banana.
war Chaliha, Devkanta Barua, Dr. ��Female : 84.7%
� Assam is a state of social and on its north runs the Terekhol
Virendra Kumar Bhattacharya,
river which separates Gao from MINERALS
religious diversity. Variety of Indra Goswami etc. HISTORY � In the midst of 16th century, Maharashtra and on the south � Iron : Adul, male, Usaon, Pale-
castes had been intermingled in Portugese captured Bardej and
this state. More than one thou-
TOURISM � In the first century, Goa was a
lies north Canara district of Anoda, Kudenam-Surla
Salset talukas defeating King Karnataka.
sand regional languages are in � Important places of tourism in part of the Satavahana empire, � Mangnese : Parnag, Barder
Jamorin of Calicut and arch-ri-
and around Guwahati are Kama- followed by the Kadamba, the val Turkish. � On the east lie the Western � Bauxite : Quenpan, Concoa
practice.
khya temple, Umananda (Pea- Rashtrakutas, the Chalukyas Ghats and in the west the Ara-
� Worshiping Goddess Kamakhya � In 1534 Di u and i n 1559 INDUSTRY
cock island), Navagraha (temple bian Sea.
Devi reveals that once Shaivites and the Silhars. Daman came under Portuguese
of nine planets), Bashistha � Goa has a very moderate tem- � Chemical Fertilizer : Sankole,
were dominant in the state. � Goa was ruled from 580-750 AD domain.
Ashram, Dolgobinda, Gandhi perature varying from 32oC to Vasco-da-Gama
� Shankar Dev had preached Mandap, state zoo, State Muse- by Chalukya Kings of Badami. � Shivajee led Marathas to cap-
ture Goa but in vain. 21oC in summer and 32.7oC –
Vaishnavism in the State. um, Sukreshwar temple, Gita � In the midst of 11th century, old SOCIETY & CULTURE
24oC in winter.
Mandir, Madan Kamdev temple, Goa was to have settlements � In 1763, Portuguese took hold
� Islam religion with the Muslim
a magnificent archeological place under the rule of Kadamba Kings of Ponda, Sanguem, Quepem MAJOR RIVERS � The Portuguese impact may eas-
and Christianity with the British
of interest and saraighat bridge. (1008-1312 A.D.). and Konkan and in 1788 of � Mandovi � Zuari ily be traced in the Goan soci-
entered the state. Christianity Pednem, Bicholi m, Satari
� Other places of tourist interest in � Their capital sit was Chandrapur � Terekhole � Chapora ety and its culture.
widely accepted among the ab- talukas that lead to the refor-
the state are : Kaziranga National or Chandore in Salset taluka. � Gomati � The principal language Konkani
origines. mation of Goa as of today.
Park (famous for one horned Rhi- � Muslim rulers snatched Goa is very close to Marathi and
� Women have played a vital role in no), Manas Tiger Project, Pobi away from the Kadamba kings � But after 1797 once agai n MAJOR CANALS Hindi.
the development of Assamese Tara and Orang (wild life sanctu- Portugese conquered Goa. � Theeni
in 1312 A.D. � The famous Marathi poet
culture. They do all types of work. aries) Sibsagar (shiv temple – Ran- � At last, Indian army took part in � Kavepam
� King Harihar I of Vijaynagar de- Borakar belonged to Goa.
They wear specific dresses. ngghar – Karengghar) Tezpur operation Vijay in 1961 and Por-
feated Muslims to take posses-
tuguese, Government of Goa
WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES � Father Jokim, the Mirando a
� Bihu is the chief festival cel- (Bhairavi Temple and Scenic beau- sion of Goa in 1370 A.D. � Bhagvan Mahaveer wil dl ife Portuguese, is the greatest poet
ebrated on the three occasions. ty) Bhalukpung (Angling), Haflong surrendered in two days of war
� Goa was under the rule of Sanctuary of the Konkani.
Rongali Bihu or Bohag Bihu (health resort with Jatinga hills), to Indian Army.
Vijayanagar Kings for a century. � Bondla wild life Sanctuary � In the 18th century, he wrote
marks the advent of the crop- Majuli (Largest river island in the � Thus 19 December, 1961, Goa
world), Chandubi Lake (Picnic � In 1510 Portugese Alfanso de was liberated and made a com- � Salim Ali bird Sanctuary Riglojesu Bholantam, a rebirth
ping season and it also ushers
spot), Hajo (meeting point of Bud- Albuquerque reached Goa and posite uni on territory with story of Jesus Christ.
in the Assamese new year. took posssession of Goa without MUSEUM
dhism, Hinduism and Islam) Bat- Daman and Diu. � In the field of Dance, Bavalibai
� Bhogali Bihu or Magh Bihu is the any resistance from Adilshahi. � Archaeological Museum at Panaji and Sarswati Belivykar are
adrava (birth place of great Vaish- � On 30 May, 1987, Goa was
harvest festival and Kati Bihu or nava Saint Shankardeva) and � After 3 months Sultan Usuf Adil � Taricheev Museum at Panaji some famous name of the state.
conferred statehood and Daman
Kongali Bihu coming in Autumn Saulkuchi (famous for silk indus- Shah made a resistance and � Goa is also rich in forest re-
& Diu was made a separate � Ramakrishnabua, Kesarbai
is a simple affair. try). Portuguese beat a retreat. union territory. sources. The vast land of estu- Kurkar, Gogi Bai Budikar are
OLE - 461 OLE - 462 OLE - 463
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
some famous classical musi- MAJOR LAKES

GEOGRAPHY
Harmar, Anjuna, and Mirmar Wadeyar decided to join the In- in four physiographic regions :
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
� Rashtrakutas (753-973 A.D.) of
cians of the state. beaches. Basiclica of Bom Jesus Malkhed, who succeeded them dian Union after getting fully 1. The northern plateau with � Valsur lake
� On exposition of the unem- and Se cathedral Mangueshi, levied tribute on the rulers of support of his subjects. a general elevation of 300
blamed miraculously preserved Bandora temples, Aguada, � Sankay lake
Kanauj successively in the so � The onl y congress sessi on to 600 metres with the
body of St. Francis Xavier. terekhol, Chapora and Cabo de called ‘Age of Imperial Kanauj’. which was presi ded by the mean sea level. MAJOR NATIONAL PARKS AND
Rama forts;; Dudhsagar and
TOURISM Harvelam waterfalls and Mayem
� After the decline of the Chalukya Rashtrapita Mahmta Gandhi, 2. The central plateau with a SANCTUARIES
� Important tourists centres are : dynasty, this region saw the Bel gaum, is in the state of general elevation of 450 to
lake resort. � Bandipur National Park
Colava, Calangute, Vagtor, Baga, emergence of three Kannada Karnataka. 700 meters.
dynasties, Yadava of Devgiri, � Bannerghatta National Park
� Gangadhar Rao, R.R. Diwakar, 3. The southern plateau with
KARNATAKA Hoysals of Halebidu and Kalchu- � Ranganthittu Bird Sanctuary
Kaddappa Raghwendra Rao etc. a general elevation of 600
ris of Dwarsamundra. are some famous freedom fight- to 900 meters. � Kakkru Belhr Sanctuaries
IMPORTANT FACTS
� Mahmud Gawan a minister of ers of Karnataka. 4. The coastal regions com- � Mandagadde bird Sanctuary
� Location : 8 018’ to 12 048’N � Literacy Rate : Bahamani Kingdom, who later
Latitude, 74 052’ to 77 022’E. � After independence, the state of prising the plains and the � Gudavi bird Sanctuary
��Person : 75.4 became the Sultan of the state,
Longitude Mysore was created in 1956 by western ghats. � Attiveri bird Sanctuaries
��Male : 82.5 was famous for his innovative
� Capital : Bangalore ��Female : 68.1
uniting the Kannada speaking � Wildlife found in Karnataka in- � Dandeli Sanctuaries
nature.
� Area : 1,91,791 sq.km. � State day : 01 Nov. areas of Madras presidency, clude gaur, sambhar, barking
� He promoted education and lit- � Shravati valley Sanctuaries
� No. of Districts : 30 � Distt. With maximum rural Hyderabad state and Mysore deer, elephant, tiger, sloath
� Population : population : Belgaum erature and he was also known state. � Bhadra Sanctuary
beer, open-bill stork, white ibis,
��Person : 6,10,95,297 � Distt. With maximum urban as a great administrator. � Mukhambil Sanctuary
� The state was renamed as egret, heron, patridge, peaflow,
��Male : 3,09,66,657 population : Bangalore. � In 16th century, Sultans of Karnataka on 01 November, wail and hornbill. � Nagarhole National Park
��Female : 3,01,28,640 � Largest City : Bangalore Deccan dominated the northern 1973.
� Time Zone : IST (GMT + 5:30) MAJOR RIVERS � Someshwara sanctuary
� Rural population : part and Hindu king of Mysore
��Person : 3,74,69,335 � Official Language(s) : Kannada dominated the south. � Krishna � Kali
ADMINISTRATION ECONOMY
� Urban population : � Establishment : 1st November � Though Mughals ruled � Kauveri � Sharavati
1956
��Person : 2,36,25,962 Karnataka in later period, but � State Legilature : Bicameral, � Agriculture and allied activities
� State Animal : Elephant � Tungbhadra � Bheema
� Population density : 319 those are not important in his- 1. Vidhan Sabha account for nearly 56 percent of
� State Bird : Indian Roller � Palar � Ghatprabha
� Decadal Growth Rate : 15.6 tory. 2. Vidhan Parishad the workforce in Karnataka.
� State Tree : Sandal � Hemavati � Gagavali
� Sex Ratio (per 1000) : 973 � State Flower : Lotus � The empire of Wadeyar kings � Member of Vidhan Sabha : 224 � The state contributes about
� Sex Ratio (0-6 age ago) : 948 � First Chief Minister : Arcot was extended as a result of war
� Member of Vidhan Parishad : 75 MAJOR WATERFALLS 5.59% in national foodgrains
� Percentage of rural population : Ramaswami Mudaliar between Maratha and Mughals production.
� Member of Lok Sabha : 28 � Shivasamudram
61.3% � First Governor : Jaya in 16th century.
� Jog � Sathodi � Karnataka enjoys a prominent
� Percentage of urban population : Chamrajendra Wodeyar � In 1761, being assisted by the � Member of Rajya Sabha : 12
� Website : www.karnataka.gov.in � Mogod � Gokaka position on the horticulture and
38.7% French power General Hyder Ali � High court : Bangalore (1884)
map of India.
out throned his lord, yadav king � Abbey � Unchalli
� As far as the mineral is con-
HISTORY � The Satavahanas were suc- Wadeyar and became the ruler GEOGRAPHY � Irupu � Hebbe
cerned, it is endowed with rich
ceeded by the kadambas in up- of Mysore. � Kalhatti � Raja Rocket
� The history of Karnataka is very � Karnataka lies to the south of deposits.
per karnatic and in the lower � The British handed over the
ancient. The evidence of the region of Tungbhadra river, the power to the king Srikrishna
Goa and Maharastra, to the MAJOR MULTIPURPOSE RIVER MAJOR CROPS
Palaeolithic and Neolithic era in (Wadeyar III). As per agreement, west of Andhra Pradesh, to the VALLEY PROJECT.
Gang established their rule. � Paddy, Jowar, Ragi, Maize,
the forms of tools, found in the the British took the hold of north-west of Tamil Nadu and to
� The Chalukya of Badami (500- � Tungbhadra project Bajra, Wheat, Pulses, Ground-
vallies of Tungabhadra, power for 50 years in 1831 and the north of Kerala.
735 A.D.) ruled over a wider � Ghatprabha Project nut, sunflower, cotton, sugar-
Ghatprabha and Kauveri, tells it again went under control of � It has a sea-coast of nearly 400
area, from the Narmada to the � Bhadra Project cane, tobacco.
about it. Wadeyar in 1881. km (300 km with inundations).
� The word ‘Karnataka’ is also Kauveri from the days of � Kalindi Hydro-electric Project MAJOR INDUSTRIES
� At last in 1947, the year of In- � About 750km from north to
used in ‘Brihatsamhita’ written Pulikeshin II who even defeated south and 400 km from west to � Upper Krishna Project
dian independence, the then � Iron & steel : Bhadrawati
by Varahmihir. Harshavardhana of Kanauj. east, Karnataka can be divided � Sharvati Hydro-electric Project.
king Jaya Chamarajendra � Glass : Bangalore

OLE - 464 OLE - 465 OLE - 466

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
MAJOR TEMPLES OF THE STATE several campaigns against

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
KERALA � Under the State’s re-organiza-

GEOGRAPHY
� Paper : Bhadrwati,
wadeli southern kingdoms and ended tion Act of 1956 Travancore –
� Hoysaleswar temple : Halebid
IMPORTANT FACTS the independent rule of these cochin state and Malabar were
� Cotton : Bangalore, � Kedareswar Shiva temple :
states. united to form the state of
Mysore, Halebid. � Location : 8°14’ to 12°48’ N. � Principal language : Malayalam
Latitude & 74°52 to 78°22’ E. � The northern territory of this Kerala on 1st November 1956.
Gulberga. � Parashunath Jain temple : � Other languages : English, Tamil,
Longitude. Telgu, Tulu, Kanadda, Konkari. state was under the rule of the
Halebid. ADMINISTRATION
� Silk : Belgaum, kolar, � Capital : Thiruvananthapuram. king of Mysore in 17the cen-
� Lakshminarayan Temple : � No. of districts : 14
Bangalore. tury.
Hassan. � Area : 38,852 sq.km. � State Day : 1 Novemeber � State legislature : Unicameral
� Woolen : Bangalore, � Population : 3,34,06,061 � Tipu sultan also rule over it for
� Sriranganath swami Temple : � Largest City : Kochi i.e. legislative assembly only.
Bellari some time of which the rest of
Srirangapatnam. ��Male : 1,60,27,412 � Time Zone : IST (GMT + 5:30) � Members of legislative assem-
the part was under local kings.
� Sulphuric Acid : Bailegula � Prasanna Chenna keshab ��Female : 1,73,78,649 � Official Language(s) : Malyalam bly : 140
� The famous Portuguese trader
Temple : Somnathpur. � Literate population Total : � Establishment : 1st November � Members of Lok Sabha : 20
MAJOR MINERALS 2,81,35,824
Vasco da Gama arrived at the
� Gometeswara Jain Temple : 1956 � Members of Rajya Sabha : 09
� Gold : Kolar, Hatti. bank of calicut on 24 April
Shravanbelgola. ��Male : 1,37,04,903 � State Animal : Elephant 1498. � High Court – at Trivendram
� Mica : Hasan � Patlawiram Temple : Hampi. ��Female : 1,44,30,921 � State Bird : Great Hornbill � The Dutch arrived after the ( 1958) and a bench at
� Mangnese : Ch i ta ld urg a, � Hazara Rama swami Temple : � Literacy Rate Total : 94.0% � State Tree : Coconut Ernakulam.
portugese and struggled with
Kadur, Chick- Hampi. ��Male : 96.1% � State Flower : Golden Shower Tree them for the supremacy of
manglore, Shi- � Cave Temple : Badami. ��Female : 92.1% � First Chief Minister : Pattom trade for a long time. GEOGRAPHY
moga � Papanath Temple : Pattadakal. � Decadal growth rate : 4.9% Thanu Pillai � But at last the British East In- � From Natural poi nt of view
� Iron ore : Kemangundi, � Sanghmeswar Temple : � Sex Ratio (per 1000) : 1,084 � First Governor : Burgul a dia Company captured the
Pattadakal Kerela is divided into three
Donimalai, � Sex Ratio (0-6 age) : 964 Ramakrishna Rao Tiruvitankur state and thus this
� Ladkhan Temple : Aihole parts : 1. Hill regions of east.
Bababudan � Population density : 860 � Website : www.kerala.gov.in state became a part of British 2. Plain of mid. 3. Western parts.
� Rabanfedi Cave Temple : Aihole India.
Mountain. � Kerela is rich in rivers and back
� Huchimalli Temple : Aihole HISTORY � He made a campaign to get a � The Mopla revolt is the land waters. 44 rivers (41 west flow-
SOCIETY & CULTURE � Nandi Temple : Bangalore Himalayan stone to make idol of mark event of India’s freedom
� The most authentic history of ing and 3 east flowing ) cut
� Gangadhreswar Temple : Mysore the Goddess Kannagi. struggle.
Kerals is provided by Sangam across kerala with their innu-
� The pri ncipal l anguage of TOURISM � Red chera was also the founder � Musl i m peasants of south merabl e tributari es and
Classics.
Karnataka is kannada. of the famous Pattinicult. Mal abar coast are cal led benches.
� Karnataka has many tourist � Historically the Cheras were
� Their royal emblem was the Moplas. � Major rivers – Periyar, Bharata-
� Shree pampa was the very first spots. Some of them are : first rules of Kerala.
poet of Kannada, who wrot bow. � The famous social reformer Sree puzha, Chalakudi, Pumba etc.
� Bangalore – (famous for parks � One of the earliest and better Narayana guru was born in � Mountains– Annamalai, Nilgiri.
Adipuranam and Vikrmaurjun and industries). known among the chera rulers � The Chera rules over the mod-
1854 in Kerala.
Vijay, � Mysore – (Brindavan Gardens) was Udiyanjeral. During his ern Konkan, coastal region of � Lakes – Vembanad, Shas-
� He gave the slogan ‘One caste, tamkotta, Astamudi.
� The propounder of Dvaithvad, � Belur, Halebid and Somnathpur time all the small regions united Mal abara, cochi n and
one region, one god’.
– (famous Hoysala monuments). to form a strong state which Travancore. � Peaks – Anaimudi (3000 meter)
Madhvacharya, bel onged to � He was a scholar of Sanskrit
� Aihole & Pattadkal – (for the 1300 was named as Chernadu. Agasthy – Kuttam (2,044m)
Karnataka. � The capital of the chera kingdom and Malayalam languages.
years old rock-cut and structural � His son Nedunjeral Adam con- � Passes – Devikolam, Moonnar.
� Karnataka boasts a fascinating was vanji. Tondi and muziris � He established Sree Narayana
temples). quered the Kadambas with their � Nei ghbouring states –
variety of folk theatre called were its famous parts. Dharma Paripalan Yogam.
� Hampi – (famous open air mu- capital Vanavasi, near modern Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.
Bayalata. Dasarata, Sannata, seum) � Muziris was a great centre of � In 1936 the king of Travancore
Goa.
Doddata, Pari j ata, and � Gulberga, Bidar, Bijapur, – (reno- Indo Roman trade. allowed the entrance of the
� He is said to have defeated the ECONOMY
Yakshagana are the most popu- vated Indo-Saracenic monu- � The Chera dynasty declined at Harijans (schueduled caste) in
Yavanas also. the temples of state.
lar forms of Bayalata. ments) the beginning of 3rd century AD. � Kerala is a major producer of
� The greatest king of the chera � After independence Travancore coconut, rubber, pepper, carda-
� Prominent festivals of the state � Udupi, North Kannada – (beau- � The Chola also rules in some
dynasty was Senguttuvan. – Cochin states were integrated mom, ginger, cocoa, cashew,
tiful beaches) parts of the region till the be-
include Ugadi,Dussehra, Naga- � He is said to have subjugated to form Travancore – Cochin arecanut, coffee and tea.
� Jog, Gokak, Mogod – (water ginning of 10th Century A.D.
panchami , Navaratri, Yellu the Chola and the Pandya kings. state on 1st July, 1949. How- � Tree species like Mutmeg, Cin-
falls).
Amavasya, Ramzan, & Deep- � Senguttuvan was also known as � Between 1308-11 Alauddin’s ever, Malabar remained under namon, Cloves etc. are also cul-
� Nandi Hills, Kodachadri – (hill
awali. Red chera. slave Malik Kafur undertook the Madras Province. tivated.
stations)
OLE - 467 OLE - 468 OLE - 469
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Kanak Rele, Shanta Rao are alam, Edakkal caves in waynad, Dogs, tigers, Dhanesh, Dur,

GEOGRAPHY
� Rice and Tapioca are important � Minerals – Limonite, Rutile, � The Muslims celebrate
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
food crops. Monazite, Zircon, Sillimanite, Miladeshareef, Ramgan, Idul some noted artist of Mohiniat- munnar, peermale and periyar Panthers, Bison are also found.
� Different varities of plantain, Clay and Quartz sand. Fitra and Bakrid tam. wild life sanctuaries. � Benaurd Sanctuary – Kozhikode
banana, pineapple, mango and � There are 62 public undertak- WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES & � Paramtrikulam sanctuary –
SOCIETY & CULTURE LITERATURE
jackfruit are major fruit crops. ing in the state. Palghat.
� Malayalam is also a part of origi- NATIONAL PARKS
� Coconut is the main story of � Kerala is relatively less endowed � Kerala has a rich cultural heri- nal Dravida like Tamil, but there � Kerala has 12 wild life sanctu- PERSONALITIES
Kerala’s rural economy in view with energy resources. tage which is diversified. is no Malayali literature before aries and 2 national parks.
of its multiferous contribution to 8th century AD.
income and employment. � Peoples of different cast, creed, � Some of the important wild life � Shankaracharya (born 788 AD):
TRANSPORT � The first is the Pach Malayalam One of the greatest Hindu re-
religion and culture live in the sanctuaries are :
� Pepper is one of the major ex-
state. stream which consists of folk former who revived the Hindu
port oriented commodities. The ROADS � Nambooderi and higher class of song and folk story. PIPPARA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY religion and successfully threw
state continues to enjoy a near � Periyar Sanctuary – Mostly fa- back the tide of Buddhism and
� Kerala is the maiden state in the Nayar are the two main land � The second is the Tamil stream
monopoly in area and produc- mous for Makhna elephants, Jainism, he was a founder of
country having cent percent lord castes. during which the Ramayana like
tion, of Pepper accounting for other animals such as wild the Advaitic philosophy.
road axis to its remote villages. composition were composed.
91% in India. � The profounder of Advait Vedant
� Kerala accounts for 84% of area RAILWAY Shankara born in 788 at Kaladi � Kotayantu Tapuran and Unayani
under rubber in country. village in the state. Variyar are some other popular MANIPUR
� The state has a total railway
� Muslims live in northern part. poet.
� The share of kerala in coffee route length of 1,148 km and IMPORTANT FACTS
production is 22 percent while covers 13 railway routes. � Christians in the central regions � In modern times G. Shankar
it accounts for 24 percent of and Hindus in the southern part Kurup, S.K. Pottekkatt, T. � Location : 23 o 13’ to 25 o41’ � Population Density : 128
area in country. AVIATION of the state. Sivashankar Pillai, M.T. Vasude- North Latitude 93o2’ to 97o47’ � Decadal growth rate (2001-
� There are three airports, viz, van Nair, Sara Joseph etc. has
� Keralite men wear chadar & East Longitude. 2011) : 24.5%
MAJOR IRRIGATION PROJECT Thiruvananthpuram, Kochi enriched the Malayalam litera-
shirt and women wear lungi or � Boundries : Nagal and in
� Under construction – Kallada, {Nedumbassery} and Kozhikode ture. � Sex Ratio : 985
sari and choli.
pazharri , murattupuzha, of which the first two are inter- North, Myanmar in South, � Child sex ratio : 936
� Lungi and chadar is called EDUCATION
Idamalayar, karappara, chaliar, national airports. Mizoram in South West,
Mundy and Tortu respectively. � Kerala is the most literate state � Main Language : Manipuri
Kanjirappuzha. Myanmar in East and Assam
PORTS � The main food of keralite is rice of the country. � Number of districts : 09
INDUSTRY but due to insufficient produc- in West.
� Among 18 ports, kochi is the � An analysis would show that � Number of Cities : 33
� Kerala is rich in industrial po- only major port in the state. tion poor people eats Tapioca regional and gender disparities � Capital : Imphal
also. i n l iteracy are margi nal i n � Number of Villages : 2,199
tential and infrastructure facili- � There are 3 intermediate ports � Area : 22, 327 Sq. km.
ties such as hydro-electric and 14 minor ports. � The famous classical dance Kerala. � State Day : 21st January
� Population : 28,55,794
power, rich forests, rare miner- Kathakali originated in the state � Largest City : Imphal
als and the efficient system of FESTIVALS of Kerala.
UNIVERSITIES ��Male : 14,38,586
� The universities in the state are : � Time Zone : IST (GMT + 5:30)
transport and communication. � Onam – The most typical of � The musical instruments usually ��Female : 14,17,208
� Tradi tional i ndustries – Kerala festivals. It coincides used in Kathakali are Chenda, 1. Kerala university � Official Language(s) : Manipuri
� Lit erat e Po pulation :
Handloom, Cashew, Coir and with the harvest season and is Maddalam, Chengila, Edattalam 2. M.G. university � Establishment : 21st January
Handicrafts. now celebrated on astronomical and Samkha. 17,68,181
3. Calicut university 1972
� Other Important Industries – new year day. � Ragini devi , Shanta Rao, 4. Kannoor university ��Male : 9,60,015
� State Animal : Sangai
Rubber, Tea, Ceramics, Electric � Mahashivaratri – It is celebrated Mrinalinisarabhai, Rita Ganguly, 5. Sanskrit university ��Female : 8,08,166
and Electronic Appliances, Tele- on the banks of Periyar river as Krishna Nair, Gopinathan are � State Bird : Mrs. Hume’s Pheas-
phone cables, Transformers, a spectacular festival which is Some noted artists of Kathakali. SOME IMPORTANT TOURIST � Literacy rate (in percentage) : ant
Bricks, and Til es, Drugs & compared to kumbhmela. CENTERS. 79.2% � State Tree : Toon
� Mohini-attam is another distinc-
Chemicals, Plywood Splints and � Pooram festival–It is celebrated tive dance of Kerala. � Kovalam sea beach is the best ���Male : 86.1% � State Flower : Shirui Lily
Veneers, Beedis Cigar, Sops, by Vadakkumnatha temple at � It was revived by poet Vallathol in Indi a and second in the ��Female : 72.4%
Oils, Fertilizers. Thrisser in April with an impres- � First Chief Minister : M. Koireng
Narayan Menon in early two cen- world (next to Miami).
sive procession of caparisoned � Rural Population ( in Singh
PRINCIPAL EXPORT PRODUCTS tury. � Kovalam, Padmanabswami tem-
elephants and display of unpar- percentage) : 70.8% � First Governor : Braj Kumar
� Cashew nut, Tea, Coffee, � It is a solo dance performed by ple in Thiruvananthpuram, Sa-
alleled pyrotechnics. � Ur ban Populati on ( in Nehru
Spices, Lemongrass oil, Sea women only. brimala temple, veli lagoon, Ney-
� Main christian festivals are yar dam, Ponmudi, Pakshipath- percentage) : 29.2% � Website : www.manipur.nic.in
foods, Rosewood and Coir. � Bharati Shivajee, Vaijayantimala,
Christmas and Easter.
OLE - 470 OLE - 471 OLE - 472
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
� After being defeated by the Bur- Mere Ras and Nat Ras. In them

GEOGRAPHY
HISTORY � Climate – Sub tropical to tem- � The Keibul Lamjao, is only float- � Industrial units include steal
mese Chaurjeet Singh had seek perate. ing National Park in the world. sheet mill, Manipur electronic the numbers of Krishna and
� The recorded history of Kingship help from the British, but this � Main rivers of the State – development corporation, ply- gopies are generally eight.
� Keibul Lamjao National Park,
started from 33 AD which step proved disasterous for him wood factory etc. � Manipuri Folk dance “Thabal
Imphal/Manipur other rivers – established in 1975, is situated
marks the coronation of later on.
Ireella, Thobal, Nambul. in Imphal and Vishnupur district � Manipur Drug and Pharmaceu- Changba” means dancing in
Pakhangba. � In the Kangla war of 1891, moon light.
� Miximum part of Manipur in in an area of 40 sq. km. tical limited has been established
� Pakhamba, is considered to be Tikendrajit, the last sovereign
hilly made upof tertiary stone. at Nilkooti of Imphal district in � Gaur Leela is a dance form based
king was hanged by the British � Keibul Lamjao means the vast
the first king of Manipur. He 1993 with the help of Hindustan on the leela of Chaitanya Prabhu.
controls. � Manipur is situated to the east region with tiger population.
was also known a ‘Yavishti’. Antibiotics Limited, Pune. � Chaitanya is also known as
� With the freedom in 1947, of Barrel range.
� Suyoi Tonponk, son of � The Sangai (Thamin) or one horned
‘Gaurang’ in this state. Here, he
Pakhamba, began a new way to
Manipur became free as a part � Loktak lake is situated in the
dancing deer resides here. TRANSPORT
of India. Then Manipur had mid valley of the State. Its area is worshipped as God.
keep record of time. � Besides Sangai deer wild bear, � Imphal, the capital of Manipur
been administered by the Gov- in general season is about 96 � Among folk songs – Dhobigeet
� In 1542, the king of Manipur is joined by road (NH-39) with
ernment of India. sq. km. and it becomes 240 sq. Civet cat and other animals roam and Manohar Sai are very popu-
won the region beyond the river Nagaland on the North and
� By, 1950, Manipur became a ‘C’ km. in rainy season. about on the land and in the wet lar.
‘Ningathi’ which caused clash Myanmar on the East. On the
category state. � There is a Thanga island in hubs and plants. � Lai Haroba i s sung at
with China. West by Assam with NH-53 and
� Later in 1963, a Legislative As- Loktak lake, which is habitat of � The Second National Park of the Basantotshava.
Mizoram on the South by NH-
� Manipur defeated China in sembly of 30 elected and 2 fishermen. state is Sirohi National Park, situ- � Pena-Ishei is sung with an mu-
nominated member was estab- 150.
1631. The ki ng of Manipur ated 5 km away from the dis- sical instrument made up of a
� Imphal river flows in chin hills � Dimapur, 215 km from Imphal
called himself Khagemba i.e. lished under the Union Territo-
and in Kali Ghati. It finally trict headquarter Ukhrool and is the Nearest rail head. thread named Pena.
who defeated China. ries Act 1962.
merges with chindwin river of spreaded in an area of 41 sq.km. � Imphal airport is the only airport � In Mridanga dance 14 dancer
� Khagemba died in 1651. Dur- � The status of the administrator
was raised from Chief Commis- Myanmar. in hilly region. which is linked with other sta- dance with Mridanga.
ing his period Polo sports of
sioner to the status of Lt. Gov- � Barak flows from the North to � Tiger Leopard, Buffaloes are the tions in the region by Indian Air- � Yaoshang (Holi) is a very impor-
Manipur became popular.
ernor with effect from 19th De- South West corner of the state, main animal roaming in the Na- lines, Jet Airways and Alliance tant festival of Manipur.
� Accession of Cherai Sengba took cember 1969. then it takes a sharp turn to the tional Park while Tregopane, Air. � Other festivals are Dol-jatra, Lai
place in 1698 A.D. During his north and flows into Kachchar
� Manipur attained full-fledged other faizent types birds are also Haroba, Rasa Leela, Cheiraoba,
period a brahmin named Banmali statehood on 21 January, 1972. and Somari Valleys upto 60 cm
found. SOCIETY & CULTURE Ningol, Chakouba, Raht-Jatra,
came to settle here from Orissa. and finally joins Brahamputra. Idul Fitre, Imoinu Iratpa, Gaan-
He encouraged the king to wor- ADMINISTRATION � People in Manipur Valley are
� Mainly four types of forests are ECONOMY Ngai, Lui-Ngai-ni, Idul Zuha Dur-
ship Lord Krishna. called ‘Mithi’.
found in the East. ga Pujah, Houchongba, Diwali,
� A king named ‘Garib Nawaj’ be- � Legislature – only one house
1. Tropical semi evergreen for- � Main Crop – Rice � The state is considered as the kut and Christmas.
came ruler of this region in 1709 Legislative Council.
est. � Other Crops – Wheat, Maize, birth place of Polo.
A.D. He attacked on Myanmar � Members in Legislative Assem- TOURISM
2. Tropical wet monsoon for- Pulses. � Manipuri dance is a classical
every year and reached its capi- bly – 60. � Some important tourist centres
est. dance form of India.
tal. � Number of members elected for � Fruits – Pineapples, Orange, in the state are : Shri Govinda-
Lok Sabha –2. 3. Sub tropical forest of Oak. � The books like ‘Leithak Likharo’,
� In 1738, he made a mark on Banana, Mango etc. jee temple, Khwairambad Bazar
� Number of members elected for 4. Dry temperate forest. ‘Panthobi Khongoon’ were writ-
Kaumodo Pagoda as a sign of � Forest Producti on – Teak, (Ima Keithal), War Cemeteries,
Rajya Sabha – 1. ten in 16th and 17th century.
his victory. FOREST Juijan, Oak, Bamboo etc.
� Panthobi was a name of Lord
Saheed Minar, Nupi Lan (Wom-
� The Vaishnavism became state � Judiciary – High Court situated en’s war) Memorial Complex,
� The Dzuko Valley is also the only � Main Power Projects – Loktak, Shiva’s wife Parvati.
at Guwahati. There is a bench Khonghampat Orchidarium, INA
religion of Manipur during the habitat of the endemic and the Kopili, Khandog, Doyang, Rang-
of High Court in Imphal. � ‘Garib Newaj’ had written a book memorial (Moirang), Loktak Lake,
period of King Jai Singh. He rarest species dzuko Lily (Liluim nadi, Kathalguri Leimkhong etc. ‘Lakshmi Charita’. Keibul Lamjao National Park,
built up the temple of Sri Chitangade).
GEOGRAPHY INDUSTRIES � Manipuri language is also known Bishnu temple at Bishnupur Sen-
Govindjee in 1779.
� The state is also the only home as ‘Maitei’.
� Manipur Rash was shown for � Frontier State : Nagaland in � Handloom is the most popular dra, Moreh, Siroy village, Siroy
of the Brow-Antlered Deer � The famous dance of Manipur is
the first time on the eve of es- North, Myanmar in South, Mizo- traditional industry providing Hills, Dzuko Valley, State Muse-
(Cervus eldi eldi) locally known
tablishment of an idol of Sri called Ras. It is of four types – um, Kania tourist Home, Khon-
ram in Southwest, Myanmar in as Sangai surviving in its natu- maximum employment in the
Govindjee in the temple. Kunj Ras, Maha Ras, Basant gion war memorial.
East and Assam in West. ral habitat. state.

OLE - 473 OLE - 474 OLE - 475

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Masmai fall , Elephant fall ,

GEOGRAPHY
MEGHALAYA � Meghalaya was created as an � Other minerals found in the � Garo Youth live in a separate
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
autonomous state within the Sweat fall. state – Dolomite, Fire clay, Lead place called ‘Wokpanthe’ till they
IMPORTANT FACTS state of Assam. � National Parks – Nokrek National sand, White soil. get marriage.
� The full fledged state of Park, Balpakram National Park. � A Cement factory is situated in � Khasi and garo languages are
� Location : 25o1’ to 26o5’ North ��Female Literate Population :
Meghalaya came into existence � Nongevilam wildlife Sanctuary, Cherapunji. sub dialect of Mann, Khamer
Latitude 85o49’ to 92o 52’ East 8,71,126
of 21st January 1972. Sizu wild life sanctuary. � Small Cement factory are estab- and Baho dynasty.
Longitude. � Literacy Rate : 74.4 percent
� Hullock (Hylobetus Hullock), va- lished in Damas of East Garo � Roman script was taught to
� Boundaries : Assam in North and ��Male Literacy : 76 percent
ADMINISTRATION riety of monkey is formed only districts and Satumga i n them by Christian missionaries
East, Bangladesh in South and West. ��Female Literacy : 72.9 percent
� State Day : 21st January in this state. Jaiyantia hill district. in 1841.
� Capital : Shillong � High Court – Guwahati
� Area : 22,429 sq.km � No. of Districts : 7 � Meghalaya has highest number � ‘Erie’ silk is very popular in this � Ujeevon Rao had written a book
� Legislature – Only one house
� Population : � No. of towns : 22 of elephant per square kilometer. region. on the religion of Khasi after
‘Legislative Assembly. 1895 A.D.
��Person : 29,66,889 � No. of Villages : 6,839 � ‘Hali System’ of agriculture is
� Members in Legislative Assem- ECONOMY � Jeevon is considered as the
� Male : 14,91,832 � Largest City : Shillong prevalent here.
bly – 60 restablizer of Khasi culture.
� �Female : 14,75,057 � Time Zone : IST (GMT + 5:30)
� Members elected for Lok Sabha � Meghalaya is basically an agri- SOCIETY & CULTURE � Festivals – Ka Pam,blang
� Sex-ratio : 989 � Official Language(s) : Khasi,
–2 culture state in which about 80 Nongkrem, Shad Sukmynsiem,
� Rural Population : 23,71,439 Garo, English
� Members elected for Rajya percent of its population de- � Meghalays is situated on the Behdein Khlam, Wangaa
� Urban Population : 5,95,450 � Establishment : 25th January
Sabha – 1 pends primarilly for their liveli- very old Shillong Plateau. It is � Wildlife Sanctuaries –
� Urbanization : 20.1 per cent 1971
hood. also called land of God.
� Population Density : 132 per sq. km. � State Animal : Clouded Leopard Nangkheelem and Sizzo.
GEOGRAPHY � Major food crops – Rice and � Peopl e of thi s state are
� Decadal Population Growth � State Bird : Hill Myna TOURISM
Corn. Mangoloid.
Rate : 27.9% � State Tree : White Teak � Frontier States – Assam in north
� Meghalaya is renowned for its � Jayantia observe their harvest- � Shillong, the capital city, has a
� Child sex-ratio : 970 � State Flower : Lady Slipper Orchid and east Bangladesh in south
oranges (Khasi Mandarian), ing festival performing dances of number of beautiful spots. They
� Total Literate Population : � First Chief Minister : Williamson and west. Pineapple, Banana, Jackfruits, Laho and Behdein-Khalam in the are, ward’s lake, Lady Hydari
17,85,005 A. Sangma � Length from east to west – 400 temperate fruits like Pl um, months of June July. park, Polo ground, Minzoo, Ele-
�� Male Literate Population : � First Governor : Braj Kumar Nehru km. Pears and Peaches etc. � Every Meghalaya citizen is apt phant falls and Shillong Peak
9,13,879 � Website : www.meghalaya.nic.in � Width from north to south – 80 overlooking the city and the golf
� Cash crops, popularly and tra- to play guitar with songs. They
km. ditionally cultivated include Po- are by nature joyful and fond of course which is one of the best
HISTORY � Missionaries reached Jayantia � The highest peak – Shilong Peak tato, Turmeric, Ginger, Black dance music. in the country.
hills in 1842. (1963m) Pepper, Arcnut, Betelrine, Tap-
� Ahom kings ruled over this re- � In 1866, an administrative head-
gion during 16th century.
� The highest peak of Garo Hills ioca, short staple, Cotton, Jute MIZORAM
quarter was established in Tura – Narnek (1412 m) Mesta, Mustard and Rapeseed.
� According to Garo tradition, the by the British government for � Annual rainfall in Mausinram – � Presently special emphasis is IMPORTANT FACTS
ancestors of Garo were resident this region. 1141.87 cm. laid on non traditional crops like
of Tohara state of Tibet. � Khasi nationalism began to de- � Location : 21o58’ to 24o29’ North � Urbanization : 52.1 per cent
� Highest rainfall receiving place oilseeds (Ground nut, Soyabean Latitude 92o29’ to 93o22’ East
� During pre british period the velop in 1925 after the estab- in the world – Mausinram. and Sunflower), Cashewnut, Tea � Population Density : 52 per sq.
area surrounding present habi- lishment of ‘Khasi Rashtriya Longitude. km.
� Main Trees – Lakh, Bamboo, and Coffee, Mushroom, Medici-
tation of Garo were under the Darbar’. nal plants, Orchids and com- � Boundaries : Assam in North, � Decadal Population Growth
Sal, Fern, Mahisal, Khasi Pinse,
landlordhip of Karaibari Kaluna � In 1920, a separate Khasi state mercial flowers. Manipur in North East, Myanmar Rate : 23.5%
Bhurj, Teak, Titachaps,
Lupara and Habraghat. was demanded by the Khasi � Chi ef Mi neral s found – in East and South and Tripura
Gamari, Samdoma, Khokan etc. � Child sex-ratio : 970
� After the military expeditions Rastriya Darbar on the arrival of Sillimenite, Coal, Ceremic, Lime and Bangladesh in West.
� Main Rivers – Umgora, � Total Literate Population :
against Garo Elliat stopped the Simon Commission. stone etc. � Capital : Aizawl
Someshwari, Umagu, Nitai 8,48,175
interference of Landlords in the � Khasi status peoples union was � Sillmenite producing centre – � Area : 21,081 sq.km
Bhugai, Krishnai, Kalu, Manda, �� Male Literate Population :
Garo’s region. organised in 1945-46, which Nongmebet (Khasi hill). � Population :
Damring, Umium, Simsung. 4,38,529
� During that period this area was vowed for the formation of Khasi � Main Coal Producing centres –
� Important Lakes – Umium, ��Person : 10,97,206 ��Female Literate Population :
under control of the commission- state federation. Cherapunj i , Lakadong, Lat
Vimiamakhwan, Maflung, � Male : 5,55,339 4,09,646
ers of Kuch Bihar. � In 1953 people of this region Ringiv, Sizu Langloi, Dishoma,
Pupali, Mitund, Napak, � Female : 5,41,867
� In 1876, Garo revolted against began to agitate for the forma- Nambore. � Literacy Rate : 91.3 percent
Meetang, Thadlaskin.
the landlords of Karaibari and put tion of a separate state. � Sex-ratio : 976 ��Male Literacy : 93.3 percent
� Falls – Nohamsargithiyang fall, � Main lime stone producing cen-
their house on fire. � All party hill leaders union was tres – Kamara, garo, Khasi, � Rural Population : 5,25,435 ��Female Literacy : 89.3 percent
wishop fall, Spread angle fall,
� Missionaries came to Khashi formed in 1960. widon fall, umiamakhwah fall, Jayantia hills. � Urban Population : 5,71,771 � State Day : 20th February
hills in 1813.
OLE - 476 OLE - 477 OLE - 478
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Major Minerals – Coal, limestone is Chapchar kut or spring fes- � Solkia dance is performed for

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY
� No. of Districts : 8 � Establishment : 20th February GEOGRAPHY
1987 and natural gas tival; and in December, Pawl the victory of hunters over ani-
� No. of towns : 23
� Doordarshan Centre (HPT) – kut. mals.
� No. of Villages : 830 � State Animal : Serow � Frontier States – Assam in
Aizwal � One more important festival is
� Main Languages : Mizo andEnglish � State Bird : Mrs. Hume’s pheasant North, Manipur in North East, FESTIVALS
Myanmar in South and Tripura � Industry – Mizoram has no ma- Chheihlam dance festival that
� State Tree : Iron wood � Mizos are basically agriculture
� Main Tribes : Luhsai, Panris, and Bangladesh in West. jor industry. The small scale sec- goes round the year.
dependent. Mizos has three ma-
Humar, Ralte, Chakma, Kuki, � State Flower : Red Vanda � Length (North to South) – 277 tor comprises handloom, handi- � ‘Zoo’ the local wine made of rice jor festivals called Chapchar
Paithe, Lakher � First Chief Minister : L. Chal k.m. crafts, rice, oil and flour milling, is a very favourite dri nk of Kut, Mimkut and Pawl Kut.
� Largest City : Aizawl Chhunga � Breadth (East to West) – 121 mechanized bamboo workshops Mizos.
� Time Zone : IST (GMT + 5:30) � First Governor : Hiteshwar Saikia k.m. and seri culture.
� The society is Patriarchical. TOURIST CENTRES
� Average Annual rainfall – 254 � Ginger is the most popular cash � Champai is a beautiful resort on
� Official Language(s) : Mizo, English � Website : www.mizoram.gov.in � Pathian is their main God.
c.m. crop of the state. the Myanmar border.
� In the last two decade con- � In regional language heaven is
� Highest Peak – Blue Mountain � Vantwang falls, five km from hill
� After independence Mizoram certed efforts were made to ac- called Piyal Ral which is consid-
HISTORY (Fongpui) – 2210 metre. station. Thenzawl. are the high-
remained a district of Assam. celerate the growth of industries ered to be situated across the est and most beautiful water-
� Average height of the hills of
� According to an opinion of some � They did not have their any the state – 900 m. in Mizoram. Piyal river. falls in Mizoram.
historians ancestors of Mizo � Hills of the State – Lushai Hills � Seri cul ture i s operating at � After three month of death a � The Famous Caves – Pukzing
representative in the state
� Main Peaks – Blue Mountain, Aizwal with two wings vi z., ritual is performed which is Cave, Milu Puk, Lamsial Puk
were from South western China legislature of Assam.
Leng Teng, Sartelang, Lurtlang, handloom and handicrafts wing called ‘Tirith’. and Kungawrhi Puk; Sibuta
who first came to live in Burma,
� Entrance of outsiders was Japui Lang, Taweent Lang, and geology and mining wing. � On seventh Occassion Lung; Thangl i ana l ung;
They are the descendants of Suangpui lawn inscriptions;
prohibited in their area. Manurung Lang, Puranlang. Khuwallam dance is performed.
Mongolians.7 SOCIETY & CULTURE Mangkhai lung; Buddha’s image
� With the implementation of the � Main Rivers – Dhaleshwari, Mat � Solkia dance i s popular in
� Around 231 B.C. they came to Tiyak, Kolo Dyne, Karmafully, � There are many subcastes in near Mualcheng Village.
North-Eastern reorganisation act Lakher and Pawi castes.
China and from China via Taichnag, Tuirayal (Sonai), Tui Mizo tribe. They are Lusai,
in 1972, Mizoram became a Ralte, Hamar, Chakma, Paoyee NAGALAND
Burma to Assam in India. Chang, Tuirin Tuipui, Tui wall,
Union territory. Terei, Sarlui. and Lakher (Mara).
� After their arrival in Mizoram IMPORTANT FACTS
Mizos had to fought against � As a bequel to the signing of the � Main Lakes – Palak Lake, � By reli gi on there are 95%
historic memorandum of Tamdil lake, Rangdil lake. Christian. � Location : 25o06’ to 27o04’ North � Percentage of Rural Population :
Kukis and they subdued the
settlement between the � National Parks – Murlen National � Women folk wear on Puan (a Latitude 93o20’ to 95o15’ East 71.1%
Kukis. Because of this struggle
Park, Aizwal (Area 200 sq. km.) kind of Lungi like woman’s gar- Longitude. � Main Tribes : Angami, Ao, Sema,
they involved in fight with the government of India and the
and Blue Mountain National ments) in Burmese style. � Capital : Kohima Konyak, Lohata, Raingma
British during 19th century. Mizo national front in 1986, it � Area : 16,579 sq.km � District of Maximum Urban
Park, Chhim Tuipui (Area 50 sq. � Chakmas of Mizoram are Bud-
� The British had to try hard to was granted statehood on 20th km.). � Rural Area : 16,431.76 sq.km Population : Kohima
dhists by religion and their dia-
overcome Mizos. The British February 1987. � Wild life Sanctuary – Dampa lect being Bengali. They are the � Urban Area : 147.24 sq.km � District of Minimmum Rural
used to call the Mizo dominated � It became the 23rd state of the Wild life Sanctuary. devotees of Lord Bodhisatva � Population : Population : Kohima
area as ‘Lusai hills’. About 1880 � Main Irrigation Projects – Holi Ganga, Goddess Lakshmi ��Person : 19,78,502 � Main Languages : Ao, Konyak,
country.
Champai Projects, North Vanlifie and their own aborginal God ��Male : 10,24,649 Angami, Sema and Lothal
the British fortified this region
Project, Mat Ghati Project. Sugolong. ��Female : 9,53,853 � No. of Districts : 11
and made themselve strong. ADMINISTRATION
� The marriage system in Mizo � Urban Population : 5,70,966 � No. of towns : 9
� The administration of South ECONOMY society is unique one. The prac- � Rural Population : 14,07,536 � No. of Villages : 1,278
district came under Bengal Suba � State Legislature – Only one � Population Density : 119 � State Day : 1st January
� Main Agriculture type – Jhum or
tice is called ‘Nularim’ or in the
in 1891. house. search of a bride according to � Decadal growth rate (2001 to ��Largest City : Dimapur
shifting Cultivation. 2011) : –0.6% ��Time Zone : IST (GMT + 5:30)
� After being annexed by the � Seats in Legislative Assembly – which youths get out of resi-
� Major Crops – Paddy, Maize, � Sex-ratio : 931 ��Official Language(s) : English
British in 1891, for the first few 40 dence to find their bride.
Soyabean, Mustard, Pulses, � Child sex-ratio : 943 �� Establishment : Ist December
years, Lushai hills in the North � No. of Members elected for Lok Sugarcane, Chilli, Ginger, To- � Mizos are very fond of music.
� Cheraw dance by Mizo girls is � City having Population more 1963
remained under Assam while Sabha – 1 bacco Turmeric, Potato, Banana
than one lakh : Dimapur ��State Animal : Mithun
the southern half remained and Pineapple. famous in all over the India now.
� No. of Members elected for � Total Literate Population : ��State Bird : Blyth’s Tragopan
under Bengal. � District having maximum Urban � In Mizos language Kut means
Rajya Sabha – 1 13,42,434 ��State Tree : Alder
Population Aizwal. festival. three main Kuts, Mizo
� Both the parts were amalga- ��Male Literacy : 7,23,957 ��State Flower : Rhododendron
� Judiciary– High Court– Guwahati � District having maximum Rural used to perform socially, in the
mated into one district called ��Female Literacy : 6,18,477 ��First Chief Minister : Shilu Ao
(There is a bench of Guwahati Population – Aizwal. time of reaping in August-Sep-
Lushai hill district under the � Percentage of Urban Population ��First Governor : Vishnu Sahay
� City having population more tember is Mim Kut; another
chief Commissioner of Assam. High Court in Aizwal) : 28.9% ��Website : www.nagaland.nic.in
than ten lakhs – Aizwal. reaping time of zoom in March

OLE - 479 OLE - 480 OLE - 481

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY
� Petroleum – at Dikho Valley � Wild Life Sanctuaries : � In the fourth century A.D.,
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
HISTORY GEOGRAPHY HISTORY
� Marble – at Myanmar Border Fukim wild life sanctuary Samudragupta invaded Odisha
� Frontier State and regions – � Silver and Asbestos – Intanki wild life sanctuary � The story of the rise and fall of which lay astride his path and
� The tribes of North-east has been
Assam in West and North, Mishipur Larari Puliwazde wild life sanctuary Odi sha i s very romantic. overcame resistance offered by
called ‘Kirat’ in Vedic literature.
Arunchal Pradesh in North and � Nagaland Mechanised Brickes � University – North East hill Uni- Though the detailed history of five of its kings.
� The Aryan called the people of
East, Myanmar in East and Co. Ltd., in Dimapur with one versity Kohima. Odisha in the Aryans and Non- � In 610 AD, Odisha came under
this region ‘Naga’ (Naked).
Manipur in South. lakh capacity of bricks per day � Central School – Lumai. Arynan era i s not exactl y the sway of King Sasanka. After
� Before being occupied by the has been commissioned. known, but Chandragupta Mau- Sasank’s death, Harsha con-
� Physical location – Situated
British in 1879, Nagaland was between Brahmaputra Valley � Handloom and Handicrafts are SOCIETY & CULTURE rya had the desire wanted to quered Odisha.
under Manipur. and Myanmar in a Valley of hilly important cottage capacity indus- conquer the then Utkal region. � Under the kings of Ganga dy-
� In 1919, during British period a region. tries which are mainly being man- � Pottery is considered a taboo
Traces have been found at nasty, Odisha continued to flour-
group of Naga military officers aged by Cooperative societies. among certain sections of the Aao
� Average height – 198 to 3048 Sishupalgarh near Bhubanesh- ish. Narasingha Dev of this dy-
on returning from france, set up Community.
metre � The Nagaland industrial develop- war, dating 5th century. nasty is reputed to have built the
� The major festivals of the state
military club, which gradually � Three main Parallel mountain ment corporation is the premier unique Sun Temple of Konark.
are Sekrenyi of the Angamis, � Even before that, in the epic
spread over al l corners of ranges of the State – Patkoi, promotional organisation in pro- � From mid 16th century, Odisha
Moatsu of the Aos, Phom-Mon- age, Kalinga third son of the
Nagaland. Naga and Barrel (from North East viding guidance and capital as- was ruled successively by five
gu of the Phom tribe and the Demon King Bali established
� Naga hill tribals council was to South West). sistance to entrepreneurs. Muslim Kings till 1592, when
hornbill festival of Nagaland. this kingdom for the first time.
founded in 1945. � Dimapur is the only place in the � Famous Folk dances : Khewa, Akbar annexed it into the Mughal
� Highest Peak – Saramati (3840 � Odisha, the land of Oriyas, was
state from where air and train Utsav, Ragmanaga, Nuralima, Empire.
� In 1946 its name was changed metre or 12598 feet) ( in Patkoi known as Kalinga in ancient
services are available. Kuminaga, Chong, War.
to become Naga National Coun- ranges) � With the decline of the Mughal
� There is tri weekly Indian Air- days. In the third century BC
cil. � Second Highest Peak – Japuro TOURISM empi re, Marathas occupi ed
lines service connecting Dimapur (261 BC) Ashoka the Mauryan
� Naga rebels declared indepen- (In Barrel range near Kohima) Odisha. They continued to hold
with Kolkata. � The hornbill festival conceived by emperor, sent a powerful force
(9800 feet). it till the British took over in
dence in Sept 1954 under the � Sunari to Tashamon – 56 km. the Tourism Department and to conquer Kalinga which of- 1803.
leadership of Hongkin. � Soil – Made up of tertiary sedi- � Chakbama to Fursheni – 07 km. held in the first week of Decem- fered stubborn resistance.
ments, rich in acid and organic ber is an annual event where all � On the 1st April, 1803, the Brit-
� Under Phizo leadership rebel � There is a sugar and wine fac- Kalinga was subdued but the
carbon, lacking Potash and tribes of Nagaland come together ish came to Utkal.
Nagas formed a federal govern- tory at Dimapur. carnage which followed, struck
ment in March 1956 – Phizo also Phosphorus. to celebrate, exhibit and sell their � The British divided this region
� A forest product processing fac- Ashoka with remorse.
� Main Rivers – Doyang, Dikho, traditional wares, foodstuffs, and into three districts, Cuttack, Puri
declared independence. tory is situated at Vijit. � He gave up sword for ever and
Jhanjhi Dishai, Lainear etc. crafts. and Balasore.
� Separate administation was in- preached the message of love � Till 1817 Puri was the capital of
troduced in Nagaland in 1957, � Main Lake – Lacham. ODISHA obtaining Buddhism as his reli- this region and after then the
but it had failed to satisfy Nagas. � The main rivers of the state flow gion.
IMPORTANT FACTS capital was shifted to Cuttack.
� Ultimately, according to a bill upto Shivasagar.
� The Buddhist rel i gi on was � Odisha was made into a sepa-
passed in the parliament on � Animals like Asian elephant, cloud- � Location : 17°49’ to 22°23’ North � Sex-ratio (per thousand) : 979
Latitude & 81°29’ to 87°29’ East widely propagated in Odisha. rate province on 1 April, 1936.
August 28, 1962, Nagaland ed leopard, binturong, musk deer, � Literacy Rate :
Longitude. Influence of which are found in After Independence, princely
macafue, common langur, gaur (In- ��Person : 72.9%
became the 16th state of Indian � Capital : Bhubaneshwar the temples scattered through- states in and around Odisha
dian bison), tiger, Sambar, Bark- ��Male : 81.6%
Union on Dec. 1, 1963, severing � Area : 1,55,707 sq.km out the state. surrendered their sovereignty to
ing deer, hoolock, serow, sloth bear ��Female : 64%
ties with Assam and making � Districts : 30 the Government of India.
and wild bear can be found in the � Principal Languages : Odiya � At Dhauli, about 8 km to the
Kohima its capital. � Population : � State Animal : Sambhar
state.
��Person : 4,19,74,218
south of Bhubaneshwar, the in- CONTIRBUTION OF ODISHA IN
� Largest City : Bhubaneshwar scription of Ashoka are found
ADMINISTRATION � The grey headed fishing eagle, ��Male : 2,12,12,136
� Time Zone : IST (GMT + 5:30)
FREEDOM STRUGGLE
crested serpent eagle, forest ��Female : 2,07,62,082
on stone. The second edict is
� Official Language(s) : Odiya � Duri ng the 1857 mutiny,
� Legislature – Single house. eagle owl, tragopan and hornbill �� Rural : 3,49,70,562 in Jaugarh. There are about 20
� Establishment : 1st January 1949 Surendra Sai of Sambalpur lead
� No, of the Members in Legisla- are notable among the birds ��Urban : 70,03,656 spots in Odisha, where traces
� State Animal : Sambar the revolt in the state.
tive Assembly – 60 found in Nagaland. � Literate Population : of Buddhist culture have been
� State Bird : Indian Roller � Chanki Khutiya, a priest of Puri,
� Lok Sabha Seats – 1 ��Person : 2,67,42,595 found.
ECONOMY ��Male : 1,50,89,681
� State Tree : Banyan and Chandan Hazoori was an-
� Rajya Sabha Seats – 1 � State Flower : Lotus � In the second century BC. it other revolutionaries.
� Female : 1,16,52,914
� Judi ciary – Under the � Available and estimated miner- � First Chief Minister : Hare become a powerful country un- � Odi sha had al so played a
� Decadal growth rate (2001 to
Jurisdication of Guwahati High als Krushna Mahatob der Kharavela. With the death noteable role in 1920’s and
2011) : 14%
Court, Guwahati (There is a � Coal – At Nazira (about 356 � Urban Population : 16.7% � First Governor : Kailash Nathi Katju of Kharavela, Odisha passed 1930’s mass movements against
lakh tonnes) � Website : www.orissa.gov.in into obscurity. the British Raj.
bench in Kohima). � Population Density : 270

OLE - 482 OLE - 483 OLE - 484

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
TOURISM and went to Japan where he

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
� Viswanath Das became the Chief ous and highland regions, and � Gold-Silver Ornaments :

GEOGRAPHY
PERSONALITIES
minister after the 1936-37 elec- the flood plains. Cuttack formed the Indian National Army
� Bhubaneswar is called the cit-
tion. � The middle mountainous and � Subhas Chandra Bose (1897): (INA) to fight the British. How-
NATIONAL PARK AND WILD ies of temples.
Also known as ‘Netaji’, he re- ever, he was unsuccessful due
� By the States Merger (Governor’s highland region covers about
Provinces) Order, 1949 the three fourth of the entire state LIFE SANCTUARIES � Lingraj temples, Anant Basudev signed from the Indian Civil Ser- to Japan’s surrender after the
princely states of Odisha were and is a part of the Eastern � Bhitar Kanika National Park templ e, Raj a Rani templ e, vice in 1921 and supported the war. It was Netaji’s wish to un-
Ghats. Mukteswar temples are some fa- non-cooperation movement led furl the national flag at the Red
completely merged with the � Ambapani Sanctuary
by Gandhiji. He was elected Fort in Delhi. It is thus in his
state of Odisha in January, � Belghar Sanctuary mous temples of Bhubaneswar.
1949. MAJOR RIVERS President of the Congress in remembrance that the National
� Gahirmatha Sanctuary � Puri is famous for the temple of 1938 but left the Congress in Flag is unfurled every year at
� Bhubaneshwar became the capi- � Subarnarekha, Mahanadi,
� Simlipal Sanctuary Lord Jagganath and its beauti- 1938 and formed the Forward Red Fort on August 15. He also
tal of this state on 19th August, Baitarani, Burabalang,
Brahmani, Rushikulya, and � Lakhari Valley Sanctuary ful sea beach. Bloc party. Subhas Chandra gave the slogan ‘Jai Hind’ to the
1949. nation. He is believed to have
Vamsadhra. � Korlaput Sanctuary Bose was arrested during World
� At last, on 1 April 1936 a sepa- � Lingraj Temple – Approximately
War II but escaped from India died in an air crash in 1945.
MAJOR LAKES 108 temples are inside it and it
rate Odisha State was formed. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTES
Six Districts – Cuttack, Puri, was built by the Somvanshi ruler SIKKIM
� Chilka Lake – Cuttack district � Utkal Universities – Bhubanesh-
Balasore, Sambalpur, Ganjam Lalitendu Kesari in 617-652 A.D.
� Ansupa Lake – Cuttack district war
and Koraput was included in the It is one of the 12 Jyotirlingas. IMPORTANT FACTS
State at that time. � Sara Lake – Puri districts � Fukir Mohan University –
Balasore � Muketswar Temple – Jewel of � Location : 27 o 04’46" to � Main Languages : Lepcha,
� Dr. Hare Krishna Mehtab Das Oriyan architecture, situated on 28o07’48" North Latitude 88o58’ Bhotia, Hindi, Nepali and Limbu
was the Chief Minister of the ECONOMY � Xavier Institute of Management
the Bhubaneswar – Puri road at to 88o25’ East Longitude. �� Rural : 4,56,999
Congress government of 1946. – Bhubaneswar
� About one tenth of the total rice the bank of Kedar Gouri. � Area : 7,096 sq.km ��Urban : 1,53,573
� Odisha University of Agriculture
production of the country is pro- � Capital : Gangtok � Main Languages of the State :
ADMINISTRATION duced in Odisha.
and Technology – Bhubaneswar � Sun Temple – According to Assamese (i ncluded i n 8th
� No. of Districts : 9
� Shree Jaganath Sanskrit Univer- Puran, Sri Krishna’s son Scheduled of the Constitution).
� State Legislature – Unicameral � Odisha is one of the four east- � Population : 6,10,577
sity – Puri Shambva built this temple. Besides its Bengali, Oddissi,
� Members of Vidhan Sabha–147 ern state where Jute is pro- ��Male : 3,23,070
� Parshurameswar Temple – It is Hindi , Mundari and Nepal i
duced. SOCIETY & CULTURE ��Female : 2,87,507 language are also prevalent.
� Members of Lok Sabha – 21 the oldest temple of Odisha. Idols
� The Mahanadi’s delta region is � Population growth rate (2001 to � Largest City : Gangtok
� Members of Rajya Sabha – 10 of Lord Vishnu, Yam and seven
the Jute production area. � The state is home to the Odishi 2011) : 12.9% � Time Zone : IST (GMT + 5:30)
� High Court – Cuttack and Chhau dance. Jagdambas are present.
� Odisha is one of the richest min- � Population Density : 86 person � Official Language(s) : Nepali
eral resource state of the coun- � Mayur and koyal are the folk � Jagganath Temple – Built by per sq.km. � Establishment : 16th May 1975
GEOGRAPHY � State Animal : Red Panda
try. dances of the State. Anantbarman Chodagang in � Sex-ratio : 890
� Dolomite, Chromite, lime stone, � Kelucharan Moipatra, Sanyukta, 1135 A.D. � Literacy Rate : 81.4% � State Bird : Blood Pheasant
� Odisha is situated in the north-
coal, Mangenese, Bauxite, Panigrahi, Sonal Mansingh, ��Male Literacy : 86.6%
� State Tree : Rohododendron
eastern part of the Indian pen- � Baital Temple – A temple of
Graphite, Quartz and Sulphur Madhvi Mudgal etc. are some � State Flower : Noble Orchid
insula. Chamunda Devi, built in the ��Female Literacy : 75.6%
are some other minerals, found famous Odissi dancers. � First Chief Minister : Kazi
� It is bound by the Bay of Bengal Khakra style, a branch of Kalinga � Child sex-ratio (0-6 age group) : Lhendup Dorji
on the east, West Bengal on the in the state. � Odiya, the principal language of 957
style. � First Governor : Bipen Bihari Lal
north-east, Jharkhand on the INDUSTRY the state, is basically originated � State Day : 16 May � Website : www.sikkim.nic.in
north, Chhattisgarh on the west from the Magadhi dialect and it Festivals
� Silk : Mayurbhanj, Sonpur,
and Andhra Pradesh on the is very close to the Assamese. � Dola Purnima (Holi) � The Lepchas were organised into
Bahrampur. HISTORY
south. � Sharda Das written Sharal � Rath Yatra a society by a person named Tur
� Mig’s production : Sunaveda Ve Pa No who was eventually
� It has a coastline of about 450 Mahabharat, Jagnnath Das writ-
� Fertilizer : Rourkela, � Chandan Yatra � The Early history of Sikkim starts elected the leader or the king
km. ten Bhagvata and Balram Das
Paradweep. � Konark Dance Festival in the 13th century with the sign- ‘Punu’ in 1400.
� Odisha is divided into five major written Ramayan are very fa-
ing of a blood-brotherhood treaty � In 1817, British India signed the
physiographic regions : the cen- � Mig’s Production : Sunaveda mous. � Puri Beach Festival
between the Lepcha Chief treaty of Titalia with Sikkim.
tral plateaus, the coastal plain � Aluminium : Sambalpur � Fakir Mohan Senapati is consid- � Bali Yatra Thekong Tek and Tibetan Prince
in the East, the western rolling Consquently the territory that
� Cement : Rajgangpur ered as the modern and popular � Dhanu Yatra Khye-Bumsa at Kabi Lungtsok in Nepalese had taken away were
uplands, the middle mountain- architect of Oriya literature. North Sikkim.
� Paper : Brijrajnagar restored to Sikkim.

OLE - 485 OLE - 486 OLE - 487

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Losar – It is the Tibetan New Year

GEOGRAPHY
� The state gets well-distributed � Saga Dawa – It is an auspicious
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
� Sikkim even gifted Darjeeling to ADMINISTRATION ECONOMY
British India in return for an heavy rainfall between May and day for the Mahayana Buddhists and is celebrated around February.
annual payment and chogyal � Legislature : There are 32 seats early October. � Maize, Rice, Wheat, Potato, large and they go to monasteries to � Other important festivals are
Tsudpud Namgyal signed the gift in the legislative Assembly, out � The Wettest month is usually Cardamom, Ginger, and Orange offer butter lamps and worship, Chaite Dasai/Ram Navami,
of which two are reserved for are the principle crops. monks take out a procession Darsai, Sonam, Tendong, Lho
deed in 1835. July in most part of the State.
SCs and 12 for STs (for the that goes around Gangtok with Rum Fat (worship of Mt. Tendong)
� In 1849, when the superinten- � The Intensity of rainfall during � Sikkim has the largest area and
Bhutia and Lepcha Community). holy scriptures. Sakewa Sonam Lochar (Gurung),
dent of Darjeeling visited Sikkim South West Monsoon decreased highest production of l arge Barahimzong (Magor) etc.
� One general seat is reserved for brown Cardamom in India. Gin- � Phang Lhabsol – It is a unique
along with a scientist on a re- from south to North. � Kagyat Dance – This dance is
the Sangha community. ger, Potato Orange and Off Sea- festival that is celebrated to of-
search trip, they were taken � Notable among the animals performed every 28th and 29th
� For Loksabha and Rajya Sabha son Vegetables are other cash fer thanks to Mount Kanchan-
prisoner. found in Sikkim are the snow day of the Tibetan calendar. The
one member for each is elected crops. junga. dance is one of the solemnity
� When India became indepen- leopard, the Red Panda, the
from the State. � Sikkim jewels limited is one of � Dassani – It is the biggest and interpersed with comic relief
dent, the then Chogyal, Tashi Musk Deer, the Himalayan Black the most important festival of the
� Judiciary : The High Court of the sophisticated and precision provided by jesters.
Namgyal, obtained the status of Bear, the Tahr, the Yak, the wilds Hindu – Nepali. It is celebrated in
Sikkim is at Gangtok. oriented industries for the manu- � Yok Dance – It is an important
Ass and the Blue Sheep. September/October and Symbol-
a protectorate for Sikkim. facture of Jewel bearings for dance of Sikkim.
� After Tashi Namgyal died in GEOGRAPHY � Many birds are also found like electric meters, water meter and izes the victory of good over evil.
vulture, eagle, whistling thrush, other measuring instruments
TOURISM
1963, demands for the removal � Tyohar or Dipavali – It is a fes-
� Sikkim is a small hilly state situ- giant lammergcier, minivets, bul- like watches and checks. tival of lights and is celebrated � Recognising the potential of ad-
of the monarchy and the estab- venture tourism, the state gov-
ated in the eastern Himalayas. buls and pheasants. 10 days after Dasain.
lishment of a democratic set up ernment is setting up a Hima-
� The state is surrounded by the � Main Pass – Richila, Nathula, SOCIETY & CULTURE � Losoong – It is the Sikkimese
intensified. layan centre for adventure tour-
Tibetan plateau towards the Yakla Chhola, Singali La. New Year which is celebrated in ism at Chenchey village in South
� By 1973, the agitation against north, the Chumbi valley of � Prominent among the inhabitants
� Main Rivers – Teesta, Rangit the last week of December. Sikkim.
the Sikkim Durbar had taken a China and Bhutan towards the of the state are – Lepcha, Bhutia,
� Main Lakes – Chhangu Lake, Limbu and Sikkim Nepali.
serious turn and resulted in a east, Darjeeling district of West TAMILNADU
Khichiperi Lake. � Lepcha tribe is the ancient inhab-
collapse of the administration. Bengal in the south and Nepal
This led the Indian Government towards the west. � Main Falls – Ralang, Yumthang. itant of Sikkim. They use Lepcha IMPORTANT FACTS
to intervene and Sikkim was � Besides the Kanchanjunga, language. Their face is quite beau-
MAIN PARKS AND SANCTUARIES � Location : 8 o 4’ to 14 o North � Literacy Rate Total : 80.1%
transformed from a protectorate other major peaks in the state tiful. They love peace and the
� Kanchanjunga National Park – Latitude & 76o15’ to 80o21’ East ��Male: 86.8%
to an associate states. include Jongsang, (7459m), nature. They have a very old tra-
North Sikkim. Longitude ��Female : 73.4%
Tent Peak (7365m), Pauhunri dition to keep thunder stone in
� In 1975, a referendum was held. � Boundaries : Andhara Pradesh &
(7125m), Sinivulchu (6687m), � Singna Adoden Drone Park their house. Their society is pa- � Rural population : 3,72,29,590
More than 97 percent of the elec- Karnataka in North, Indian ocean
Pandim (6691m), Rathong Yumthang – North Sikkim. triarchal many myths and taboos � Rural population (in %) : 51.6%
torate voted for the merger of in South, Bay of Bengal in east
(6679m), Talung (6147m) and � Kongnosha Alpine Park – North are prevalent in their soceity. Rice � Urban population : 3,49,17,440%
and Kerala & Karnataka in west.
Sikkim with India. Koktang (6147m). Sikkim and chi has a very great impor- � Urban population (in %) : 48.4%
� Capital : Chennai
� Sikkim became the 22nd state tance in their food.
� The Singalila range from the bar- � Fambog Lo wild life sanctuary � Area : 1,30,060 sq.km. � Main language : Tamil
of the Indian union on 15 May rier between Sikkim and Nepal � Limbu man use a word ‘Yak
near Gangtok. � Population Total : 7,21,47,030 � State Day : 14th April
1975. in the west, while the Dongkya Thumb’ for themselves. Lepchas
��Male : 3,61,37,975 � Largest City : Chennai
� Kazi Lhendup Dorji was the first range is at the border with China TRANSPORT and Bhotias call them Chong.
� Time Zone : IST (GMT + 5:30)
They are similar to mongoloid. ��Female : 3,60,09,055
Chief Minister. on the east. � There is a helicopter service be- � Official Language(s) : Tamil
They are short in height but � Decadal growth rate (2001-
� International borders – China, tween Gangtok and Bagdogra � Establishment : 18th July 1967
� The historical visit of the three physically very strong. Supersti- 2011) : 15.6%
Nepal, Bhutan, States – West heavily subsidised by the state � State Animal : Nilgiri Tahr
revered Lamas to Yuksam in tion prevails in their religious life. � Population density : 555
Bengal. government. � State Bird : Emerald Dove
1641 in West Sikkim took place, � About three fourth of the popu- � Sex Ratio (per 1000) : 996
� The Teesta and the Rangi are the � People of the state are heavily � State Tree : Palmyra Palm
where they consecrated lation of the state are Sikkim � Sex Ratio (0-6 age ago) : 943
most important rivers of the dependent on road � State Flower : Kandhal
Phuntsog Namgyal, a sixth gen- Nepali. They are short in height � Total literate population :
State. Other rivers are Rongni trasportation, Gangtok is con- � First Chief Minister : Amandur
eration descendent of Khye but physically very strong. They 5,18,37,507
Chu, Talung and Lachung. nected by roads with Darjeeling, are mainly follower of Hindu re- Ramaswami Reddiar
Humsa as the first Chogyal of �� Male literate population :
� Sikkim is also home to many hot Kalinpong, Siliguri and also with ligion and use Nepali language. � First Governor : Sir Archibald
Sikkim, thus heralding the be- 2,80,40,491
water springs like Ralang Sachir, all the districts headquarters Edward Nye
ginning of the Namgyal dynasty � Important festivals and dances ��Female literate population :
Phur Cha, Yunthang and Momay. within Sikkim. ��Website : www.tn. gov.in
in Sikkim. of the state are– 2,37,97,016

OLE - 488 OLE - 489 OLE - 490

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
FIVE EPICS � The Pandyan kings sent embas- PERUR – A big village

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
� Present main dieties : August, � � He also encouraged Sriman

GEOGRAPHY
HISTORY
Tirpura Meritha (shiva), Kuma- 1. Shilpadikaram - Written by sies to the Roman emperor � SIRUR – A small village Vij ayothenga Var man, the
� Pre-paleolithic stone tools like ramerinda (Murugan, & subrah- Augustus and Trojen. � MUDUR – An old village Sailendra ruler of Srivijaya, to
Illango (Hindu)
hand axes and cleavers etc. are manyam), Muranjiyur etc. � The royal emblem of the cholas � PATTINAM – Name of a coastal bui l t a Buddhist vi har at
2. Manimekhalai - written by
found in excavation from differ- � Important works - Akattyam was the Tiger and of the Pandyas town Negapatlam. The vihar called
sitlai sattnar (Buddhist), a
ent places such as Vadinadurai, (written by August), Paripaddal, was the fish. � PUHAR – Harbour area Chudarani Vihar.
trader.
Attirampkam, Manajan karan Madunaravri, Mudukuru � In both the kingdom, the king � During the reign of his son
3. Jivak Chintamani - written � CHERI – Suburb of the town or
etc. in Chennai. kararia, Vidai etc. was the very centre of adminis- Rajendra I (1014 A.D. -1042
by Tiruthakkathewar. a village
� Mega - Paleolithic has two his- � This sangam was organized in tration and the court of the A.D.) the power of chola dynasty
4. Brapathpati � PAKKAM – Neighbouring area of
torical importance. the leadership of Aggatiyar or crowned king was called Auai. reached to its zenith.
5. Khundalkeshi a town or village
1. It had been associated Augastya who carried Aryan cul- � King’s birth date was called � He invaded and conquered
� KARAI – The land tax, the larg-
closely with iron age. ture from north to south. FIVE ANTHOLOGIES Peruna means the great day.
est single source of revenue. ceylon.
2. It was associated with the 1. Yashodhara Kavyam (based � The warriors became an impor- � He also conquer kalinga and
� IRAVU – The land booty collected
emergence of black and red SECOND SANGAM on Sanskrit book). tant element of society. Captains
from the conquered foes. titled himself as Gangaikonda
ware. 2. Chulamani - (The biggest of army were invested with the and shifted hi s capi tal to
PLACE - KAPATPURAM title of Enadi. � ULGU/SANGAM – Tolls and cus-
� The first king of the chola dy- and the best). tom duties. Gangaikonda Cholapuram, a new
nasty was Urvappaharey Ellan � Got courtship of 59 Pandya � Under the cholas and the town established by himself.
3. Uddyan Kavyam � IRAVU – Extra demand of forced
kings. Pandyas, the civil and the mili- � The chola administration was
Jettisenni. He founded the capi- 4. Nag Kumaram gifts.
� 49 Academicians 3700 poets tary offi ces were hel d by
tal Uraiyur (Uragpur). 5. Nilkeshi (Based on Buddhist � KVALLALAS – the duties paid to famous for its local self govern-
were participated . Vallalas or rich farmers.
� The word Sangam means – a philosophy). the king ment.
� Continued for 3700 years � The ruling class was called
conference or group of sages or � Real history of cholas begins � VARIYAR – The officer in charge � There are three types of assem-
Arasar and its members had
learned people. In India, three � It was headed by Agattiyar and with Karikala, who founded of collecting taxes. blies 1. Ur. 2. Sabha. 3. Nagaram.
matrimonial relations with the
Sangams first in Madurai, sec- Tolkappiyar. puhar and constructed 160 km � AVANAM – The market place � Ur near the most common as-
Vallalas.
ond in Kapatpuram, and third � Standard works : Tolkappiyam, of embankment along the Kaveri � Members of the lowest class � MURUGAN – The God of Hillock, sembly of those villages where
again in Madurai were organized. Mulkranam, Isaimunukam, river. also called subramanya. He was land was held by different casts.
were called Kadaisiyar and they
It has been told that several Bhudhyapuranam, Kali, Kuruk- � Puhar is identical with Kaveri performed the agricultural opera- worshiped by hunters. Very large villages have two Urs.
sages and deities were partici- ku, Bendoli. pattanam. tions. � Sabha was an exclusive Brah-
� KORRAVAI – The goddess of vic-
pated in these sangam. Several � Tolkappiyam : writer - Tolkappiyar. � Karikalal the man with the � The Pariyar were the agricultural tory. man assembly of Brahmandeya
important literary works were � It is Tamil grammar charred leg was great warrior labourers who worked in animal � NURUDAM– The god of farmers. village.
also done in them. These books � It consists of three parts and he was adept in music. skin. � After the Satvahan rule had � While the assembly of merchants
are only source of the Tamil his- � Illuthu – Varna vichar � The literary meaning of Sangam � Sil ppadi karam and ended in the first half of the 3rd in town was called Nagaram.
tory and culture. The history of � Shol – Vakya vichar is an academy of scholars. Manimekhalai are the twin ep- century A.D., three dynasties the � Latter on Ramanuja well estab-
south began later than the his- � Porul – Vastu ics written by Ilango Adigal and Pallavs, Pandyas and the Cholas lished the Vaishnavaism in Tamil
� It was the saiva saint
tory of north. The vedic litera- Sattnar respectively. were the major powers. region.
Tirunavakkaurasu who used the
ture and epics written in north- THIRD SANGAM word sangam for the earliest � In Silppadikaram the love story � The great Vaishnava saint - � In between 1336 to 1565
ern India throws light on the of Koval an and Madhavi a Tirumangai Aluar was a contem- Vijayanagar was ruled by three
expansion of vedic culture in PLACE – MADURAI known Tamil Literature.
dancer had been depicted. porary of him.
� The Pandyas are mentioned in dynasties - Sangam (1336-1485),
south. Literature of Sangam age � 49 Pandya king, 49 institutions � Manimekhalai is a Buddhist text. � The pallavas were succeeded by Saluva (1485-1505) and the
also depicts a close relationship and 449 poets participated in it. the Ashoka edicts and in the
It is the story of the daughter of the Cholas, destined to be the Tulva (1505-1565).
between the culture of north and � Continued for 1850 years. Ramayan and the Mahabharata.
Kovalan. greatest imperial power in south.
south India. � It was headed by Nakkirar. � Its capital was Madurai situated
� The Jivaka chintamani is one of � Vijayalaya established chola
THE SANGAM DYNASTY
� Eminent participants - Nakkirar on the bank of Vaigai river. the famous Jaina texts of this � Its first ruler was Harihara I
power by capturing Tanjore in
FIRST SANGAM (Chairman) � Korkai was its main seaport. time. It was composed by a Jaina 850 A.D. (1336-1356). He laid the foun-
� Pandya king Ugra, Sitalai � The earliest known Pandyan ascetic Teevar. � Rajaraja I came to thrown in 985 dations of Vidyanagar.
PLACE - MADURAI Sattnar, Kapilar, Arnar. ruler was Mudukumi. � Some important terminology of A.D. and during his reign the � The next one was Bukka I (1356-
� 89 Pandya kings provided aids � Standard work - Padittapattu � The most reputed Pandyan ruler Sangam era. chola power reached to again. 1379) who strengthened the city
and safety to it. � Second century was golden age was Nendunijhelian, who rule � MANDALAM–The name given to � He conquered the whol e of Vidyanagar and renamed it as
� 549 institutions were partici- of Tamil literature - August age. from Madurai. the entire kingdom Dravi dian land, Lanka, Vijayanagar.
pated, 7 poets and 4499 writ- � In third sangam peoples from � He accused Kovalan of theft. � NADU – A further subdivision of Karnataka, Andhra, Kalinga and � Abdur Razzak the envoy of the
ers. three sects Jainism, Buddhism Thus the city of Madurai was laid mandalam mounted naval expeditions Persian king Shah Rukh visited
� Continued for 4400 years. and Hinduism were participated. under a curse by Kannagi. � UR – A town against ceylone and Maldiva. Vijayanagar during his reign.

OLE - 491 OLE - 492 OLE - 493

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
SALUVA DYNASTY Pradhan was the Prime Minister

GEOGRAPHY
� Wildlife found in this national � Tamilnadu University, Thanjavur
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY ECONOMY
� The Saluvas ruled for a brief and the minister bore the little park includes elephant, tiger, lion � Tamilnadu Vetenary and Animal
while and in turnwas repealed “Dandanayaka” � Tamilnadu is divided between tailed macarue, sloth bear etc. � Principal food crops-Paddy, mil- sciences University, Chennai
by the Tuluva dynasty. � The major politico-military the flat areas along the eastern � Mukurthi National Park :�It cov- lets and pulses. � Specific Institutions
� The only important event of this changes introduced by the coast and the hill regions in the � Commercial crops – sugarcane, � Institute of Hotel Management,
ers an area of 78 sq. km and is
period was the arrival of Vasco- Vijayanager state was Nayak north and west. Cotton, Sunflower, Coconut, Cot- Chennai
System, Forts and Brahman situated in Nilgiri distrcit.
Da-Gama. � Eastern coastal plain lies in be- ton, Cashew, Chillies. � Film Institute, Chennai
commanders. � Mudumalai National Park : It is
� He landed in Calicut during the tween eastern ghat and bay of � Plantation crops – Tea, Coffee,
� The rise of Vijayanagar Empire situated in Nilgiri district and � Gandhigram Rural Institute,
reign of Immadi Narsimha in Bengal. It is 992 km long and Rubber, Cardamom.
marked a decline in the impor- covers an area of 103.23sq. km. Ghandi gram
1498. its breadth is about 80 to 90 km. � Major forest producers – Tim-
tance of local institutions. Wild life found in this park in- � Aninsalingam Institute for Home
� It is mainly divided in three parts ber, Sandalwood Pulpwood and
TULUVA DYNASTY � The Tamil society played an im- 1. Koromandal Coast. cludes Leopard, Nilgiris Tature, Fuel wood.
Science and Higher Education
� The important ruler of this dy- portant role in the freedom bison etc. for Women, Coimbatore.
2. Kaveri delta � Annual foodgrains production
nasty was movement and at the same time 3. Arid southern plain. � Gulf of Mannar and Bioshper exceeds ten million with rice con- RESEARCH INSTITUTE
1. Vir Narshimha (1505-09) social reform movement under Reserve :�It is an oceanic park tributing an average eight million � Central Electro-Chemical Re-
� The Western ghats run along the
2. Krishna Deva Raya (1509- the leadership of Justice party which is situated in gulf of Man- tones. search Institute, Kariakudi
state’s western border, while the
29) was also going on.
lower hills of the Eastern ghats nar in between Ramnathpuram � Central leather Research Insti-
3. Achyuta Raya (1529-42) � Ved Samaj was established in MAJOR IRRIGATION CANALS
run through the center. and Tirunelveli district. tute, Chennai
4. Sadasiva Raya (1542-1564). 1864 in Madras. 1. Cauvery Delta canal.
� Kaveri, Palar, Ponniyar, Pennar, � Wildlife found in this park in- � Structural Engineering Research
� In fact Krishna Deva Raya was � The Indian branch of Theosophi- 2. Lower Bhawani Project
Vaigai and Tamraparni are the cludes dolphins, dugong, turtles. Center, Chennai
the ablest of the Vijaynagar cal society was established in major rivers. 3. Parambi -kul am -Al iyar
1875 at Adyar near Madras. Project. � Indira Gandhi Nuclear Research
soverign and towered over all his � The state’s climate is affected by MAIN WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES Centre, Kalpakkam
contemporaries. � Madam Blatvaski and Col. Alcott 4. Manimuthar Project.
both south-west and north-east OF STATE � Central Research Laboratry,
� During his reign the Vijaynagar was the founder. monsoon. 5. Grand Anicut.
� Pulicut lake bird sanctuaries. Chennai
armies overran Raichur doab � In 1918 V.P. Wadia formed “Ma- � The Plateau remains arid be- � Main minerals – Granite, Lignite,
and Mudgal, reached Belgaum, dras labour union”. cause it comes in rain shadow � Valundu wild life sanctuaries. Lime-stone, Felspar, Bauxite, MAIN MUSEUM
sackd Bijapur and Ravaged � Congress gained full majority in region. � Chitarnkudi bird sanctuaries. Zipsum, Quartzite, Salt. � District Museum, Salem
gulburg. both the pre-independence state � Mainly three types of soil are � Udagamarthandapuram sanctu- � Main Export – Yarn, Tea, Cof- � The Fort Museum, Chennai
� He was a talented scholar of election. C. Rajgopalachari and found aries. fee, Species, Tobacco, Handi- � Government Museum, Chennai
Telugu and Sanskrit and ex- T. Prakasham became the chief 1. Red soil 2. Black sol crafts, Black Granite, Tanned � Arignar Kodyakoddam
minister in 1937 and 1946 re- � Mundanthurai
tended patronage to Telgu, Skin and Leather goods. Sreeranyam Museum
3. Lome soil � Vedanthangal bird sanctuaries.
Kannada and Tamil scholars. spectively.
� In post independence era (1947
� Sandalwood, Pulpwood, rubber EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS � Gandhi Museum, Madurai
� His court was adorned by the
a new state was formed taking
and bamboo are important for- IMPORTANT LAKES � Madras University, Chennai � Tami l nadu state Museum,
Astha - diggajas (the eight cel- Madurai
est producer. � Ramanathpuram
ebrated poets). parts of Andhra and Kerala, � Annamali University, Nagar
keeping its old name Madras. � Wildlife found in the states in- � Damba TRAINING INSITUTE
� After the battle of Talikota in � Madurai Kamraj University,
cludes Elephant, Tiger, Leopard, � Indian Institute of Technology,
1565 the Tuluva dynasty came � Madras was once again formed � Kannor Madurai
Stripedhyena, Lion-tailed Chennai
to an end and also the famous taking Tamil spoken area of � Manamanglam � Tamil Nadu Agriculture Univer-
Macarue, Sloth bear, Black buck,
Vijaynagar empire. Andhra, Keral, Mysore and its � Thenkarai sity, Coimbatore � Airfoce Administrative Staff Col-
Nilgiris Tatur Dugong and Mouse
� Later on Tirumala, the brother became Tamilnadu on 14th lege, Coimbatore
deer. � Perur � Bhartiyar University, Coimbatore
of Rama Raya shifted the capital January ,1969. � Defence Services Staff College,
at Penugonda and established � The name of Madras became National Parks of state � Parayankalathur � Bharati dasan Uni versi ty, Wellington
chennai in 1996. � There are five National parks in � Marandu Karaikudi
the Aravidu dynasty. But the INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS
empire secondly shrunk and fi- Tamilnadu � Korambalam � Tamilnadu Dr. Ambedkar Uni-
ADMINISTRATION � Guindy National Park :� It is versity, Chennai � Heavy vehicles factory Avadi,
nally ended in 1672 as a petty � Vijayanarayanan Periyankulam
situated in Chennai district and � Anna University, Chennai Chennai
potentiate. � Cauveripattam
� Legislature Unicameral known famous for black buck and � Hindustan Photo films Manufac-
� Mother Teresa Womens Univer-
SOME MORE FACTS ABOUT as legislative assembly. Snake park.
� Perumal turing company Ltd., Ooty
sity, Kodaikanal
VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE � Seats in Lok Sabha – 39 � Indira Gandhi National Park :
� Chemvarmbakkam � Hi dustan Teleprinters Ltd.,
� Veeranam � Shri C.S. Saraswati University, Chennai
� The king had a council of minis- � Seats in Rajya Sabha – 18 Having an area of 117 sq. km it Kanchipuram
ters, who met in a hall called is situated in Coimbatore dis- � Raja Singh Manglam � Integral Coach factory, Perambur
� Seats in Legislative Assembly – 234 � Dr. M.G.R. Medical University,
“Venkatavilas Manapa” The trict. � Perulam � Naiveli lignite corporation, Naiveli
� High court – Chennai Chennai

OLE - 494 OLE - 495 OLE - 496

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
MINERALS IMPORTANT FESTIVALS

GEOGRAPHY
TRIPURA

GEOGRAPHY
� Iron - Godamalai, Thalmalai, Pan- � Pongal – The harvest festival
chamalai, Salem, Tiru-chirapali. celebrated by the farmers in IMPORTANT FACTS
� Coal - Naiveli, Bahur, Arignar, January to worship the sun, the � Location : 22°59' to 24°31' N. � Total literacy (in percentage) :
Kannanoor. earth and the cattle. Latitude 91°12' to 92°28' E. 87.20%
� Mica - Krishna, Salem & Nilgiri � Adipperukku – A festival cel- Longitude. ��Male literacy : 91.5%
districts. ebrated on the 18th day of tamil � Boundaries : Bangladesh to the ��Female literacy : 82.7%
� Gypsum - Tirunelveli, Tiru- month Adi on the banks of riv- north, west, south and south east.
� Main languages : Bengal i ,
chirapal l i , Coi mbatore, ers. It marks the commence- Assam and Mirzoram in the north Tripuri, manipuri and Kakborak.
Chengatpet. ment of new farming operations. and north east.
� No. of districts : 4
� Bauxite - Shevrai hills. � Mahamagam – A holy festival that � Capital : Agartala.
� Magnesite - Salem. bring pilgrims to kumbha konam � No. of villages : 858
� Area : 10,486 sq.km.
� Lime Stone - Salem, Coimbatore, once in 12 years. � State Day : 21 January.
� Population : 36,73,917
Tirunelveli, Tiruchirapalli. � Kanthuri – A truly secular festi- � Largest City : Agartala
��Male : 18,74,376
� Phosphate - Tiruchirapalli. val where devotees block to the � Time Zone : IST (GMT + 5:30)
��Female : 17,99,541
shrine of saint quadirwali and it � Official Language(s) : Bengali,
INDUSTRY lasts for 10 days.
� Urban population : 9,61,453
Kokborok
� Cement - Salem, Coimbatore, � Urbanization : 26.2 percent.
� Karthigi Deepam – Tamilnadu’s � Establishment : 21st January
Tiruahirapalli, Tirunelveli. � Population Density : 350
festival of light. 1972
� Cycle - Coimbatore, Chennai. � Decadal growth Rate : (2001 to � State Animal : Phayre’s Langur
MAIN TEMPLES 2011) – 14.8
� State Bird : Green Imperial Pi-
� Leather - Chennai, Coimbatore,
� Rameshwaram Temple � Sex ratio (per thousand) : 960 geon
Madurai, Tiruchirapalli.
- Rameshwaram � Child sex ratio (0-6 age group) : � State Tree : Agar
SOME MORE FACTS ABOUT � Natraja Temple 957 � State Flower : Nageshwar
BHARTNATYAM - Chidambaram
� Total literate population : � First Chief Minister : Sachindra
� Bhartnatyam is essentially a solo 28,04,783 lal Singh
� Jateshwar Swami Temple
dance and has close affinities �� Male literate population :
-Karai Kal. � First Governor : Braj Kumar
with the traditional dance - drama 15,01,369
Nehru
form called Bhaguata - Mela per- � Pakshitirthan Temple ��Female literate population :
� Website : www.tripura.nic.in
formed only by women. - Pakshitirthan 13,03,414
� It is oldest form of art - dance � Kamleshwar Temple - Chennai.
HISTORY � Vir Vikram besides his capac-
and its source can be traced in � Kailashnath Temple - Chennai.
the Natya Shastra Written by ity as a ruler, was an ardent
� Kailashnath Temple- Kan- � The original inhabitants of the lover of literature and culture
Bharat Muni. state are Tipera tribe.
chipuram. that led the royal family to de-
� In Bharatnayam ‘Bh’ means � ‘Tripur‘has been derived from
� Kamakshi Temple - Kan- velop an intimacy with Tagore.
‘Bhav’ R means ‘Raga’ T.means the word Tipera.
Tala and Natyam means Theatre. chipuram. � The British entered into this val-
� Tourist centres – Chennai, Ma- � They are similar to shan tribe ley in 1765.
� The present form of Bharat-
mallapuram, Poompuhar, and probably they belongs to � Birchandra Manikya banned
natyam is developed by Tanjore
Kancheepuram, Kumbakonam, Tibetan-Burmese race. ‘Das Pratha’ in 1873 and Sati
chatushtya i.e. Ponnaiya Pillai
and brothers. Previously it was Dharasuram, Chidambaram, � Huen-Tsang has mentioned this Pratha in 1888.
known as ‘Attam’ and ‘Sadir’ and Tiruvannamalai, Srirangam, Ma- state as ‘Yano-lan’ Kiya (Sanskrit � In 1930 an airport was built
were performed by the devda- durai, Rameswaram, Kanyaku- Kamlanka). near Agartala.
sies. mari, Thanjavur, Nagoor, Kazhu- � The king of Tripura considered � The king of this state at the time
� Noted Artist Rukmini devi Arun- gumalai (Monument center), themselves as the scion of the of its accession on 15 th Oct.,
del, Bala Sarswathi, Shanta Rao, Courtallam, Hogenakkal, Suruli Druhyyu, son of the famous 1949 was Maharaja Manikya –
Mrinalini Sarabhai, Yamini Krish- (Waterfalls), Ooty, Kodaikanal, king Jajati of Chandra dynasty. Kiri t V i kram Ki shore Dev
namurthi, Kamala, Vaijyantima- Elagiri kolli Hills,Guindy, Nudu- � According to ‘Rajmala’, the rul- Verman Bahadur.
la, Sonal Mansingh, Saroja Baid- malai, Point Calimere, Arignar ers were known as the surname � It was first included as a group
yanathana, Swapan Sundari etc. Anna Zoological Park. ‘fa’ meaning ‘Father’. ‘C’ state.

OLE - 497 OLE - 498

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
� It became an union territory in � There are 12 river basin in be- ker and kharchi festival, Sarad 3. Sepahi jal a 4. Ni rmahal � Sayyid dynasty established by

GEOGRAPHY
HISTORY
1956. tween them. Among them 7 are festival, Diwali, Christmas at 5. Udaipur 6. Pi l ak 7. Alauddin Husain shah ruled
� On 21st January, 1972 it was important – Khowai,Dalai Manu, Jampui hills, Buddha Purnima Mahamuni. � Bengal finds a coveted place Bengal until 1538, when it was
given a status of a full fledged Jury and Langai in the north, festival etc are celebrated. � West – North Tripura tourism even in pre-historic times. captured by Humayun.
state. Gumati to the west and the Fen � Main tribal : Lushai, Mug, Kuki, circuit � Evidences of Neolithic civiliza- � In 1576 Akabar defeated the
and Muhari rivers in the South Chakma Garo, Chaimal, Halam, � 1. Agartala 2. Kamalsagar 3. tion has been found from Pandu last Karnani ruler Daud Khan
ADMINISTRATION West. Kharia, Bhutia, Garambh Lepcha, Damboor lake 4. Unakuti 5. rajar dibi of the state. and Bengal was annexed to the
� Tripura is situated between the Santhal, Bhil, Tripuri, Jamha, Jampui Hills � At the time of Alexander’s inva- Mughal empire.
� State legislature – only one
river valleys of Bangladesh and sion a powerful kingdom called
house Nawtia, Rieg, Uncai. TOURISM FESTIVAL � First came the Portuguese and
Myammar. Gangaridai ruled over Bengal. then the Dutch, the Dannish,
� No. of members in state Legis- � Famous folk dance – Chorolam, � Orange and Tourism festival
lative assembly – 60 Folk, Rashleela, Rakhal. � Ascendancy of the Guptas and the French and the British and
ECONOMY wangmun.
the Mauryas had somewhat little
� No. of members elected for � Main Temples – Jagannath � Unakuti Tourism festival. established their factories at
� Main crop – Rice. effect on Bengal. Chinsura, Sirampur, Chandra
Loksabha – 1 Temple, Agartala Tripura � Neermahal Tourism festival.
� Minerals : Natural Gas. � Dharmapala (770-810) was an Nagar and Culcutta respectively.
� No. of members elected for Sundari Temple, Udaipur � Pillak Tourism festival.
� Industries : Registered factories able ruler of the Pala dynasty. � From1707-on the death of
Rajyasabha -1 chordash devta mandir.
� High court – Guwahati High –1,282. IMPORTANT LAKES � He captured Kanuaj and placed Aurangzeb, Bengal became an
� Main Museum – Tripura govern- Charkrayudha on the throne.
court Guwahati, Assam, (There � Handloom weaving in the signle � Rudra Sagar Lake. independent Muslim kingdom.
ment museum. � He revived Nalanda with a grant In 1756 Siraj conquered the
is a bench of the court in largest industry. � Dumbar Lake.
Agratala). � Tourism – Betaling, a very at- of 200 villages and founded British Fort in Calcutta.
� There are several jutefactories
that make gunny bags and other
tractive place is situated at IMPORTANT IRRIGATION Vikramshila University. � In 1764, Mir Qasim was ousted
GEOGRAPHY Jaintia hills. PROJECTS � He was succeeded by Devapala at the Battle of Buxar; Bengal
products.
� South-west Tripura Tourism cir- � Manu project (810-850), who extended over went into the hands of the Brit-
� Boundary - Bangl adesh in � Aluminum, Matches, Spray
cuit. � Khowai project Pragjyotishpur (Assam) ,Orissa ish (East India Company)
North, West South and South paints, Leather work, Wood and part of Nepal.
� 1. Agartala 2. Kamalsagar � Gomati Project. � In 1773, Warren Hasting, the
East. And Assam and Mizoram work, Khadi, Jute etc.
� He shifted the capi tal to Governor of Bengal, became the
in North and North east. � Work of extension of railway line
WEST BENGAL Monghyr. first Governor General of Ben-
� Length of border with Bang- for Agratala has been taken up
� Vijayasena, who came to power gal with powers over the Madras
ladesh – 880 km. by north frontier railway. IMPORTANT FACTS in 1095 and ruled for almost and Bombay presidencies as
� Highest peak – Betling Shiv � Gomati is the longest river of sixty years was among the emi- well.
(960 meter) Tripura. � Location : 21°25‘–26°50’ N. � Literacy Rate nent king of the Sena dynasty.
� Climate – hot and humid. Latitude, 86°31’–98°58’ E. � The Nile movement (1859-60),
� Rudra Sagar Lake is a major cen- ��Person : 76.03% � Lakshmansena was forced to
� Average highest temperature – the Pavna movement (1873-76),
ter of fishing. Longitude. ��Male : 81.7% l eave hi s capital Nal iya
95.4° F. the Sanyasi revolt and the
� Handicraft and small scale in- � Capital : Kolkata. ��Female : 70.5% (remamed Lakhnauti) after its Chuar revolt (1760) were the
� Average lowest temperature – take over by Bakhityar Khalji.
dustries play a pivotal role in � Area : 88,752 sq. km. early signs of opposition against
53.5° F. � Largest City : Kolkata
Tripura’s economy. � From 1345 to 1490 Iliyasshai the British empire.
� Soils found in the state – Lat- � No. of Districts : 19. � Time Zone : IST (GMT + 5:30)
� Lignite coal is found in Fanny dynasty ruled over Bengal.
erite soil, Alluvial soil, red soil � Bengal has al ways been a
valley near Sonapara. � Population � Official Language(s) : Bengali � In between, only for four years
and yellow soil. leader in the freedom struggle
� Lime stone is found in Udaipur ��Persons : 9,12,76,115. � Establishment : 1st May1960 (1414-18) it was temporarily as well as the social reform.
� Water fall - Dumbar.
Rishimuk region. � State Animal : Fishing Cat ruled by hindu king Ganesh,
� 6 hi l l ranges – Baramura, ��Male : 4,68,09,027. � The Brahmo society established
Jadu, Danuj Mardan and
Athramura, Devatamura, Long � State Bird : White Breasted King in 1928 in Calcutta by Raja Ram
��Female : 4,44,67,088. Mahendra.
Tharai, Jampui and Sakhan. SOCIETY & CULTURE Fisher Mohan Rai was the first reform
��Rural : 6,21,83,113. � After the number of
� On the eastern margin of the � State Tree : Chatian movement in Hindu religion.
� Festivals – Makar Sankranti at Muzaffarshah in 1490, his Vajir
state mountain ranges are ex- ��Urban : 2,90,93,002. � State Flower : Shephali � When Lord Curzon ordered the
Trithamukh and Unakoti, Holi, Alauddin Husain Shah was
tended which are the extension � First Chief Minister : Prafulla partition of Bengal in 1905 the
Ashokashtami at Unakoti, � Population density : 1,028 elected as the Sultan of Bengal
of the eastern Himalaya. Ghosh Bengalis vehemently protested
Brahmakunda at Mohanpur, � Sex Ratio (per 1000) : 950 in 1493.
� From north to south the hills of it.
Rash, Bengali new year, Gariu, � First Governor : Chakravarti � He was the best and most
the Tripura has been spreaded � Sex Ratio (0-6 age gr) : 956 � Swadeshi and Bahishakar move-
Biju and Hozagiri festival, Boat Raja Gopalachari popular among the Sultans of
between Bramhputra and � Decadal Growth Rate : 13.8% ment soon spread to all over In-
race and Mansa Mangal festival, � Website : www.wbgov.com Bengal.
Chindavin – Irawadi river. dia.
OLE - 499 OLE - 500 OLE - 501
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
MUSEMS OF THE STATE

GEOGRAPHY
� Continued opposition to the par- have large numbers of genwa, � Apart from him, Iswerchand � Sarojini Naidu (1879–1948) : ence of World Religions in 1893
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
tition led to the reunification of dhundal, passur, garjan and Vidyasagar, D.N Tagore, K.L � Asiatic Society – Kolkata. Also called ‘Nightingale of India’, made the Westerners realise the
the state in 1911. kankra trees. Sen, R.N Tagore, Kazi Nazrul Is- she was a great poetess in En- greatness of Indian for the first
� Victoria Museum – Kolkata.
� Some famous freedom fighters � Major rivers : Hooghly and its lam are some other pride sons glish. She participated in India’s time. He establ i shed the
� Shanti Ni ketan Museum –
from the state are Bipinchandra tributaries (Mayurakshi, of Bengal, who led the March of Bolpur,Kolkata. freedom struggle and became Ramakri shna Mi ssi on, i n
Pal, Master Suryasena, Arbind Damodar, Kangsabati and India’s modernization. President of the Indian National memory of his guru.
� Indi an Museum House –
Ghosh, Batukeswar Datta, M.N. Rupnarayan) and Teesta, Torsa, � Bangala is the principal lan- Congress in 1925 and the first � C. R. Dass (1870–1925): Also
Kolkata.
Roy etc. Subarnarekha, Joldhara and guage of the state which is ba- woman Governor of UP. known as ‘Deshabandhu’, a law-
� The Kol kata Art Soci ety –
� But people’s growing movement Ranjit. sically derived from the Sanskrit � Vivekanand, Swami (1863– yer at the Calcutta Bar, he en-
Kolkata.
under the auspices of Congress based Indo-Aryan language – 1902) : A di scipl e of tered politics. He presided over
led to reunion in 1911. ECONOMY MAJOR TOURIST ATTRACTIONS Ramakrishna Paramhansa he the Gaya Congress session and
Magadhi
� At the time of independence, 1. Kolkata and Howrah:Victoria championed the greatness of along with Motilal Nehru and
� The state ranks first in the � The epic star, Michael
the eastern part of Bengal be- Memorial, Indian Museum, the Vedantic philosophy. His fa- Hakim Ajmal Khan launched the
countrywise production of the Madhusudan, the nationalist,
came East Pakistan (later Kal i ghat Temple, Dak- mous talk the Chicago Confer- Swaraj Party in 1923.
Rice and Jute. Bakimchandra and the most shineswar Kali Temple, Belur
Bangladesh) and the western
part became the Indian state of � The state is rich in coal depos- popular novelist Sharat Chandra Math,Ramakrishna Mission
West Bengal. its located in the districts of are some famous names of Ben- Institute of Culture, St.John’s ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS
Bardhaman and Birbhum. gal Literature. Church, Birla planetorium,
� The princely state of Cooch
� But it got International recogni- Shahid Minar, Howrah Bridge IMPORTANT FACTS
Behar was integrated with West � Other mineral deposits include
Bengal in 1950. iron ore, manganese, silica, tion when Gitanjali of Rabindra (Rabindra Setu), Vidyasagar
Setu, Science City, Botanical � Location : 6°39’ to 13°34’ North � Population growth rate (2001 to
� The state also gained some ter- limestone, China clay and dolo- Nath Tagore was awarded Noble
Gardens. Lati tude 92° to 94° East 2011) : 6.9%
ritory from Bihar after the reor- mite. prize in 1913.
2. Santinketan. Longitude. � Population Density : 46
ganization of Indian states in � Iron ore is found in Damuda � The Pather Panchali of Vibhuti
3. Darjeeling : Tiger Hill, Batasia � Capital : Port Blair � Urban Population : 37.7%
1956. and Mahadeva range Bhusan and Ganadevta of
Tarashankar Bandopadhaya Loop, Lloyds Botenical Gar- � Area : 8,249 sq.km � Sex-ratio : 876
� Tungestan’s deposits are located
ADMINISTRATION den. � No. of Districts : 3 � Child sex-ratio (0-6 age group)
in Bankura di strict and were the other historical works.
4. Murshidabad: Nimak Haram : 968
Birbhumi, Midnapur and Purlia � Jatra the hugely popular theatre � No. of towns : 3
� State legislature : Unicameral Deohri, Khusbagh,
regions are rich in China clay. form, has a range of themes : � No. of Villages : 501 � Literacy Rate : 86.6 percent
� Members of Vidhan Sabha : Hazarduari, Plassey.
from mythological to historical to � Population : ��Male Literacy : 90.3 percent
294 INDUSTRY 5. Dooars Valley : Jaldapara,
contemporary. Buxa Tiger Project, Gorumara � Person : 3,80,581 ��Female Literacy : 82.4 percent
� Member of Lok Sabha : 42 � Jute : Agarpara, Teetagarh,
� Rabindrasangeet, consisting of and Chapramari Wi l dli fe ��Male : 2,02,871 � Main tribes : Andmani, Onge,
� Member of Rajya Sabha : 16 Rishra.
songs written and composed by Sancturies. ��Female : 1,77,710
Jarav and Sentilese
� High Court : Kolkata � Aluminium : Belur, Asansde.
Tagore, has a strong influence 6. kalimpong : Dr. Graham’s � Time Zone : IST (GMT + 5:30)
� Cotton : Srirampur, Bannihati, � Rural Population :
on Bengali culture. Homes, Durpin Dara, Kaibari, � Official Language(s) : Bengali,
GEOGRAPHY Kolkata, Thongsha Gumpha, Tharpa � Person : 2,37,093
� Bengali filmmakers - most nota- Tamil, Hindi, Malayalam, Telugu,
� Iron & steel : Bernpur, kulti, Choling Monastery. � Urban Population :
� Part of the Ganga-Brahmaputra bly Satyajit Ray, Tapan Sinha Punjabi, Nicobarese, English
Heerapur, Durgapur. and Mrinal Sen - have also 7. V i shnupur : Rasmancha, ��Person : 1,43,488
delta constitutes the eastern � Establishment : 1st November
part of West Bengal. � Rail engine : Chitranjan earned worldwide acclaim. Pancha Ratna Temple, � Main Languages : Bengali, Hindi,
Jorebangla Temple. 1956
� From the northern high lands to � Shipping : Kolkata Nicobari, Telugu, Tamil and
� I.T. Industry : Salt lake, FAIRS AND FESTIVALS 8. Siliguri. Malayalam
� First Governor : Manohar L.
the tropi cal forest of Kampani
Sunderbans, variations in alti- Kolkata. � Important festivals of West Ben- 9. Beaches : Digha, Shankarpur,
� State Day : 11 March
gal include Durga puja, Id, Janput, Bakkhali, Sagardwip. � Website : www.and.nic.in
tude result in great variety in
nature and climate. SOCIETY & CULTURE Diwali, Rasajatra, Navanna,
Christmas, Saraswati Puja, PERSONALITIES HISTORY the islands as GOOD FORTUNE
� Climate in the state varies from � The first social and religious re- in his world Atlas.
the relatively cooler northern Vasanta Utsav, Holi and Chark. � Aurobindo Ghosh : An expo- � Andaman has an age old his-
forms in Hindu society and re- � Andaman and Nicobar islands is
part to the warm region in the Important fairs include nent of Indian nationalism; a tory. It has been referred to in
ligion started from Bengal. referred to as the land of Naveds
south. Gangasagar Mela, Kenduli Mela, philosopher, poet and saint. His the Ramayana.
� Raja Ram Mohan Rai was the by Buddhist monk from China,
Jalpesh Mela, Rash Mela and famous works include ‘Life Di- � In second country A,D, Roman
� The Sunderbans, which derives first social reformer. I’Tsing in his travelogue of 7th
Poush Mela. vine’ and ‘Essays on the Gita’. Geologist Ptolemy mentioned
its name from sundari trees, century A.D.
OLE - 502 OLE - 503 OLE - 504
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
� In 1050 A.D. in the era of Chola � The Union Territory of Andaman � Grasslands, not found in the � Species viz. pepper, chove, nut- CHANDIGARH

GEOGRAPHY
dynasty Andaman and Nicobar and Nicobar islands is under the Andaman are present in the meg and cinnamon are grown
are referred to as the land of Jurisdiction of the Calcutta High Nicobar group, where as de- under mutitier cropping system. IMPORTANT FACTS
Nakeets or Nakkavaram in their Court. ciduous forest common in � Rubber, red oil , pal m and
Ranjore stone inscription. Andamans can hardly be found cashew are grown on a limited � Area – 114 sq.km. It is a combined � Literacy Rate :
GEOGRAPHY in the Nicobar. scale in these islands. capital of Haryana and Punjab
� In 1292, Marco Polo referred ��Person – 86.0 %
� The three main Islands, namely � Andaman forest is abundant in � Two units are hundred percent � Population :
Nicobar as Necuveron. ��Male Literacy – 90.0 %
the North, Middle and South timber of more than 200 spe- export oriented units in the line
� Car Nicobar was quoted as Lo- of Fish/Prawn processing activi- � Person – 10,55,450
Andaman are collectively known cies. ��Female Literacy – 81.2 %
Tan-Kvo by the then contempo- as Great Andaman. ties. ��Male – 5,80,663
� Major commerical varities are � Ur ban Populati on ( in
rary Chinese writers. � The islands are covered by � There are also shell and wood ��Female – 4,74,787
Padank and Gurjan. percentage) – 97.3%
� The Name Andaman came from dense tropical forests. based handicrafts units.
� Silver grey, kokko, Padauk, � Urban Population :
the word of Marco Polo’s � Saddle Peak (737m) is the high- � Industries like boat building, � Main Languages – Hindi,
Chooi and marble wood are a ��Person – 10,26,459
Angamanian. est in the Andaman islands. automobile body building, elec-
few kinds of ornamental woods Punjabi and English
� In 1857, during first struggle � About 135 km from Port Blair tronics and packaging are also � Rural Population :
is Barran islands, India’s only noted for their pronounced coming up. � Seats of Lok Sabha – 1
for independence, the fright- grain formation. ��Person – 28,991
active volcano. � Time Zone : IST (GMT + 5:30)
ened British Raj, first exiled � The Andaman and Nicobar is- SOCIETY & CULTURE � Population Density – 9,258
� The Nicobar islands consists of
(Kalapani) Freedom fighters con- a group of islands of which 12 lands have about 50 varieties of � Pop ulat ion grow th r ate � Official Language(s) : Hindi,
demned of Sedition in 1858, are inhabited and seven are un- forest mammals, most of which � Poeple of all religion and sects Punjabi
(2001 to 2011) – 17.2%
numbering 773. inhabited. have been brought in from out- live together in these islands.
� Sex-ratio – 818 � First Governor : M.S. Randhava
� By 1864 the number had been � Car Nicobar and Trinlect are flat side. � Hindi is the working language in
Andaman Nicobar i sl ands. � Ch ild sex- rati o (0-6 age � Website :www. chandigarh.nic.in
increased to 3000 and contin- islands. � National Parks : Mahatama
ued to prolong at the Penal � The Great Nicobar is hilly and Gandhi marine national park, Bengali language is also in group)– 880
is isolated from the Nicobars Rani Jhansi marine National vogue.
colony till 1919.
and the Nancowries group by � Society of Andaman and Nicobar
� On 6th Nov, 1943 by a special the sombero channel.
Park, Middle Button Island Na- HISTORY Haryana High Courts are under
tional Park, Mount Harriet Na- island mainly consists of the the jurisdiction of Chandigarh.
proclamation by Japany Prime � Main harbours are Port Blair. descendants of Prisoners though
tional Park, North Button Island � History of this city is not very
Minister Tojo, the administration Neil, Diglipur, Mayabandar and living in Andaman for generation,
of the i sl and had been National Park, Saddle Peak Na- old. The plan of this city was GEOGRAPHY
Rangat in the Andaman and Car are called local born. prepared by Abert Mayor in
tranferred to the provisional gov- Nicobar and Kamorta in the tional Park, South Button Island
� All tribes in Andaman Nicobar 1950. Later on it was corrected � Punjab is situated in north and
ernment of Azad Hind or INA of Nicobars. National Park, Chambell Bay
have different languages. and introduced by the famous west of Chandigarh, whi l e
Netaji Subhas. � Port Blair is connected to National Park, Galathea National
� The tribal women weav basket. architect Le Corbusier in 1952. Haryana is situated in its east
Kolkata and Chennai by air as Park.
� The National flag first hoiseted They decorate their house with � Le Corbusier gave a newshape and south.
well as sea routes.
in Port Blair on Dec 30, 1943, ECONOMY the leaf of Palm tree. to the road of the city while mak- � The average annual rainfall in
� Major rivers are Alexandra,
translating into reality the dream � On village, people generally grow ing plan. Chandigarh is 50 to 75 c.m.
Dagmar, and Galathea rivers
of Independence. (Great Nicobar) and Kalpong � Paddy the main crop, is mostly trees of Papaya, Jackfruit and � The foundation of this city was � The maximum temperature in
� In 1947, Andaman and Nicobar (North Andaman) are the cultivated in Andaman Nicobar Banana near their house. laid by Dr. Rajendra Prasad on summer is 44°C and minimum
perrenial fresh water in these group of islands whereas Coco- 7th October, 1953. is 28°C. The maximum tempera-
became free along with the TOURISM ture in winter is 18°C and mini-
whole country. islands. nut and Arecanut are the cash � Chandigarh and the area sur-
crop of Nicobar group of is- � The important places for tour- mum is 4°C.
� In 1956, on 1st Nov-Andaman � The climate of Andaman-Nicobar rounding it were constituted as
islands is warm, moist and ist interest are Anthropological
lands. a Union territory on 1 Novem-
went under Central rule. Since Museum, Marine Museum, Wa- ECONOMY
tropical. � Field crops namely, pulses, oil- ber, 1966.
then Andaman and Nicobar is ter sports complex, Gandhi
� North Andaman have wet ever- seeds and vegetables are grown � It serves as a joint capital to
an integral part of India. green forest that contain plenty Park, North Bay, Viper Island, � Educational Institutions – Uni-
followed by paddy during rainy Ross Islands, Chidiya tappu Punjab and Haryana states. versity, Engineering College,
of climbers. season.
ADMINISTRATION � South Andaman forest have a (Bird watching), Red Skin Is- Polytechnic and 12 general Col-
� Different kind of fruits such as lands, Corbyun’s cone Beach, ADMINISTRATION leges.
luxariant growth of Orchids,
� The territory is administered by mango, sapota, orange, banana, Islands like Neil Islands, have- � Agricultural Land – 3,047 hect-
Ferns and other epiphytic veg- � The Governor of Punjab is also
a Lieutinant Governor, ap- etation, while the middle papaya, pineapple and root l ock Isl and, Ci nque, Li ttl e are.
an administrator of Chandigarh.
pointed by the President of In- Andaman mostly contains de- crops are grown on hilly land Andaman, Diglipur (Ross & � Irrigated land – about 2,740
owned by farmers. Smith) etc. � High Court – Punj ab and
dia. ciduous forests. hectare.

OLE - 505 OLE - 506 OLE - 507

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� The power requirement of the � Kokana tribes celebrated Awatiz

GEOGRAPHY
� Major Crops – Rive, Maize and a technology park near
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
� Literacy Rate : � Time Zone : IST (GMT + 5:30)
Wheat. Kishangarh, for attracting tech- ��Person: 76.2 % � Official Language(s) : Gujarati territory is being met from Cen- in which mainly, women partici-
� No. of Public sector industry – nology companies to set up their tral sector power generating sta- pated.
Male : 85.2 %
� � Establishment : 11th August
21 big industry and medium size facilities. tions located in the western re- � Dhodha and Varli tribes cel-
� Female : 64.3 %
1961
industries are 15 in number. � A centre of excellence has been gion. ebrates ‘Tyohar Diwas’.
� First Administrator : Tumkur
set up in the Punjab engineer- � No. of Districts : 1 � The power demand has i n- � People of all caste worship vil-
� Energy Resources – 15% of the Sivasankar
ing College by the department in � No. of towns : 2 creased tremendously due to lage goddess before harvesting
Power generated by Bhakhara � First Governor : M.S. Randhava
collaboration with Microsoft. rapid industrialisation with the crops and goddess Kali after
Project. � No. of Villages : 70 � Website : www.commonwealth- extension of tax holiday benefit harvesting.
� Roadways – 15.275 km Na- � Chandigarh incubation facilities � Percentage of Urban towns.net/ member/i ndia/ to this union territory by the
tional High ways. are being provided at the Punjab population : 46.7% dadra_nagar_haveli.htm government of India. TOURISM
� Forest Area – 27 sq. km. Engineering College where eight � The prominent places of tourist
� The rail route from Mumbai to
companies have presently been interests are : Tadekeshwar
� Population below poverty line
accommodated.
HISTORY GEOGRAPHY Ahmedabad links Vapi also.
– 5.75%. � Mumbai is the nearest airport. Shiva Temple, Bindrabin Deer
� In the long past Dadra and � Reaching elevations of about Park at Khanvel, Vanganga lake
� No. of Public Sector banks – � To meet the need of rapi d
SOCIETY & CULTURE Nagar Haveli was under the 305 m. in the North-East and and Isl and Garden, Dadra
157 rule of Marathas. East near the western Ghatws, industrialisation, four laning
work has been taken up in Vanivhar Udhyan and Mi ni
� Per Capita electricity con- � Main Festival – Vaishakhi. � In 1779, to built up friendship, the territory of Dadra and Nagar
Silvasa and adjoining areas. zoo,Bal Udhyan, Tribal Museum
sumption – 844 k. w hour. � Main Museum – Chandigarh Marathas gave Dadra and Nagar Havelli is hilly and undulating. and Hiravan Garden at Silvasa.
� Airport – Chandigarh. Museum � Converting of two lane road to
Haveli on lease of Rs. 12000 to � Lowland areas are generally re- � The development of water sports
Portuguese. four l ane road for Dadra –
� Scientific and other Institution � Main News Papers – Tribune – stricted to the central plains. at Dudhani has been completed.
Tighra raod is under progress.
– Post graduate institute of English, Punjab Tribune – � In 1954, Along with Goa, � Neighbouring states and union � To encourage tourism activities
medi cal educati on and re- Punjabi, Indian Express – En- Daman and Diu, Dadra and territories are – Maharashtra, SOCIETY & CULTURE some traditional and modern
search. glish, Dainik Tribune – Hindi Nagar Haveli got freedom. Gujarat, Daman and Diu. cultural activities like celebration
� Central scientific instrument Indian Express Classified � From 1954-61, it was ruled un- � Varli and Kokana tribes cel- of Tarpa festival, Kite festival,
� Major Rivers – The Damanganga ebrates Dipawali by the name
organisation. (Weekly) – English, Chandigarh der democratic norms of people. is the only Navigable river. World Tourism day etc. are
Kalinga (Weekly) – Hindi. � The territory was merged with ‘Varas’. organised everyday.
� Industry – Wool len cloths, � From November to March the
Readymade garments, Houisery, the Indian union on 11 August
TOURISM 1961 and since then is being
Cli mate is very pleasant in
Electric meter, Cycle parts, Elec-
� Important tourist centres are – administered by the Govern-
Dadra and Nagar Haveli. DAMAN & DIU
tronics, parts of electronic ap- � Summer is hot here. The aver-
Rock Garden, Rose Garden, ment of India as a Union Terri-
pliances, Motor parts, Blade etc. age maximum temperature in IMPORTANT FACTS
Sukhna Lake, Museum and Art tory..
� Under e-governance significant May approaching 34oC. � Capital : Daman � Sex-ratio : 618
Gallery, City Museum, Tower of � After liberation of the territory
work has been done in the de- � Teak, Khair, Sisam, Sadra and � Area : 111 sq.km � Main Languages : Marathi
Shadows, Geometric Hill Museum from the Portuguese rule, a
partments of excise and taxation, Mahara constitute the main veg- � Location : Daman is situated and Gujarati
of Evolution, Kala Gram, Log huts, Varishta Panchayat was working
licensing and registering author- etation of the territory of which at Gujarat coast while Diu is � Literacy Rate :
Nepali Forests, Fitness trails (in as an advisory body of the ad-
ity, registration of birth and ministration. teak and khair are the most pre- situated in the outskirt of ��Person : 87.1 %
leisure valley), National Gallary of
deaths and Police. dominant. Kathiwada near Veraval Port. ��Male : 91.5 %
Portraits, Central Plaza, Interna- � Above given system was dis-
� A 111 acre site has been allo- tional Doll Museum and Smriti solved in August, 1989 and a � Rivers : Bhagwan and Kalam ��Female : 79.5 %
cated by the administration for Upvan. Pradesh council for Dadra and ECONOMY (in Daman) � No. of towns : 2
Nagar Haveli district Panchayat � Major Crops – Paddy and Ragi. � Towns : Daman and Diu � No. of Districts : 2
DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI and 11 village Panchayats were
� Dadra and Nagar Haveli i s
� Population : � Ch ild sex- rati o (0-6 age
constituted. ��Person : 2,43,247 group) : 904
mainly rural and Tribal region.
IMPORTANT FACTS ��Male : 1,50,301 � Percen tage of Urb an
ADMINISTRATION � Major crop is Paddy (Kharif) ��Female : 92,946 population : 75.2%
� Capital : Silvasa � Population growth rate (2001 to while Nagli and other hill millets
� An administrator appointed by � Rural Population : � Percen tage of Rur al
� Area : 491 sq.km 2011) : 55.9% Government of India, heads the are crops of the area. ��Person : 60,396 population : 24.8%
� Population : � Sex-ratio : 774 Union Territory. � Among fruits mango, chiky and � Urban Population : � Time Zone : IST (GMT + 5:30)
��Person : 3,43,709 � Dadra and Nagar Haveli comes Banana etc. are also produced. ��Person : 1,82,851 � Official Language(s) : Gujarati,
� Child sex-ratio (0-6 age group)
��Male : 1,93,760 under the jurisdication of the � There after three government � Population Density : 2,169 Marathi
: 926 � First Administrator : Tumkur
��Female : 1,49,949 Bombay High Court. Industrial estate have been de- person per square kilometer
� Main Languages : Bhilli, Gujarati, veloped at Silvasas, Masat and � Pop ulat ion grow th r ate Sivasankar
� Population Density : 700 person � There is only one district which
Bhillori Marathi and Hindi (2001 to 2011) : 53.8% � Website : www.daman.nic.in
per square kilometer is Dadara and Nagar Haveli. Khadoli in the UT.

OLE - 508 OLE - 509 OLE - 510

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Neighbouring states and

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
� Daman and Diu have got ad- Church, Our Lady of � Alauddin Khilji of Turk (1290–

GEOGRAPHY
HISTORY HISTORY
union territories are Dadra equate power allocation from Remedious Church, Forts of 1316) founded his empire at
� It was made under Portu- and Nagar Haveli, Gujarat central sector power stations Moti Daman and Nani � The initial name of Delhi was Siri or today’s Hauz Khas at
guese rule as Goa was by and Maharashtra. in western region. Daman, Jampore and Devka Indraprastha. It has been de- 1303 A.D.
1531. � Major Rivers – Damanganga, � There is no railway link be- beaches; Public Garden and scribed in Mahabharata as a � Md. Bin Tughlak, son of Giya-
� Portuguese captured part of Kalai and Kolak. tween Daman and Diu. Moti Daman Jetty, Pargola capital of Pandvas. suddin temporarily shifted his
Daman from Siddu Bapita, � Average annual rainfall in � The nearest railway station Garden, Moti Daman, � In 737 A.D., At Dillika Village, capital to South India and came
the Ethopian governor of the Daman is about 585 mm. from Daman is Vapi on west- Amusement Park, Devka, the leader of Tomar Rajput com- back to Delhi and established a
� The rainfall is mainly received ern railway on Mumbai Delhi Damanganga tourist complex, munity built a new city named
Sultanate of Gujarat. new city ‘Jahapannahnagar’ be-
between the months of June route. Kachigam, Satya Sagar Dillika.
� Daman ultimately came un- tween Siri and Kutab. Now it is
and September. � The nearest railway station Udyan, Mirasol garden, � In 1052 Anangpal second reju- known as Chirag Delhi.
der full Portuguese control in
� The flora of the island mainly from Diu is Delvada on meter Mirasal Water Park. venated the city and fort of Lal
1559 with the surrender of kot was built to protect the city.
� A new capital city ‘Firozabad’
consists of vegetation ranging gauge. � In Diu, St. Paul’s Church,
Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. was founded by Firoz Shah
from fulifora, tortolis, acasis, � There are airports both in Diu fort and Painikota Fort, � This region was captured by
� In 1961, on 19 December, Tughl aq the third rul er of
palm trees, casuarina, Daman and Diu. Nagoa and Chakratirth and Vigrahraj, a Chauhan ruler in
Goa, Daman and Diu came equistifollia, procofis and sev- 1151 AD during the reign of Tughlaq dynasty in 1354. Now
Children’s part at Chogla and
under Indian union. eral groves of coconut palms. TOURISM Anangpal III. But after establish- this city is known as Firoz Shah
summer house are famous
� On 30 May, 1987 Daman and � Tourist Places – Bom Jesus ment of marital relation between Kotla.
� The island have many differ- tourist places.
Diu was made a separate ent varities of birds, includ- Church, Our Lady of Sea the two dynasty Tomar dynasty � After two century l ater
union territory. ing cuckoos, doves, blue rock continued to rule over Delhi un- Humayun established a new
pigeons, parrots, crows and DELHI der Chauhan ruler. city ‘Delhi, 4 km of Firozabad.
ADMINISTRATION sparrows. � The last Rajput of Chauhan dy- Now this place is known as
IMPORTANT FACTS nasty Prithviraj Chauhan III Purana Quila. The decoration of
� The island and the coastal
� Daman and Diu does not founded second capital city Qila this city was completed by Sher
waters are rich in fishes, � Location : 20°24'17" to 28°53' � Rural Area : 558.3 sq. km.
have a legislative assembly. especialy hilsa, Bombay duck, Rai Pithora around Kutab which Shah Suri. It is he who built
They are each organised as North Latitude, 76°50'24" to
shark, dora, Prawns and the � Urban Area : 924.68 sq. km. was surrounded by 3 walls. Purana Quila in 1540-44.
administrative districts and 77°20'37" East Longitude.
popular Pomfret. � Rural Population : 4,19,042 � In 1192 Prithviraj was defeated � In 1638 Shahjahan founded
the government of India ap- � Area : 1,483 sq.km. and killed in the second invasion
� Urban Population : 1,63,68,899
Shahjahanabad. At present it is
points an administrator to ECONOMY � Capital : Delhi of Afgan. Md. Gori became the known as Old Delhi. He built
govern these districts. � Boundries : Haryana in North, � Urban Population in percentage Sultan of Delhi. In successive
� Major Industries – Tourism, Lal Qila in 1648 and Jama
� The Union Territory of : 97.50% incident Mahmud went back to
Fisheries, refined salt. West and South and Uttarpradesh Masjid between 1648 to 1650.
Daman and Diu is under the Gajni leaving Delhi to Kutab, a
� Important field and Garden in East. � Literate Population : � A boundry of Quartzite stone
Das General.
Jurisdiction of the Bombay crops are Paddy, ragi, bajra, � Population : 1,67,87,941 was made around Shahjahana-
1,27,37,767 � In 1206 the Das General assas-
High Court. jowar, groundnut, pulses, bad in which main gates named
� Male : 89,87,326 ��Male literate : 71,94,856 sinated the Md. Ghori and be-
and beans, wheat, Banana, came Sultan. Del hi Gate, Kashmiri Gate,
GEOGRAPHY Sapota, mango, coconut and ��Female : 78,00,615 ��Female literate : 55,42,911 Ajmeri Gate and Lahori Gate
� Kutab-ud-din Aibek died in
sugarcane. � Population Density : 11,320 were made.
� Daman is situated on the al- � Time Zone : IST (GMT + 5:30) 1210 while playing Polo. The
� There are 1746 small scale persons per square kilometer. � In 1724 Jantar Mantar was
luvial coastal plain, even Iltutmis, the son in law of Kutab
and medium scale industries � Official Language(s) : Hindi,
though headlands and low � Population growth rate (2001- became king. built by Jai Singh and Tomb of
in Daman and Diu. 2011) : 21.2%. Punjabi, Urdu Safdurjung was built by Shiraju-
plateaus are created in the � After Kutab-ud-din Aibak 7
� Two industrial areas have � Sex Ratio : 868. � State Animal : Nilgai musl im dynasty ruled over ud-daula in 1753-54.
area due to out crops of ba-
been developed by Omnibus Delhi, they were Gulam Dy-
salt. � Child Sex Ratio (0-6 age group) State Bird : House Sparrow � The british made their capital at
Industrial development cor - nasty, Khilji Dynasty, Tuglaq
� A marshy creek separates the : 871. Kol kata fi rst but i n 1911
poration at Daman. � First Chief Minister : Chaudhry dynasty, Saiyed Dynasty, Lodhi
island of Diu from the George V decided to made Delhi
� The other industrial area are � Literacy Rate : Brahm Prakash Dynasty, Suri dynasty and
Kathiawar Peninsula in Capital City.
Dabhel, Bhimpore, Kachigam ��Persons : 86.2%. Mughal dynasty.
Gujarat, though the territory and Kadaiya. � First Governor : Aditya Nath Jha � A new city named New Delhi
��Male : 90.9% � The foundation of the famous
of Diu also encompasses a � Website : www.delhigovt.nic.in was built in the South of Old
� All villages have been electri- Qutub Minar of Delhi was laid
small part of the main land. fied. ��Female : 80.8% Delhi.
by Kutub-ud-din Aibak in 1199.

OLE - 511 OLE - 512 OLE - 513

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� The Plan of New Delhi City was � In the middle of the 16th cen-

GEOGRAPHY
� Tourism – Red Fort, Purana Jantar Mantar, Fi roz Shah
GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
ECONOMY � In all there are only 10 inhab-
prepared by Edwin Lutheyans Quila, Qutub Minar (World heri- Kotla, Safdarjung’s Tomb, Dilli tury the hold of the islands were ited islands.
and Baker. The town plan of � Interstate bus terminal – tage site), India Gate Bahai’s Hat, Mughal Gardens, Lodi Gar- transferred to the Muslim King
� The ten inhabited islands are –
New Delhi is much similar to Kashmiri Gate, Sarai Kale Khan, house of worship, Rashtrapati dens, National Museum, Birla of Arakan from the Hindu King
the town plan of Washington and of Chairakkal. Andrott, Amini, Agatti, Bitra,
Anand Vihar. Bhavan, Rajghat, Humayun’s Temple, Vigyan Bhavan, Bud-
London. Tomb (World Heritage site), Par- dha Jayanti Park, Ravindra � In 1792, Tipu Sultan occupied Chetlat, Kadmath, Kalpani,
� Airports : Indira Gandhi Inter-
� After Independence, it was ac- liament House, Jama Masjid, Rangsala etc. a few islands as the people of Kavarati, Kirtan and Mincoy.
national Airport, Palam Airport
cepted as the capital of Indian the Amini island requested to � The main islands are Kavarathi,
union in 1947. (for domestic flight) and
Safdarjung Airport (for Training). LAKSHADWEEP the king. Minicoy and Amini.
� In 1956 it became Union Terri- � After the death of Tipu, East In- � The low lying lagoon on the
tory. Tomb Name of the Person IMPORTANT FACTS dia Company took over the con-
western sides protect the is-
� By 69th Constitutional Amend- trol and the King of Chirrakkal
Rajghat Mahatam Gandhi � Location : 5°C –12°C North � Child sex-ratio (0-6 age group) landers from the South-west
ment National Capital Territory became the ruler.
Santiban Jawahar Lal Nehru Latitude, 71°C – 74°C East : 911 monsoon.
act 1991 came into force and a � In 1847, Andrott islands was
legislative assembly was set up Vijay Ghat Lal Bahadur Shastri Longitude
� Main Languages : Malyalam badly damaged by the sea flood � All islands have sandy soils de-
in Delhi. Sakti Sthal Indira Gandhi � Area : 30 sq.km
(Mahul l anguage is used in and from Chirrakkal the king rived from corals.
Birbhumi Rajiv Gandhi
� Capital : Kavarati Minicoy) came farward to provide relief. � Kochi in Kerala is the usual
ADMINISTRATION Kishan Ghat Charan Singh
� Again in 1865, the control of the
� No. of Islands : 36 � Literacy Rate : point of origin for scheduled
� The Delhi Legislative Assembly � Universities – Delhi University, � Islands of human habitation : Island went into the hand of ships and aircrafts travelling to
Jawaharlal Nehru University, ��Person : 91.8% company but continued to be
has 70 members, all chosen by Androth, Amino Agatti, Bitra, the state.
direct election from as many Jamia milia Islamia University, ��Male : 95.6 % ruled de facto by the rulers of
Chetlet, Kadmat, Kalpeni, � Main rivers – It has no major riv-
constituencies, of which 13 are Indira Gandhi National Open Cannanore till their ultimate an-
Kavaratti, Kiltan and Minicoy. ��Female : 87.9 %
reserved for SCs. University, Guru Gobind Singh nexation by the British in the ers.
� Population : � No. of Districts : 1 early 20th century.
� No. of Seats of Lok Sabha– 7. Indraprastha University, Lal � Lakshadweep has a tropical cli-
Bahadur Shastri Sanskrit Vidya � Person : 64,73 � No, of towns : 3 � In 1947, along with the main is- mate.
� No. of Seats of Rajya Sabha–3.
Peeth. ��Male : 33,123 � No. of Villages : 28 land Lakshadweep was also
� Judiciary – The Delhi High � The monsoon season is between
��Female : 31,350
transferred to the Indian state.
Court was established in 1966. � Unique Institutions – All India � Time Zone : IST (GMT + 5:30) October and November.
Medical Institute, Indian Insti- � Laksha was a part of Madras
� Populationwise smallest Islands � Official Language(s) : Malyalam � Coconut is the only crop of eco-
GEOGRAPHY uptill 1956 and on 1st Novem-
tute of Technology, Indian Agri- : Bitra (225 persons) nomic importance in the Union
� Establishment : 1st November ber, 1956 it was declared as a
culture Research Institute, Na- � Population Density : 2,149
� Delhi is divided into two zones : 1956 Union Territory. Territory.
tional Institute of Fashion Tech- person per square kilometer
the extension of the Aravali Hills � It was named Lakshadweep in � Banana, Vazha, Bread fruit,
and plains. nology, Indian Institute of Pub- � First Administrator : U.R.
� Population growth rate (2001 to 1973. Chakka, Colocassia, Chambu,
lic Administration. Panicker
� Neighbouring states – Haryana, 2011) : 6.3%
� Major Industries – Razor Blades, Drumstick, Morignakai and wild
Uttar Pradesh. � Sex-ratio : 947 � Website : www.lakshadweep.nic.in ADMINISTRATION almond grow extensi vely in
� Major Rivers – Yamuna. Sports Articles, Radio, Television
set and Parts, cycle and its � The President of India appoints Lakshadweep.
� Climate – Delhi witnesses hot
summers characterized by ex- parts, Plastic, shoes and ship- HISTORY went out to preach Islam as di- an administrator to govern the � Sea around Lakshadweep are
treme dryness, with maximum pers, chemicals, fertilizers, rected by Hazarat Mohammad territory. rich in marine life, Sharks,
temperature going up to 46oC. medicine, housery, cold drinks, � These islands supposed to have in dream. � Lakshadweep is under the juris- Tuna, flying fish, devil ray, bo-
� Rain fall varies between 400- hand instruments, station been inhabited first Amini, diction of the High Court of nito, Octopus, sail fish, turtles,
� Upto 10th century Chera, Pan-
600 mm. wagon, goods of PVC etc. Andrott, Kavaratti and Agathi. Kerala.
dya and Chola of the south were sea cucumber and snapper are
� Forest and tree cover consti- � In Marcopolo’s tour dairy found here.
tutes about 151 sq.km. of the SOCIETY & CULTURE the main competitors for the GEOGRAPHY
minicoy has been referred as a domination of Lakshadweep. � Colourful coral fish such as but-
area. � Lakshadweep is an archipelago
� Fairs and Festivals – Major fes- remarkable state run by the terfly fish, parrotfish and Sur-
� The ridge with trees like dhak � In 13th century, Muslims of
tivals and fairs include Holi, women. Even today, the of 12 atolls, three reefs and five geon fish are also found in
and Amaltas, is classified as a Kanoor captured Lakshadweep submerged banks.
tropical thorn forest. Dussehra, Lohri, Deepawali, matriachal form of society exists plenty.
and deployed a ruler. � It is scattered over 45,000 sq.
Qutub Festival, Phoolwalon ki in the Lakshadweep.
� Delhi is also known for numer- km of the Indian Ocean. � Oceanic birds like Thatathasi
Sair, Roshanara and Shalimar � In 1498, Portuguese invaded
ous flowering plants, mainly � In 7th century, Maraboot (Mus- and Karifetu are also found in
Bagh festivals, and Mango Fes- Lakshadweep, they also built a � There are 27 coral islands.
Chrysanthemums, Verbenas, lim) Fakir of Jedda, Ubaidullah Lakshadweep.
tivals. fort. India’s only coral islands.
Violas and Phlox.

OLE - 514 OLE - 515 OLE - 516

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
� Other species of birds found � Indian airlines connects Agatti PUDUCHERRY � On the west Coast the Monsoon

GEOGRAPHY
ADMINISTRATION
here include Seagull, Tern, and Kochi daily except Sunday season lasts between July and
Teal, Heron and Water heron. and Agatti and Goa thrice a IMPORTANT FACTS � Legislature – Puducherry has a October.
week in (on Monday, Wednes- 30 seat legislative assembly of � The winter usually starts in No-
� The hermit crab is commonly � Area Total : 490 sq.km � Urban population : 8,52,753
day and Friday) during fair sea- which five seats were reserved
found. vember but sometime in mid
son. � Rural : 3,95.200sq. km. � Urban population (in for SCs. October, which is also when the
� Urban : 8,52,753 sq.km percentage) : 68.3%
ECONOMY � No. of Seats for Lok Sabha – 1 North-East monsoon brings
SOCIETY & CULTURE � Capital : Puducherry � Rural population : 3,95,200
� Judiciary – Puducherry falls some rainfall.
� Fishing is another major activ- � Mainly fisherman inhabits these � Population : � Rural population (in � The flora of Puducherry can be
under the jurisdiction of the
ity. The islands stand first in the islands scattered in the Arabian percentage) : 31.7% listed under seven categories.
� Person : 12,47,953 Madras High Court.
country in per capita availabil- sea. All of them are Muslims. � No. of Districts : 4 These are hydrophytes, halo-
� Male : 6,12,511
ity of fish. There culture is similar to the � No, of towns : 6 GEOGRAPHY phytes, plants on sand stones,
��Female : 6,35,442
� Coconut fibre extraction and Hindus of Malabar Coast. � No. of Villages : 92 avenue trees, hedge plants and
� They, like the coastal region, fol- � Population Density : 2,547 � The Union Territory of
conversion of its fibre products � Main Languages : Tamil, Telugu, Ornamental plants.
lows Maru – Makattayam, i.e. person per square kilometer
in the main industry in the is- Malayalam, French and English Puducherry has four constituent � Hydrophytes or aquatic plants
Matriarchal lineage. � Population growth rate (2001 to Parts; Puducherry, Karaikal, found in Puducherry include the
lands. � Time Zone : IST (GMT + 5:30)
� The women have more freedom 2011) : 28.1% Mahe and Yanam.
� Under government sector, there � Official Language(s) : Tamil, l otus, Akasathanarai and
in social matters. � Sex-ratio : 1,037 � The ports of Puducherry does Nettiver.
are seven coir fibre factories, French
� The people of Lakshadweep and � Child sex-ratio (0-6 age group) � Establishment : 1st July 1963 not have a harbour and ship are � Halophytes found in the Union
seven coir production cum dem-
Aminidweep use old Malyali lan- : 967 anchored at some distance off- Territory include – muttaikkoria,
onstration centres and four fi- � First Chief Minister : Edouard
guage. While the people of � Literacy Rate : 85.8 % Goubert shore. Sattarani, Thakkali, Thumbai,
bre curling units, functioning Minicoy use Mahul language, ��Male Literacy : 91.3 % � First Lt. Governor : S.L. Sailam � Puducherry is located near the Karavalai, Mayil Kondaipul,
under coir sector. which is a language of Maldive
��Female Literacy : 80.7 % � Website : www.puducherry.nic.in mouth of Arasalar, in the Kaveri Karisalankanni, Tutti and gilugi-
� These units produces coir fibre islands situated south of lupai.
and coir year in addition to other Lakshadweep. Delta.
� Plants on sand dunes include
coir products like curled fibre, � The people of Minicoy islands HISTORY capital of French settlements in � The Nagappati nam and
woody plants like Casuraina
corridor mat, mat and mattings. are divided into four social cat- India. Thiruvarur di stri cts of
� Pallava, Rashtrakuta, Chole, and Encatyptess some herbs
� M.V. Tipu Sultan, M.V. Bharat egories – Manikafan, � The French had hol d on Tamilnadu surround Karaikal.
Vijaynagar, Chalukya and at last are also found.
Thakrufan, Thakru and Raveri. Chandranagar in Bengal, Mahe � Mahe consists of two parts. The
Seema, M.V.Dweep Setu, M.V. French people contribued in the � The Union Territory also pos-
� Manikafan and Thakrufan have in Malabar and Karaikal at town of Mahe lies on the left
Aminidivi and M.V. Minicoy culture of Puducherry. sesses a limited variety of man-
power and pelf in their hand. Koromandal Coast. bank of river Mahe near its
carry passengers to and fro � The beautiful idol installed in the grove species, mainly in the es-
� Thakru are fisherman while � The British tried to capture mouth while the area called
from the islands of Chochin and temples of Virpattanam, Vahur Puducherry in 1745 and 1747 tuaries and the reverine sides of
Raveri are Labourer. Naluthrara is on the right bank
Beypore ports. Sikander Koil, Tribhuwane and but they failed. Ari yankuppam river and
� The whole village is divided into and consists of the village of
� M.V. Ubaidulla, M.V. Thinnakara, Virulinair tells about the art lov- � At last in 1761 the British cap- mallattar.
parts which are called Athiri. Chamba, Chalakra, Palour and
ing kings of the Puducherry. tured Pondichery. The french � A mangrove patch i s al so
M.V. Laccadi ves and M.V Each Athiri has a leader called
� There were universities in Vahur hegemony was ended after this Pandaquel. present in Thengaithitu and
Cheriyam carry cargo to islands ‘Mupan’.
and Viruvane. Sanskrit plays defeat. � The Town of Yanam lies at the Murthikuppam.
from mainland. � The decision of Mupan is final were staged regularly in these � In 1763 Puducherry was re- spot where river Kori nga
� M.V. Suheli 60 MT oil barge is for all. Those who oppose the � There is no natural forest cover
universities. turned to the French. But its ( Atreya) branches off from
decision are socially discarded. in Puducherry. However there
mainly utilised for providing � It has been told that the French fortification was destroyed and Gauthami into two parts, about
� The women leader Mupani make are patches of scattered groves.
bunker to inter island ferry ves- soldiers used to keep vigil on a strong limit was imposed on 870 km from Puducherry town.
decision in women affairs. the activities of British and � Puducherry is also home to
sels. the number of soldier staying � Major Rivers : Arsalar (Karaikal), some tropical dry evergreen
� Kadeeja Beevi and Hameedathbi TOURISM Marathas. there.
Mahe (mahe) , Kori nga and species and some medicinal
ply between all islands other � Tourism is developing into an � In 1693 Dutches captured the � After then it remained to be the
city and built a strong fort. Gauthami (Yanam). plants.
than minicoy. important industry. capital of the French in India.
� In 1699 it was returned to the � Puducherry has a hot and hu- � The marine biodiversity of the
� Important tourist places are � It was under the French rule for
� Besides these there is helicop- French along with the fort. mid climate for most of the year. union territory include Mackeral,
Agatti, Bangaram, Kalpeni, 138 yrs and merged with the
ter ambulance service between Kadmat, Kavaratti, and Minicoy � Martin developed it as a very � The month of May and June can Shrimps, Sardines, Perches,
Indian Union on 1st November,
islands to mainland. etc. prosperous city and made it the 1954. be very humid. Ribbonfish and Fling fish.

OLE - 517 OLE - 518 OLE - 519

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

6 INDIAN ECONOMY
GEOGRAPHY

ECONOMY 4. Yaman : Annavaram,

Dravsharamam, Padgaya
� Doordarshan Kendra – Temple.
Puducherry. Basic Terms :
� Radio station – Puducherry FAMOUS TEMPLES Before going to a chapter students should know the following terms—
� Major Crops – Rice. 1. Vedpuriswara Temple National Income :
� News Paper – Dinamalar (Tamil) 2. Virukameshwar Temple National income is the measurement of flow of services and goods in
published from Puducherry. 3. Pachnadishwar Temple economic system.
� Eighty seven percent of the cul- 4. Mankula Vinayak Temple
tivated area is irrigated.
FAIRS AND FESTIVALS
� Paddy is the predominant crops
followed by pulses. � The Mask festival, Masquerede
� Crops like coconut, arecanut is held in March-April.
condiments and species are � On the eve of Bastille Day,
grown here. (14th July) retired soldier Pa-
� Pulses., groundnut and chillies rade in the street singing the
are the other rainfed crops French and Indian National An-
grown in Yanam. them. Growth : Quantitative economic progress called economic growth. This
� The Maasi Magam Festival is expresses the quantitative changes in any person, area or any country.
� Two bed dams across,
celebrated during the full moon Development : Quantitative and qualitative progress is called
Chumnambar at Nonankuppam
period around mid March. development.
and Sitheri at Bahour are being
taken up for recharging the � In Yaman Vishnu festival is cel- Progress : It is a advancement through a series of events or development
ground water and to arrest sa- ebrated in March. through time.
line water intrusion in the aqui- � In March April Nillaimu Lurde Income : It is the consumption and saving opportunity gained by an
fers. festival is held. entity within a specific timeline for household and individuals. It is the sum
of all the wages, salaries, profits, interests payments, rents and other forms
� The Chitrai Kalai vijha summer
TOURISM of earnings received in a given period of time.
festival is held in April.
� Major Tourist attractions are : Final Goods : Any commodity which is produced and subsequently con-
� The villianur temple car festival sumed by the consumer to satisfy its current wants or needs, is a final
1. Puducherry : Auroville and
is usually celeberated around goods or consumer goods.
Shri Aurbindo Ashram, Muse-
the middle of May but its exact � National Income includes only final goods.
um of Puducherry, Botanical
date depends on the appear- Intermediate Goods : Intermediate goods refer to those goods which
garden, Sri Gokilambal
ance of the full moon. are used either for resale or for further production in the same year.
Thirukameshwar temple,
Mansion of Ananda Rangapil- � During the Mangani Festival � This includes—
lai, eglise de sacre coeur de Karaikal experiences a month (i) Goods used for resale
jesus. long period of festivity that ac-
(ii) Goods used for further production
2. Karaikal : Lord Darbaraneswara companied a feast dedicated to
� Sugar is the intermediate goods when it is used for making sweets.
Temple, Karaikal Ammaiyar Karaikal Ammaiyar.
� Sugar is final goods when it is used for consumers.
Temple, Jadaayu-pureeswar � The Virapattinam car festival
Capital Goods : Any tangible assets that an organisation uses to produce
Temple, Dargah of Mastan takes place in August.
goods or services such as office buildings, equipment and machinery.
Syed, Dawood, Our Lady An- � Fete de Puducherry coincides
Capital formations : Capital formation refers to net addition of capital
gles Church. with the Indian Independence
stock such as equipment, building and other intermediate goods.
3. Mahe : Tagore Park, St. There- Day.
Investment : An asset or items that is purchased with the hope that it
sa’s Church, Putha-lam, Oth- � Other festivals are St. Theresa will generate income or appreciate in the future. In other way, it is an
enan’s Fort, St. George Fort, Festival in Mahe and Irai Vizha, investment for purchase of goods that are not consumed today but are used
Shree Ori shna Temple, both celebrated in October. in the future to create wealth. In finance, an investment is a mother asset
Choodikotta. ��� purchased with the idea that the asset will provide income in the future.

OLE - 520 OLE - 521

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Fixed Investment : Fixed Investment in economics refers to investment

INDIAN ECONOMY
2. Command Economic System : In this way, organizations run by intangible goods like services
INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIAN ECONOMY
� � Factor that affects the Economic
in fixed capital or to the replacement of depreciated fixed capital thus it is In terms of economic advance- the people determine how the Growth : then this is part of the tertiary
investment in physical assets such as machinery, land, buildings, vehicles ment, the command economic economy runs, how supply is 1. Human Resources sector.
etc. system is the next step up from generated, what demands are Ex - Financial services, Banks,
2. Resources depends on its
Net Investment : The amount a company invests in business assets a traditional economy. necessary, etc. managements etc.
skills, creative abilities, train-
that does account for any depreciation. � The most important feature of 4. Mixed Economic System : A ing and education. � Organised Sector : The sector
this system is that a large part mixed economic system also
3. Natural Resources which carries out all activity
of the economi c sys tem is known as a Dual Economy, is a
Depreciation : The monetary value of an assets decreases over time controlled by centralised power, through a system and follows the
combination of economic sys- 4. Capital formation
due to use, wear and tear or obsolescence. This decrease is measured as often, a federal government. law of the land is called organised
tems, but it primarily refers to a 5. Technological develpment sector.
depreciations. 3. Market Economic System : A
mixture of a market and com- 6. Social and Political develop- � Unorganised Sector : The sector
Balance Growth : Balance Growth is that there should be simultaneous market economy is very similar
mand economy. ment. which evade most of the laws and
and harmonious development of different sectors of the economy, so as to to a free market.
make available a ready market for the products of different sectors. � In this type of economic system Economic Development don’t follow the system comes
� The government does not control
Private Income : It is the total of factor incomes and transfer incomes vital resources, valuable goods or the market is more or less free under unorganised sector.
received from all sources by private sector (Private enterprise and households) any other major segment of the of government ownership except Ex - tea stall, Grossery, labour
within and outside the country. economy. for a few key areas. etc.
� Public Sector : Companies which
Various Types of Economy are run and financed by the
� Capitalist Economy : An economic system based on private ownership � Economic Development Government comprises the public
of capital and production inputs and on the production of goods and sector.
� Capital formation
services for profit.
� Natural Resources Ex - BHEL, GAIL, SAIL, IOC etc.
Features of Capitalist Economy : � Indian economy is the example of � Private Sector : Companies
� Marketable surplus
1. Private Property this type of economy. which are run and financed by
Per capita Income : A measure of the amount of money that is being � Economic system
2. Price Mechanism � Open Economy : It refers to a private people comprises the
earned per person in a certain area. � Human Resources
market economy whi ch i s private sector.
� This can apply to the average per person income for a city, region or 3. Freedom of Enterprise
� Technological knowledge Ex - Hero Honda, Tata, Maruti
country and is used as a means of evaluating the living conditions and 4. Sovereignty of the consumers. generally free from trade barriers
and where exports and imports � Political system Suzuki etc.
quality of life in different areas. 5. Profit motive
form a large percentage of the � Corruption General Principles of Economics
� It can be calculated for a country by dividing the countries national
6. No government interference GDP. � Desire of Development � Definition of Economics :
income by its population.
7. Democratic � Closed Economy : It i s an Sectors of Indian Economy— According to JB say : It is the
Capital Gain : It is profit that results from a sale of capital asset, such
as stock, bond or real estate, were the sale price exceeds the purchase 8. Self Interests economy in which no activity is � Primary Sector : When the science of production, distribution
price. � A Socialist Economy is conducted with other economics. economic activity depends mainly and consumption of wealth.
� It is the difference between a higher selling price and a lower purchase characterised by social ownership The goal of economy is to provide on exploi tati on of natural According to Carl Menger : It is
price. and democratic control of the consumers with everything that resources then that acti vity a science which studies human
ECONOMY AND ECONOMICS they need from thei r own comes under the primary sector. behavi our as a rel ati onshi p
means of production which may
economy. between ends and source means
means autonomous cooperatives Ex-Agriculture and agriculture
� Ec ono my i s the st ate of a 1. Traditional Economic System : which have alternative usage.
country or region in terms of the or direct public ownership where � Economic Growth : An increase related activities.
A traditional economic system is Form of Economy :
production and consumption of the most traditional and ancient its production is carried out in the amount of goods and � Secondary Sector : When the
services produced per head of 1. Micro Economics
goods and servi ces and the type of economy in the world. direct for use. main acti vity involves
supply of money. the population over a period of manufacturing then it is the 2. Macro Economics
� Products and services that are � A mixed economy is variously
� Economics is the branch of direct result of their beliefs, time. secondary sector. All industrial (1) Micro Economics : It is the
defined as an economic system
knowledge concerned with the customs, traditions, religions etc. � Causes of economic Growth— production where physical goods study of decisions of people and
consisting of a mixture of either
production, consumption and are produced in this system. are produced come under the business and the interaction of
markets and economic planning, 1. An increase in aggregate de-
transfer of wealth. � There are certain elements of a those decisions in markets.
public ownership and private mand. secondary sector.
Type of Economic System traditional economy that those in � The goal of microeconomics is to
ownership or free markets and 2. An increase in aggregate sup- � Tertiary Sector : When the
There are four primary types of eco- more advanced economies, such explain the prices and quantities
as Mixed economy. economic interventionisms ply (productive capacity) acti vi ty i nvol ves provi di ng
nomic system in the world : of individual goods and services.

OLE - 522 OLE - 523 OLE - 524

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIAN ECONOMY
It also studies the effects of the It is directly related to the supply

INDIAN ECONOMY
� � It is a market containing a single Sey’s law of Markets : According �
Government regulation and taxes firm. to sey’s law, when an individual and demand of money.
on the prices and quantities of Duopoly : A situation in which produces a product or service, he or � It occurs when the supply of
individual goods and services. two companies own all or nearly all she gets paid for that work, and is money increases slower than the
(2) Macro Economics : It is the then able to use that pay to demand supply of goods and services we
of the market for a given product or
study of the national economy as purchase with it.
services. other goods and services.
well as global economy and the Stagflation : It is an economic
� It can have the same impact on Keynes’s Theory of Employment :
cycle in which there is a high rate
way that a economic system work.
the market as a monopoly. Effective demand signifies the money of both inflation and unemployment.
� The goal of macro economics is Giffen Good : When the price of
Oligopoly : It is a situation in spent on the consumption of goods It occurs when the production of
to explain general price level, an i tem i ncreases, i ts demand
which a particular market is and services and on investment. should decrease, but there can be a goods and services in an economy
national income, employment, Okun’s Law : The relationship
controlled by a small group of firms. � The total expenditure is equal to situation when even after Price rise, slows down or even starts to decline.
production. between an economy’s
Perfect competition : It is the the national income, which is the demand increases such goods are It is a period of no growth or even
� It also studies the effects of the unemployment rate and its gross called Giffen goods. They violate the an economi c contraction of an
Government acti on-taxes, opposite of monopoly, in which only national product (GNP) equivalent to the national output.
general law of supply and demand. economy.
spending and the deficit on total one firm supplies a particular good � 20th century economist Arthur Therefore effective demand is This concept was first identified by � It causes a hi gh degree of
incomes and price level. or service, and the firm charge Okun developed this idea. equal to total expenditure as well a statistician, Robert Giffen that is unemployment because we don’t
whatever it wants, but under perfect as national income and national why these called Giffen goods.
Principles Economist � This states that when need employees of we are not
competitions, there are many buyers output. Inflation : Inflation is the rate at producing.
� Benefit Approach unemployment falls by 1% GNP
and sellers, and prices reflect supply � Level of employment depends on which the general level of Prices for
rises 3%. goods and services is rising and, Depression : A depression is any
— Adam Smith and demand.
Greshm’s Law : When a the quantity of total production. consequently, the purchasing power economic downturn where real
� Ability to Pay Approach
� Consumers have many government overvalues one type of Phillip’s Curve : The inverse of currency is falling. GDP declines by more than 10%
— Adam Smith substitutes. for a long period. In depression
money and undervalues another, the relationship between rate of Types of Inflations :
� Supply side economics — Alaffer � New firms can easily enter the (1) Demand Pull Inflation : This an extremely l ow aggregate
undervalued money will leave the i nfl ati on and rate of
� Tobin Tax — James Tobin market generating additional types of inflation occurs when demand in the economy causes
country or disappear from circulation unemployment is shown in the
� Zero Based budgeting demand exceeds supply. activities to decelerate.
competition. into hoards, while the overvalued Phillip’s curve, pirce stability has
For ex – If an economy i s Recession : It is a period of
— Peter Piar Monopolistic Competition : It is money will flood into circulations. a trade-off against employment.
growing faster than expected, general economic decline and is
� Theory of Expansion of state a market structure in which many � It is commonly stated as ‘Bad Some level of inflation could be typically accompanied by a drop in
there will be a higher demand
Expenditure — Adolf Vegner firm sell products that are similar but Money drives out good money.’ considered desirable in order to for goods than expected. This the stock market, an increase in
� Principle of Maximum Social not identical. minimize unemployment. results in a shortage of supply unemployment, and a decline in the
Good Money & Bad Money when thi s happens, fi rms
Welfare —Dolton Pegu � Characteristics— housing market.
� Principle of Functional Finance Good Money : Good money is increase the prices of the goods � In general a recession is less
(i) Many sellers
money that shows little difference in supply.
— A.P. Learner severe than a depression.
(ii) Product differentiation (2) Cost - Push Inflation : This
between its nominal value (The Factors of Recession :
� Princi pl e of Unbalanced (iii) Free ending. happens when there i s an
face value of the coin) and its (1) High interest rate
development —Regner increase i n the cost of raw
Engel’s Law : The law which says commodity value the value of the
� Stages of Economic Growth materials needed to produce the (2) Inflation
that people generally spend a smaller metal of which it is made, often
—Rostow goods. Ex– Fuel costs. when the (3) Reduced consumer confidence
part of their budget on food as their precious metals, like nickel, copper cost of transport goods goes up,
� Big Push Theory (4) Reduced real wages.
income rises. The idea was etc. Firms have higher output costs.
—Rogenstine Roda This causes less goods being Deflation : In economics,
suggested by Ernst Engel, a Russian Bad Money : Bad money is the
offered and results in higher deflation is a decrease in the general
� Theory of Social productivity Statistician in 1857. money that has a commodity value
prices for those goods that are level of goods and services.
—Hein Laffer Curve : The Laffer curve considerably lower than its face Kuznets Curve : A kuznets curve
available. � It occurs when the inflation rate
Monopoly : It is characterised by is one possible representation of the value and is in circulation along graphs the hypothesis that as an
Deflation : Deflation occurs falls below 0%
an absence of competition, which relationship between rates of taxation with good money, where both economy develops, market forces when the general prices of goods and Disinflation : It is a decrease in
often results in high prices and and the hypothetical resulting levels forms are required to be accepted first increase and then decrease services of an economy falls for a the rate of inflations, a slow down
inferior goods. of government revenue. at equal value as legal tender. economic inequality. significant period of time. in the rate of increase of the general

OLE - 525 OLE - 526 OLE - 527

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Index of Industrial Production

INDIAN ECONOMY
price level of goods and services in 1993 by the United Nations psychological terms than gross The two factors in the Indian economy, viz, the growth of the public
INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIAN ECONOMY
�
a nation’s gross domestic product (IIP) : The Index of Industrial Development Programme in its National Product. sector and economic planning make it distinctly different from the
over trip. It i s the opposite of Production is an index for India annual report. � The term GNH was coined by capitalist economies of the West in the earlier phase of their development.
reflation. which details out the growth of Bhutan’s Former King Jigme � Features of India’s economy which determine its character as a mixed
Indicators of HDI :
Reflation : It i s the act of various sectors in an economy such Singye Wangchuck in 1972. economy.
stimulati ng the economy by as mining, electricity and � A long and healthy life, as Human Poverty Index (HPI) : An � A positive role of the State in economic activity is not just tolerated but
increasing the money supply or by manufacturing. The all India IIP is a measured by life expectancy at alternative measure, focusing on the is deemed desirable for promoting economic growth as well as the
reducing taxes, seaking to bring the composite indicator that measures birth. amount of poverty in a country is the distributional objectives.
economy (Specifically price level) the short-term changes in the volume
� Knowledge, as measured by the Human Poverty Index. � The expansion of the public sector is considered to be a major instrument
back up to the long-terms trend, of production of a basket of industrial with which the State in a mixed economy operating under the democratic
adult literacy rate and the
following a dip in the business cycle. products during a given period with � The HPI is an indication of the
framework can influence the pace as well as the composition of economic
respect to that in a chosen base combined gross enrolment ratio. standard of living in a country,
� Reflation Policies can include activity with a view to pursuing the social objectives.
period. � A decent standard of living as developed by the United Nations.
reducing taxes, changing the
money suppl y and lowering Inflation and class and its effect measured by gross domestic Indicators used are :
interest rates. Classes/Arres Effects product (GDP) per capita at � Lifespan
Consumer Price Index (CPI) : A of Inflations purchasing power parity (PPP) in � Functional literacy skills
consumer price index measures Consumer Loss � Long-term unemployment
US Dollars.
changes i n the pri ce l evel of a Lender Loss � Relative poverty with reference to
IHDI (Inequality -adjusted Human the average per capita income.
market basket of consumer goods borrower Profit
and servi ces purchased by Development Index) : Multi Dimensional Poverty Index
Public Saving Loss
household. The annual percentage � IHDI adjusts the HDI for (MPI) : This is a poverty index which
Public expenditure Increase
change in CPI is used as a measure inequality in distribution of each consi der many dimensi ons of
of inflation. Import Increase
Export Decrease dimension across the population. poverty.
Wholesale Price Index (WPI) : A
Employment Increase Gender Inequality Index (GII) : The There are 10 indicators.
wholesale price Index is the price of
a representative basket of wholesale Production Profit GII measures gender inequalities in (1) Child mortality
goods. The WPI focuses on the price Trader Groups Profit three important aspects of human
(2) Nutrition
of goods traded between Farmers Profit development.
corporations, rather than goods (3) Years of schooling
Pentioner Groups Loss � Reproductive health, (measured
brought by consumers, which is by maternal mortality ratio and (4) Children enrolled
measured by CPI. adolescent birth rate) (5) Cooking fuel
Comparison between WPI, CPI and IIP � Empowerment (6) Toilet
Question WPI CPI IIP � Economic status expressed as
(7) Water availability
labour market participation.
How Lespecyre’s Formula Same Same Gross National Happiness (GNH) : (8) Electricity
Who Economic Advisor CSO CSO � It is an attempt to define quality (9) Floor
When Weekly & Monthly Monthly Monthly of life in more holistic and (10) Assets � An economic counterpart of the democratic framework consists of
Where They Ministeries, Dept. NSSO and Postal Minstries, Dept. permitting private ownership of property and means of production and
INDIA : A MIXED ECONOMY
get data Workers freedom of the owners to utilise them in productive activity with private
� The Indian economy is a mixed economy.It has acquired this form with profit as a motive force.
Components 3 :MFG > Primary S Categories 3 : MFC > Mining
the growth of a large public sector since Independence.
Fuel electricity � The democratic political framework implies that the State is not identified
� Even before Independence, India has a fairly important public sector,
Types Only one WPI Rural urban Sector wise and the most important component of which was the railway system. with any particular class. The State may represent a coalition of different
Combined goods usage wise � In India, the Second Five Year Plan summed up the objectives of the interest groups in the society and it can be subjected to pressures from
Items 676 — 682 planned development in the phrase ‘socialist pattern of society’, implying different quarters as part of the established political processes.
Base year 2004 2012 2004 that “the basic criterion for determining lines of advance must not be � In brief, the mixed economy in the Indian context can be charaterised
private profit, but social gain....” and yet the character of the economy as essentially a capitalistic economy that is modified by the direct
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INDEX that has emerged as a result of planned development does not resemble participation as well as intervention by the State in economic activity
� Human Development Index (HDI) : The UN Human Development Index even remotely socialism. which, in turn, are further counteracted by the countervailing forces of
� In many respects, the character of the Indian economy is different from
is a standard means of measuring well-being, index was developed in various interest groups in a democratic framework.
that of the capitalist economies of the eighteenth century Europe.
1990 by the Pakistani economist Mahbub-ul-Haq and has been used since
OLE - 528 OLE - 529 OLE - 530
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIAN ECONOMY
Gross & Net Concept of Income Summary of Measuring National Income

INDIAN ECONOMY
FISCAL POLICY AND BUDGETARY SYSTEM IN INDIA
GDP : It is the official measure deducted from the gross National �
of the total output of goods and product (GNP), we get net national Product Method Income Method Expenditure
services in the economy. Product (NNP).
� It is the total market value of all
(Value added Method) Method
final goods and services produced � � �
during a given time period within National Income : It is also
known as National Income at factor Gross Value addition at Remuneration of Private Final
a nation’s domestic border.
� The word ‘domestic’ in GDP
cost. Market Price in Primary Labours Consumption
means that we are only counting Sector + Expenditure
things that are produced within
our domestic border whether + Operating Surplus +
they are produced by foreigners. Gross Value Addition at + Government Final
Disposable Income (DI) : The
Income left after the payment of Market Price in Secondary Mixed Income Consumption
direct taxes from Personal Income is Sector � Expenditure
C = Consumption
called disposable income.
I = Investment + NDP +
G = Government Spending Gross Domestic Product + Investment Expenditure
X = Export Per capita Income : Per capita
at Market Price NDPFC
M = Import income of a country is derived by
Gross National Product (GNP) : dividing the national income of the (–) �
GNP is the market value of all the country by the total populations of a
products and services produced in country.
Depreciation
a year by the citizens of a country.
� This includes any income earned
� Net Export (X–M)
by residents from overseas
National Income : Important Net Domestic Product � � Public Account : This is an account in which public money is put in
investments minus income
Concepts and Government acts only as banker. It is operated by executive Ac-
earned wi thi n the domestic at Market Price GDPMP
economy by overseas residents. 1. GNPMP = GDPMP + Income from tion. There is no need to take consent of parliament to withdraw money
Abroad (–) (–) from this account.
GNP = GDP + (X –M)
X = Earned i ncome in 2. NNPMP = GNPMP – Depreciation Net Indirect Taxes Depreciation � Contigency Fund : This is the fund which is kept at disposal of presi-
foreigns by citizens 3. NDPMP = GDPMP – Depreciation
� � dent to meet unforeseen expenditure. It is operated by secretary, min-
M = Earned i ncome by 4. GDPMP = GNPMP – Income from istry of finance on behalf of the president.
foreigners in a country Abroad Net Domestic Product NDPMP
� Public Receipts : Every receiving to a government by revenue and non
When X = M, GDP would be 5. NNPMC = GNPFC – Depreciation at Factor cost (–)
revenue sources is a receipt. It includes all income as well non incomed
equal to GNP, this type of economy 6. GNPFC = GNPMP – Indirect Taxes + Net Indirect Taxes
will be closed economy. + Subsidy accruals of government. It is divided into parts— (1) Revenue Receipts
Net Factor Income � (2) Capital Receipts.
Net Domestic Product (NDP) : 7. GDPFC = GDPMP –Indirect Taxes
Net Domestic product equals the + Subsidy from Abroad NDPFC � Revenue Receipts : These receipts do not create any corresponding li-
gross domestic product (GDP) minus 8. NNPFC = GNPMP –Depreciation– � + ability for the government. These receipts don’t cause any reduction in
depreciation. Indirect Taxes + Subsidy assets of the government.
� Net Domestic product accounts 9. NDPFC = GDPMP –Depreciation– Revenue receipts of a government are of two kinds :
for capi tal that has been Indirect Taxes + Subsidy Net Factor Income
consumed over the year in the (1) Tax revenue (2) Non-Tax revenue
MP = Market Price
form of housi ng, vehicle, or from Abroad (1) Tax Revenue : This includes all money earned by the government via
FC = Factor Cost
machinery deterioration. different taxes the government collects.
Changes in Terms of World Bank �
GNP = GNI (Gross National (2) Non-Tax Revenue : This includes all money earned by the government
Net National Product (NNP) Income) from sources other than taxes. Ex– Fees, Fines, Escheat, Special As-
When Charges for depreciation are NNP = NNI (Net National Income) sessment, Income from Public Enterprises, Grants.

OLE - 531 OLE - 532 OLE - 533

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN ECONOMY
Capital Receipts : These receipts create a liability from the government.
INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIAN ECONOMY
� (iv) Value Added Tax (VAT) : VAT is a method of tax collection as well as
These receipts cause reduction in assets of the government. name of a state level tax in India.
Capital receipts are classified as given below— — A tax collected at every stage of value addition, ie either by
� Recovery of Loans : These are capital receipts because they reduce production or distribution is known as value added tax.
financial Liability of the government. — Value added refers to the difference between value of output and
� Borrowings : Funds raised by the government from the borrowing are value of intermediate consumption.
treated as capital receipts such receipts create liability. (v) Central Value Added Tax (CENVAT) : In the year 1996, the central
� Other Receipts : Funds raised through disinvestment are included in government started collecting its excise duty on the VAT method
this category. By this government assets are reduced. and the tax was given a new name CENVAT.
Comparison Chart Goods and Service Tax (GST) : The GST will simplify and harmonise
Basis for Capital Receipts Revenue Receipts the indirect tax regime in the country
Comparison — It will be imposed all over the country with the uniformity of rate
1. Meaning Capital receipts are the Revenue receipts are the and will replace multiple central and state taxes.
Direct Taxes : The taxes that charged upon and collected directly from — The GST will be levied both on goods and services.
Income generated from income generated from
the person or organisation that ultimately pays the tax. — It would have a dual structure a central component levied and
Investment and financing the operating activities of
List of Direct Taxes : collected by the centre and a state component administered by state.
activities of the business the business
(i) Corporate Tax : It is levied on the profit of the companies or Benefits of GST :
2. Term Long term Short term corporations. — GSt will simplify the indirect tax regime with a single tax.
3. Showing Balance Sheet Income Statement — It is the largest source of revenue of the Central Government. — It will boost the GDP growth of country.
4. Nature Non recurring Recurring (ii) Income Tax : It is the tax levied directly on the income of the people
— GST will mobilise revenue systematically and reduce the fiscal deficit.
� Revenue Expenditure : An expenditure which do not creates assets or by the Central Government.
— Removal of cascading taxes makes the manufactring sector more
reduces liability is called revenue Expenditure (iii) Gift Tax : This tax is imposed by the Central Government on all
competitive and cut down the tax compliance burden.
Ex– Salaries of government employees, interest payment on loan taken donation and gifts over and above the prescribed limits to the family
members. Tax related terminology :
by the government, pension, subsidies, grants, etc.
(iv) Wealth Tax : This tax is lived on the net wealth of the individuals, Tax Avoidance : It is the legal usage of tax regime to one’s own
� Capital Expenditure : It refers to the expenditure which leads to cre- advantage, to reduce the amount of tax that is payable by means
Hindu undivided family and joint stock companies. It is removed
ations of assets and reduction in liabilities. from Indian tax system since April 2015. that are within the law.
Ex– Constructions works, roads, bridges, etc. Indirect Taxes : The tax which has incidence and impact at the different Tax Evasion : It is the illegal evasion of taxes by individuals, corporation
� Planned Expenditure : Any expenditure that is incurred on programmes points is the indirect tax. and trusts.
which are detailed under the current plan of the centre or centre’s ad- As, for example, excise, sales tax, etc, which are imposed on either the — Tax evasion often entails taxpayers deliberately misrepresenting the
vances to state for their plan expenditure. Provisions of such expendi- producers or the traders, but it is the general consumers who bear the true state of their affairs to the tax authorities to reduce their tax
ture in the budget is called planned expenditure. burden of tax. liability and includes dishonest tax reporting, such as declaring less
Ex–Expenditure on electricity generations irrigation and rural develop- List of Indirect Taxes : income, profits or gains than the amounts actually earned or
ments. Construction of roads, bridges, canals, science & Tech, pollu- (i) Custom Duties : These duties are imposed on commodities, which overstating deductions.
tion control etc. are to be imported or exported from India.
Tax Heavens : A tax heaven is a country or territory where certain
(ii) Central Excise Duties : These duties are imposed by the Central taxes are levied at a low rate or not at all individuals or corporate entities
� Non Planned Expenditure : This refers to the estimated expenditure
Government on the goods produced within the country except certain
provided in the budget for spending during the year on routine func- can find it attractive to move themselves to areas with reduced or nil taxation
goods, on which State Government are empowered to impose tax.
tioning of the government. It is all expenditure other than balanced ex- levels.
These goods include liquor drugs, etc.
penditure of the government. Tax Buoyancy : It refers to the percentage change with the growth of
(iii) Service Tax : It is a tax imposed on the person, who avails any
Ex–Expenditure on police, Judiciary, military etc. specified service. national income. That is growth based increase in tax collections.
— This tax was introduced in India in 1994-1995. Tax Elasticity : It is defined as the percentage change in tax revenue
INDIAN TAX STRUCTURE
— With Economic growth and expansion of service sector in the in response to the change in tax rate and the extension of coverage. Buoyancy
Tax is a compulsory payment by the citizens to the government to meet
economy, revenue from service tax has been increasing over the on the other hand is the response to economic growth when the base
the public expenditure. Tax can be direct or indirect.
years. increases but there is no change in the rate.

OLE - 534 OLE - 535 OLE - 536

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE INDIAN ECONOMY To ensure complianse of labour

INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIAN ECONOMY
Industrial Policy 1991 : An overview Government i ntroduced the

INDIAN ECONOMY
�
and environmental laws while in- Navaratna PSEs in 1997. Initially
Infrastructural facilities : Often � existing units in basic and key (A)Main Features (Objectives) high priority industries without troducing procedural simplifica-
referred to as economic and social there was 9 Navaratna companies,
industries can continue in the pri- � to maintain a sustained growth pre-conditions. tions and rationalistation, so that
overheads, consist of : many more central public sector En-
vate sector but no fresh private in productivity. � Prior clearance required only if regulatory burden on industry is
(a) Energy : coal, electricity, oil investment in these sectors to be terprises added in Navratna list. To-
� to enhance gainful employ- foreign investment does not reduced.
and non-conventional sources. allowed; day there are 17 CPSEs in Navaratna
ment. fall in the above category. LIST OF MAHARATNA,
(b) Transport : Railways, roads, � twenty important industries al- companies list.
� to achieve optimum utilisation � Automatic clearance of foreign NAVRATNA AND MINIRATNA
shipping and civil aviation. Navratna (Total no. of Navratna is
lowed in private sector but under of human resources. technology agreements in high
(c) Communications : Posts and strict supervision of the State; Maharatnas : seventeen)
� to attain international competi- priority industries.
telegraph, tel ephones, Maharatna scheme was intro- 1. Bharat Electronics Limited
telecommunications, etc. � all industries not covered by the tiveness. � FERA was amended in 1993 and
above three categories would be � to transform India into a ma- in 1999. It was named as FEMA duced for central public sector En- 2. Bharat Petroleum Corporation
(d) Banki ng, fi nance and terprises (CPSEs), with effect from
allowed in the private sector un- jor partner and players in the effective from June 1, 2000. Limited
insurance. May, 2010 in order to empower
der general supervision of the global arena. � The New Economic Policy (1991) 3. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
(e) Science and technology. mega CPSEs to expand their opera-
State. (B)Main Focus on also initiated Public Sector Re- 4. Hindustan Petroleum Corpora-
(f) Social overheads : health and tions and emerge as global giants.
� The Industries Development and � deregulating Indian industry. forms in India. tion Limited (HPCL)
hygiene and education. To be eligible for the grant of
Regulation Act (1951) pre- � allowing the industry freedom � Industry has a share of 28% in 5. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam
INDUSTRIAL POLICY the overall GDP and its share in Maharatna status, the company
scribed the requirement of indus- and flexibility in responding to Limited (MTNL)
Industrial policy refers to all total employment increased from should have an average turnover of
� trial licenses. However, the ratio- market forces and 6. National Aluminium Company
those rules, laws and by-laws 16.2% in 1999-2000 to 21.9% in over Rs. 25,000 crore, average an-
nale given in the 1st plan for � providing a policy regime Limited (NALCO)
through which the Government of 2009-2010. nual net worth of more than Rs.
State intervention was that the which facilitate and fasters 7. National Mineral Development
a country controls and regulates � The long-term average annual 15,000 crore and average annual net
private enterprise may not be ei- growth of Indian industry. Corporation (NMDC) Limited
the industrial activity to make the growth of industries during the profit over 5,000 crore during the
ther willing or capable of invest- (C)Policy Measures last three years. Besides, it should 8. Oil India Limited (OIL)
latter conform to i ts overall post-reform peri od between
programme. ment in certain sectors, due to The important measures under be a shareholding under the SEBI 9. Power Finance Corporation Limited
lack of resources or the magni- the NIP 1991 were 1991-92 to 2011-12, averaged
� Accordingly, the industrial policy 6.7%. regulations and have global pres- 10. Power Grid Corporation of India
spells out the attitude and the tude of risks. � Abolition of licensing for all in- ence. Limited (PGCIL)
role of Government towards in- � Industrial Policy Resolution dustries except 15 which af- NATIONAL MANUFACTURING 11. Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited
dustry, the role of public and pri- 1956 (IPR 1956) : Second Plan fect strategic or environmental POLICY (NMP), 2011 Maharatna (Total no. of Maharatna
is seven) (RINL)
vate sectors, policy towards the proposed massive interests. The Objective of NMP : 12. Rural Electrification Corporation
nationalisation of industry, licens- industrialisation with emphasis � Drastic amendment to MRTP 1. Indian Oil Corporation Limited
� To increase the sectoral share of Limited (RECL)
ing, role of foreign collaboration on heavy industry in the public Act to eliminate approval for (IOC)
and foreign capital, role of labour manufacturing in G.D.P. to at 13. Shipping Corporation of India
sector. The adoption of the goal expansion. 2. NTPC Limited
in management etc. least 25% by the year 2022. Limited (SCIL)
of socialistic pattern of society � Phased manufacturing 3. Oil & Natural Gas Corporation
� The idea that the State had a � To enhance global competitive- 14. Neyveli Lignite Corporation Lim-
demanded that "the commanding programme (PMP) which Limited (ONGC)
prominent role in the develop- ness, domestic value addition, ited (NLC)
heights of the economy" should sought a time-table for 4. Steel Authority of India Limited
ment of industries found its ear- technological depth and environ- 15. National Building Construction
be controlled by the State. indigenisation, was abolished. (SAIL)
liest articulation in the Report of mental sustainability of growth.
� Industrial location policies 5. Coal India Limited (CIL) Corporation (NBCC)
the National Planning Committee, — IPR 1956 expanded the three � To increase the rate of job cre-
amended to provide for re- 6. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited 16. Engineers India Limited
1938, under the chairmanship of lists which existed in IPR ation and to create 100 million
Jawaharlal Nehru. This was reit- strictions to opening industries (BHEL) 17. Container Corporation of India
1948. additional jobs by the year 2022.
erated in the statement of Indus- only in large cities. 7. Gas Authority of India Limited Limited
— The essence of the policy, � To provide a productive environ-
trial Policy (1945). We discuss be- � Apart from arms and ammuni- (GAIL) Category Miniratna Category - I
which continued with minor ment to persons transitioning Navratnas :
low some of the major initiatives tion, atomic energy, railway � Public sector Enterprises that
modifications for almost two from the primay to the second-
in setting the industrial agenda in transport and defence equip- Economic reforms subject CPSEs have made profit continusouly
decades, was that while pub- ary and tertiary sectors through
post-independent India. ment, no other manufacturing to market competition. Globalization
lic sector had the primary re- the creation of large integrated for the last three years or
The Industrial Policy Resolution sector is reserved for public makes the competition more intense.
sponsibility for rapid industrial townships called Na- earned a net profit of Rs. 30
(1948) categorised industries into sector. To perform in such conditions,
four : industrialisation in key sec- tional Investment and Manufac- crores or more in one of three
� Disinvestment of Government’s CPSEs need a level playing field with
� defence and strategic industries tors, private sectors had a turing zones with state of the art years.
share holdings in PSUs. the private players. Hence the
to be the exclusive domain of the complementary and supple- infrastructure, land use on the � At present there are 57
� Approval of direct foreign in- Navratna Package that gives autonomy
Government mentary role. basis of zoning. miniratna-I
vestment upto 51 percent in to PSEs.

OLE - 537 OLE - 538 OLE - 539

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Service Sector : Investment in SIDBI also co-ordinates the ac-

INDIAN ECONOMY
Category Miniratna - II Since July 1, 1993 this corpo- History of Planning in India
INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIAN ECONOMY
� �
� Public Sector Enterprises that equipments more tivities of agencies which provide ration has been converted into
than Rs. 10 lakh, finances to small enterprises. 1934 Vishvesvaraya Plan in his book ‘The planned economy in India’
have made profit for the last a company and it has been given
three years and should have a but does not exceed SIDBI started its operations from the status of a Ltd. company 1938 Nehru’s Congress Plan but not implemented.
positive net worth. Rs. 2 crore. April 2, 1990. Its head quarter with the name Industrial Finance 1944 Bombay Plan by Industrialists such as JRD Tata, P. Thakurdas, GD
� At present there are 17 Medium Enterprises : is situated at Lucknow. Corporation of India Ltd. Birla, K. Lalbhai.
miniratna-II Manufacturing : Investment in plant (3) Industrial Finance Corporation 1944 The Gandhian Plan by Narayan Agarwal, given importance to
(4) Industrial Credit and Invest-
Eight Core Industries of India Ltd. (IFCI) agriculture and cottage industries.
Sector and machinery more ment Corporation of India Bank
There are eight core Industries in � Industrial Finance Corporation of 1945 M.N. Roy’s People’s Plan – with socialist learning.
than Rs. 5 crore, (ICICI BANK)
India. These Industries are respon- but does not exceed India Ltd. was established in 1950 Jayprakash Narayan’s Sarvodya Plan based on Vinoba Bhave’s
� ICICI was established in 1955 as
sible for the growth of other indus- Rs. 10 crore. 1948 under a special Act on the Philosophy.
public limited company under In-
tries in the economy. The eight core recommendations of Central 1952 NDC made by cabinet resolution.
Service Sector : Investment in dian Company Act for developing
industries comprise nearly 38% of Banking Enquiry Committee. 2014 Modi shutdown Planning Commission.
equipments more medium and small industries of
the weight of items included in the � The basic aim of IFCI is to ar- 2015 Government notified the formation of Niti Ayog.
than Rs. 2 crore, private sector.
Index of Industrial Production (IIP). range medium and long term
but does not exceed � It provides risk and loan capital General Comparison between Planning Commission & Niti Ayog
S. Core Industries Weight Rs. 5 crore. credit for various industrial en- for creation, expansion and Position Planning Commission Niti Ayog
No. in IIP terprises of the country. modernisation of productive fa-
MAJOR INDUSTRIAL FINANCE IN-
1. Coal Industry 4.38% � Initially the authorised capital of cilities. Established 1950, March 15 Abolished 2015, January 1st
STITUTIONS
2. Crude oil Industry 5.22% the corporation was Rs. 10 crore � In March 2002, the ICICI in 2014 after Modi
(1) Industrial Development Bank of
3. Natural Gas Industry 1.71% which was divided in equities of merged with the ICICI Bank and became P.M.
India (IDBI) :
Rs. 5000 each. Later on this there was a creation of Univer- Chairman Prime Minister Prime Minister
4. Petroleum Refinery 5.94% � Industrial Development Bank of authorised capital was increased sal Bank in India. Vice Chairman Cabinet Minister rank Appointed by PM
5. Fertilizers 1.25% India (IDBI) was established un- upto Rs. 20 crore.
6. Steel Industry 6.68% der Industrial Development Bank Economic- Member secretary A Secretary level officer
Export Development Centres -Adviser
7. Cement Industry 2.41% of India Act 1964.
8. Electricity production 10.32% � It is principal financial institu- Tripur Hosiery and Weaving Ex-Officio Finance Minister P.M can nominate 4 ministers
tion for providing credit and other Panipat Handloom and Textiles members Cabinet Minister 1. Home 3. Railway
Micro, Small and Medium Enter-
prises : facilities for developing indus- Bhagalpur Weaving 2 Finance 4. Agriculture
In accordance with the provision tries and assisting development Full Time 4-7 full time members Economists etc.
Moradabad Brass Ware Handicraft
of Micro, small and Medium Enter- institution. members who enjoy rank of
Ludhiana Hosiery
prises Development Act, 2006. The � Till 1976, IDBI was a subsidiary minister of state
Micro, small and Medium Enterprises bank of RBI. Surat Gem and Jewellery
Special invitees — Union ministers like Transport,
are classified in two classes one is � In 1976 it was separated from Alleppi Coconut and Coir HRD, Social justice etc.
manufacturing Enterprises and an- RBI and the ownership was Meerut, Jalandhar Sport goods Part time — Tech experts
other is service Enterprises. transferred to Government of Ranipat (Amboor) Leather members
Micro Enterprises : India.
Agra Leather shoes Governing — Chairman – P.M.
Manufacturing : Investment in plant � Merged with IDBI Bank in 2004.
Batala Machine equipment Council Chief Ministers of States
Sector and machinery does (2) Small Industries Development
not exceed Rs. 25 Nagpur Hand-made equipments Adhoc Regional Lt Governer of UTs.
Bank of India (SIDBI) Councils
Lakh. Vizag Fish and fish products
Service Sector : Investment in � Small Industries Development
Aligarh Brass locks NITI AYOG
equi pments does Bank of India (SIDBI) was estab-
Khurja Clay Pots Niti Ayog or National Institution for Transforming India Ayog is a policy
not exceed Rs. 10 lished as wholly owned subsid- �
lakh. iary of IDBI under the Small In- Selam Hand-made items think tank of government that replaces Planning Commission and it aims
Small Enterprises : dustries Development Bank of Sivakashi Match boxes to involve the states in economic policy making in india.
India Act, 1989 as the principal Ambala Scientific equipments � It will be providing strategic and technical advice to the central and the
Manufacturing : Investment in plant
financial institution for promotion, state governments.
Sector and machinery more Rajkot Engine Pumps
financing and development of in- � Prime Minister of India leads the Ayog and its chairperson.
than Rs. 25 Lakh, Wapi (Ankleshwar) Chemical
dustries in the small scale sec- � Government announced formation of Niti Ayog on 1st January, 2015.
but does not exceed
Jamnagar Brass spare parts � The Niti Ayog comprises of the following—
Rs. 5 crores. tor.

OLE - 540 OLE - 541 OLE - 542

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
(i) Prime Minister of India as the Chairperson 12th 2012-2017 Faster, more inclusive and sustainable growth. Economy made wi despread

INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIAN ECONOMY
� 11TH FIVE YEAR PLAN (2007-2012)

INDIAN ECONOMY
�
(ii) Governing council comprising the chief ministers of all the states � TARGETS OF 12th plan development. � The year 2007-08 marks the
and lieutenant-Governer of UTs. � 10% reduction in poverty � The targeted growth rate was 5.2 beginning of the Eleventh plan.
(iii) Regional councils will be formed to address specific issues and per cent per annum. � The decl ared obj ecti ve was
� Get IMR 26, MMR 100
contingencies impacting more than one state or a regions. These � The achieved growth rate was 5.3 “Towards Faster and More
� Get child sex-ratio to 950, Total Fertility Rate per cent per annum.
will be formed for a specified nature. The regional council will be Inclusive Growth”.
convened by the P.M. and will comprise of the CMs of states and (TFR) 2.1 � The approach paper of 11th plan
7TH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1985-1990)
Lt. Governers of UTs. 1ST FIVE YEAR PLAN (1951-1956) � Three Annual Pl ans were proposes to create 70 million new
These will be chaired by the chairperson of the NITI Ayog or his prepared in the intervening time � The basic objective of plan was work opportunities.
� Agricultural sector was accorded ‘growth, modernisation, self-
nominee. period. � Access to essential services in
the highest priority. reliance and social justice’.
(iv) Vice-chairperson will be appointed by the PM. 4TH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1969-1974) health and education especially
� Emphasis was also laid on � Against the target of 5 per cent
� Members – Two full time. for poors.
developing the basic infrastruc- � The prime objective of the plan growth rate, the actual growth
� Part time members – 2 from leading universities and Research � Extension of empl oyment
ture for rapid industrial expansion was ‘growth with stability’. rate of National Income was 5.9
organisation. opportunities using NREGA.
in future. � The annual growth rate was only per cent.
� Ex-officio member – Maximum of 4. 3.8 per cent which was much � Growth rate 9 per cent annually
� Community Development Projects � Overall the plan performance was
� CEO – To be appointed by the PM for a fix tenure. lower than the target of 5.7 per estimated.
was initiated. satisfactory.
The plan achieved huge success cent. 12TH FIVE YEAR PLAN (2012-
FIVE YEAR PLANS �
� During the planning period prices 8TH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1992-1997) 2017)
mainly due to good harvests.
increased sharply. � Due to severe economic problems
Five Year Plan in India � The Per Capital Income growth � The Draft approach to the 12th
� The Indo-Pak war (1971) and the the plan started in 1992.
Plan Period Theme /Target was 1.8 per cent. problems of Bangladeshi refugees year Pl an ( 2012-2017) was
� It aimed at achieving ‘Human approved by the NDC on 22nd
� Incremental capital output ratio also had negative impact on the
1st 1951-56 � Harrod Domar Model. Development in various aspects’. October 2011.
was 2.95 per cent. economy.
� Main focus on agriculture, irrigation, & power. � The plan introduced Indicative � The theme of the approach paper
Got more GDP than its target. 2ND FIVE YEAR PLAN (1956-1961) 5TH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1974-1979) Planning.
� is faster, sustainable and more
2nd 1956-61 � P.C. Mahalanobis Model. � The main objective was rapid � Its objective was ‘removal of � Greater role was accorded to the Inclusive growth.
industrialisation with the help of poverty’ and attainment of ‘self- Private Sector. � It proposes a growth target of 9%.
� Socialist Model, Rapid industrialisation, heavy
Public Sector. reliance.’ � More emphasi s was l ai d on � The growth rate fixed for the
industries.
� It was based on Mahalanobis Model. � The plan aimed at 5.5 per cent manufacturing activities. agriculture, industry and services
3rd 1961-66 � Sukhmoy Chakraborty and sanddy. growth rate.
� It also aimed at increasing 9TH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1997-2002) sector is 4.0% 9.6% and 10.0%
� Also called ‘Gadgil Yojna’. � This plan followed the path of
National Income and reducing respectively.
� Failed to achieve its target due to droughts and exports promotion and import � The objective of this plan was
unemployment. “Growth with Social Justice and � The average fiscal deficit during
war with Pakistan & China. substitution. the 12th plan has been fixed at
� It was based on socialist pattern Equity”.
Holiday 1966-69 � Holiday declared, 3 Annual plans followed. � The Janta Party Government 3.25% of GDP.
of society and reduction in terminated this plan one year � It aimed towards ensuring food
4th 1969-74 � Ashoka Rudra – Alon Manney. inequalities of income was one of prior to its schedule. and nutritional security for all. GROWTH PERFORMANCE IN
� Growth with stability. its main objectives. � The National Income during the � To contai n the growth of VARIOUS PLANS
5th 1974-79 � C. Subramanyam and later DP Dhar 3RD FIVE YEAR PLAN (1961-1966) period increased at the rate of 5.3 population.
(in % per annum)
� Focus on poverty removal. per cent. � To provide safe drinking water,
� This plan aimed to make India a
Rolling 1978-80 � Morarji Desai’s Janta Government with Rolling THE ROLLING PLAN (1978-1980) primary health care facilities and Plan Target Actual
“self reliant” and self-governing
Plan Plan System universal primary education. First Plan (1951-1956) 2.1 3.61
economy.” � It was started by the Janta Party
6th 1980-85 � Poverty Removal � The annual growth rate was only Government. 10TH FIVE YEAR PLAN (2002-2007) Second Plan (1956-1961) 4.5 4.27
� IRDP, NREM, TRYSEM etc. 2.5 per cent against the target of � Every year the performance of � It was approved by the National Third Plan (1961-1966) 5.6 2.84
7th 1985-89 � Focus on employment. 5.0 per cent per annum. the plan would be assessed. Development Counci l on 21 Fourth Plan (1969-1974) 5.7 3.30
� Chinese aggression (1962), Indo- � It i s a form of conti nuous December, 2002. Fifth Plan (1974-1979) 4.4 4.80
� Jawahar Rojgar Yojna Started.
Pak conflict (1965) and poor planning. � The Tenth Five Year Plan has Sixth Plan (1980-1985) 5.2 5.66
2 Annual 1989-91 � Political instability at centre.
monsoons, all played crucial role 6TH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1980-1985) fixed the target of achieving 8 per Seventh Plan (1985-1990) 5.0 6.01
Plans � Only annual plans.
in the failure of the Third Plan. � The prime objective of the plan cent average annual growth for Eighth Plan (1992-1997) 5.6 6.78
8th 1992-97 � Based on John W. Miller Model the period 2002-2007.
ANNUAL PLANNING (1966-1969) was ‘removal of poverty’. Ninth Plan (1997-2002) 6.5 5.52
� PV Narsimha’s LPG reforms � Increase in gross domestic saving
� It ai med towards qualitati ve Tenth Plan (2002-2007) 8.1 7.7
9th 1997-2002 � Growth with Social Justice. � Due to the failure of Third Plan, and investment.
i mprovement of the l i vi ng Eleventh Plan (2007-12) 8.6 7.9
10th 2002-2007 � 8% GDP growth rate. the Government declared a ‘Plan � To improve the overall framework
standard of the poor through the Twelfth Plan (2012-17) 8.0 —
11th 2007-12 Theme Inclusive growth. Holiday’. of governance.
� Minimum Needs Programme.
OLE - 543 OLE - 544 OLE - 545
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� It’s main task was to recommend minimum requirements, it is UNEMPLOYMENT AND UNDER EMPLOYMENT IN INDIA

INDIAN ECONOMY
POVERTY AND THE PLANNING PROCESS IN INDIA
INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIAN ECONOMY
detailed methodology for called absolute poverty.
The Concept of Poverty poor by Planning Commission indentification of BPL families in � On the basis of this definition,
� Poverty can be defined as a social under the chairmanship of D.T. urban areas, in the context of nearly 26.1 per cent of total
phenomenon in which section of Lakdawala. 12th Five year plan.
the society is unable to fulfil even population fall below the poverty
� Committee made following Rural Employment
� The panel has suggested that the line.
its basic necessities of life. suggestion. government should use three-
� The third world countries exhibit (i) Consumption expenditure 2. Relative Poverty
stage approach-automatic
the existence of mass poverty. should be calculated based on exclusion, automatic inclusion, � When we compare the incomes
� � Pockets of poverty also exist in calorie consumption. and scoring index to identify of different people we find that � Agriculture being a seasonal occupation, it has been estimated that for
the developed countries of Europe (ii) Discontinuation of scaling of urban poor. some people poor than others, it
and America. at least 5-7 months in a year, a sizeable proportion of the population
poverty estimates based on � Under the automatic inclusion is called relative poverty.
� The various definitions of poverty National Accounts Statistics. This engaged in agriculture remains idle.
reflects the exi stence of step, homeless families facing � According to an estimate the
assumes that the basket of goods � ‘Perennial rural unemployment’ is also called ‘chronic disguised
inequalities in a society and the social and occupational highest 10 per cent people of the
and services used to calculate deprivation should be included in unemployment’. It simply means that while increase in population has led
extent to which different societies country recei ve 25 per cent
CPI-IW and CPI-AL reflects the the BPL list. to more and more people being dependent on agriculture for deriving
are prepared to tolerate them. share of the country’s total
consumption patterns of the poor. livelihood, it has not led to any improvement in production. This surplus
� There are two types of standards Rangarajan Report on Poverty income, while the bottom 10 per
(iii) State specific poverty lines labour forms ‘disguised unemployment’. It means that everyone seems to
in economic literature to measure � Planning commission constituted cent people get only 4 per cent
should be constructed and these be employed, but in reality, enough work is not available to all, The
poverty i.e, the absolute and the committee under the chairman- of the total income.
relative. should be updated using marginal productivity of surplus labour is zero.
consumer price index of Industrial ship of Dr. C. Rangarajan in June � It is important to note here that
� In the absol ute standard, 2012, to review the methodology proportion of populaltion below Urban Employment
Workers (CPI-IW) in urban areas
minimum physical qualities of for measurement of poverty in the poverty line has declined while
eatables are determined for a and consumer price Index of
Agricultural Labour (CPI-AL) in country. the absolute number of the poor
subsistence level and then the
rural areas. According to Report : has increased over the years.
price quotations convert the
physical qualities into monetary (i) The daily per capita � The number of the poor i n Surplus labour is zero.
Tendulkar Committee
terms. expenditure is pegged at 32 for Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karna-
� Planning Commission formed the
� Aggregate of all the quantities the rural poor and at 47 for taka, MP, Odisha, Rajasthan, Concept of Unemployment
committee under the chairman-
including per capita consumer ship of Tendulkar, report rural urban poor. Tamil Nadu, UP and West Bengal
There are three concepts of days gets the employed status.
expenditure is determined. submitted in December 2009. (ii)Poverty line based on the is relatively high.
unemployment, which are used by This is also a person rate.
� The income and expenditure of � This committee gave importance average monthly per capita � More than one-third of their
population, below that aggregate National Sample Survey Organisation � Current Daily Status : It
to expenditure on health, expenditure is pegged at 972 population lies below poverty line.
is considered to be below the for rural areas and 1407 for (NSSO) : considers activity status of a
education, clothing in addition to � As against this, the states of
poverty line. urban areas. Punj ab, Haryana, Hi machal � Usual Status concept : The person for each day of the
food in its definition of poverty.
� In the relative standard income (iii) The percentage of people Pradesh, J&K here much less activity status is determined with proceeding 7 days. A person who
� It has estimated poverty lines at
distribution of the population in below the poverty line in 2011- numbers of poor. It is around 10 reference to a longer period say works for less than 4 hours is
all India level as Monthly Per-
different fracti l e groups is 12 was 30.95% in rural areas a year precedi ng the time of
Capita Consumption expenditure per cent of their population. considered to be employed for
estimated. and 26.4% in urban areas.
of 673 for rural areas and survey. The persons surveyed half a day while more than 4
� A comparison of the level of living Causes of Poverty
680 for urban areas in 2009- (iv) The all-India poverty line in can be cl assi fi ed i nto those hours is considered as full day.
of the top 5 to 10 per cent with � Rapid growth of population.
2010. terms of consumption working and/or available for work This is a time rate. The current
the bottom 5 to 10 percent
� According to Tendulkar Commi- expenditure for a family of five � Low level of economic develop- in their principal activity sector
reflects the relative standards of dai l y status unempl oyment
ttee Report 41.8% population in people is estimated at 4760 per ment.
poverty. and those worki ng and/or provides the most appropriate
rural areas and 25.7% population month in rural areas and 7035 � Low productivity in agriculture
� The rel ative standard is available for work in a subsidiary measure of unemployment.
in urban area is living below the per month in urban areas in and industry.
consi dered defecti ve as it sector of a sector other than their
indicates the relative position of poverty line. 2011-12. � Widespread inequality in the dis- Types of Unemployment
principal activity sector.
different segments of the SR Hashim Committee TYPES OF POVERTY tribution of Income and Assets. � Open unemployment : The
� The Current Weekly Status : It
population in income hierarchy. � The planning commission has � Problem of large scale unemploy- labourers do not find a work to do.
1. Absolute Poverty : determines activity status with
Lakdawala Committee constituted an Expert group ment and underemployment. Unskilled labour unemployment is
� When the level of the income of reference to proceeding 7 days.
� Committee formed in September under the chairmanship of SR � Laws of inheritance. included in this category of
people of a country is so low that A person having worked for an
1989 for estimating total no. of Hashim on May 2010. � Political factors and state policy. unemployment.
they cannot meet even their basic hour or more on any one of more

OLE - 546 OLE - 547 OLE - 548

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Educated unemployment : Even labour changes with seasons and

INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIAN ECONOMY
Various Development and Employment Programme in India :

INDIAN ECONOMY
� Command Area Development 1974-75 To ensure better and rapid
an educated or skilled person fails so workers get employment only At a Glance Programme (CADP) utilisation of irrigation capacities
to get suitable employment. This in the peak season like of medium and large projects
harvesting and sowing seasons in Programme/Plan Year of Objective
is one of the major problems for
agriculture. /Institution beginning Twenty Point Programme (TPP) 1975 Poverty eradication and raising
developing countries like India.
Community Development 1952 Over-all development of rural the standard of living
� Structural Unemployment : This � Frictional unemployment : The
unemployment results due to Programme (CDP) area with people’s participation National Institution of Rural 1977 Trainning, investigation and advi
is related to economic structure
of the country. It is found when changes in demand and supply Intensive Agriculture 1960-61 To provide loan, seeds, fertilizer Development -sory organisation for rural de-
conditions in the market. It Development Programme tools to the farmers velopment
the demand for labour is unable
to keep pace with the supply, results when workers are (IADP) Desert Development 1977-78 For controlling the desert expan-
shifting over from one job to Programme (DDP) sion and maintaining environ-
due to hi gh growth rate of Intensive Agriculture Area 1964-65 To develop the special
another. mental balance
population and low rate of capital Programme (IAAP) harvests
formation. It is of long-term � Voluntary unemployment :
There are jobs and people are not Credit Authorisation Scheme Nov. 1965 A Scheme of Qualitative Credit Food for Work Programme 1977-78 Providing foodgrains to labour
nature and India’s unemployment (CAS) Control of Reserve Bank for the works of development
ready to take job at the prevailing
is mainly of this type.
wage rate. This generally exists High Yielding Variety 1966-67 To increase productivity of Antyodaya Yojana 1977-78 To make the poorest families of
� Under employment : The person in advanced countries at large. Programme (HYVP) foodgrains by adopting latest the village economically indepen-
is engaged in work but his Varieties of inputs for crops dent (only in Rajasthan State)
� Involuntary unemployment : This
efficiency and capability is not
type of unemployment exists in Indian Tourism Development Oct. 1966 To arrange for the construction Training Rural Youth for Self- Aug. 15, Programme of training rural
being utilised to the optimum level.
developing countries, in which Corporation (ITDC) of Hotels and Guest houses at Employment (TRYSEM) 1979 youth for self-employment
� Disguised unemployment : If a people want to do job, they do not various places of the country
person is engaged in a work but get the job. Integrated Rural Development Oct.2 , All-round development of the
his contribution of marginal Green Revolution 1966-67 To increase the foodgrains, spe- Programme (IRDP) 1980 rural poor through a programme
� Technical unemployment : cially wheat production
productivity is zero then it is of asset endowment for self-
Unemployment caused due to
called disguised unemployment. Nationalisation of 14 Banks July 1969 To provide loans for agriculture, employment
change in technology. Under new
This i s mainl y found in rural development and other pri-
technique, more production can be National Rural Employment 1980 To provide profitable employ-
agriculture sector of developing ority sectors
done with less number of workers. Programme (NREP) ment opportunities to the rural
economi es. Removi ng these
Its immediate effect is Rural Electrification July 1969 Electrification in rural areas poor
disguised unemployed from work
retrenchment of workers. But, it Corporation
will not affect total production. Development of Women and Sep. To provide suitable opportunities
is important to note that Housing and Urban April 1970 Loans for the development of Children in Rural Areas ( 1982 of self-employment to the
� Seasonal unemployment : This technological unemployment is
arises because demand for Development Corporation housing and provision of re- DWCRA) women belonging to the rural
temporary. sources for technical assistance families who are living below the
INDIA VISION 2020 TARGETS Scheme of Discriminatory April 1972 To provide loan to the weaker poverty line.
Indicators Condition Posibility in Interest Rate sections of the society at a Rural Landless Employment Aug.15, For providing employment to
concessional interest rate of 4% Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) 1983 landless farmers and labourers
2000-2001 2020
Population below poverty line (in%) 26% 13% Employment Guarantee 1972-73 To assist the economically wea- Self-Employment to the 1983-84 To provide financial and techni
Scheme of Maharashtra ker sections of the rural society Educated Unemployed Youth -cal assistance for selfemploy
Employment Rate 7.30% 6.80%
Accelerated Rural Water 1972-73 For providing drinking in the (SEEUY) -ment
Employment in Agriculture 56% 40%
Supply Programme (ARWSP) villages Farmer Agriculture Service 1983-84 To popularise the use of improv
Adult male literacy 68% 96%
Drought-Prone Area 1973 To try an expedient for protec- Centre’s (FASC’s) -ed agricultural instruments and
Adult female literacy 44% 94%
Programme (DPAP) tion from drought by achieving took kits
Entrance in Primary school 72.20% 99.90% environmental balance and by
Expenditure on educations (% of GDP) 3.20% 4.9% National Fund for Rural Feb. To grant 100% tax rebate to don
developing the ground water
Development (NFRD) 1984 -ors and also to provide finan-
Life Expectancy (Birth Time) 64 years 69 years Crash Scheme for Rural 1972-73 For rural employment cial assistance for rural devel-
Malnutrition in children under the 45% 8% Employment (CSRE) opment projects
age of 5 years Marginal Farmer and 1974-74 For technical and financial assis- Industrial Reconstruction March To provide financial assistance
Expenditure of Health 0.8% 3.4% Agriculture Labour tance to marginal and small Bank of India 1985 to sick and closed industrial
Per head every expenditure (equal to kg oil) 486 2002.0 Agency (MFALA) farmers and agricultural labour units for their reconstruction
Electric use (kw/h) 384 2460 Small Farmer Development 1974-75 For technical and financial assis- Comprehensive Crop April 1, For insurance of agricultural
Individual Computer (Per 1000) 3.3 42.3 Agency (SFDA) tance to small farmers Insurance Scheme 1985 crops

OLE - 549 OLE - 550 OLE - 551

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN ECONOMY
INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIAN ECONOMY
Council for Advancement of Sep. 1 To provide assistance for rural Scheme of Infrastructural 1993-94 To provide capital through spec- Jawahar Gram Samridhi April Creation of demand driven
People’s Action and Rural 1986 prosperity Development in Mega Cities ial institutions for water supply, Yojana (JGSY) 1999 community village infrastructure
Technology (CAPART) (SIDMC) sewage, drainage, urban trans- Jan Shree Bima Yojana Aug. 10, Providing Insurance Security to
portation, land development and 2000 people living below poverty line
Self-Employment Programme Sep. To provide self-employment to improvement of slum projects
for the Urban Poor (SEPUP) 1986 urban poor through provision of undertaken in Mumbai, Kolka- Pradhan Mantri Gramo- 2000 To fulfil basic requirements
subsidy and bank credit ta, Bangalore, Chennai and Hy- daya Yojana in rural areas
Service Area Account (SAA) Feb. A new credit policy for rural are derabad Antyodaya Anna Yojana Dec. 25 To provide food security to poor
1988 -as Scheme of Integrated Sixth Five To provide resources and 2000
Development Small and Year Plan create employment in small Ashraya Bima Yojana June To provide compensation to lab-
Formation of Securities and April To safeguard the interest of inve
Medium Towns and medium towns for prohibit- 2001 ourers who have lost their em-
Exchange Board of India (SEBI) 1988 -stors in capital market and to ing the migration of population ployment
regulate share market from rural areas to big cities
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Dec. 25, To link all villages with Pacca
Tourism Finance Corporation 1989 To arrange the finance for the District Rural Development 1993 To provide financial assistance Yojana (PMGSY) 2000 Road
of India (TFCI) schemes related to tourism Agency (DRDA) for rural development
Khetihar Mazdoor Bima Yojana 2001-02 Insurance of Landless Agricul-
Jawahar Rozgar Yojana April For providing employment to Mahila Samridhi Yojana 2 Oct., To encourage the rural women tural workers
1989 rural unemployed 1993 to deposit in Post Office Saving
Account Shiksha Sahyog Yojana 2001-02 Education of Children Below
Nehru Rozgar Yojana Oct. For providing employment to Poverty Line
1989 urban unemployed Child Labour Eradication Aug. 15, To shift child labour from hazar-
Scheme 1994 dous industries to schools Sampurna Gramin Rojgar Sept. 25, Providing employment and food
Agriculture and Rural Debt 1990 Exempt Bank Loans up to Rs. Yojana 2001 security
Relief Scheme (ARDRS) 10,000 for rural artisans and Prime Minister’s Integrated Nov. 18, To attack urban poverty in an
Jai Prakash Narain Rojgar 2002-03 Employment Gurantee in most
weavers Urban Poverty Eradication 1995 integrated manner in 345 town
Gurantee Yojana Budget poor distts.
Programme (PMIUPEP) having population bet ween
Scheme of Urban Micro 1990 To assist the urban poor people 50,000 to 1 lakh Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Dec. 2, Constructing Slum houses in
Enterprises (SUME) for small enterprise Yojana (VAMBAY) 2001 urban areas
Group Life Insurance Scheme 1995-96 To provide insurance facilities
Scheme of Urban Wage 1990 To provide wages employment in Rural Areas to rural people on low premium National Slum Development Aug. Development of Urban Slums
Employment (SUWE) after arranging the basic facili- Programme 1996
National Social Assistance 1995 To assist people living below the
ties for poor people in the ur- Programme poverty line Social Security Pilot Scheme Jan. 23, Scheme for labours of unorgani-
ban areas where population is 2004 sed sector for providing family
less than one lakh Ganga Kalyan Yojana 1997-98 To provide financial assistance pension, insurance and medical
to farmers for exploring and
Scheme of Housing and 1990 To provide employment by the developing ground and surface Vande Matram Scheme Feb. 9, Major initiative in public-private
Shelter Upgradation (SHASU) means of shelter upgradation in water resources 2004 partnership during pregnancy
the urban areas where popula- check-up
tion is between 1 to 20 lakhs Kasturba Gandhi Aug. 15, To establish girls schools in dis-
Education Scheme 1997 tricts having low female literacy National Food for Work Nov. 14, Programme to intensify the gen
National Housing Bank 1991 To utilise black money for cons- rate Programme 2004 -eration of supplementary wage
Voluntary Deposit Scheme tructing low cost housing for the employment
Swarna Jayanti Shahari Dec. To provide gainful employment
poor Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) 1997 to urban unemployed and un- Janani Suraksha Yojana Apr. 12 Providing care to expectant
National Renewal Fund (NRF) Feb. To protect the interest of the der employed poor through self- 2005 mothers
1992 employees of Public Sector employment or wage employ- Bharat Nirman Programme Dec. 16, Development of Rural Infrastruc
ment 2005 -ture including six components :
Supply of Improved Toolkits July To supply modern toolkits to the Irrigation, Water Supply, Housing,
to Rural Artisans 1992 r ural cr af tsmen except t he Bhagya Shree Bal Kalyan Oct. 19, To uplift the girls conditions
Policy 1998 Road, Telephone and Electricity
weavers, tailors, embroiders and
tobacco labourers who are liv- Rajrajeshwari Mahila Kalyan Oct. 19, To provide insurance protection National Rural Employment Feb. 2, To provide atleast100 days wage
ing below the poverty line Yojana 1998 of women Scheme 2006 employment in rural areas

Annapurna Yojana March To provide 10 kg. foodgrains to Rastriya Swasthya Bima Oct. 1, Health insurance to all workers
Employment Assurance Oct. 2, To provide employment of
1999 senior citizens (who did not get Yojana 2007 in unorganised area below pov-
Scheme (EAS) 1993 atleast 100 days in a year in erty line
villages pension)
Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana 2007 Insurance cover to the head of
Members of Parliament Local Dec.23, To sanction Rs. 1 crore per year Swarna Jayanti Gram April For eliminating Rural poverty the family of r ur al landless
Area Development Scheme 1993 to every Member of Parliament Swarozgar Yojana 1999 and unemployment and promot- households in the country
ing self-employment
(MPLADS) for various development works Rajiv Awas Yojana 2009 To Make India slum free in 5
in their respective areas through Samagra Awas Yojana 1999- For providing shelter sanitation years
DM of the district 2000 and drinking water

OLE - 552 OLE - 553 OLE - 554

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIAN ECONOMY
Skill India 15, July To create job and utilize the One Rank One Pension 6 April OROP will provide ex-servicemen

INDIAN ECONOMY
Programme/Plan/Institution Year of Objective
Beginning 2015 potential of youth. scheme (OROP) 2016 2016 of same rank and same
DUGJY 25, July to provide 24× 7 uninter- length of service with uniform
Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog 2010 To improve the health and
2015 rupted electricity supply to pension regardless of date of
Yojna (IGMSY) nutrition status of pregnant
each rural household across retirement.
lactating women and infants.
the country by 2022. UJALA Scheme 1 May It is LED based Domestic
National Mission for Empowerment 2010 To achieve empowerment of
of women (NMEW) women socially, economically Sagarmala Project 31, July to modernize India’s ports 2016 Efficient Lighting Programme
and educationally by securing 2015 for the devel opment of (DELP)
convergence of schemes country’s tries economy. Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana 1 May for providing free of cost LPG
Women farmer Empowerment 2010 To fulfill the need of rural SAHAJ Scheme 30 Aug. Union government has 2016 connections to women from
Scheme women farmers. 2015 launched Scheme for online BPL Households.
Bal Bandhu Scheme 2011 Provides for protections of booking of LPG. National Green Highways Mission 1 July The mission aims to provide a
children in areas of civil un- SPMRM (Shyama Prasad Mukherji 16 Sept. for social, economic and infra- 2016 green canopy along 100,000
rest. It is implemented by
Rural Mission 2015 structure development in ru- km of highways and create
NCPCR with grant from PM’s
ral areas jobs for 1 million youth.
National Relief fund.
Nirbhaya Fund 2013 For the security of women. PMKKY (Pradhan Mantri Khanij 17 Sept. for welfare of people affected Krishi Vigyan Kendra 8 July The portal aims to provide
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana 28 Aug. Fiscal consolidation, opening Kshetra Kalyan Yojana) 2015 by mining related operations. (KVK) Portal 2016 information and advisory to
2014 of atleast one bank account for IPDS (Integrated Power Devlopment 18 Sept. to strengthen the transmission the farmers and facilitate
every family in the country. online monitoring of the KVK
Scheme) 2015 and distribution networks.
Make in India 25 Sept. To make India manufacturing Activities.
Project Neeranchal 7 Oct. to bring institutional changes
2014 hub to obtain larger foreign Pashudhan Bima Yojana 28 July It will provide insurance cover
investment. 2015 in rainfed and watershed agri-
(By Haryana Govt.) 2016 to cattle breeders in the state
Clean India Mission 02 Oct. Clean every village by the cultural management practices. at different premium rates for
2014 150th birth Anniversary of UDAY (Ujwal DISCOM Assurance 4 Nov. for financial restructuring of different animals.
Gandhiji till 2019 Yojana 2015 debt of power distribution MAA (Mothers’ Absolute Affection) 5 Aug. Programme aims to enhance
Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojna 11 Oct. Under this Yojna, MPs will be companies. Programme 2016 optional breastfeeding prac-
2014 responsible for developing G.M.S (Gold Monetisation Scheme) 5 Nov. Scheme will provide option to tices in the country.
socio-economic and physical
2015 people to deposit their pre- Baristha Bunkar Sahayata yojana 7 Aug. The scheme aims at improving
of infrastructure of 3 villages
each by 2019, and total 8 cious metal and earn interest (By Odisha govt.) 2016 the financial conditions of over
villages each by 2024 on it. 8,000 weavers in the state.
Prime Minister Suraksha Bima 2015 Compensation in case of GIAN (Global Initiative of Academic 30 Nov. for improving the quality of Mission Bhagiratha 7 Aug. It is a water grid project that
Yojana Accidental death or become Networks) Scheme 2015 higher education in the coun- (By Telangana Govt.) 2016 aims to provide safe drinking
handicapped in accident. try through international col- water to all in the state.
Ustad Yojana 2015 To develop the traditional art laboration. Biju Kanya Ratna Yojana 4 Sep. Objective of scheme is to
and craft. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana 13 Jan. It is new crop insurance 2016 improve Sex Ratio at Birth in
AMRUT (Atal Mission for Rejuve-
2016 scheme to boost farming sec- three districts of the state.
nation and Urban Transformation) 24 ,June Improve the quality of life in
tor in the country.
2015 urban area’s by providing ba- Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guarantee Act
sic services and building Startup India, Standup 16 Jan. Promoting bank financing for
(MGNREGA, launched on 2nd February, 2006)
amenities. India Scheme 2016 start up ventures to boost en-
� The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005 envisages
DELP (Domestic Efficient Lighting July to replace the regular bulbs trepreneurship and encourage
securing the livelihood of people in rural areas by guaranteeing 100 days
Programme) 2015 and CFL light with LED lights start up with job creation. of employment in a financial year to a rural household. The main provi-
PMKSY (Pradhan Mantri Krishi 1, July Providing irrigation facilities Project Sunrise 5 Feb. for prevention of AIDS in North sions of the Act are
Sinchayee Yojana) 2015 to every village in the country 2015 Eastern States. � Employment to be given within 15 days of application for work.
Digital India 2, July Creation of digital Infrastruct- Setu Bharatam Project 3 March to make all national highways � If employment is not provided within 15 days, daily unemployment allowance
2015 ure, delivering services digi- in cash has to be paid.
2016 free of railway crossings by 2019.
tally, and raise Digital literacy. � Employment within 5 km radius, else extra wages to be paid.

OLE - 555 OLE - 556 OLE - 557

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN ECONOMY
� At least one-third beneficiaries � The Mission has two Sub-mis- Provides 100% central assis- adults in the age group of 15
INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIAN ECONOMY
� much as 71.6% of rural credit. They � The steps took include abolition
have to be women. sions. The first Sub-mission is for tance for inclusive education to and above with its primary fo- used to charge rates of interest rang- of Zamindari and tenancy re-
� Gram Sabha will recommend works. Urban Infrastructure and Gover- disable children studying in cus on women. ing from 18 to 50% forms for bringing about rapid
� Gram Panchayat to execute at nance namely Urban Infrastruc- class IX-XII in government lo- � National Rural Health Mission agricultural growth.
least 50 per cent of works. ture Development Scheme for cal body and government-aided (NRHM) (Set up in 12th April, 2005) IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE
� The aims and objectives associ-
� On 2nd October, 2009 NREGA Small and Medium Towns schools. � To provide effective healthcare � Contribution of GDP in national ated with land reforms include :
renamed as Mahatma Gandhi Na- (UIDSSMT). � Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha to rural population with special income is declining but still it con-
focus on 18 states with weak i. Abolition of intermediaries
tional Rural Employment Guaran- � The JNNURM has now been ex- Abhiyaan (RMSA) or Scheme tributed 13.9% to the total GDP
for Universalisation to Access for health indices/infrastructure; ii. Security of rent
tee Act. tended to 65 cities from the pre- in 2011-12.
Secondary Education (SUCCESS) to raise public spending on iii. Ownership rights for tenants
� In March 2013, the Government vious 63 cities. � As a proportion of the value
(Set up in March 2009) health from 0.9% of GDP to iv. Redistribution of land
admitted that the programme is � Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Em- added by agriculture to GDP
� Aims at raising the enrolment 2.3% of GDP; reduction of IMR v. Consolidation of holdings
plagued with corruption and
powerment of Adolescent Girls and MMR; and universal access gross capital formation in agricul-
AADHAAR-Enabled Payments for rate at secondary stage from vi. Cooperative farming,
(RGSEAG)— ‘Sabla’ (Set up in to healthcare with emphasis on ture rose to 20.1% in 2010-11
MGNERGA workers with Bank 52.26% in 2005-06 to 75% in
November, 2010) women. from 13.5% in 2001-05 at 2004- GREEN REVOLUTION
Accounts. next 5 years by providing a sec-
� It aims at empowering adoles- � Pradhan Mantri Swasthya 2005 prices.
� India’s rural employment guaran- ondary school within reason- � It refers to the major increase in
cent girls of 11 to 18 years by Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY) (Set up � Agriculture provides livelihood to
tee programme MGNREGA has able distance of 5 km of any agricultural productivity due to
improving their nutritional and in 2010)
been ranked as the world’s larg- habitation; ensure universal more than 70 per cent of the the introduction of High Yield Va-
� To correct regional imbalance
est public work programme. health status, upgradation of access by 2017 and universal labour force. riety of Seeds (HYVS) together
in tertiary health care and aug-
Rajiv Gandhi Gramin Vidyutikaran home skills, life skills and vo- retention by 2020. � Its share in the National Income with new techniques.
menting facilities for quality
Yojana cational skills. � Saakshar Bharat (Set up in 8th is around 25 per cent.
medical education in the coun- � Green Revolution led to a signifi-
(RGGVY launched in 2005) � Dhan Laxmi (Set up in March September, 2009) try; and setting up six AIIMS- � Rate of growth of agriculture has cant increase in the production of
� Aims at providing electricity in all 2008) � National Literacy Mission has like institution in phase-1 and a direct impact on poverty eradi- both Wheat and Rice.
villages and habitations and ac- � Conditional cash transfer been recalled as “Shakshar in phase-2 to more AIIMS like cation.
Bharat”. The aim is to cover all � The credit for ushering in the era
cess to “electricity to all rural scheme for the girl child to en- institutions. � Agriculture contributes around 18 of Green Revolution goes to Dr.
households”. courage families to educate girl
� Connections to BPL families are children and to prevent child
AGRICULTURE to 20 per cent to the total exports. Norman Borlaug and Dr. M.S.
� It is an important source of raw- Swaminathan.
given free of cost. 90% cost of the marriage. Agriculture is a very important (2) Growth of agriculture during
Planning Period. material for a large number of in- � Dr. William Goud gave the term
scheme is released as grant where � Ujjwala (Set up in 4th December, sector of the Indian economy. It
(a) Increase in Production and Pro- dustries. Green Revolution.
10% as loan. 2007) plays a major role in the overall de-
ductivity. Due to constant ef- � Agricultural growth is an impor- � The New Agricultural strategy of
� For creation of village electrifica- � A comprehensive scheme for velopment of the country as it con- tant factor in containing inflation. Green Revolution was based on
tion infrastructure, first priority prevention of trafficking with forts of the government the pro-
is given to unelectrified villages. tributes nearly one-fifth of GDP and ductivity largel y increases � It is the main support to Tertiary a ‘Package Programme’.
five specific components-pre-
Preference for electrification is engages around 60 per cent of the which is commonly known as Sector. � The production of wheat i n-
vention, rescue, rehabilitation
given to Dalit Bastis, Tribal settle- population of the country. green revolution. � The total food-grain production in creased from 10.4 million tonnes
reintegration and repatriation of
ments and habitations of weaker (b) Diversified agriculture 2011-2012 was 250.42 million in 1965 to 70.5 million tonnes in
victims. (1) Role of agriculture in India.
sections. (c) Modernisation of agriculture tonnes. 1998-1999.
� National Mission for Empower- (a) Providing employment
JLN National Urban Renewal Mis- (d) Improved agrarian system � The production of rice increased
ment of Women (NMEW) (Set up (b) Share in national income LAND REFORMS
sion (3) Problems of Agriculture sector from 30.6 mi ll ion tonnes i n
in 2010)
(JNNURM launched on 3rd Decem- (c) Supporting Industries � At the time of Independence,
� To achieve empowerment of in India. 1965-1966 to 86.0 million tonnes
ber, 2005) (d) Share in foreign trade there were three types of land
women socially, economically (a) Slow and uneven growth in 1998-1999.
� The aim of the Jawaharlal Nehru tenure systems prevailing in the
and educationally by securing (e) Supplier of food and fodder (b) Not so modern agriculture � Green Revolution initiated the
National Urban Renewal Mission country viz., the Zamindari sys-
convergence of schemes. (f) Savings of capital (i) About two third area is rain fed. process of modernisation of In-
(JNNURM) is to encourage reforms tem, the Mahalwari system and
and fast track planned develop- � Inclusive Education for the Dis- (g) Contributions to government’s (ii) Only 40% of the gross cropped dian Agriculture.
the Ryotwari system.
ment of identified cities. abled at Secondary Stage (IEDSS) area has irrigation facilities. � Its negati ve aspect was that
revenue. � The period from First Five Year
� The duration of the Mission is Replaced Integrated Education for (c) Flaws in land reforms Green Revolution remained con-
(h) Solving problems of urban con- Plan to Third Five Year Plan con-
seven years beginning from the Disabled Children (IEDC) (Set up in (d) Problems relating to finance. In fined to wheat and rice only. It
gestion and brain drain. 1951 moneylenders accounted for as centrated on land reforms and
year 2005-06. 2009-10) did not cover pulses.
institutional changes.

OLE - 558 OLE - 559 OLE - 560

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIAN ECONOMY
India is the second largest pro- Minor Irrigation Projects countries. India today is the third

INDIAN ECONOMY
Various Revolutions � AGRICULTURAL CREDIT � NABARD provides refinance facili-
ducer and largest consumer of � Credit requirements of the Indian ties to various such financial insti- These include ground water de- largest producer of nitrogenous
Revolution Commodity black tea in the world. farmers can be classified into tutions which provide loans to pro- velopment through construction of fertilisers in the world.
Green Wheat, rice AGRICULTURE PRICE POLICY three types viz, short term, me- mote productive activities in rural dug wells, deep public tube wells, Quality Seeds
Yellow Oilseeds � The Commission on Agricultural dium term and long term. areas. small surface development works � Quality seed is the bedrock of in-
Costs and Prices (CACP) provide � Short term loans are provided for � NABARD obtains funds from Gov- through diversion schemes, storage, creased agricultural production.
Golden Horticulture
expert advice to the government a period of less than 15 months. ernment of India, World Bank lift irrigation projects. Our position in this regard has
Golden Fiber Jute Merits
on price policy. � Medium term loans are provided and other agencies. not been very satisfactory be-
Rainbow Agriculture for a period of 15 months to 5 � The paid up capital of NABARD � Small investment. cause specially good quality seeds
� The Food Corporation of India (FCI)
White Milk has been the Government’s opera- years. was raised to Rs. 5000 crore on � Short gestation period. kept for sowing purposes are ei-
Blue Fish tional arm for entering the market � Long term loans are provided for 23 October 2011 by the Govern- � Immediate gains. ther consumed away during off-
Red Meat and Tomato to guarantee price support to farm- a period of more than 5 years. ment. � Provide local employment. season or because good seeds
ers. � There are two principal sources deteriorate through bad storage.
Pink Lobster (Fish) CLASSIFICATION OF IRRIGATION � Labour-intensive. Two-thirds of
� Minimum Support Price (MSP) : for obtaining credit by the farm- Significance of animal husbandry
Black Petroleum Products PROJECTS cost of a minor project goes in
MSP is the price which is an- ers viz., Non–Institutional sources labour wages. in Indian economy
Brown Fertilisers nounced by the Government to and Institutional sources. Major Irrigation Projects
� Of special importance in raising Animal Husbandry and Dairy de-
Grey Wool purchase the crop from the farm- � Non-Institutional sources in- The emphasis of projects has been
on building multipurpose projects pulses and oilseeds, as these velopment plays a prominent role in
Round Potato ers directly if they are willing if cludes, money lenders, landlords
which provide not only irrigation wa- crops require only limited irriga- the rural economy in supplementing
crop prices become lower than etc.
Silver Egg/poultry tion facilities. the income of rural households, par-
MSP. � Institutional sources includes ter but also flood protection, hydro-
Silver Fiber Cotton power and irrigation. Rural electrification works must ticularly, the landless and small and
� CACP recomends Minimum commercial banks, cooperative
Evergreen increase in produc- be expedited in order to optimise re- marginal farmers. It also provides
Supprt Price (MSPs) of 23 banks and regional rural banks. Merits
tivity and prosper- turns from minor irrigation projects. subsidiary occupation in semi-urban
commodityies. � The NABARD is the apex refi- � Huge irrigation potential.
ity without ecologi- nancing institution for all the in- Use of Fertilisers areas and more so for people living
� Which comprises 7 cereals, 5
cal harm � Serve several purposes. in hilly, tribal and drought prone ar-
pulses, 7 oilseeds and 4 commer- stitutional sources. � The food potential of high yield-
Demerits ing varities (HYV) seeds in India eas where crop output may not sus-
� The fruit of Green Revolution did cial crops, to the central govern- � The Kisan Credit Card scheme
ment. was introduced in 1998-1999. � Long gestation period and conse- could not have been brought tain the family. Animal husbandry out-
not reach to each and every re-
� The Cabinet Committee on Eco- � The total credit flow to agriculture quent cost escalation. about but with use of fertilisers. put constitutes about 30 per cent of
gion of the country.
nomic Affairs (CCEA) gives ap- in the Ninth Plan (1997-2002) � The proj ects have fai l ed to � Over 50 per cent of the increase the country’s agricultural output
� Increase in food production has
proval for the MSPs. amounted to Rs. 2,29,956 crore. achieve ‘flood control’ objective. in yield on a per unit area basis Contribution of Livestock sector
taken pl ace only i n Punjab,
� For Sugarcane instead of MSP, � In the Tenth Plan (2002-2007) the Reason : heavy siltation of the res- in a worldwide spectrum during to Food-basket
Haryana, Maharashtra, Tamil
“Fair and Remunerative Price” is total credit flow to agriculture is ervoirs of major dams. the past 30 years has been due
Nadu and Western Uttar � The contribution of Livestock sec-
declared. projected at Rs. 7,36,570 crore. to increased use of fertilisers.
Pradesh. � Degradation of soil in command tor to the food basket in the form
� With continuous decline in land/
� The new technology remained out � The main objectives behind MSPs NATIONAL BANK FOR AGRICUL- areas due to waterlogging. Esti- of milk, eggs, and meat has been
are : man ratio, additional increases in
of reach of the small and mar- TURE AND RURAL DEVELOP- mated 25 per cent of total irri- immense in fulfilling the animal
agricultural production are ex-
ginal farmers. � To prevent fall in price, MENT (NABARD) gated area of about 40 million protein requirement of ever-grow-
pected to come from increased
� The new technology has widened � To protect the interest of farmers. hectares is threatened by water- ing human population.
� NABARD was established on July yields only.
income inequality. � Procurement Prices : Procure- 12, 1982. logging and salinity. � The present availability of animal
� Fertilisers may therefore rightly
� Dr. M.S. Swaminathan is now ad- ment prices are fixed at a higher � It was established with a paid up � Di spl acement of mi l li ons of protein in an Indian diet is 10 gm
be defined as the spear head of
vocating ‘Evergeeen Revolution’ levels as compared to the MSP capital of Rs. 100 crore having People. Our records in rehabili- per person per day, as against a
agricultural development.
based on biotechnology for the and are meant essentially for the 50:50 contribution of Indian Gov- tation have been very bad. world average of 25 gm.
� India’s soil is deficient in nitrogen
growth of agricultural sector. purchase of quantities needed by ernment and RBI. � Adverse environmental impact in- and potassium hence use of � However, keeping in view the
� India is the fourth largest pro- the Government for maintaining � NABARD is the apex institution cluding destruction of flora and fertiliser is necessary for high growing population, the animal
ducer of natural rubber with a the PDS and for building the providing finance for agriculture fauna in catchment areas. yields of crop. protein availability has to increase
share of 8.2% in world produc- buffer stocks. and rural development.
� Increased soil erosion and land- � Four decades of planning and de- at least two-fold for maintaining
tion in 2010. � Issue Prices : It indicates the � NABARD (Amendment) Act 2001
slides and consequently greater velopment of the fertiliser indus- the nutritional level of growing
� India is the sixth largest producer prices at which the Government raised the authorised capital of
danger of floods, earthquakes try have brought India to the children and nursing mothers in
of coffee after Brazil, Vietnam, supplies food grains through fair NABARD from Rs. 500 crore to
and outbursts. frontline of fertiliser producing India.
Colombia, Indonesia and Ethiopia. price shops and national depots. Rs. 2000 crore.

OLE - 561 OLE - 562 OLE - 563

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN ECONOMY
milk sheds to major demand cen- TRIFED (i) ensure renumerative prices to
INDIAN ECONOMY

Operation Flood
� The largest ever dairy develop- tres in urban areas. � The Government established the producers of agricultural
ment project was launched in � Now, India ranks first in the TRIFED (Tribal Co-operative commodities.
1970, popularly known as Opera- world in milk production. Marketing Development Federa- (ii) narrow down the price spread
tion Flood, with the object of set- Mechanisation of Agriculture tion of India Ltd.) in August between the producer and the
ting up AMUL like organisation in � By mechanisation of agriculture 1987. The basic aim of TRIFED consumer.
several states linking rural milk we mean the replacement of ani- was to save tribals from exploi- (iii) reduce non-functional margins
procurement points with urban mal and human power by machin- tation by private traders and to of the traders and commission
demand centres. ery viz, ploughing by tractor; sow- offer them remunerative prices agents.
� AMUL (Anand Milk Union Ltd.) at ing/fertiliser mixing by drill; reap- for their minor forest produce
Anand in Kheda district of Gujarat ing/threshing by combined 3. Provisioning of warehousing
and surplus agriculture prod-
was set up in 1960s to promote thresher. It also includes use of facilities.
ucts.
cooperative movement in milk pro- pumping sets and electrically op- � Central warehousing corporations
� TRIFED started functioning
duction and marketing. AMUL erated tubewells. It means elimi- � State warehousing corporations
since April 1988. TRIFED has
subsequently began to serve as nation of wooden ploughs, bul- for constructing and running
also been declared an important
a model for future development locks, sickles etc. godowns and warehouses.
agency for collecting, process-
of dairy industry. � It will increase agricultural pro-
ing, storing and developing of oil 4. Di ssemi nati on of market
� Operation Flood II, launched in duction boosting productivity and
seeds products. trends and prices through radio, TV
1979, aimed at setting up a Na- also lead to reduction of product
tional Milk Grid by linking rural costs. � TRIFED plays a role of an agent etc.
of FCI for Government purchase Warehousing in India
of wheat and rice.
AGRICULTURAL MARKETING AND WAREHOUSING 1. At present there are three
� It is also an agent of agriculture main agencies in the public sector
Cooperative Marketing : � It undertakes movement of es- and co-operation department for which are engaged in building large-
� Three-tier structure sential commodities from surplus Government purchase of cere- scale storage/warehousing capacity,
to scarcity area. als, pulses and oil-seeds. Agri- viz.
� At national level - NAFED (Na-
tional Agricultral Cooperative Mar- � NCDC (The National Cooperative culture Ministry gives aid to � The Food Corporation of India
keting Federation) Development Cooperation) TRIFED for compensating loss
(FCI)
� At State level—Sate-level coopera- � It is responsible for the planning incurred due to price fluctua-
� Central Warehousing Corpora-
tive marketing federations. and promotion of programmes for tions.
tion
� At local level—Cooperative mar-
processing, storage and market- Government and Agricultural Mar-
ing of agricultural produce and � State Warehousing Corporaions
keting societies and primary mar- keting
notified commodities through co- FCI provides storage capacity for
keting societies. Measures undertaken by Govern-
operative societies. foodgrains. It has its own godowns
� Punjab, Gujarat, Maharashtra, ment in agricultural marketing :
� It undertakes construction of and it also hires storage capacities
UP together account for about 75 1. Quality control—Commodities
godowns and cold storages. from CWC, SWCs and private par-
per cent of total value of agricul- like ghee, vegetable oils, flour, but-
NAFED ties.
tural produce marketed by coop- ter, cotton etc. are stamped with the
eratives. NAFED (National Agricultural Co- The main functions of CWC and
seal of the agricultural marketing de-
� Foodgrains, sugarcane and cotton
operative Marketing Federation of SWCs are to acquire and build ware-
India Ltd.) has been established in partment—AGMARK—to emphasise
together account for 75 per cent that they are of appropriate quality, houses and operate them for storage
co-operative sector are national level of agricultural produce, fertilisers etc.
of total value of sales. ‘Agmark’ grade is given after labora-
for marketing of agriculture products.
� ‘Operation Flood’ and Dairy Coop- tory testing of the products. 2. The warehouses have two defi-
eratives. Storing Facilities for Agri- nite aims.
2. Setting up of regulated mar-
� IFFCO ( The Indi an Farmers culture Products � To provide better and scientific
kets and introduction of uniform sys-
Fertiliser Cooperative Ltd.) is one To promote storing facilities for tem of weights storage facilities at reasonable
of the l eadi ng producers of agriculture products, National Co-op- cost.
� About two-thirds of agricultural
fertilisers in the country. It also erative Development & Warehousing
produce is now sold in regulated � To provide farmers and traders
undertakes marketing. Board (1956) and Central Warehous-
markets. with a convenient instrument of
� NAFED (National Agricultural Co- ing Corporation (1957) were estab-
lished. State Warehousing Corpora- � Regulated markets aim at the de- credit in the form of warehouse
operative Marketing Federation)
tions were also established. Presently velopment of the marketing receipts against which they can
� It promotes inter-State and ex-
FCI has its own warehouses. structure to borrow from commerical banks.
port trade of agricultural produce.

OLE - 564 OLE - 565

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
The new Rs. 500 banknote has a of exchange. It originated as a pa- Types of Budget : Budgets are of three types— (1) Balanced Budget

INDIAN ECONOMY
INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIAN ECONOMY
MONEY & BANKING �
stone grey base colour with an per certificate that was a prom- (2) Surplus Budget (3) Deficit Budget
Supply of Money with the RBI + CRR them- image of the Red Fort along with ise to pay a certain amount of gold 1. Balanced Budget : A government budget is said to be a balanced budget
� There are four types of currency selves + CRR held with RBI. the Indian flag printed on the or silver to the bearer. in which government estimated receipts are equal to government esti-
published in India called –M1, M2, M1 = Currecncy with the public back. 4. Full bodied Money : Any unit of mated expenditure.
M3, M4. + Demand deposit with the � Both the bank notes have the money, whose face value and in-
� RBI calculates the four concepts banking system + other de- Swachh Bharat Abhiyan logo trinsic value are equal, is known
of money supply in India posit with the RBI. printed on the back. as full bodied money. � It ensures financial stability.
� M1 is called the narrow money M2 = M1 + saving deposits of post Forms of Money 1. Deficit : Budget deficit refers to � It avoids wasteful expenditure.
� Currently Narrow Money (M1) and office, saving banks. 1. Fiat Money : Fiat money is money a situation when budget expendi-
2. Surplus Budget : When government receipts are more than government
Broad money (M3) are relevant in- whose value is not derived from tures of the government greater
M3 = M1 + Time deposit with the expenditure in the budget the budget is called a surplus budget.
dicators of money supply in India. any intrinsic value or guarantee than the budget receipts.
banking system.
M 0 = Reserve money or high that it can be converted into a There are three types of budget
M4 = M3 + All deposits with the
power money currency with valuable commodity (Such as gold) deficit—
post office saving (excluding � A surplus budget shows that government is taking away more money
the public + other deposits : instead, it has value only by gov- 1. Revenue Deficit
NSC) than what it is pumping in the economic systems.
ernment order. 2. Fiscal Deficit
2. Credit Money : Credit money is 3. Deficit Budget : When government estimated expenditure exceeds gov-
3. Primary Deficit
money that is backed by a prom- ernment receipts in the budget, the budget is said to be a deficit budget.
� Revenue Deficit : It is excess of
ise to pay made by someone other total revenue expenditure of the
than the state. government over its total revenue
3. Fiduciary Money : Money that receipts. It is related to only rev- Types of Loan
depends for its value and confi- enue expenditure and revenue re- � Overdraft– An overdraft occurs when money is withdrawn from bank
dence that is an accepted medium ceipts of the government. account and the available balance goes below zero. In this situation the
account is sail to be withdrawn.
� Cash Credit : An account with a bank by which a person or house, hav-
ing given security for repayment, draws at pleasure upon the bank to
the extent of an amount agreed upon, also called bank credit and cash
amount.
� Revenue deficit signifies that 2. Fiscal Deficit : It is defined as
government’s own earning is in- � Demand Loan : A demand loan is a loan that lender may require the
excess of total budget expenditure
sufficient to meet normal function- over total budget receipts exclud- borrower to repay at any time.
ing of government departments ing borrowing during a fiscal year. � Short term loan : A loan scheduled to be repaid in less than a year.
and provision of services. This type of loan is to finance the temporary work.
� Coins in India are limited legal ten- � From the midnight of 8 November, � Fiscal Deficit = Budget Expendi-
� Revenue deficit results in borrow- ture (revenue + capital) — Budget Type of Deposits
der. 2016, all 500 and 1000 rupee de-
ing. Receipts other than borrowings � Current or Demand Deposit Account— Current accounts are basically
� Paper currency is unlimited legal nominations of this series have
tender. � It occurs when government (revenue receipts + capital re- meant for businessmen and are never used for the perpose of invest-
been demonetized.
� Narrow money is the most liquid spends more than what it collects ceipts other than borrowings). ment or savings. These deposits are the most liquid deposits and there
� On 8 November, 2016 the RBI
part of the money supply because by way of revenue, it incurs rev- are no limits for number of transactions in a day. No interest is paid by
announced the issuance of new 3. Primary Deficit : The borrowing
the demand deposits can be with- enue deficit. banks on these accounts. On other hand bank charges certain service
Rs. 500 and Rs. 2000 banknotes requirements of the government
drawn anytime. Main Remedies to Control charges, on such accounts.
in the Mahatma Gandhi (new) se- include interest obligations on ac-
� The Mahatma Gandhi series of 1. Government should raise rate of � Time Deposit Account : When money is deposited with a tenure, it can’t
ries of Banknotes. cumulated debt. The primary defi-
banknotes are issued by the RBI- taxes. be withdrawn before its maturity fixed at a particular time. Such depos-
� The new Rs. 2000 banknote has cit indicates the deficit amount
as a legal tender. its are called time deposits or term deposits. The most common example
a magenta base colour, with a 2. Any new taxes that the government needs to bor-
� The RBI introduced the series in of the time deposits is ‘Fixed Deposit.’
portrait of Mahatma Gandhi as 3. Reduce expenditure. row for consumption and invest-
1996 with Rs. 10 and Rs. 500 � All time deposits are eligible for interest payment.
well as the Ashoka pillar Emblem 4. Avoid unnecessary expenditure ment purposes.
banknotes. � Recurring Deposit Account : Fixed amount is deposited at regular in-
on the front.
� In January 2014 RBI announced tervals for a fixed term and the repayment of principal and accumulated
that it would be withdrawing from � The denomination also has a mo-
tif of the Mars Orbiter Mission Objectives of Government Budget : interest is made at the end of the term. These deposits are usually tar-
circulation all currency notes
(MOM) on the back, depicting the 1. Economic Growth 2. Reduction of Poverty geted at persons who are salaried or receive other regular incoming. A
printed prior to 2005 by 2014.
country’s first venture into inter- 3. Reduction of inequalities 4. Redistribution of incoming recurring deposit can usually be opend for any period from 6 months to
the deadline was later extended to
planetary space. 5. Reallocation of resources 6. Price Stability 12 months.
30 June, 2016. 7. Financing and management of public enterprises.

OLE - 566 OLE - 567 OLE - 568

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
In view of phasing out of all re- exported goods and services.

INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIAN ECONOMY
India’s Trade Policy Export Import (EXIM) Policy 2002-07 �

INDIAN ECONOMY
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (BOP)
The Government of India an- � The Special Economic Zone strictions on textile products by � EOUs shall be permitted to re-
It refers to comprehensive Balance of payments = Trade 2005 under the Agreement on tain 100% of export earnings in
nounces trade policy from time to ( SEZ) scheme has been
record of economic transactions of balance + Net invisibles Textile and Clothing (ATC), the EEFC accounts.
time. The trade policy has all along strengthened by permitting the
the residents of a country with the EXIM Policy has focussed on
CAUSES OF BOP PROBLEMS been formulated with the objectives setting up of off–shore Banking � Income Tax benefits on plant
rest of the world during a given pe- measures to encourage value and machinery shall be extended
� Expansion of imports of fulfilling Plan goals. Units, hedging of commodity
riod of time. added exports in the garment to DTA units which convert to
� Slow growth in export earnings Objectives price risks and sourcing of short
Overall Balance of payments = term External Commercial Bor- sector. Electronic Hardware EOUs.
Balance of payments on current ac- � Deficits on Capital transactions Import substitution : Import of Technology Park (EHTP) scheme
rowings (ECBs). Supplies by do- � For EOUs engaged to Textile &
count + Balance of payments on � The policy of import liberalisation only essential items; restructuring of has been modified to enable
mestic units to SEZs would en- Garments manufacture leftover
capital account. � Higher demand for consumer
imports to help export promotion. hardware sector to face the zero
title the former to avail of Duty materials and fabrics upto 2% of
Balance of Payments on Cur- durables, mention may be made Export promotion : This objec- duty regime under Information CIF value of quantity of import
Entitlement Passbook Scheme
rent Account–It is made up of ex- of colour TVs, VCRs, air condi- tive has assumed great importance Technology Agreement (ITA-1) shall be allowed to be disposed
benefit. The policy has also en-
ports and i mports expenses on tioners, refrigerators, motor in recent years because of rapidly in- mandating only a positive net off on payment of duty on trans-
sured procedural simplification
travel, transporation, insurance, in- creasing trade deficits and repayment foreign exchange as a percent- action value only.
cycles, cars and other gadgetry in the process of subcontracting
vestment, income, transfer pay- obligations. age of exports criteria and obvi- � Minimum investment criteria
� Depreciation of the rupee. carried out by the SEZ units. To
ments. Ensuring competitiveness of ating by other export obligation shall not apply to Brass Hard-
The negative list of imports ease the power situation in and
It consists of visibles and Indian products vis-a-vis world for units in Electronic Hardware ware and Handmade Jewellery.
consists of (i) Prohibited Items around the SEZs, units for gen-
markets : This is being done through Technology Parks. EOUs (this facility already exists
invisibles. which are totally banned from im- eration and di stri bution of
liberal import of certain items so that power have been permitted to be Export Oriented Units (EOUs) for Handicrafts, Agriculture, Floricul-
Visibles refer to commodity ex- ports and these are now limited to domestic producers are exposed to ture, Aquaculture, Animal Hus-
ports and imports because these are only tallow, fat and/or oils of animal set up in the SEZs. � EOUs shall be exempted from
foreign competitions. On the other bandry, IT and Services).
recorded at the custom barriers of origin, wild animals to tallow. (ii) Re- � The Policy gives a major thrust Service Tax in proportion to their
hand, various incentives are being
the country. stricted items the imports of which to agricultural exports by remov-
given to Indian exporters to place
ing export restrictions on desig-
NATIONAL FOREIGN TRADE POLICY 2015–2020
Invisibles refer to service ex- is limited due to special reasons. (iii) them at par with their foreign com-
ports and imports e.g., transport nated items.The efforts to pro- � The Foreign Trade policy was is- � All scrips issued under MEIS and
Canalised products which can be petitors. sued in 2015. SEIS and the goods imported
charges, shipping freight, passenger imported only through state desig- mote exports of agro and agro-
Export-Import Policy (1988) : based products in the floricul- � Foreign Trade Policy introduces against these scrips will be fully
fares, harbour and canal dues, com- nated agencies like STC, and MMTC It gave further strength to the mea- ture and horticulture sectors new schemes. transferable. This means that
mercial services (fees and commis- (items like edible oils, petroleum scrips issued under export from
sures announced in 1985. have been sustained with the (i) Merchandise Exports from In-
sions), financial services (brokers, products, fertilisers etc.). Over the India schemes can now be used
fees), services connected with the New Strategy for Export Pro- notification of 32 Agri-Export dia scheme (MEIS)
years the restricted and canalised for payment of customs duty for
tourist traffic, payment of interest on motion : On 2nd January, 1998, the Zones across the country. Non- (ii) Services Exports from India
products have been continuously re- import of goods, payment of ex-
external debt, and inward remit- Ministry of Commerce announced actionable subsidies such as Scheme (SEIS) cise duty on domestic procure-
duced. medium term export strategy for at- transport subsidy have been � There would be no conditionality
tances of funds by Non-resident In- ment of inputs or goods and pay-
dians. Nature of Deficits taining annual export target of $90 provided for the export of fruits, attached to any scrips issued un- ment of service tax.
� Deficits have been caused by im- billion by 2002. The measures vegetables, floriculture, poultry der these schemes. � The FTP also introduced a concept
Balance of Payments on Capi-
ports which were needed for adopted under this new strategy and dairy products. All Quanti- � The MEIS has replaced five exist- of import appraisal mechanisms
tal Account—It is made up of capi-
country’s development. were : tative Restrictions on exports ing schemes— which will be done on a quarterly
tal transactions e.g., borrowing and
lending of capital, repayment of capi- � Since the Fourth Plan, the deficits � Removal of infrastructural ob- (except a few sensitive items) (ii) Focus Products Scheme. basis by the commerce depart-
tal, sale and purchase of securities could be moderated by rising net stacles for export promotion. have been removed. (ii) Market linked Focus Products ment.
and other assets from foreigners—in- surplus on invisibles account. � Minimising the cost of export � The Policy provides a package of Scheme � In order to give a boost to exports
dividuals and Governments. credit. incentives, including exemption (iii) Focus market scheme from SEZs gov. has now decided
Causes of Deficit
� Developing new specific products. from maintaining the average (iv) Agriculture Infrastructure In- to extend benefits of both the re-
It is the overall balance of pay- � The main cause is that imports ward schemes to units located in
ment which must be favourable. � Extension of markets. export obligation under the Ex- centive Scrips
have been growing at a faster rate SEZs.
Under the new strategy, 11 port Promotion Capital Goods (v) Vishesh Krishi Gramin Udyog
Balance of Payments and Balance of than exports. � ‘Boost to make in India’ reduced
products identified for export promo- (EPCGs) scheme, permission to Yojna (VKGUY)
Trade � Another factor, assuming signifi- export obligation (EO) for domes-
tion which included Gems and achieve a lower threshold level � The states of rewards under MIIS
Balance of trade = Value of com- cance in recent years, is growing tic procurement under EPCG
Jewellery, Electronics, Hardware for achieving the export house will now range from 2 percent to
modity exports—Value of commodity deficit on capital account. Of its scheme—
and Computer Software, Textile, status, preferential access to 5 percent, from the 2-7 percent
imports i.e. balance on visibles alone. various components, repayment range earlier on the other hand, (i) The normal export obligation
Chemical products, Engineering Market Access Initiative funds
Balance of payments refers to of loans (principal and interest) under SEIS there will be from 3 has been reduced to 75%, In
goods, Agricultural products, Leather, and duty free access and embel- order to promote domestic
the sum of both visi bles and have been the biggest source of lishment for achieving value percent to 5 percent, from the 5-
Sports goods, Fish and Fish prepa- capital goods manufacturing
invisibles. deficit. added exports. 10 percent range earlier.
rations, Ores and Minerals. industry.
OLE - 569 OLE - 570 OLE - 571
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
(ii) Higher level of rewards under It can provide a firm with new

INDIAN ECONOMY
�
INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIAN ECONOMY
IMPORTANT COMMITTEES Ajay Shaukar Committee (2015) For the development of Industries.
MEIS for export items with markets and marketing channels, SIT (Special Investigation Term) Committee - To probe black money
high domestic content and cheaper production facilities, Committee/Commission Area
or Justice MB Shah
value addition. access to new technology, Bimal Jalan To head the Expenditure Management
products, skill and financing. Lakdawala Committee Poverty
Trade facilitation and ease of doing Commission
FDI occurs when a company in- M.S. Ahluwalia Committee Employment opportunities
Business— � Suresh Prabhu Committee To review gas pricing formula
vests in a business that is located Subimal Dutt Committee (1969) Licensing System
� Development of an online proce- Deepak Mohanty Committee Data and Information Management in
in another country and it is invest- Hazari Committee (1967) Licensing System
dure to upload digitally signed the RBI
ing not less than 10% of shares R.H. Patil Commission (2001) Disinvestment
documents by chartered accoun- Arvind Mayaram Committee To clear definition to the FDI and FII
belonging to the foreign company. S.S. Kohli Committee Small Scale Industries
tant/company secretary/cost ac- Gopalakrishna Committee On Capacity Building in Banks and
� It is a non-debt capital flow. Abid Hussain Committee (1984) Small Scale Industries
countant. non-Banks
� FII (Foreign Institutional Invest- Onkar Goswami Committee (1993) Industrial Sickness
� One of the major objectives of new G.N. Bajpai Committee Guidelines for national pension system
ment). S.S. Raghvan Committee (1999) Competition Policy
FTP is to move towards paperless Chelliah Committee (1991) Tax Reforms
(NPS) schemes in private sector.
working in 24 × 7 environment. � Foreign portfolio investment occurs, Urjit Patel Committee To Examine the cur rent monet ary
when foreign investment in the form Geethi Krishnan Commission (2000) Expenditure Reforms
� Creation of importer/exporter pro- policy framework
of shares, equities and bonds, is Narsimhan Committee (1991) Banking Sector Khandelwal Committee On HR issues of public sector banks.
file to eliminate repeated submission Verma Committee Banking Sector
of copies of permanent records/ made by a foreign company. Jankiraman Committee To investigate the security transactions
� The three main institutions that Kumar Mangalam Birla Committee Corporate Governance of the bank
documents/eg. ICE, manufacturing,
handle FDI related issues in In- Montek Singh Ahluwalia Committee Power Sector Damodaran Committee on improvement of customer service
License, RCMC, PAN etc.
dia are the Foreign Investment Swaminathan Committee Population in bank
� Online inter ministerial consulta-
Promotion Board (FIPB), the For- M.J. Ferwani Committee Stock Exchange Shri M. Narasimham Committee On Banking Sector Reforms
tions. C. Rangrajan Committee Balance of Payment
eign Investment Implementation MBN Rao Committee To prepare the bluepring of India’s
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Authority (FIIA) and the Secretariat Hanumnata Rao Committee Fertilisers first women’s bank
for Industrial Assistance (S1A) ac- Mahajan Committee Sugar Industry B. Shivraman Committee NABARD
� FDI is a type of investment thai R. V. Gupta Committee Agriculture Credit
tivities/sectors not opened to pri- Shri Raghuram Rajan Committee On Financial Sector Reforms,
involves the injection of foreign
vate sector, viz railways and Narsimhan Committee (1998) Banking Reforms Mukul Mudgal Committee Looking into US giant Walmart ’s
funds into an enterprises that op-
atomic energy. Khan Working Group Development of Finance lobbying activities to enter India
erates in a different country of ori-
� Since. 20th May, 2011 FDI in Lim- Institutions K.M. Chandrasekhar Committee For rationalization of foreign investment
gin from the invester.
ited Liability Partnership (LLP) has S.L. Kapoor Committee Credit and Flow Problems of SSIs norms
� FDI play an extraordinary and
been allowed. Dave Committee (2000) Pension scheme for Unorganised Sitakant Mahapatra Committee For inclusion of Bhojpuri language in
growing role in global business.
sector eighth schedule of constitution
FDI Limits in Various Sectors Mashelkar Committee (January 2002) Auto Fuel Policy C Rangarajan Committee For poverty scale estimates in the country
Sector/Activity Per cent of Entry Route S.N. Verma Committee (1999) Restructuring the Commercial Deepak Parekh Committee For Financing Infrastructure sector
FDI/Equity Banks Bhandari Committee Reconstruction of RRBs
Bhurelal Committee Increase in Motor Vehicle Tax RM Lodha panel For rereforms in BCCI
Defene Sector 49% Automatic route Sapta Rishi Committee (July 2002) Development of Domestic Tea
Telecom Services 100% Automatic up to 49% govern- R. V. Easwar Committee To simplify Income-tax Act, 1961
Industry
ment route beyond 49% and Ayyapan Committee To prepare a draft national policy on
Abhijit Sen Committee (July 2002) Long Term Food Policy marine fishery
upto 100%
Kelkar Committee Tax Structure Reforms
Tea Plantation 100% Automatic up to 49% govern- P. K. Sinha Committee To shortlist the candidates for Reserve
ment route beyond 49% and Goiporia Committee Consumer Service Importance
Bank of India governor post
up to 100% Malhotra Committee Improving Insurance Centre
Tarapur Committee Full convert ibilit y in capit al Madhav Chitale Committee To gear up the guidelines f or t he
Asset Reconstruction 100% Automatic up to 49% government desiltation (clearing odd the silts) of
Company beyond 49% and up to 100% account
Rakesh Mohan Committee Infrastructure the river Ganga
Petroleum and Natural Gas 49% Automatic Route
Commodity Exchanges 49% Automatic Route Chandrashekhar Committee Transfer of Shares Sudarshan Sen Committee To study regulatory issues relating to
Power Exchanges 49% Automatic Route J.J. Irani Committee Company Law Reforms financial technology and digital banking
Stock Exchanges/Clearing 49% Automatic Route P.J. Nayak Committee (2014) To decrease the share holding of in India
Corporations central Government in Public Mata Prasad Committee To overhaul in transmission planning
Credit information Companies 74% Automatic Route Sector banks. to facilitate transfer of power on economic
Courier Services 100% Automatic Route Arvind Verma Committee (2014) For civil Services Exams on the principles.
Single Brand Product Retail 100% Automatic up to 49% government Amitabh Kant Committee To develop a digital payments option
issue of CSAT.
trading route beyond 49% and up to 100%
Pro. R.N. Madhuvan Committee (2014) For Government Aids. for the payment of all government-
Insurance Sector 49% FIPB route
DK Mittal Committee (2014) To impr ove t he f inancial citizen transactions to flush out black
Multip Brand Retail 51% — money and corruption from the country
condition of Railway
Print Media 49% — Raghunath Mashalkar Committee For clean Indian Mission Mundra Committee To speed up the process of recalibration
Education 100% — Amitabh Kundu Committee For Minorities of Automated Teller Machines (ATM) to
FM Radio 26% — B. Sambamarti Committee For Mobile Banking. dispense the new denomination notes.

OLE - 572 OLE - 573 OLE - 574

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS

INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIAN ECONOMY
� Before the steps of � The State Bank of India is India’s 14. Oriental bank of Commerce

INDIAN ECONOMY
Pay Commissions
nationalisation of Indian banks, largest commercial bank and is 15. Punjab National Bank 1. Axis Bank
Pay Commission Chairman Appointment Report only State Bank of India (SBI) ranked one of the top five banks 16. Punjab & Sind Bank 2. Catholic Syrian Bank
First Pay Commission S. Varadachariar 1946 1947 was nationalised. It took place worldwide. It serves 90 million 17. Sindicate Bank 3. City Union Bank
Second Pay Commission Jaganath Das 1957 1959 in July 1955 under the SBI Act customers through a network of 4. Development Credit Bank
18. UCO Bank
of 1955. Nationalisati on of more than 9,000 branches and it 5. Dhanlakshmi Bank
Third Pay Commission Raghubir Dayal 1970 1973 Seven State Banks of India offers — either di rectl y or 19. Union Bank of India 6. Federal Bank
Fourth Pay Commission P.N. Singhal 1983 1986 (formed subsidiary) took place through subsidiaries — a wide 20. United Bank of India 7. HDFC Bank
on 19th July, 1959. range of banking services. 21. Vijya Bank 8. ICICI Bank
Fifth Pay Commission S.R. Pandian 1994 1997
9. Indusiand Bank
Sixth Pay Commission B.N. Srikrishna 2006 2008 SCHEDULED COMMERCIAL BANKS IN INDIA SBI & ASSOCIATE BANK 10. Karnataka Bank
7th Pay Commission AK Mathur 2013 2015 1. State Bank of India 11. Karur Vysya Bank
The commercial banking struc- ICICI January, 1955 12. Kotak Mahindra Bank
2. State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur
ture in India consists of : SBI 1 July, 1955 13. Lakshmi Vilas Bank
BANKING SYSTEM IN INDIA 3. State Bank of Hydrabad 14. ING Vysya Bank
� Scheduled Commercial Banks in UTI 1 February, 1964
� Banking system occupies an im- transferred money from one India 4. State Bank of Patiala 15. Nanital Bank
IDBI July 1964
portant pl ace i n a nation’s branch to other in two days. Now 5. State Bank of Travancore 16. Tamilnadu Mercantile Bank
� Unscheduled Banks in India NABARD 12 July, 1982
economy. A banking institution is it is as simple as instant messag- 6. State Bank of Mysore 17. South Indian Bank
� “Scheduled banks in India” IRBI 20 March, 1985 18. Yes Bank
indispensable in a modern soci- ing or dial a pizza. Money have Total 21 + 6 = 27 Banks
means the State Bank of India SIDBI 1990 19. UP Agro Corporation Bank
ety. It plays a pivotal role in the become the order of the day. constituted under the State Bank EXIM BANK 1982
economic development of a coun- � The first bank in India, though of India Act, 1955 (23 of 1955), NHB 1988 THE FIRST, THE OLDEST, THE LARGEST AND THE BIGGEST
try and forms the core of the conservative, was established in
money market in an advanced
a subsidiary bank as defined in
LIC 1956 BANK IN INDIA
1786. From 1786 till today, the the State Bank of India (Subsid-
country. journey of Indian Banking Sys- GIC 1972 The first bank in India to be given an ISO Certification Canara Bank
iary Banks) Act, 1959 (38 of
� For the past three decades tem can be segregated into three HDFC 1977 The first bank in Northern India to get ISO 9002 Punjab and
1959), a corresponding new bank
India’s banking system has sev- distinct phases. They are as men- constituted under section 3 of PRIVATE BANK & ITS REGIS- certification for their selected branches Sind Bank
eral outstanding achievements to tioned below : the Banking Companies (Acquisi- TERED OFFICE
its credit. • Early phase from 1786 to 1969 The first Indian bank to have been started solely Punjab National
tion and Transfer of Undertak-
� It is no longer confined to only of Indian Banks Banks Registered with Indian capital Bank
ings) Act, 1970 (5 of 1970), or
metropolitans or cosmopolitans in • Nationalisation of Indian Banks Office
under section 3 of the Banking The first among the private sector banks in Kerala to South Indian
India. In fact, Indian banking sys- and up to 1991 prior to Indian Companies (Acquisition and Indusind Bank Pune
tem has reached even to the re- banking sector reforms. become a scheduled bank in 1946 under the RBI Act Bank
Transfer of Undertakings) Act, ICICI Bank Baroda
mote corners of the country. This • New phase of Indian Banking 1980 (40 of 1980), or any other India’s oldest, largest and most successful commercial State Bank of
is one of the main reasons of HDFC Bank Mumbai
System with the advent of Indi- bank being a bank included in UTI Bank Ahmedabad bank, offering the widest possible range of domestic, India
India’s growth process. an Financial & Banking Sector the Second Schedule to the Re-
� The government’s regular policy Times Bank Faridabad international and NRI products and services, through
Reforms after 1991. serve Bank of India Act, 1934 (2
for Indian bank since 1969 has Bank of Punjab Chandigarh its vast network in India and overseas
of 1934), but does not include a
paid rich divi dends with the NATIONALISATION OF BANKS IN co-operative bank”. Global Trust Bank Sikandrabad India’s second largest private sector bank and is now The Federal
nationalisation of 14 major private INDIA
� “Non-scheduled bank in India” the largest scheduled commercial bank in India Bank Limited
banks of India. The nationalisation of banks in PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS
means a banking company as de-
� Not long ago, an account holder India took place in 1969 by Mrs. In- 1. Allahabad Bank The first Commercial Bank of India Bank of Hindustan
fined in clause (c) of section 5 of
had to wait for hours at the bank dira Gandhi, the then Prime Minis- the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 2. Andhra Banks Bank which started as private shareholders banks, Imperial Bank
counters for getting a draft or for ter. It nationalised 14 banks then. (10 of 1949), which is not a 3. Bank of Baroda mostly Europeans shareholders of India
withdrawing his own money. To- These banks were mostly owned by scheduled bank. Also we can say 4. Bank of India
day, he has a choice. Gone are businessmen and even managed by The first Indian bank to open a branch outside India Bank of India,
those banks which are not in- 5. Bank of Maharashtra
days when the most efficient bank them. cluded in the second shedule of 6. Bhartiya Mahila Bank in London in 1946 and the first to founded open a founded in 1906
� Central Bank of India � Bank of Maharashtra RBI, 1934 as Non-scheduled 7. Canara Bank branch in continental Europe at Paris in 1974 in Mumbai
� Dena Bank � Punjab National Bank Bank. 8. Central Bank of India The oldest Public Sector Bank in India having Allahabad Bank
� Syndicate Bank � Canara Bank Reserve Bank 1 April, 1935 9. Corporation Bank branches all over India and serving the customers
� Indian Bank � Indian Overseas Bank of India 10. Dena Bank for the last 132 years
� Bank of Baroda � Union Bank Nationalisation 1 January, 1949 11. IDBI Bank
� Allahabad Bank � United Bank of India of RBI 12. Indian Bank The first Indian commercial bank which was wholly Central Bank
� UCO Bank � Bank of India IFCI 1948 13. Indian Overseas Bank owned and managed by Indians of India

OLE - 575 OLE - 576 OLE - 577

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN ECONOMY
TAG LINES OF SOME BANKS
INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIAN ECONOMY
state Government and the sponsor bank in proportion of 50 : 15 : 35. There
are 56 RRBs at present.
Banks Tag Line
The states and UTs, where there is no presence of RRBs are Goa, Sikkim,
Allahabad Bank A tradition of trust Delhi, Chandigarh, Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshdweep, Dadra and Nagar
Andhra Bank Much more to do with you in Focus Haveli, Daman and Diu.
Bank of Baroda India’s International Bank RESERVE BANK OF INDIA
Bank of India Relationships beyond Banking � Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is 7. Provi de Facili ty of Clearing
the Central Bank of India. House to banks.
Bank of Maharashtra One family one bank
� It was established in April 1935 un- 8. Supervisory functions.
Canara Bank Its easy to change for those who you, Love der Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 9. Collecting and publishing eco- (3) Repo Rate : It is the rate at which banks borrow rupees from RBI.
together we can do.......
with authorised capital of 5 crore. nomic data. � Repo rate is an instrument under Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) at
Central Bank Build a better life around us � It was nationalised on January 1, 10. Selling of Government securities which RBI lends to commercial banks.
Dena Bank Trusted Family Bank 1949. and trade bills.
� It is fully owned by the govern-
Indian Bank Taking banking technology to the common man Instruments of Credit Control
ment of India. �
Indian Overseas Bank Good people to grow with
� It is governed by a central board Quantitative Measures
Oriental Bank of Where every individual is committed (headed by Governor) appointed � Bank Rate (4) Reverse Repo Rate : It is a rate at which RBI borrows from commer-
Commerce by the Central Government. � Cash Reserve Ratio cial banks.
Punjab National Bank The name you can bank on � Repo Rate � In case of inflationary tendencies, RBI can hike the reverse Repo Rate
� The Management of RBI rests
to absorb the excess liquidity in the market.
Syndicate Bank Your faithful & friendly financial partner with the Central Board of Direc- � Reverse Repo Rate
tors consisting of 14 Directors � Statutory Liqudity Ratio
State Bank of India With you all the way
besides the one Governer and � Open Market Operations
Union Bank of India Good people to bank with Four Deputy Governer. (5) Statutory liquidity Ratio (SLR) � Ceilings on amounts of credit for
Qualitative Measures
� The office of Local boards — New � Commercial banks are also re- certain purpose.
UCO Bank Honours your trust � Rationing of credit
Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai. quired to keep a certain percent- � Discriminatory rates of interest
United Bank of India The Bank that begins with U � Direct Action
age of their net demand and time for certain types of advances.
� These local boards function ac- (A) Quantitative Measures :
Vijaya Bank A friend you can bank on liabilities (NDTL) as liquid assets � Cash Authorisation Scheme—Un-
cording to the Central Board. (1) Bank Rate : It is the rate at in the shape of cash, gold or ap- der this scheme, all commercial
OLDER PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS Functions of RBI – which the RBI is willing to lend proved securities. banks have to obtain RBI’s
1. Issue of bank Notes. to the commercial banks. (6) Liquid Adjustment facility authorisation before sanctioning
Bank of Rajasthan Dare to dream
2. Banker to the Government � Bank can borrow money without (LAF) : It is a monetary police tool any fresh credit above certain
Federal Bank Your pefect banking partner
3. Banker’s Bank pleading government securities to which allows banks to borrow limit.
J & K Bank Serving to empower 4. Controller of Credit RBI. money through repurchase agree- � Selective controls are focussed
Karnataka Bank Your family bank across India 5. Custodian of foreign exchange � Collateral nothing. ments. mainly on credit to traders for fi-
Karur Vysya Bank Smart way to bank reserves � It is not the main tool to control � LAF consists of repo and reverse nancing inventories (for purposes
Laxmi Vilas Bank The changing face of prosperity 6. Arrangement of agriculture money supply these days. repo operations. of hoarding and speculation).
Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Customer oriented and committed to excellence credit. (7) Open Market operations : When � In recent years, selective controls
RBI starts buying or selling gov- have been used with great effect.
Nainital Bank Banking with personal touch ernment securities to control Printing Press
� Local Area Bank : Announced in Regional Rural Bank (RRB) money supply 1. Indian Security Press — Nasik
the Union Budget 1996-97 to en- The RRBs were established since (8) Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) (Maharashtra)
sure a focussed saving and � MSF is the penal rate which banks � Material related to post office
the 1975, with objectives of devel- (2) Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) : Commercial banks are required to keep a
credit Mobilisation by defining can borrow money from the Cen-
oping rural economy by providing � Cheque, Bonds, NSS, Pass-
the clear boundary of operation, certain amount of cash reserves at the central bank (RBI). This per-
credit and deposits facilities for ag- tral Bank by pledging government ports
the Local Area Bank operates to centage amount is called cash reserve Ratio.
securities within the limits of � Indi ra Vi kas Patra, Ki san
a narrow geographical area of riculture and other productive activi- � CRR is maintained only in cash form with RBI.
statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR). Vikas Patra
three contiguous districts. The ties of all kinds in rural areas. The � It is between 3 percent and 15 percent of total demand and time de-
private sector is also allowed en- (B) Qualitative Measures— � Securities of Public & Private
equity of the RRBs is contributed by posits.
try in the segment. � Fixing minimum margins for lend- Sectors.
the central Government, concerned
ing against specific securities.
OLE - 578 OLE - 579 OLE - 580
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIAN ECONOMY
2. Security Printing Press – Merchant Banking Bombay Stock Exchange By definition, money market is The Indian Life Assurance Com-

INDIAN ECONOMY
� There are two depositories : NSDL � �
Hyderabad (Telangana) & CSDL � Means a financial institution or � Bombay Stock Exchange Limited for a maximum tenor of up to one panies Act, 1912 was the first
� Material related to post office NSDL (National Securities Deposi- bank which takes up on behalf of is the oldest stock exchange in year. Within the one year, de- statutory measure to regulate life
for South region states. tories Ltd.) 1996 a company, responsibilities such Asia. Popularly known as BSE it pending upon the tenors, money business.
� Stamps. CSDL (Central Depositories Ser- as portfolio management, share was established as ‘The Native market is classified into : � In 1928, the Indian Insurance
3. Currency Press Note – Nasik vices Ltd.) 1998 issue, consultancy and any other Share & Stock Brokers Assiciation’ (1) Overnight market — the Companies Act was enacted.
(Maharashtra) service. It also includes under- tenor of transactions is one � The Insurance Amendment Act of
Mutual Funds — in 1875.
� Printing of Rs. 10, 50, 100, writing. working day. 1950 abolished Principal Agen-
� These funds are sizeable collec- � It is the first stock exchange in
500 and 1000 notes and supply. Stock Exchange (2) Notice money market—The cies. There were allegations of
tions of savings by a no. of in- India to obtain permanent recog-
4. Bank Note Press – Devas � Stock exchanges in the country— tenor of transactions is from unfair trade practices. The Gov-
vestors and are managed by a nition in 1956 from the Govern- ernment of India, therefore, de-
(Madhya Pradesh) � Regional includes Bombay Stock 2 days to 14 days.
form of specialists (who make up ment of India under the securi- cide to nationalize insurance busi-
� Printing of Rs. 20, 50, 100, Exchange (BSE) (3) Term money market—The
500 notes and supply. for individual investor’s lack of ties Controls (Regulation) Act, ness.
� National only three— (1) National tenor of the transactions is
� Making of ink of currency
knowledge of capital market). 1956. � An Ordinance was issued on
Stock Exchange (NSE), Bombay from 15 days to one year.
notes. They are marked by relative (2) Over the Counter Exchange of � BSE is the first exchange in In- 19th January 1956 nationalising
safety and optimum returns to in- � NEFT : National Electronic Funds
5. Security Paper Mill – India Ltd. (OTCEI) (3) Inter Con- dia and the second in the world the Life Insurance sector.
vestors. Transfer is a nation wide system
Hoshangabad (M.P) nected Stock Exchange of India to obtain an ISO9001 : 2000 cer- � In 1972 with the passing of the
� Set up by public sector banks, fi-
that facilitates individuals, firms
� Currency note paper Ltd. (ISE) tification. General Insurance Business
and corporates to electronically
� Non judicial stamps. nancial institutions and private � Phelwani Committee (1991) rec- Securities and Exchange Board of (Nationalisation) Act, general in-
transfer funds from any bank
6. Shahbani (West Bengal, and corporate sector, under the ommended for establishment of India (SEBI)— surance business was national-
branch to any individual, firm or
Mysuru Karnataka) guidelines by SEBI. NSE in 1992, Government autho- ized with effect from 1st January
� Set up as non-statutory body in corporate having an account with
� New currency notes under Mutual Funds in India — rized IDBI for establishing NSE. 1973.
April, 1988 any other bank branch in the
RBI. � Mutual fund is an instrument of Thus IDBI is the main promoter GIC holds four companies :
� Given statutory status in 1992 country.
Mints investing money in stock market. of NSE. (i) National Insurance Company
Functions : � IFSC : Indian Financial System Ltd.
� Production of Coins � A mutual fund is a group of in- � Bull : A spectacular on the stock
exchange or on a commodity mar- � Oversee the working of stock ex- Code is an alpha-numeric code (ii) New India Assurance Company
� Production of Medals made of vestors operating through a fund
ket, who buys shares in the an- changes that uniquely identifies a bank Ltd.
silver, gold & Bronze. manager to purchase a diverse
ticipation of rising prices so that � Regulate merchant banks and branch participating in the NEFT (iii) Oriental Fire and Insurance
� Mints of Government of India— portfolio of stocks or bonds. Mu-
they can be later resold at a profit. mutual funds. system. This is a 11 digit code Company Ltd.
(1) Noida (2) Mumbai (3) Kolkata tual funds are highly cost effi-
(4) Hydrabad. � Bear : A spectacular who sells � Register and regulate intermedi-
with first 4 alpha characters rep-
cient and very very to invest in. (iv) United India Insurance Com-
Capital Market shares in anticipation of falling resenting the bank, and the last pany Ltd.
aries such as stock brokers.
� The origin of the Indian mutual 6 numeric characters represent-
Capital markets are markets for prices to buy then back and thus � Curb fraudulent and unfair trade � The IROA opened up the market
funds industry dates back to ing the branch. The 5th Charac-
buying and selling equity and debt in- make a profit. practi ces incl udi ng insider in August 2000 with the invita-
1963 when the Unit Trust of In- ter is zero.
struments. Capital market channel � Footsie is ‘Financial Times Stock tradings. tion for application for registra-
savings and investment between sup- dia (UTI) came into existence at Exchange 100 share Index.’ Pub- INSURANCE SECTOR : In India,
� Promote the development of a
tions. The Authority has the
pliers of capital such as retail inves- the initiative of the Government lished by Financial Times of Lon- Insurance has a deep-rooted his- power to frame regulations under
of India and RBI. Since then the healthy capital market. tory. These funds mention in the
tors and institutional investors, and don. section 114-A of the Insurance
users of capital like business, gov- mutual funds sector remained MIBOR (Mumbai Inter-bank Offer Money Market writings of Manusmriti, Yagna- Act 1938 and has framed various
ernment and individuals. Capital the sole field of UTI till 1987 when Rate)–Landing rate for loans � While the Government securities valkya and Kautilya. The writings regulations ranging from registra-
market are vital to the functioning of a renew of non-UTI, public sec- MIBIR (Mumbai Inter-bank Bid market generally caters to the in- talk in terms of pooling of re- tion of companies to protection of
an economy, since capital is a criti- tor mutual funds were set up by Rate) – Landing rate for recipi- vestors with a long-term invest- sources that could be re-distrib- policyholders interests.
cal component for generating eco- nationalized banks and life insur- ents ment horizon, the money market uted in times of calamities such Insurance Regulatory and Devel-
nomic output. Capital markets in- ance companies. Share Price Indexes provides investment avenues of as fire, floods, epidemics and opment Authority (IRDA) :
clude primary markets, where new � The year 1993 saw sweeping short term tenor. famine. � IRDA was set up in 2000 through
Mumbai Dolex, Sensex, SAP
stock and bond issues are sold to changes being introduced in the � 1818 saw the advent of life in-
UNX, Nifty 50 � Money market transactions are Insurance Regulatory and Devel-
investors, and secondary markets, surance with the establishment
mutual fund industry with private Newyork Dow Jones generally used for funding the opment Act, 1999.
where trading of existing securities.
sector fund houses making their Tokyo NIKKE transactions in other markets in- of the Oriental Life Insurance � Authority is responsible for the
Demat Trading
debut and the laying down of Germany MID DAX cluding Government securities as Company in Calcutta. regulation, development and su-
� Trading in shares, bonds, deben-
comprehensive mutual fund regu- Singapore Simex, STRAITS market and meeting short form li- � 1870 saw the enactment of the pervision of the Indian insurance
tures in electronic mode through
lations. TIME quidity mismatches. British Insurance Act. Industry.
the depositors mechanism.

OLE - 581 OLE - 582 OLE - 583

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Backwash Effects : These are Capitalism : Economic system

INDIAN ECONOMY
IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY � � projects. The method takes into in the company. Usually ex-
INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIAN ECONOMY
considered to operate where the featuring private property in consideration the initial cost of al- pressed as a percentage of par
� Ad-Valorem Tax : A tax based on � Buffer Stocks : Stocks of com- economic growth in one region of means of production, commodity ternative projects only, it is pos- value or as percents per share.
the value of a transaction. It is modities held to moderate the an economy possesses adverse production and profit as the guid- sible to use this method only � Dear Money : Refers to phases
normally a given percentage of commodities price fluctuations. effects on the growth of other re- ing motivating force of production. where the output and lift of each when interest rates have been
price at the retail, wholesale or � Balanced Budget : A budget in gions. � Capital Market : Places where competing schemes is the same. high compared with their histori-
manufacturing stage and is a com- which current income exactly � Bank Rate : The Rate of interest long-term titles to capital assets � Consumer Good : A commodity cal average values.
mon form of sales tax. equals current expenditure. such as bonds, debentures, bought by house-holds for use of
payable by commercial banks on � Demography : The study of in-
� Absolute Poverty : A situation � Balance of Payments : The rela- the loans or rediscounts from the shares and mortgages are bought consumption. formation in figures about the
where a population is able to meet tion between the payments of all central bank. and sold. � Consumerism : A widespread population of an area or country.
only its bare subsistence essentials kinds made from one country to � Capital-output ratio : A ratio movement which is concerned
� Brain Drain : The migration of � Decentralised Planning :
of foods, clothing, and shelter. the rest of the world and its re- that shows the units of capital re- with the quality and safety of con-
educated and skilled labour from Regionalised or sectoral planning
� Administered Prices : Prices ceipts from all other countries. quired to produce a unit of out- sumer goods, with harmful ad-
poor to richer countries. as opposed to planning at the
which are set by a single decision � Balance of Trade : The relation- put over a given period of time. vertising and the conduct of busi-
� Bullion : Precious metal such as centre.
taking body, e.g. a government ship between the value of a ness in a manner harmful to the
gold or silver which are held in � Cartel : An organisation of pro- � Deflation : (a) Decline in the gen-
agency rather than being deter- country’s imports and its exports. consumer.
bulk in the form of ingots or ducers agreeing to limit the out- eral price level of goods and ser-
mined by the free play of mar- Bandwagon Effect : The effect � Cost Push Inflation : A situation
� bars. put of their product in an effort vices leading to rise in the value
ket forces. of general rise in prices in which
whereby as the price of a good � Bear : A person who expects to raise prices and profits. of purchasing power of money.
� Asian Development Bank : It falls demand by some sections or costs increase faster than pro-
prices to fall and sells securities � Cash Crops : Crops produced (b) A method of statistical conver-
was founded in 1966. It aimed at individuals in the community ex- ductivity or efficiency.
hoping to make a profit by sub- entirely for the market (e.g., cof- sion of a series of data to com-
to further development and in- � Creeping Inflation : Slow and
pand. Other individuals or sec- sequently repurchasing at a fee, tea, cocoa, cotton, rubber, pensate for the general rise in
vestment in Asia, to help prepare persistent rise in general level of
tions expand their demand also. lower prices. pyrethrum, jute, wheat). prices.
and co-ordinate development and prices over a long period.
� Base Period : A point in time � Bid : The price at which some- � Cheap Money : Refers to a phase � Demand Deposit : A deposit with
provide technical aid. It has � Current Account Balance : The
used as a reference point for one is prepared to buy shares. in which loans have been available bank which can be withdrawn
twenty regional members and difference between (a) exports of
comparison with some later pe- Brokerage : Changes made by a at low rates of interest or a policy immediately by the depositor also
thirteen non-regional members. � goods and services plus inflows
riod. which creates this situation. called cheque–book money.
The bank is having its headquar- broker for acting as a agent in of unrequited official and private
ters in the Philippines. � Boom : The expansionary phase the buying and selling of shares. � Commercial Banks : Financial � Demand Pull Inflation : A state
transfers, and (b) imports of of rising prices brought about by
� Andean Group : A common mar- of the trade cycle. � Bull : A person who buys securi- institutions that create credit; ac-
goods and services plus unre- increase in aggregate demand in
ket formed by Bolivia, Colombia, � Bearer Cheque : It is a cheque ties in the expectation that prices cept deposit and give loans and
quited transfers to the rest of the the face of short supply.
Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela in that is payable to a person who- will rise and so give him an op- perform other financial functions.
world.
an effort to promote economic in- soever presents it to the banker. They create credit by creating � Domestic Income : Income gen-
portunity to resell on a profit. � Cyclical Unemployment : Unem-
tegration, co-ordinate industrial � Bill of Exchange : It means the deposits on the basis of their erated by the factors of produc-
� Cash Reserve Ratio : Under this ployment in industrial market tion within the country from its
development, regulate foreign in- drawer makes an unconditional cash reserves.
method of credit control, com- economies resulting from down own resources is called domes-
vestment and maintain a common undertaking to pay to the drawee mercial banks have to keep with � Capital Budget : It comprises showing of economic activity on
external tariff among the member a sum of money at a given date. capital receipt and payments and tic income.
RBI a percentage of reserves account of deficient demand (in-
countries. Usually three months ahead. also incorporates transactions in � Demonetization : Demonetization
against their deposits. sufficient to ensure Keynesian full
� Appreciation : A rise in the value � Birth Rate : The average num- the Public Account. is the act of stripping a curency
� Call Money : It is a loan that is employment).
of an asset or currency. Its op- ber of live births occurring in a � Capital Expenditure : It consists unit of its status as a legal ten-
made for a very short period of � Consolidated Fund : It is made
posite is depreciation. year for every 1000 populations. of payments for acquisition of as- der. Demonetization is necessary
a few days only or for duration up of all revenues received by
sets like land, buildings, machin- whenever there is a change of
� Average Cost : It is the cost per � Black Economy : That part of a of a week. It carries a low rate the government loans raised by
ery, equipments as also invest- national currency. The old unit of
unit of output, where the cost of country’s economic activity which of interest. it, and also receipts from recov-
ments in shares etc., and loans currency must be retired and re-
all inputs is included. If X is out- is not recorded in the national in- � Capital Account : Portion of a ery of loans granted by it.
and advances granted by the placed with a new currency unit.
put and TC is total cost than av- come accounts, although it does country’s balance of payments � Contingency Fund : This fund is
erage cost may be written as AC Government. � Dependency burden : That pro-
involve in the production of goods table that shows the volume of a placed at the disposal of the
= TC/X. � Capital Receipt : These are portion of the total population of
and services. private foreign investment and President to meet any unforseen
loans raised by the government a country falling in the ages of 0
� Black Market : A situation in � Backward Linkage : The relation- public grants and loans that flow expendi ture where the
from the public, which are called to 15 and 64+, which is consid-
which there is illegal selling of ship between an industry or firm into out of a country over a given Parliament’s approval cannot be
market loans, borrowings by the obtained due to time factor. It ered economically unproductive
foods at prices above a legal maxi- and the suppliers of its inputs. period. and therefore not counted in the
mum set by the government. A change in the output of the in- government from the Reserve was created by an Act of Parlia-
� Capital Accumulation : It is in- Bank of India and other parties. ment in 1950. labour force.
� Budget Deficit : When the expen- dustry will get transmitted back- crease in a country’s stock of real � Depression : A phase of the busi-
diture of the Government exceeds wards to the supplier of its inputs � Comparative Cost Method : Re- � Dividend : Distribution of a part
capital (i.e. net investment in fers to a method of comparing ness cycle in which economic ac-
the revenue, the balance between by changing it’s demand for in- of a company’s net profit to share
fixed assets). the profitability of alternative tivity is at a low ebb and there is
the two is the budget deficit. puts. holders as a reward for investing

OLE - 584 OLE - 585 OLE - 586

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Dumping : It is a special type of Fiscal Deficit : It is the differ- Gini Coefficient : It measures the Gross National Product : Aggre- velopment capital to private en-

INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIAN ECONOMY
unemployment/ under employment � � � �

INDIAN ECONOMY
of resources; prices, profits, con- price discrimination in which a ence between the revenue re- income inequality ranging from gate value of all final goods and terprises for the underdeveloped
sumption and rate of capital invest- monopoly firm charges a higher ceipts plus certain non-debt capi- zero (perfect equality) to one (per- services at market prices pro- countries.
ment are also at a low level. price at home and a lower price tal receipts and total expenditure fect inequality). It is graphically duced in an economy during the � ILO : International Labour
� Devaluation : Official reduction at abroad. including loans. measured by dividing the area period of one year. Organisation is one of the United
in the foreign value of domestic � Disposable Income : It means � Financial Intermediary : Busi- between the perfect equality line � Good hart’s law : This law states Nations functional organisation
currency. For example, if the of- the actual income which can be ness institutions that act as and the Lorenz curve by the to- that any measure of the money based in Geneva whose central
spent on consumption by indi- middle men between lenders and tal area lying to the right of the
ficial rate of exchange between supply which is officially con- task is to look into problems of
viduals and families. borrowers. Example : commercial
rupee and dollars is rupees 7 = equality line in a Lorenz diagram. trolled promptly loses its mean- world manpower supply, its
� Debentures : Debenture is a banks, mutual savings banks,
1$ and the government reduces The higher the value of the coef- ing. training, utilisation, domestic and
written instrument acknowledging saving and loan associations, in-
the value of rupee by making Rs. ficient, the higher the inequality � Giffen Goods : Those goods international distribution etc.
a debt. surance companies.
10 = 1$, this will be devaluation. of income distribution and the whose demand tends to fall as � IMF : International Monetary Fund
� Demand : The quantity of a com- � Fiscal Policy : Government’s ex-
It is done to encourage the modity which an individual is lower it is the more equitable the their price falls. is an autonomous international fi-
penditure and tax policy, an im- distribution of income.
country’s exports and discourage willing to buy at a given price. � Hard Currency : Means a cur- nancial institution that originated
portant means of moderating the
imports. � Elasticity of Demand : It ex- � Giffen Paradox : It holds that for rency which is having a continu- from the Bretton Woods Confer-
upswings and downswings of the
� Dependency Ratio : The number press the degree of correlation business cycle. a commodity the demand i s ing high level of demand relative ence of 1944. Its main purpose
of people of non-working age in between demand and price. � Fixed Exchange Rate : The ex- strengthened with a rise in price to supply in the market for for- is to regulate the international
an economy related to those who � Engel’s Law : It is a relationship change value of a national cur- and weakened with a fall in eign exchange. monetary exchange system which
are of working age. between the family’s income and rency is fixed in relation to an- price. � Hedge Funds : These are basi- also originated from that confer-
� Direct Tax : Tax that cannot be expenditure on different items. other (usually the U.S. dollar), not � Green Money : Refers to a set of cally mutual funds which invest ence but has since been modified.
shifted, the burden of direct tax According to the Law, when a free to fluctuate on the interna- special exchange rates which are in various securites in order to � Import Substitution : A deliber-
is borne by the person on whom family’s income increases the per- tional money market. used to convert common farm contain or hedge the risks. ate effort to replace major con-
it is initially fixed. Examples: per- centage of its income spent on � Flexible Exchange Rate : The prices into national currencies in � Hot Money : Refers to money sumer imports by promoting the
sonal income tax, social security food decreases. exchange value of national cur- the European Economic Commu- emergence and expansion of do-
which gets transferred rapidly
tax paid by employees, death tax, � Estate Duty : A tax payable on rency is free to move up and nity. mestic industries such as tex-
from one financial centre to an-
wealth tax, etc. a person’s property at his death down in response to shifts in de- � Green Revolution : The revolu- tiles, shoes, household appli-
and before it passes into the other to take advantage of differ-
� Disguised Unemployment (un- mand and supply arising from in- tion in grain production associ- ences in short term interest rates ances. It requires the imposition
hands of others.
der-employment) : (a) A situation ternational trading. ated with the scientific discovery or to escape the financial penal- of protective tariff and physical
� Export Promotion : Purposeful
in less developed countries where � Floating Debt : Refers to that of new hybrid seed varieties of ties of devaluation. quotas to get the new industry
development efforts to expand
people are apparently employed part of the National Debt which wheat, rice, and corn which have � Hyper Inflation : A situation in started.
the volume of a country’s exports
but are actually unemployed or involves short term borrowing, it resulted in high farm yields in which general prices are rising � Income Per Capita : Total GNP
through export incentives and
under-employed; for example, in consists of Ways and Means Ad- many LDCs. sharply with no or little increase of a country divided by the total
other means in order to generate
agriculture in India, (b) A situation more foreign exchange and im- vances (q.v) and Treasury Bills. � Gross Domestic Investment : population. Per capita income is
in output, also called runaway or
in developed countries in which prove the current account of its � Floating Exchange Rate : Refers Consists of the outlays for addi- galloping inflation. often used as an economic indi-
the employed resources are being balance of payments. to a market situation in which the tions to the fixed assets of both cator of the levels of living and
� Import Duty : It can be de-
employed in uses less efficient � Fiat Money : Money which the exchange rate between currencies the private and public sectors development.
has been free to change from day– scribed as a tax on imports and
than normal; for example, a doc- State declares to be legal tender, plus the net value of inventory is imposed on an ad-valorem ba- � Incremental Capital-Output Ra-
although its content value may be to–day in response to supply and
tor may be employed as a cab changes. sis. tio (ICOR) : The amount of capi-
little or nothing. Most of fiat money demand, the opposite to fixed
driver or as a compounder. � Gross Domestic Product � IDA : International Development tal needed to raise output by one
has been notes, although token parity.
� Disinvestment : Reduction in the (G.D.P) : A measure of the total Association is an international unit.
money may also be included in the � Full Employment : A situation in
total stock of capital goods on ac- which the economy’s resources flow of goods and services pro- body set up in 1960 to assist the � Indirect Taxes : Taxes levied on
term.
count of failure to provide for de- are being used fully; zero defla- duced by the economy over a World Bank (IBRD) in its efforts goods purchased by the con-
� Fiscal Drag : The effect of infla-
preciation. tionary unemployment, i.e. a situ- specified time period, normally a to promote economic develop- sumer (and exported by the pro-
tion upon effective tax rates or
� Demands for Grants : It is a ation in which all those who want year. It is obtained by valuing out- ment of the underdeveloped ducer) for which the tax-payer’s
sometimes the effect of growth in
statement of estimates of expen- nominal gross domestic product to work at the current rate of puts of goods and services at countries by providing additional liabilities varies in proportion to
diture from the consolidate fund on tax revenue. In other words, wages are, in fact, employed. market prices and then aggregat- capital on a low interest basis es- the quantity of particular goods
and is required to be voted by the fiscal drag is directly related to � Gilt–edged : Refers to a high– ing. pecially to the poorest of the poor purchased or sold.
Lok Sabha. inflation and tax rates. grade bond issued by a company � Gross National Income : Gross developing countries. � Infant Mortality : The deaths
� Expenditure Budget : It contains � Finance Bill : This contains the which has demonstrated its abil- National Product from the income � IFC : International Finance Cor- among children between birth
expenditure estimates made for a government’s proposals for levy ity to earn a comfordable profit side; consists of national income poration is an international finan- and one year of age. The infant
scheme or programme under of new taxes, modification of the over a period and pay its bond- at factor costs – wages + rent + cial institution that was set up in mortality rate measures the num-
both the revenue and capital existing tax structure beyond the holders their interest without in- interest + profits + indirect taxes 1956 to supplement the efforts of ber of these deaths per 1,000 live
heads. period approved by parliament. terruption. and capital consumption. the World Bank in providing de- births.

OLE - 587 OLE - 588 OLE - 589

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Inflation : Rise in the general or Life Expectancy at Birth : Indi- Mutual Fund : Type of invest- major oil exporting countries of Preference shares : Rank above Revenue Expenditure : It is

INDIAN ECONOMY
� � �
INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIAN ECONOMY
� �
average price of goods and ser- cates the number of years new- ment operated by an investment the Third World that acts as a ordinary shares for claims an as- meant for the normal running of
vices; consequently, a decline in born children would live if sub- company that raises money from “cartel” or oligopoly to promote sets, earnings and dividends but Government Departments and
the value of money-doubling of ject to the mortality risks prevail- shareholders and invests it in a their joint national interests. rank below creditors and deben- various services, interest charges
the general price level means ing for the cross-section of popu- portfolio of stocks, bonds, or Members include Saudi Arabia, ture holders. These shares usu- on debt incurred by the Govern-
halving the value of money. lation at the time of their birth. other securities. These funds of- Nigeria, Algeria, Venezuela, Libya, ally have a fixed dividend rate. ment and subsidies.
� Insider Trading : A stock mar- � Lorenz Curve : A graph depict- fer investors the advantages of Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, � Premium : The amount by which � Revenue Receipt : It includes
ket terminology which means ing the variance of the size dis- diversification and professional Iran, Iraq, Ecuador, Qatar, Gabon a security is quoted or issued proceeds of taxes and other du-
transactions of shares by the tribution of income from perfect management. and Indonesia. above its value. The opposite to ties levied by the Centre, inter-
person having access to confiden- equality. � NASDAQ (National Association of � Open Market Operations : Pur- ‘discount’. est and dividend on investments
tial informations which are not � Micro-economics : That branch Securities Dealers Automated chase and sale of Government � Payroll Tax : A tax levied on made by the Government and
yet public such persons stand to of economics which studies the Quotations) : Owned and operated securities by the Central Bank. employer’s wage bills. fees and other receipt for ser-
gain financially out of this knowl- particular aspects of an economy. by the NASD, NASDAQ is the Purchases have an expansionary � Positional Goods : Goods that vices rendered by the Govern-
edge such kind of trading in It is the study of the particulars computerised network that pro- effect, whil e sal es have a are necessarily scarce and whose ment.
stocks is illegal all over the world. of individuals, households, firms, vides price quotations for securi- contractionist effect. Real Income : Real income is in-
security cannot be reduced by �
� Invisibles : It represents services prices, wages or incomes. ties traded over the counter as � Optional Money : It is non-legal increased productivity; for ex- come expressed in terms of a gen-
in a current account of the for- � Monetised Deficit : It indicates well as many listed securities. tender money but, it is generally ample, gold. eral level of prices of a particu-
eign trade of a country. They ex- the level of support extended by � New Economics : Economics accepted by the people as a me- lar year taken as base.
� Purchasing Power Parity : An
clude physical goods in foreign the Reserve Bank of India to the thought, founded by John dium of exchange.
exchange between two countries � Running Inflation : When price
trade. governments borrowing Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) in � Oligopoly : It is a situation, that
such that the same basket of rises rapidly, at a rate of around
� Isoquant : It is the locus of all programme. the thirties; also called Keynesian emerges when a few sellers of a
goods and services could be 10 per cent per annum, it is
technically efficient methods of � Maturity : Means the date on thought or Keynesianism. product are found in the market.
bought in each country if the cost called running inflation.
producing a given level of output. which a loan or bond or deben- � Ninja : A mortagage business ter- � Opportunity Cost : It refers to
were converted at that exchange � Soft Currency : A currency
� Investment : That part of na- ture becomes due and is to be minology became common word the forgone value of resources in
rate. which is having a falling exchange
tional income of expenditure de- paid-off. after the US subprime crisis of their next best alternative use.
� Progressive Income Tax : A tax rate due to continuing balance of
voted to the production of capi- � MNC : It implies Multi–national mid-2007 which is an acronym � Pigovian tax : The pigovian tax
whose rate increases with in- payments deficits. Such a cur-
tal goods over a given period of Company i.e., a large scale com- for borrowers with no income, no is imposed on bodies that have a
time. “Gross” investment refers to negative externality. For example creasing personal incomes i.e,. rency would not be held by other
pany having its production base job or assets. countries as part of their ex-
the total expenditure on new capi- tax imposed on sell of cigarettes, where the proportion of personal
in several countries and the bulk � Non-Plan Expenditure : It in- income paid by a rich person in change reserves.
tal goods, while “net” investment of the production is produced in cludes both revenue and capital pollution creating automobiles etc.
refers to the additional capital � Primary Deposits : People de- taxes is higher than that paid by � Soft Loan : A loan bearing either
the outside nations. expenditure on interest payments, a poorer person. A progressive no rate of interest or an interest
goods produced in excess of the entire defence expenditure, posit their cash with the banks.
� Mixed Economy : An economy in tax strucutre therefore tends to rate which is below the true cost
those that wear out and need to subsidies, postal deficit, police, Such passively created deposits
which both the State and the pri- improve income distribution. of the capital lent.
be replaced. pensions, economic services, are known as Primary deposits.
vate sector co-exist; decisions on � Promissory Note : A promise to � Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) :
� Labour-intensive Technique : loans to public enterprises and � Public Finance : Public finance
what, how and for whom are pay by one person to another An international reserve currency
Method of production that uses loan as well as grants to State is the investigation into the na-
made partially by the market and (I.O.U.) a given sum of money by system which was created by the
proportionately more labour rela- Governments, Union Territory ture and principles of public ex-
partially by the State or any other a given date. International Monetary Fund in
tive to other factors of produc- Governments and Foreign Gov- penditure and public revenue.
public authority; many consider October, 1969. It provides for a
tion. ernments. � Primary deficit : It measures the � Retail Banking : A way of doing
it essentially a transitory form. new type of money (known as pa-
� Liquidity : It refers to the assets fiscal deficit after excluding inter- banki ng business where the
� Monetary Policy : Policy through � OECD : Organisation for Eco-
which can be converted into nal payments. It is an indicator banks emphasise the individual- per gold) to serve the agreement
which the Reserve Bank of India nomic Co-operation and Develop-
cash money easily. of the real state of Government based lending rather than corpo- of the free world nations as the
expands or contracts the money ment is an organisation of 20
� Liquidity Trap : A situation when finances. rate lending-also known as high first international legal tender.
supply, or makes credit cheap or countries from the Western World
the interest rate is so low that including all of those in Europe � Primary data : It refers to the street banking. � Strategic Sale : It refers to the
dear. data collected for the first time by
people prefer to hold money and North America. Its major ob- � Revenue Budget : It consist of transfer of the management con-
� Money Market : Money market the investigator. It provides origi- trol of a public sector unit to a
rather than invest it. jectives is to assist the economic the revenue receipt of the Gov-
can be defined as comprising the nal and first hand information. private party with the sale of a
� Laffer Curve : A curve depicting growth of its member nations by ernment and the expenditure met
financial institutions that deal in � Proportional Tax : A proportional chunk of its equity.
relationship between total tax rev- promoting co-operation and tech- from these revenues. It has two
short-term securities and loans. tax is one which, whatever the
enue and corresponding tax nical analysis of national and in- components, revenue receipts � Structural Unemployment : Un-
rates. � Money Supply : Sum of total cur- size of the income, the same rate
ternational economic trends. and revenue expenditure. employment in an economy due
rency in circulation plus commer- or percentage is charged.
� Laissez-faire : The principle of � OPEC : Organisation of Petroleum � Revenue Deficit : It refers to the to the fundamental change in
cial bank demand deposits (M1) � Portfolio : Investors holding of
non-intervention of government in Exporting Countries is an excess of revenue expenditure technology, markets or other de-
plus sometimes savings bank securities of various types.
economic affairs. organisation consisting of the 13 over revenue receipt. velopment priorities.
time deposits (M2).
OLE - 590 OLE - 591 OLE - 592
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Sunrise Industries : Industries in Tax Evasion : Illegal escape from Transfer Pricing : An accounting Union : Organisation of workers

INDIAN ECONOMY
� � �

INDIAN ECONOMY
�
the forefront of development and tax payment; black market in- procedure usually designed to for advancing their social and eco-
which may become large indus- comes result from tax evasion. lower total taxes paid by multi– nomic interests.
tries in the future e.g. industries � Tax Incidence : Ultimate burden national corporations (MNCs) in � Unit Cost : The average total cost
engaged in high technology, bio- of tax. which intra-corporate sales and per unit of output of any economic
technology and solar energy. � Tax Shifting : Refers to the phe- purchases of goods and services good or service.
� SEAQ : Stock Exchange Auto- nomenon whereby those on are artificially invoiced so that � Utility : It is defined as a want
mated Quotation. whom taxes are leveid are able to profits accrue to those branch of- satisfying power of a commodity.
� Shadow Price : It is the oppor- pass the burden either partly or fice located in low tax countries � Variable costs : Costs incurred
tunity cost to a society of engag- fully on to others.
while offices in high tax countries on variable factors like raw ma-
ing in some economic activity. It � Time Deposits : It refers to an terials.
show little or no taxable profits.
is a concept applied to situations interest bearing deposit over a
� Treasury Bills : Marketable fi- � Value Added Tax (V.A.T.) : A
fixed period of time.
where actual prices cannot be nancial bill of the Central Gov- value added tax is a tax levied on
charged or where actual prices � Trotting Inflation : When prices
ernment. the values that is added to goods
rise moderatetly and the annual
charged to not reflect the real � Underlying Inflation : The rate and services turned out by the
inflation rate is a single digit, it
sacrifice made when some activ- at which prices are rising in the producers at each stages of pro-
refers to trotting inflation.
ity is pursued. For example, price economy, once the impact of er- duction and distribution.
� Tertiary Sector : The services
of crackers is a shadow price. ratic effects on price measure- � Venture Capital : Generally, a
and commerce portion of an
� Social Capital : The total stock economy. Examples of services ments has been removed. private equity capital which lends
of society’s productive assets is include repair and maintenance of � UNCTAD : United Nations Con- capital to the entrepreneurs who
called social capital. capital goods, haircuts, public ference on Trade and Develop- are innovative and cannot get the
� Takeover : When a company’s administration, medical care, required fund from the conven-
ment, a body of the United Na-
share of 51 per cent is taken transport and communications, tional set-up of the l ending
tions whose primary objective is
away by another company (or ac- teaching. mechanism.
to promote international trade
quired) i t is called takeover, � Tight Money : It refers to the � Welfare State : Refers to a nation
and commerce with a principle
whereas merger is the fusion of tightness of the money market– that provides minimum standards
focus on trade and balance of
two or more separate companies the comparative scarcity of the in respect of education, health,
payments problems of developing
into one. Takeover is a forceful loanable funds and a conse- housing, pensions and other so-
quently the high rate of interest nations. Its first Secretary Gen- cial benefits etc. When the indi-
process, whereas, merger is a
that tends to prevail. eral was Raul Prebisch of Latin vidual means of certain sections
voluntary process.
� Tobin Tax : A proposal of impos- America. of the population may be inad-
� Total revenue : It refers to the
total money receipts of a firm ing small tax on all foreign ex- � Under-development : An eco- equate to provide these stan-
from the sale of a certain given change transactions with the ob- nomic situation in which there are dards.
quantity of output. jective to discourage destabilising persistent low level of living in � Ways and Means Advance : It re-
speculation and volatility in the conjunction with the following fers to the advance of money by
� Tariff : It is a duty or tax which
foreign exchange markets. characteristics; absolute poverty, the Central Bank to the Govern-
is charged by a country on its im-
ports from other countries, a cus- � Trading off : Something in order low per capita incomes, low rates ment to meet short term expen-
to get more of something else – of economic growth, low con- diture needs.
toms duty.
e.g. sacrificing consumption now sumption levels, poor health ser- � Zero–Based Budgeting : The
� Tariff (ad-valorem) : A fixed per- for consumption later by devot-
centage tax (e.g. 30%) on the vices, high death rates, vulner- practice of justifying the utility in
ing some present resources to in- ability and dependence on for- cost benefit terms of each Gov-
value of an imported commodity vestment.
levied at the point of entry into eign economies, and limited free- ernment expenditure on projects.
� Transfer earnings : The price dom to choose between variables Otherwise in the next year’s bud-
the importing country. which is necessary to retain a
� Tax : A compulsory payment to that satisfy human wants. get it would not get the budget-
given unit of a factor in a certain ary provision. This form of finan-
Government against which there � Underemployment : A situation
industry may be called its trans-
is no quid pro quo. in which persons are working cial planning is with an object to
fer earnings.
less, either daily, weekly, ensure that is every rupee that
� Tax Avoidance : Loopholes in tax � Transfer Payment : Payment
monthly, or seasonally than they is spent is result oriented.
laws used by tax payers to avoid made by one sector of the
economy to another without any would like to work. � Zero Growth : Zero growth in the
taxes. Contrasted with tax eva-
returns. Examples: Unemploy- � Underutilisation of Labour : Op- economy occurs when the eco-
sion.
ment and social security pay- eration of labour force at levels nomic growth is static and shows
� Tax Break : A situation which is
ments, relief payments and char- below their capacity or potential no rise at all.
providing some relief from tax, in
whole or part. ity, etc. output. ���

OLE - 593 OLE - 594

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

7 motion has uniform speed but

GENERAL SCIENCE
AVERAGE VELOCITY
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
� Can add chart of various exponents of 10 like 102 – Hecto, 106 – mega.
109– Giga, 10–1 – deci, 10–12 Pico etc. vari able vel oci ty therefore 1. Average velocity is zero if the
acceleration is present in the body returns to starting point in
Multiples and Submultiples of units ci rcul ar moti on. ( Directi on
PHYSICS the given time interval.
Symbol Multiplier Profix Symbol Multiplier Profix changes with time)
2. If the body covers first half
Physics is the branch of science that deals with the study of matter
and energy and their inter–relationship. Numerous developments have taken d 10–10 deci da 101 deca AVERAGE SPEED distance with velocity v1 and
place in the realm of Physics, from the earlier stages of classical physics to c 10–2 centi h 102 hecto next half with velocity v2 then
� If a body has travelled ‘S1’ and
the emergence physics based on quantum theory. Classical physics included m 10–3 mili k 103 kilo ‘S2’ distance with ‘V1’ and ‘V2 ’
topics like optics, mechanics, electricity, magnetism, acoustics. In the twen- the average velocity =
tieth century quantum physics has made much headway and it includes � 10–6 micro M 106 mega velocities, then, Average speed
topics on like atomic, nuclear, particle physics, etc. n 10–9 nano G 109 gega
F Total distance I 3. If a body travels with uniform
Some SI Derived Units p 10–12 pilo T 1012 tetra = GH Total time JK velocity v1 for time t1 and with
Quantity Name of Unit Symbol f 10–15 femto p 1015 peta uniform velocity v2 for time t2,
a 10–18 atto E 1018 exa then average vel oci ty i s
Area square meter m2
Volume cubic meter m3 VELOCITY
Frequency hertz Hz MECHANICS
Mass/Volume(density) kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3 � The rate of change of
MOTION DISPLACEMENT
Speed, velocity meter per second m/s displacement is called velocity. � A body whose velocity reduces
Angular velocity radian per second rad/s � Motion is change in position of a � When a body moves from one with the passage of time, it is said
Acceleration meter per second per second m/s2 body with time and a reference position to another, the shortest to be undergoing deceleration or
Angular acceleration radian per second per second rad/s2 point. distance between the i nitial � V =
retardation.
Force newton N � Types of Motion are, Linear position and final position of the � A retardation is treated as a
kg.m/s2 Motion, Curvilinear and Rotatory body al ong with direction is � It is a vector quantity.
negative acceleration.
Pressure pascal Pa Motion. known as its displacement. � Velocity may be positive and
N/m2 � The acceleration of a moving body
� Scalar quantities : Those � It i s vector quantity havi ng negative or zero depending on i s the rate of change of its
Work, energy, quantity joule J displacement.
physical quantities which are magnitude as well as direction. velocity, i.e.,
of heat N.m
completely described by their
Power watt W SPEED UNIFORM VELOCITY
magnitude (size) alone, are known
J/s a = ; where ‘a’ i s the
as scalar quantities, e.g. length or � Speed is the scal ar form of � When a body covers equal
Quantity of electric coulomb C
distance, mass, time, area, vel ocity. It is defined as the displacement in equal interval of
charge A.s acceleration, ‘u’ is the initial
Potential difference, volt V volume, work, power, energy, distance traveled in one second. time, the velocity is said to be
temperature, speed, pressure, velocity which becomes ‘v’ in ‘t’
electromotive force (emf) W/A � If the body covers a distance d uniform.
charge and potential. second.
Electric field strength volt per meter V/m in time t, then speed V = d/t. � Acceleration is absent if the body
(or newton per coulomb) N/C � Vector quantities : Those moves with uniform velocity as ACCELERATION
VARIABLE SPEED
Electric resistance ohm � physical quantities which are � Time rate of change in velocity is
� If the body covers unequal initial velocity equals final velocity.
V/A completely described only if their known as acceleration.
Capacitance farad F magnitudes as well as directions distance in equal interval of time, VARIABLE VELOCITY
� It is a vector quantity.
A.s/V are known are called vector then it is said to be moving with
Magnetic flux weber Wb � When a body covers unequal � Negative acceleration is known as
quantities, e.g. displacement, a variable speed.
V.s displacement in equal intervals of retardation.
velocity, accel eration, force, � Acceleration is always present if
Inductance henry H weight, momentum and electric time then i t i s said to have � It indicates that the velocity of
the speed of the body is variable.
V.s/A field. variable velocity. the object is decreasing with
Magnetic flux density tesla T UNIFORM SPEED � Accel erati on i s necessari l y respect to time as on application
Wb/m2 DISTANCE of brakes of a body in motion.
� The speed of the body is uniform present in this motion.
Magnetic field strength ampere per meter A/m � The distance traveled by a body if it covers equal distance in � In this case either direction of VARIABLE ACCELERATION
Entropy joule per kelvin J/K is the actual length of the path equal interval of time. velocity or magnitude or both
Specific heat joule per kilogram kelvin J/(kg. K) covered by a moving body � If the vel oci ty of the body
Thermal conductivity watt per meter kelvin W/(m.K) � Acceleration may or may not be change with respect to time e.g. changes in different amounts
irrespective of the direction in there in the motion if the body is
Radiant intensity watt per steradian W/sr which the body travels. speed is constant in uniform during the same time intervals,
Plane angle radian rad moving in uniform speed e.g. a circular motion but velocity is then the acceleration of the body
Solid angle steradian sr � It is a scalar quantity having body moving in uniform circular
variable with change in direction. is known as variable acceleration.
magnitude only.
OLE - 595 OLE - 596 OLE - 597
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Acceleration is variable if either (iii) ar � 0 but aT = 0, then a = ar For earth it value is 11.2 km/sec

GENERAL SCIENCE
� The force acts on two different � The greater the mass and velocity ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
its direction or magnitude or both and motion is uniform bodies in opposing directions. of an object, the larger is its � The acceleration gained by a body and for moon = 2.4 km/sec.
changes with respect to time, e.g. circular motion. momentum. due to the force of attraction of SATELLITE
a body in uniform circular motion FORCE AND INERTIA
(iv) ar = 0 and aT = 0, then a � For example, cars are heavy and a body on another light body is � A celestial body that revolves
is accelerated motion. � A force is that pull or push which fast. around a planet is called its
= and motion is acceleration due to gravity.
changes or tends to change the � Thus, they have enough satellite. The orbital velocity of a
UNIFORM ACCELERATION non-uniform circular It is independent of mass, size
state of motion of a body or its momentum to crumple steel and satellite at height ‘h’ is given as
� If the vel oci ty of the body motion. and shape of body.
shape. break down brick walls when V. rb= [gR2/(R + H)]½
changes by same amounts in � Therefore a 1 kg mass and a
EQUATIONS OF MOTION � The tendency of a body to remain
same intervals of time, then the they crash to a halt. feather dropped in vacuum from = [GM/(R + h)] ½
acceleration of the body is known in the same state it is, either � According to the l aw of a given height after freefall land For a satellite going round near
as uniform acceleration, e.g. (i) v = u + at, (ii) s = ut + , stationary or moving, is called its conservation of momentum, in a at the same time. each surface it is
accelerati on due to gravity inertia. coll i ding system, the total value of g is maximum on Jupiter = 8 km/sec.
otherwise not such as a motor (iii) v2 = u2 + 2as; � The more the mass of the objects, momentum remains conserved. and minimum on Earth.
cyclist riding on a busy city road. Where initial velocity = u the greater is their inertia. m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 Times period of satellite :
Value of g on surface of moon is
Final velocity = v � The force (F) which causes an � When a force of very l arge 1/6th of its value on earth.
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
Elapsed time = t acceleration (a) in a moving object magnitude is applied on a body Therefore a body gravitational
� When a particle moves in a circle T= = 84.6 min.
Acceleration = a of mass (m) is given by F = ma for a very short interval of time, weight of 60N has gravitational
at a constant speed then motion
Distance/displacement covered = s � The SI unit of force is Newton then collective effect of force and mass of 10N on moon.
is said to be uniform circular G i s uni versal gravitati onal
� The acceleration caused by the (kg.ms–2). time is called impulse. Acceleration due to gravity, at
motion. constant with value 6.67 ×10–11
earth’s attraction is known as the It’s impulse that allows some height h from earth surface
� In circular motion as position of BANKING OF TRACKS � Nm2.kg–2
acceleration due to gravity and it people break bricks on a single
particl e changes so also its � For a vehicle to make a safe and � Gravity i s a speci al form of
is identified by the symbol ‘g’. hit. g'h = g
velocity. Hence, the circular easier turn roads on large Gravitational Force, in which the
Mean value of ‘g’ is 9.8 m/s2.
motion, i s consi dered as highways are generally banked i.e. GRAVITY interacting bodies are the earth
accelerated motion. � If the body travels downwards,
road bend at the curved path is due to depth, gh = g and any other object.
then ‘g’ is positive. However, if the � Gravity is the force which pulls
� In circular motion acceleration raised a little on the sideways � The value of acceleration due to
which is always directed towards body is projected vertically all bodies towards the centre of Due to rotation of earth, and earth
away from centre. With this the earth, keeps the planet gravity, i.e., ‘g’ decreases both
the centre of circl e is called upwards, then ‘g’ is negative. being not a completely spherical
banking of road, a component of revolving round the sun in with height and depth.
centripetal acceleration. LAWS OF MOTION body system, g max at poles and
normal force points towards the definite paths and is responsible � The radius of the earth is slightly
� The work done by centripetal g min at equator.
� Newton’s First Law of Motion : centre of curvature of road. for the weight of all objects. more at the equator than at the
force is zero because is If earth stops rotating on its axis, poles. So, ‘g’ is less at the equator
Every body continues to be in a � It supplies the necessary � A falling body accelerates under
perpendicular to the displacement value of g will increase by 0.35% than at the poles.
state of rest or of uniform motion, centripetal force required for the influence of gravity.
of particle, we know that cos at equator but remain unchanged
unless compelled by an external circular motion. The vertical � Different masses, fall to the
� Therefore, artificial satellites are
90° = 0. Hence, K.E. of particle at poles.
force to change that state. This component is balanced by the ground together, because launched from the places near or
remains constant despite of force first law is also called law of If earth rotates at angular speed on the equator.
weight of vehicle. acceleration due to gravity is
acting unit. Speed is constant and Inertia. of 17 times, there will be weight
V rw , w is constant and with same for all objects. lessness at equator but at poles MASS AND WEIGHT
� Newton’s Second Law of
constant w, the motion is periodic � Every particle in the universe it will remain unaffected. � Mass is measure of the atoms
Motion : The rate of change of
motion. attracts every other particle with Value of g increases from equator contained in an object, and the
momentum is directly proportional
Time peri od of the periodic a force F which depends on the to poles due to rotation of earth, number of atoms in the object
to the applied force and takes
motion will be product of masses ‘m1’ and ‘m2’ and earth being not a completely remains constant.
place in the direction in which
T = (2�/w) =C 2�r/V) of the interacting particles and spherical.
the force acts. � So, mass is an i ntrinsi c,
When on their separation ‘r’.
� The second law can also be ESCAPE VELOCITY unchanging property of matter.
(i) ar = 0 and aT = 0, then a = 0 � Greater the masses and smaller
termed as the law of MOMENTUM � It is the minimum velocity with � The force with which a body is
and moti on i s uniform the separation, greater is the
acceleration. � The force which a body which a body must escape or attracted towards earth is called
translatory. force of attraction. It is called
� Newton’s Third Law of Motion : possesses, due to the combined proj ected away from earth weight.
(ii) ar = 0 and aT � 0 then a = ar Gravitational Force.
For every action, there is an effect of its mass and velocity is surface such that it never return. W = mg; where ‘W’ is the weight
and motion is accelrated called momentum (p = mv). and ‘m’ is the mass.
equal and opposite reaction. F=G Vesp. =
translatory.

OLE - 598 OLE - 599 OLE - 600

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Mass is measured with the help � It comes into existence at the � Static friction acts as a resistance � If a body of mass ‘m’ be raised

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
WORK, POWER AND ENERGY

GENERAL SCIENCE
of physical (beam) balance, while common boundary of two bodies to the commencement of relative � Work is said to be done only, vertically through a height ‘h’
a spring balance also called in contact with one another, when motion between the two surfaces. when a force or its component against the acceleration due to
Newtonmeter measures the one of them either moves or tends � Dynamic Friction : Friction that causes displacement in its own gravity ‘g’, then its Potential Energy
weight of an object. to move relative to the other. exists during the relative slipping direction or stops a body in (P.E.) is P.E. = mgh.
� The unit of mass is kg but that � Force of friction does not depend or rolling of one surface over motion or changes the body’s � When a body is on the surface
When two bodies of mass m1 shape.
for weight is Newton (N). on the area of contact. another is called dynamic or of earth, then the potential energy
and m 2 with m 1 on rest on � In SI system, unit of work is
� Frictional force increases with kinetic friction. between the system of body, and
CHANGES IN APPARENT WEIGHT horizontal surface and m 2 called Joule. (kg m25–2)
weight. � Dynamic friction is always less the earth is zero.
IN ELEVATOR OR CART attached to other end of � W = F × d; where ‘W’ is the work
� On rough surfaces, frictional than the Static Friction. � When the body moves vertically
� Based on Newton’s Second law,
string passing over a pulley. done, ‘F’ is the force and ‘d’ is the
force is more than that on the � Rolling Friction : When a body upward, i.e., the height of the
when accelerating upward one smooth surfaces because of more displacement.
rolls over a surface, the frictional body from ground increases, the
feels heavier and accelerating interlocking. � Rate of doi ng work is called
force that develops is known as potential energy between the
downward, one feels lighter. If the � Less force is needed to maintain power. Power (P) can be defined
rolling friction. as the product of force (f) and system of the earth and the body
elevator’s cable breaks, one would motion than to initiate it i.e., also increases.
� It is minimum of all types of velocity (v).
feel weightlessness because both Kinetic friction < Static friction.
forces. In all cases of dynamic P = Fv � Motion and artificial satellites :
elevator and the person would � Kinetic friction does not depend on
friction, lubrication reduces its � In SI system, absolute unit of When a satellite is put in space
accelerate downwards at the the speed, when the speed is not
value. power, work done/time is called in an orbit then
same rate. large.
� Sliding Friction : It's the friction Joules/second (JS–1) or Watt or Vorbital = when
� Result in an increase in the � The vehicles are provided with
that acts between two surfaces 1 kw = 1000 w.
wheels and their axles are � V < V0, Satellite will fail to revolve
period of a simple pendulum? when one body is dragged over When two bodies are on � The capacity of a body to do work
supported with ball bearings, around the earth and spirals
� Increases the time period the surface of another body such inclined place. is called energy.
because the rolling friction is inwards with decreasing radius
A – Going up increases effective much less than the sliding as dragging a big wooden box on � Energy is the total amount of
work done by a body, therefore, till it falls on earth.
value of ‘g’ hence time period friction. a plane surface.
its unit is the same as that of � V esp > V < V orb ., satellite will
decreases. � Friction is necessary for the Motion and tone acting over a
work (Joule). continue revolving in elliptical
B – Coming down decreases the operation of belts, pulleys, pulley system.
� Conveniently, energy is divided orbit.
effective value of ‘g’ hence time clutches and brakes. Nails and When two bodies are connected
screws remain firmly fixed in into (i) potential energy and (ii) V > V esp , satellite will escape
period increases. by string and placed on the kinetic energy.
which they are driven because of following a hyperbolic path. If a
C – Increasi ng the length, horizontal surface When a body does work by virtue
friction. � body is thrown with a velocity V1
increases the time period. of its motion, it is said to have then sum of P.E. and K.E. is
� Therefore, friction is considered
� Time period of pendulum inside as necessary evil. kinetic energy. If ‘m’ is the mass positive, when V > V esp , Zero,
a cart moving with acceleration a of the body, moving with an when V = Vesp. and negative when
� For motion in a fluid, the frictional
on horizontal road a = F/m1 + m2, T = initial velocity v, then its Kinetic V < Vesp.
forces that oppose the motion are
Energy (K.E.) is given by
called drag forces. When two bodies of masses � Satellites : There are two type
T = 2�� � The drag forces depend on area, m 1 and m 2 are attached at K.E. = mv2 of satel li tes remote sensing,
shape and the velocity of the ends of a string passing over weather forecasting satellites etc.
Time period of the pendulum (m1 � m 2 sin �)g � A fast moving electron, running
moving body. For faster motion, a pulley. a � mostly placed close to earth at
inside an elevator accelerating in m1 � m 2 water, blowing wind; a speeding
the drag force may be assumed height of 800 km or above.
upward di rection with car; a shooting arrow etc., have
to be proportional to the square g m1 sin • - •m 2 sin • • kinetic energy. � Telecommunication satellites also
acceleration a of the velocity. a =
m1 +m 2 � Electric energy, radiant heat, light called geostati onary satellite
TYPES OF FRICTION energy, mechanical energy can which appear stationary are
T = 2�� be regarded as kinetic energy. placed at height of 36,000 km
� Static Friction : Frictional force m1m 2 g 1 +sin • •
T = They may appear static but from earth surface.
arises on account of the contact m1 +m 2
FRICTION move.
of two surfaces. Kepler’s Laws of planetary motion :
m1m 2 � If a body does work by virtue of
� Friction is a kind of force that � If the surfaces remain at rest, (i) All planets are revolving
T = m � m (sin� + sin�)g its position or configuration, it is
opposes relative motion. there is static friction. , 1 2 elliptical orbit.
said to have potential energy.

OLE - 601 OLE - 602 OLE - 603

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
(ii) All planets sweeps equal area � Similarly, a stretched bow and � The electric energy changes to � The kinetic energy of water, then changes to gravitational potential energy

GENERAL SCIENCE
INTERCONVERSION OF ENERGY
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
is equal interval of time when arrow system, a cocked-up � When hands are rubbed, the sound energy while flowing through of the stored water.
revolving around the sun. spring of an air gun, a stretched mechanical energy due to friction speaker.
FLUID PRESSURE
(iii) The square of time period of catapult, water stored high up in changes into heat energy. � In an electric heater, electric oven,
a planet around the sun is the dams, a stone lying on the top electric geyser etc.; the electric � Pressure is defined as the thrust acting per unit area of the surface of
� When two stones are struck, the
proportional to the cube of of the roof etc., posses potential energy changes into heat energy. contact i.e., P = F/A
mechanical energy changes to
the semi major axis of the energy. � In steam engine, the heat energy � Where ‘P’ is the pressure, ‘F’ is the thrust and ‘A’ is the area over which
heat and light energy.
ellipse i.e. T2 ��a3. where a � Magnetic energy, chemical of steam changes to mechanical the thrust is acting. Thrust is force that acts normal to surface.
is semimajor axis of ellipse. � When a knife is rubbed, against
energy, nuclear energy, energy of energy. � The SI unit of pressure is known as pascal (Nm–2).
grinding stone the mechanical
� When a body falls towards the static electricity are the forms of � In an electri c generator, the � The smaller the area on which force acts, greater is its impact e.g., if
energy changes to heat, light and
earth, the height of the body from potential energy. mechanical energy changes to an elephant steps on a persons chest, ribs would crack but in circus a
sound energy.
ground decreases. Thus, the electric energy. person shows the same with a light but strong wooden blank placed on
� Law of conservation of energy � When brakes are applied, the
potential energy between the � In photo voltaic cell, the light
states that the energy can neither mechanical energy changes to heat chest because of large area.
system of the earth and the body energy changes to electric energy.
be created, nor can be energy at the point where brakes � Pascal’s law states that a change in pressure is applied to an enclosed
decreases.
destroyed, It may be transformed rub against moving wheel. � In Television, the electric energy fluid is transmitted undiminished to every point of the fluid and walls of
� When, the spring of watch is changes to sound and l ight
from one form to another form, � When an arrow is stretched in a containing vessel. A fluid means a liquid or gas.
wounded, its configuration energy.
but total energy of the system bow, the mechanical energy � Hence, the law states that a liquid exerts pressure equally in all
changes. Thus, i t possess
remains constant. changes to potential energy. � When fuels are burnt the chemical directions.
potential energy.
� The phenomenon of energy of fuels changes to heat
� On unwi nding, the potential � On releasing string, the potential � The pressure exerted is independent of the shape of container.
transformation of energy from energy and light energy.
energy moves hands of watch, by energy changes to kinetic energy
useful form to useless forms, is � In matches, due to friction, the
being converted into kinetic of arrow.
known as dissipation of energy. chemical energy changes to heat
energy. � The water stored in dams has and light energy.
gravitational potential energy.
� When a cracker is exploded, the
Mechanical SI units and Commonly used units. When this water is released, it
chemical energy changes to heat,
changes to kinetic energy of
Physical quantity Equivalent S.I. Unit light and sound energy.
flowing water.
� During photosynthesis, the light
1. Length 1 micrometre = 10–6 m � The kinetic energy of flowing energy changes to chemical
water turns blades of turbine and � The atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to 1 atm or 1.013 ×105Pa.
1 nanometre (nm) = 10-9m energy. A bar is an another unit of pressure, 1Bar = 1 × 10–5Pa.
changes to mechanical energy.
1 angstrom (A°) = 10–10m � During charging of battery, the
� This mechanical energy of turbine � The rolling and pitching of ships resulting in sea sickness, unstability
electric energy changes to chemical
2. Mass 1 metriction = 103kg drives dynamo to generate of top heavy floating bodies and tumbling of icebergs as they melt because
energy.
1 pound = 0.4537 kg electricity i.e., changes to electric of centre of gravity and the buoyancy do not match.
� During respiration, the chemical
1 amu = 1.66 × 10–27 kg energy. � The largest animals on earth surface are aquatic than terrestrial because
energy of food changes to
3. Volume 1 litre = 10–3 m3 � When a torch is switched on, the chemical energy of ATP to heat in them, buoyant force is distributed over the entire body surface.
chemical energy changes to energy. � Hydraulic breaks, flying of an airplane are based on the pressure and
4. Force 1 dyne = 10–5N
electric energy. The electric energy � It is the heat energy which keeps Bernaullies principle.
1 kgt = 9.81 N on flowing through filament of our bodies warm, changes to
5. Pressure 1 kgt–m–2 = 9.81 N.m–2 bulb changes to heat and light FACTS TO REMEMBER
mechanical energy when we do
1 mm of Hg = 133 Nm–2 energy. perform locomotion. � On the surface of moon there is no atmospheric pressure and hence
1 pascal = 1Nm–2 � The electric energy in an � During nuclear fusion or fission, lemonade cannot be pushed up the straw.
1 atm = 76 cm of Hg = 1.01×105 pascal electromagnet changes to magnetic it is the nuclear energy, which � Barometer is used for the measurement of pressure.
1 bar = 105 pascal energy. ultimately changes to heat and � Mercury is used in barometers because
� The electric energy flowing light energy.
1 torr = 133.5 pascal (i) With mercury, practically no vapours are produced.
through an electric motor or fan � During the pumping up of water
6. Work/Energy 1 trg = 10–7J changes to mechanical energy. It (ii) Mercury does not wet or stick with glass surface.
into an overhead tank by an
1+v = 1.6 ×10–19J partly changes to heat energy too. electric motor pump, the electric (iii) It is shining and opaque, so readings can be easily taken.
7. Power 1 kg f-ms-1 = 9.81 w � The sound energy in a microphone energy changes to kinetic energy � A gradual fall in the atmospheric pressure indicates a steady increase
1 horse power = 746 w changes to electric energy. of water. in the atmospheric water vapour, and rain may occur.

OLE - 604 OLE - 605 OLE - 606

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� A steady rise in the atmospheric pressure shows a gradual fall in the � Archimedes’ Principle : When a � Capillarity : It refers to rise or 2. blowing off parts of a house by � The two bodies are then said to

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
GENERAL SCIENCE
atmospheric water vapour and indicates a fair weather. body is immersed in a liquid fully depressi on of a l i qui d in a wind storm. be in ‘Thermal Equilibrium’.
� A sudden fall in atmospheric pressure predicts a storm. or partially, it suffers an upthrust capillary tube the rise or fall to 3. attraction between two closely � In general, matter (whether solid,
� The boiling point of a liquid increases with the increase in pressure on which is equal to the weight of parallel moving buses, boats or
height h = liquid or gas) expands when
its surface. liquid displaced by the immersed trai ns. Hence, people are
heated and contracts when
part of it. adviced to stand away from a
� Boiling point of a liquid is temperature at which vapour pressure of a cooled except water which shows
� The result of the upthrust is an For pure water, h = passing train.
liquid equals atmospheric pressure. anomalous behaviour. It expands
apparent loss of weight of the � If � > 90°, meniscus is convex, � 4. action of insect-sprayer or paint
� On higher altitudes, the pressure of atmosphere is less. Thus, water starts on cooking with reducing density.
body when immersed in the = 90°, meniscus is plane and if � gun is based on Bernoulli’s
boiling below 100°C. As the cooking temperature of rice, pulses, meat etc, � It is this property of water that
liquid. < 90°, meniscus is concave. theorem.
is slightly above 100°C, therefore, they do not cook well on hills but cook
� Therefore a body weighs more in 5. working of are aeroplane engine allows aquatic animals to survive
well in pressure cooker where the boiling point is greater than 100°C � It’s application involves
air then when partally or wholly and its flying in air. on freezing of water in lakes or
because of increased pressure inside closed pressure cooker the similarly (1) Ri si ng of oi l/mol ten wax
food cooks faster in a closed vessel than in an open vessel without lid. immersed in water. 6. ranging of a flowing out of a rivers.
through wick in a candle.
Density of brine is more than that of fresh water. Thus, upthrust experienced � Surface Tension : It is a scalar liquid from orifice of a pipe. � Black or dark bodies absorb heat
� (2) Action of towel in soaking up
by the floating ice in brine is more than upthrust due to fresh water. physical quantity being moisture from body. � Viscosity : It is the property of whil e whi te or bright, shi ny
unidirectional is defined as the a fl ui d because of whi ch i t surfaces reflect away the heat.
� Hence, the volume of ice above brine is more as compared to that in (3) Absorption of water by root
property of surface of a liquid by opposes the relative motion � Black colours are good absorber
fresh water. hair in soil.
which it tends to contract and between different layers and the
� An egg dropped in water in a container sinks to its bottom but in brine � Hydro dynamics : It i s the and emitter of heat.
occupy the minimum possible acting force is called viscous
or by dissolving salt into water, it can be made to float. science of fluids in motion. � Kel vi n i s the SI uni t of
surface area i .e. the upper force.
� The walls of a dam are thicker at bottom than on surface because with surface acts as a stretched � Principle of continuity : temperature. The temperature is
� It depends on nature of fluid and
increasing depth, pressure increases. membrane. According to principle, in case of expressed in kelvin and not in
is independent of area. viscosity
� Ships are hollow from within with fairly large volume. steady flow of incompressible and degree kelvin.
� With rise in temperature it of liquids > viscosity of gases,
Thus, they are able to displace more weight of water than their own non-viscous fluid through a tube
� decreases except in case of glass being the most viscous. � If T is the temperature on the kelvin
weight and hence float on the surface of water. of non-uniform cross section, the
molten copper and cadmium. viscosity increases with density scale and 0°C is the temperature
product of area of cross section
� The weight of hydrogen filled balloon as well as its fabric is less than Tsolid > Tliquid > Tgas with tags for li quids, but with ri se i n on the celsius scale, then,
and velocity of flow remains same
the weight of air displaced by it. =0 temperature it decreases for T = 273.15 + °C
at every point in tube.
� Thus, a net upthrust act on the balloon and hence it rises upward. � With addition of any impurity liquids, with increasing pressure
AV = constant � If the temperature of a hot body
However, weather balloons are filled with helium. surface tension decreases if the of l i qui d, i t i ncreases but
The velocity of flow increases decreases in case of gases. on the celsi us scal e and
� It is chemically inert while hydrogen is inflammable. impurity is sparing in soluble in with decrease in area of cross
� It’s dimenions are (ML–1 T–1) and fahrenheit scale are ��C and 0°F
� Floatation and swimming in sea water is easier than in fresh water, because water e.g soap added to water. section. Therefore, deep water
S.I. unit is poiseuille (PI) and G.S. respectively, then the relation
density of sea water is more than fresh water. � But if increases if impurity is appear to be still and falling
unit is Poise (P) IPIz 10 Poise. between the two is
� Thus, for the same volume, the sea water provides greater upthrust as soluble like common salt or sugar stream of water becomes same.
compared to the fresh water. added to water. � Bernoulli’s theorem : Acording HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS or
� If the density of human body is slightly less than the density of water, � Work done in forming a bubble in to it, in case of steady flow of � Heat is a form of energy that
it should have floated on water, but the density of human head is very air, w = 8 �r 2 T work done in incompressible and non-viscous flows from one body to another F= (32 + °C)
large and hence, on the whole, density of human body becomes more increasing surface of a soap fluid through a tube of non- due to temperature difference
than that of water. bubble if radius r1 to r2. uniform cross-section, the sum of between them. � At–40°, both the celsius and
� Thus, if we jump in deep water, we are liable to drown. = 8 P (R22 – R12)T. pressure, potential energy per � It is the combined energy of all fahrenhei t scal es give same
� Human corpse always float on the surface of water, but the head stays � When a wire bent in form of a unit volume and kinatic anergy molecules moving inside a body. reading. At 100°C it is 212° F or
within water. ring is clopped into soap solution, per unit volume at every point in 36.9°C is equal to 98.6°F.
� Temperature is only a measure of
and then taken out, a film is tube is constant.
� The reason being when the dead body decays, its volume increases. how fast these molecules are TRANSMISSION OF HEAT
formed due to surface tensions. i.e. p + �gh+ ½ PV2 = constant. moving. The faster the molecules
Thus, it becomes lighter than water and floats up.
� Surface tension of liquid metals � Where a third thrust from a in a body vibrate, the hotter it is. � The process of net energy
� However, head being heavy cannot displace water more than its own
like that of mercury is very high. broader end of a pipe, volocity transfer through a substance
weight, and hence remains under water. � The flow of heat from one body
An egg floats in water because of i ncreases and pressure wi thout movement of the
� Hydrometer is used for measuring the densities of liquids directly. � to another continues until both
surface tension. It acts as if decreases. This causes ; substance itself i s call ed
� Lactometer is used to measure the purity of milk, if it is adulterated the sides are at the same
placed on a stretched membrance. 1. blowing off roots of a tree by temperature. conduction.
with water or not. wind storm.

OLE - 607 OLE - 608 OLE - 609

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� The process of transfer of heat energy within the heated medium by � Di amagneti c substances are � If the circuit is closed, an electric � They are more concentrated near

GENERAL SCIENCE
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
the movement of the substance within itself is known as convection. cooling : = K (��– �o) i.e. rate those substances whi ch are current will flow. poles than in middle of magnet.
� The process of transfer of heat from one body to another without requiring of cooling of a hot body is directly repelled by a magnet. e.g. copper, � The magni tude of the EMF
any medium is called radiation. proportional to temperature lead, gold, zinc, tin, water, air, produced is proportional to the
� Heat energy from the sun is transmitted to earth by radiation. antimony.
difference between the body and rate of change of flux.
� Very poor conductors, such as glass and plastics, are called insulators. its surrounding i.e. amount of � Paramagnetic substances are
� The direction of induced EMF is
attracted by a magnet very
� All substances expand on heating exerting more pressure on side walls heat lost = amount of gained by such that it opposes the change
feebl y, e.g., Al umi ni um,
hence expand. other body. of flux which produces it such as
Chromium, Oxygen, Platinum.
� Different substances have different rate of expansion. Some expand more � Kirchoff’s law : It states that the in dynamo and generator.
� Ferromagnetic substances are
than other as shown by bimetallic strip, ring and ball apparatus and rate of emissive power absortive � The law of induction was given by
attracted by magnets and can � Right hand thumb rule states that
different gases in a container. power is same for all surfaces also be magnetised. e.g. Iron, Faraday and the direction of the magnetic lines of force are
� On increasing pressure and reducing temperature, gases get easily and same temperature and is induced EMF was given by Lenz’s
Cobalt, Nickel. produced perpendi cul ar to
liquefied. equal to the emissive power of a � Ferromagnetic substances behave law. direction of current and their
� A mechanism used to separate gases from atmospheric air by fractional perfectly black body at that just like paramagnetic materials � The induction of emf can be self direction is in anti clock wise
distillation, filling of lighters or gas cylinders. temperature. but the effect i s much more induction or mutual induction. mode to the direction of current
� Oxygen required for hospital and nitrogen for synthesis of ammonia and � If ‘a’ and ‘e’ represent absorptive intense. through a conductor.
cryosurgery or cryopreservation is obtained from air by fractional and emissive power then. SOME IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT
distillation after liquefication. MAGNETISM
Temperature Scales : where E and A are for � The regi ons of strongest
S.No. Name of Symbol for Lower fixed Upper fixed No. of perfectly black body. magnetisation near the ends of a
Scale each degree point point divisions A good absorber is also a good magnet are called poles of the
1. Celsius °C 0°C 100°C 100 emitter at a given wavelength. magnet.
2. Fahrenheit °F 32°F 212°F 180 Sand is good absorber and � The distance between the two
3. Reamur °R 0°R 80°R 80 emitter, therefore in desert days poles of a magnet is known as the
4. Rankie °Ra 460Ra 672 212 are hot but nights are cool. effective length of the magnet.
� An imaginary line bisecting the � Two conductors running parallel
5. Kelvin K 273.15K 373.15K 100 � Black body : A body that absorbs
effective length of the magnet, at to each other carrying current in
� Specific heat : The amount of heat viceversa as latest heat of fusion all the radiations incident on its
same direction always attract
surface is called a perfect black right angles to it, is called the
requi red to change the or latest heat of vapourization. each other and if carry the
body should neither reflect nor magnetic equator of the magnet.
temperature of a body. � Transmission of heat : It occure current in opposite direction,
� It depends on material of body, turns unit any radiation which is � Iron can be easily magnetised they repel each other depending
through conduction, convection even by weak magnetic fields
mass of body and change in not 100% possible. It always on nature of magnetic fiel d
or radiation. appear black despite of the whereas steel needs strong
temperature i.e., �Q = m C ��T developed around them.
� Thermal Capacity : It is the � Coefficient of thermal colour of radiation incident its � The area around a magnet in magnetic fields. � Solenoid is a coil of wire with
quantity of heat energy required conductivity (K) : It is the surface. which one magnetic strength of � Such as an iron rod left buried in length greater than its diameter.
to raise the temperature of body amount of heat that flows in a a magnet is experienced, is called soi l for few days devel op � The strength of magnetic field
by unit. MAGNETISM
unit time through unit area magnetic field. magnetism as earth behaves as a produced by it depend on the
Thermal capacity = mass of body perpendicular to the direction of � Magnetism is the branch of � In a bar magnet, the magnetic huge magnet. number of turns, area of cross
× specific heat heat flow under unit temperature physics concerned with magnetic strength is maximum at the � In a magnetic field, magnetic lines section and material of solenoid.
� Water equivalent : It refers to phenomenon. corner rejoins called poles than of force develops outside.
gradient when steady state has
amount of water that absorbs or � Magnetism is caused by the in the middle of magnet. � They are curvilinear, originates at
been reached.
gives out the same amount of heat atoms are arranged in materials. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION north pole and proceed to south
as is done by body when heated Q= � Materials can be divided broadly � It i s a process i n whi ch an pole. Inside a magnet these lines
by 1°C.
into three categories. electromotive force (EMF) is set are parallel move from south to
� Latent heat : The amount of heat For a perfect conductor K is
(i) Diamagnetic Substances up in an electrical circuit by North pole being parallel.
energy gained or lost when a body infinite and for perfect insulator
undergoes a change in its phase K=0 Newton’s law of cooling. (ii) Paramagnetic Substances changing magnetic flux linked � Magnetic lines of force never
from solid to liquid to gas or (iii) Ferromagnetic Substances with the circuit. intersect being tangential.
According to Newton’s law of

OLE - 610 OLE - 611 OLE - 612

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� If in a current carrying � The magnetism of the Earth is � Galvanometer is an instrument used for : � Zener diode a junction diode that � Integrated Circuit (IC) chips are

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
GENERAL SCIENCE
conductor, the di rection of caused by the link between (i) detecting the flow of current in an electric circuit, can work i n the reverse made of Silicon.
current is from south to north magnetism and electricity. (ii) finding the direction of flow of current, breakdown voltage system/ � Einstein has described photo
then a bar magnet brought close � The rapid spinning of the Earth region without being damaged. electric effect. Einstein photo
(iii) measuring the strength of current,
to it deflects toward west. (Snow creates electric currents in the � For the output, voltage is regulated electric equation :
(iv) making measuring devices, such as voltmeter and ammeter.
Rule). molten core, which are voltage.
� In domesti c and i ndustrial responsible for the magnetic field BASIC ELECTRONICS mv2 = h (V – va)
� Transistor involves transfer of
circuits, the major cause of around the earth. resistance. The emitter base � Good absorbers are good
� The electrons, revolving around in � An el ectroni c devi ce, whi ch
electrical fi re i s ei ther over � Repulsion, and not attraction, is the outermost orbit of metals, junction is always forward biased emitters.
allows the electron to flow only in
loading or short circuiting. the surest test for polarity of a which are weakly held by one particular direction is called and collector base junction is
� In short circuiting, the live wire magnet. nucleus are called free electrons. diode valve. reverse biased. ELECTRICITY
comes in direct contact of neutral � Certain types of iron, which once � The electrons emitted from the � Electricity is the phenomenon
� Diodes are used as half and full � It transfers current from low
wire. magnetised retain their surface of metal, when heat associated with stationary or
wave rectifiers. resistance to high resistance.
� The induced magnetism acquired magnetism, are called permanent energy is supplied to metal are moving electrons, ions or other
� In 1904, Sir J.A. Fleming, an � A transistor can be n-p-n type or
by soft i ron i s temporary, magnets. called Thermions. charged particles.
English physicist, invented first p-n-p type. In n-p-n, p-section is
whereas the induced magnetism � An insulated copper wire � Emission of electron from any vacuum di ode, cal led the sandwitched between two n- � The el ectrici ty produced by
acquired by steel is more or less wounded on some cylindrical metallic surface caused by Fleming’s valve. sections but in p-n-p, the n- fri ction is cal l ed fricti onal
permanent i.e., steel has greater card board or plastic tube, such heating is known as Thermionic
� This electronic device allows the section is sandwitched between electricity.
retentivity and it has higher that its length is greater than its Emission.
coercivity i.e., resistance to lose el ectron to fl ow onl y in one two-p-section. � If the charges in a body do not
diameter and it behaves like a � The minimum heat energy
magnetism than iron. direction. � A semiconductor device has no move, then the frictional
magnet when current is made to required to make a metal emit an
� When used as a rectifier i.e., it fil ament and requires electricity is known as static
� Magnetic materials which retain flow through is a solenoid. electron (thermion) from its
converts AC into DC, while an comparatively low voltage for electricity i.e., study of charges
magnetism for considerable time � A solenoid which has an iron core surface is called threshold energy
invertor converts DC into AC. working of transistor. at rest.
are known as hard materials and is called an electromagnet. or work function.
those whi ch lose magnetism Electromagnet is a temporary � Instead of obeying Ohm’s law � Doping is the process of adding � The electricity i.e., charges that
� Rate of emission of photo
easily are called soft materials. magnet. which states that electric current i mpuri ty atoms to a travels al ong wi res is call ed
electrons is directly proportional
Iron is an example of a soft flowing through a conductor is semiconductor so as to increase current electricity.
� � Electromagnets are used : to intensity of falling radiation.
material while steel is a hard The minimum frequency of proporti onal to potenti al its conductivity. The atoms of � An electric current is defined as
(i) in electrical appliances, such �
material. radiation that is required for difference across its ends, it doping are very small in number an electric charge in motion. The
as electric bell, electric fan,
� A vertical plane passing through emission of electrons is known as works on Shield-Langumer law. i.e., ratio of 1 : 8 × 106. unit of current is ampere and it
electric relay, electric motor,
the magnetic axis of a freely ‘Threshold frequency’. Substance having number of In a semi conductor, biasing is is measured with the help of an
electric generator etc, and � �
suspended magnet at rest is � A good thermion emitter must valence or free electrons between either forward or reverse biasing. instrument called ammeter.
(ii) for magnetic separation of
called the magnetic meridian of iron objects from garbage have low work function and high conductivity and insulating zone In p-n juncti on, i n forward � The opposition or obstruction
that place. and for lifting heavy melting point, e.g., alkali metal is called semiconductor. bi asi ng, positi ve terminal of offered by a conductor to the
� A vertical plane passing through ferromagnetic loads. oxides. � It is in-between conductor and external battery i n circui t i s passage of drifting electrons is
the north-south direction at a � A thermion emitter, which gets insulators, e.g., Ge, Si, etc. It's connected to p-secti on and called electric resistance. It’s unit
� Rough handling, heating and
place i s known as the heated on the passage of electric resi sti vi ty decreases and negative to n-section of junction is ohm.
hammering are simple and
geographical meridian of that demagnetising with other magnet current, and when its conductivity i ncreases wi th diode. � Resistance of conductor is directly
place. and by making magnet using temperature becomes more than increasing temperature as � The biasing is called reverse proporti onal to its l ength,
� The angle between the magnetic alternating current through a threshold temperature, it starts compared to conductor in which biasing when positive terminal of inversely proportional to its area
meridian and the geographical solenoid in north to south are emitting electrons and is called resi sti vi ty increases wi th external battery is connected to of cross-section and upon the
meridian is known as the Angle some of the complex methods of directly heated thermion emitter, increasing temperature. nature of conductor.
n-section and negative terminal of
of declination which is 19.5°. demagnetisation of permanent e.g., tungsten. � Resi stance of pure metal s
� Semi conductors are of two types p-section to junction diode.
� The angle which the magnetic magnet. � A material, which itself does not i ncreases wi th the ri se i n
called n-type and p-type, n-type � In forward biasing the major
field due to the earth, makes with get heated up on the passage of temperature.
� Curie temperature : It refers to have pentavalent impurity like carriers that act while in reverse,
the horizontal at a place is known electric current, but when heated
the temperature at which a given arsenic to silicon. its minority carriers that acts � Resistance of alloy, such as
as angle of dip of that place. by some other source emits
substance changes its magnetic � P-type semi conductors have across the junction. German si l ver, Constantan,
thermions is called indirectly
� Angle of dip at places lying on the property for example form trivalent impurity like indium to Germanium (Ge) and Silicon (Si ) Eureka manganin hardly changes
heated thermion emitter, e.g., �
so-called magnetic equator is ferromagnetic to paramagnetic silicon. are pure (intrinsic) semiconductors. with rise in temperature.
alkali metal oxides.
zero. etc.

OLE - 613 OLE - 614 OLE - 615

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Resistance of ionic compounds, carbon, vulcanised rubber decreases with � The filament of electric bulb is made up of tungsten. � In case of semi conductor,

GENERAL SCIENCE
COULOMB’S LAW
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
rise in temperature. � The bulb is filled with a mixture of nitrogen and argon gases at very low � Force of attraction or repulsion resistance reduces beyond a
� The resistance offered by the electrolyte of a cell is called internal resistance. pressure. They being chemically inert. between two point charges is threshold temperature.
� Internal resistance of cell is inversely proportional to area of electrodes directl y proporti onal to the LASER
in contract with electrolyte. FARADAY’S LAWS OF ELECTROLYSIS product of the magnitude of
� (Light amplification by stimulated
� Internal resistance of cells is directly proportional to distance between 1. During electrolysis, amount of it, the forces acting on the two charges and i nversel y emission of radiation) A laser is
the electrodes of cell. the mass deposited on the parallel lengths will be equal and proportional to the square of the a coherent and focused beam of
� Electric energy = Electric power × Time in seconds. However, in electrode is directly proportional opposite thus constituting a couple. distance between them, acting in photons; coherent, in this context,
commercial unit of energy, the time is kept in hour. to the amount of electricity that � The conductor therefore rotate as the direction of the line joining the means that i t i s al l one
i.e. kwh = 3.6 × 106 Joule. passes through it. per Flemings left hand rule. This is points. In SI system wavelenght, unlike ordinary light
� Electric power (P) = Electric Current (I) × Electric potential (V); P = V.I. M�Q M = ZIT the principle of electric motor. which showers on us in many
FACTS TO REMEMBER where, M = amount of mass N wavelengths.
deposited � In a basic laser, a chamber called
� Fuse is a safety device in an electrical circuit. It is the weakest point in a cavity is designed to internally
Q = charge I = current INTENSITY OF ELECTRIC FIELD
an electrical circuit,which melts and breaks the electric circuit, when reflect infrared (IR), visible-light,
the circuit gets : T = time � The force experienced by a point
or ultraviolet (UV) waves so the
(i) overloaded due to large withdrawal of current, Z = electrochemical equivalent of charge of 1 coulomb i n any reinforce each other.
(ii) due to short-circuiting in the electric circuit, element (ECE) electric field is called the intensity
� The cavity can contain gases,
of the–electric field at that point.
(iii) due to fluctuations of current in power supply system. 2. During electrolysis, the amount liquids, or solids. The choice of
of different elements deposited It is a vector quantity and its unit cavity material determines the
� Fuse wire has a low melting point, and high resistance.
from the same current is is wavelength of the output. At each
� Earthing protects the user and the appliance from electric shock and
proportional to their electro- Unit – N/C (NC–1) end of the cavi ty, there is a
burn out respectively. DYNAMO
chemical equivalent. mirror.
� Household distribution of electricity is done in parallel, so that : � It works on the reverse principle � One mirror is totally reflective,
(i) if there is short-circuit or overloading in one particular circuit, then DIRECT CURRENT AND ALTERNATIVE of the motor, i.e. Electro-magnetic allowing none of the energy to
only the fuse of that circuit will melt, but the power supply to other CURRENT i nducti on i .e., when a coi l ELECTRIC POTENTIAL (V) pass through; the other mirror is
circuits remains unaffected.
� Direct Current or DC is that wrapped with wire is rotated partial ly reflecti ve, al lowing
(ii) As the resistance due to appliances goes on increasing, the overall � It is defined as the amount of approximately 5 percent of the
whose magnitude remains between opposite poles of two
resistance of circuit decreases. Thus, more current flows in the work done (W) in bringing a unit energy to pass through. Energy
constant as a function of time. strong magnets, an e.m.f. is
various circuits depending upon the resistance of appliances. Hence positive charge (q) from infinity to is introduced into the cavity from
� An Alternating Current or AC is induced in the coil based on
domestic electric circuits, each appliance receives optimum amount any electric field. an external source; this is called
of current, while potential difference at the ends of each appliance that which varies in magnitude Fleming's Right Hand rule.
pumping.
remains the same. continuously and whose direction
varies periodically. TRANSFORMER � As a resul t of pumpi ng, an
� Switches are always placed in live wire, so that an appliance is completely electromagnetic field appears
cut off from live wire in off position that carry charges (electrons) with � Dry cells or batteries are source of � Transformer is an electric device,
inside the laser cavity at the
energy. d.c. but generator or power station by which the e.m.f. of an POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
natural (resonant) frequency of
� Thus, a user will not receive any accidental shock. is that of a.c. al ternati ng current can be � The amount of work required in the atoms of the material that fills
� According to new international convention for colour coding of electric ELECTRIC MOTOR increased or decreased as per moving a charge of 1 Coulomb the cavity.
wires, Red or brown is for live wire, light blue or black for neutral need of a particular situation. The from a point to the another is � The waves reflect back and forth
� When a current carrying
wire and green or yellow for earth wire. relation between the o/p voltage called the potential difference between the mirrors. The ruby
rectangular conductor is placed in
� Nichrome and Manganin are the common alloys used for making heating and i/p voltage is between those points. laser, a simple and common type,
a magnetic field at right angles to
elements of electric appliances, because they have good resistivity, high has a rod-shaped cavity made of
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE UPON a mixture of solid aluminum oxide
melting point, low thermal expansion and do not get oxidised till 1000°C. RESISTANCE and chromium.
� In most of the cases, nichrome is used as heating element, e.g., in electric
� In case of pure metal the � The output is in the red visible
iron, electric heater, geyser etc.
The current ratio is in the inverse proportion in the case of step-down resi stance i ncreases wi th range. A blue laser has a shorter
� The heating element of heater becomes red hot, but not the connecting transformer increase in temperature and vice- wavelength than the red laser,
wires, because the resistance of connecting wires is extremely small as
versa. It is given by the relation and the ability to store and read
compared to the element.
Rt = Ro (1+�t) (� = coefficient of two to four times the amount of
� So, the heat produced in connecting coils is much less compared to that data.
thermal resistance).
produced in element.
OLE - 616 OLE - 617 OLE - 618
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� The helium-neon laser is another � Power = current × voltage (P = VI) � Infrared rays are heat radiations released can be uti li sed i n

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
Comparison of Alpha (�), Beta (�) and Gama (�) Particles

GENERAL SCIENCE
popul ar type, favored by � W=V×A Properties ��particles ��particles ��particles with frequency range of 3 × 1011 producing steam which can be
electronics hobbyists because of � Watt = volt × ampere Symbol 2He4 � � to 4 × 1014 Hz. further used in running turbines
its moderate cost. � They are emitted by all living to generate electricity such as in
� Heat is produced (H) in a resis- Mass 4 1/2000 0
organisms and hot bodies. The nuclear power stations.
� It has a cavity filled with helium tor on passing electric current. Charge +2 –1 0 greater is frequency hotter is the � The process of combining lighter
and neon gases. The output of the According to Joule's law of Heat- Speed slow fast very fast object. nuclei (atomic weight less than
devices is bright crimson. ing, H = I2Rt when I is current (B/W-1.4×107 do 99% I of Velocity of light � Mi cro waves wi th frequency 20) into heavier nuclei is called
� Other gases can be used instead in ampere, R is resistance in ohm 2.27× 107 m/s) light range of 3 × 108 to 3 × 1011 Hz. nuclear fusion.
of helium and neon, producing and ‘t’ is time in seconds. Ionising ability high medium 0 They are produced by oscillating � To fuse hydrogen atoms, the
beams of different wavelengths. � In a circuit the resistances can electric field and used in cooking minimum temperature required is
Penetrating low medium high
be in series or parallel. In series and long distance telephonic 1000,000°C.
� Argon produces a laser with blue power 1/100 mm 1mm to 5mm 30 cm sheet
the total resistance is equal to the communication.
visibl e output. A mixture of Can Stopped by paper aluminium lead � It is for this particular high
algebraic sum of individual resis- � Radio waves like microwaves are
nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and temperature, the fusion reaction
Magnitude of 3.3×10–19C 1.6×10–19C Zero produced by oscillating electric
helium produces IR output. tor but in parallel, the total resis- are sometimes called thermo-
charge field.
tance is equal to algebraic sum of nuclear reaction.
� Lasers are one of the most Effect of electric deflected deflected No effect � hese rays with frequency range of
the reciprocal of the individual � The principle of nuclear fusion is
significant inventions developed and magnetic field 3 × 103 to 3 × 1011 Hz are used for
resistor. long distance telecommunication used in Hydrogen bomb and
during the 20th century. Ionising power Maximum moderate minimum
� Hence, in seri es the total and TV transmission. energy irradiated by sun and
� They have found a tremendous stars.
variety of uses in electronics, resistance is greater than any � -particles are electrons ejected from the nucleus not from orbits of � � rays travelling with speed of
individual resistor but in parallel atom. The neutron in nucleus decays into from protron and electron. height are widely used in radio � Gei ger counter i s used for
computer hardware, medicine, measuring radioactivity.
it is always less at the given therapy and food industry to kill
and experimental science. germs. � The radi ation whi ch is
voltage.
� Maser : (Microwave Amplification � An element becomes radioactive omnipresent on the earth because
by Stimulation Emission of Radia- OHM’S LAW when of radioactive substances and
tion). (i) its atomic number exceeds cosmic ray particles are called
� The amount of electric current
� A LASER is a MASER that works 82, and background radiation.
passing through any conductor is
with higher frequency photons in (ii) there i s an i mbal ance of � Radioactive property of carbon is
directly proportional to the
the ultraviolet or visible light protons and neutrons as used in carbon-14 dating to
potential difference between its
compared to normal stable determine the age of fossils.
spectrum. both ends i.e. V � I or V = IR (R
atoms. Uses of radio isotopes :
� They serve as high precision is constant of proportionality) at � Photo electric effect is the phenomenon of emission of electrons from a � The process by which a heavy P-32 : Treatment of skin diseases,
frequency references. These any given temperature. metal surface when light of suitable frequency becomes incident on it. radioactive nuclei is broken into lukemia, blood cancer.
“Atomic frequency standards” are � It’s strength depends on intensity of light as with increasing intensity, lighter nuclei by the bombardment
ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS J-134 : Treatment of thyriod
one of the many forms of atomic strength increases but K.E. of emitted electrons remain unaffected and of slow moving neutron, so as to gland.
clocks. � Rutherford first invented the so also the stopping potential. liberate energy and more neutrons
Na-24 : Treatment of defects in
� They are often used as lownoise nucleus. � The energy of photon is affected by frequency. Work function i.e., minimum than used for bombardment is
called nuclear fission. blood circulation.
microwave amplifiers in radio � X rays are produced when high energy required for emission of photo electrons vary from metal to metal.
� Chain reaction is the Co-60 : Treatment of Cancer
telescopes. speed electrons fall on tungsten. Alkali metals with only one electron in outermost shell are the best suited
for the purpose. phenomenon in which neutrons C-14 : Estimating age of fossils.
� Photons : These are bundles of � Radioactivity was discovered by liberated during fission process � Half life : It is the time after
electromagnetic energy commonly � � -rays accidentally produced by Roentgen are produced in Coolidge
‘Henry Becquerel.’ lead to further fission of atoms, which the amount of radioactive
thought of as “rays of light” which x-ray tube which has vacuum inside with tungsten filament used as
� � particles are doubly ionized releasing a l arge amount of el ement becomes half of the
cathode and molybdenum tubing for preventing the scattering of electrons.
travel in oscillating waves of vari- helium atoms or helium nuclei. energy. i ni ti al mass after releasing
� � -rays are emitted by nucleus of radioactive elements/substance. They If the fission process is carried radi ations. It i s based on
ous wavelengths) �
� � rays are electromagnetic have frequency range of 3 × 1019 to 5 × 1020 Hz. They however travel out under controlled conditions, principle E = mc2 in which mass
ELECTRIC POWER radiation of very high energy by only 10% of speed of light. i.e., the neutron formed during is converted/l ost to produce
� The rate of loss of electric power thus its frequency is very low. � U.V.-rays have frequency range of 8 × 1014 to 8 × 1016 Hz. They are fi ssi on are absorbed by the energy. ‘C’ is the speed of light.
in any electric circuit is called the � � rays are emitted with both � produced by arc of mercury and iron. control rods made up of graphite � Uranium obtained from earth
power (W) and � particles. � For humans, they are source of vitamin-D in skin cells. and boron, then the energy so

OLE - 619 OLE - 620 OLE - 621

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
crust can not directly be used as � Cadmium is a good absorber of � Objects which do not emit light � A real image can be received on a � The total number of images formed by two plane mirrors inclined at right

GENERAL SCIENCE
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
fuel. It needs to be enriched i.e., neutrons, used as controller in themselves are called non-lumi- screen as it is actually formed by
238 238 Uto be converted into atomic reaction. nous objects. the intersection of rays. angles is 3. Number of images = –1
92U 92
235 U 235. In India, it is done � Nuclear reactor is based on � They become visible to us only � When rays shooting from a point
92 92U � The portion of the mirror from where reflection actually takes place is
at BARC (Babha Atomic Research controlled chain reaction. when the light reflected (or object, after reflection or refrac- known as aperture.
Centre), Mumbai. scattered) by them is able to enter tion, appear to diverge from a sec-
SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER � In a concave mirror, the image is always real except when the object is
our eyes. ond point, the second point is
� In nuclear reactor instead of � Ice has the highest specific latent within the focal length.
� In a pin-hole camera, the image said to be the virtual image of the
uranium, thorium or polonium heat. So, compared to other � In the latter case, the image is virtual, erect and magnified.
is always at focus, real, inverted first.
can also be used as nuclear fuels. matter, it requires higher amount � In a convex mirror, irrespective of the position of the object, the image
black and white and smaller than � A virtual image has no existence.
� Nuclear reactor : A nuclear of energy for melting. That’s why; is always behind the mirror.
the object. The image can be Hence, it cannot be received on
reactor consists of five main (i) Water bodies in cold countries � It is always virtual, small size and the image distance from the mirror is
coloured if the film used is the screen.
components: do not freeze suddenly, always less than the object’s distance.
coloured film. MIRRORS
� Fuel : Some common fuels are (ii) Snow melts slowly on the � The image formed by a concave mirror might be an enlarged or
� If the size of the pin-hole is in-
uranium isotopes U 233 , U 235 , mountains in the summers, � The image formed by a plane diminished one depending upon the position of the object.
creased, the image becomes
thorium i sotopes Th 232 and due to which, there are no mirror is erect, laterally inverted
blurred. � But in a convex mirror, the image is always a diminished image.
plutonium isotop Pu239. flash floods, and the rivers and virtual. Also, it has the same
� When the object is moved to- � Image formation by concave mirror
� Moderator : Used to slow down contain water for whole year, size as the object and is as far
wards the pin-hole camera, the behind the mirror as the object
the emitted neutrons. Commonly (iii) Soft drinks are cooled by ice Position of Position of Nature of
size of the image and its luminos- is in front of it.
used moderators are graphite, rather than iced cold water. ity increases. object size of image image
heavy water, beryllium, beryllium � Boiling point of a liquid rises with � If a person approaches a plane
� When the screen is moved to- mirror at a distance with speed of At focus Highly enlarged Real and inverted
oxide and some organic liquids. presence of dissolved impurities.
wards the pin-hole camera, the 1m/s then image would approach
� Coolant : Used to remove � Therefore sometimes salt is added at infinity
size of the image decreases but the person at speed of 2m/s.
excessive heat developed inside to slow down the melting of ice. Between pole of Enlarged/magnified virtual and erect
its luminosity increases.
the reactor core some commonly � A polished surface is visible only mirror and focus behind the mirror
� The phenomenon due to which, � Reflection is the phenomenon
used coolants are water, steam, from that direction in which it Between focus (f) and Enlarged beyond Real and inverted
a liquid changes into its vapour whereby light, on striking an
helium, CO2, air, molten metals reflects the light.
state at any temperature, without opaque surface is thrown back centre of curvature (c) centre of curvature
etc. the aid of any external source of � In refl ecti on from i rregular
into the same medium provided At centre of curvature Equal size as object Real and inverted
� Control rods : Used to initiate or heat is called evaporation. Evapo- surfaces, the object can be seen
that angle of incidence is equal to at centre of curvature
stop the nuclear fission reactions ration is basically the internal prop- from all directions.
angle of reflection with respective Beyond centre of Diminished and between Real and inverted
of the nuclear reactor. erty of a liquid and it produces � A man can see the whole of his
at normal down at point of curvature centre of curvature
Cadmium and boron rods are cooking effect. body in a mirror provided the size
incidence. and focus
used as control rods. of mirror is minimum half of his
OPTICS � An opaque body absorbs and own height.
� In nuclear fission, a bigger nuclei transmit some of the light that
is broken into smaller nuclei and � Light is the physical cause which � The minimum size of a plane
falls on it but majorly reflects the
there is a huge amount of energy produces sensation of sight and mirror required to be fixed on the
remaining light.
released. makes the surrounding objects wal l of a room so that an
visible to us. � A transparent body like glass or observer at the centre of the
� Atom Bomb and nuclear bomb water transmits almost all the
� Bodies which themselves emit room can see the full image of the
work on nuclear fission. light that passes through it.
light are called luminous objects. wall behind him is one-third the
� When two or more smaller nuclei � A smooth shining surface like a height of the wall behind the
are jointed together to form a � The luminous objects are usually
mirror reflects away almost all observer.
large nuclei, the process is called hot. However, cold luminous
the light incident on it. � A set of two parallel mirrors
nuclear fusion. objects also exist. The sun and
� When rays shooting from a point produces theoretically an infinite
the stars are examples of hot
� A great amount of energy is object, after reflection or refrac- number of images. However, in
luminous objects, whereas, the
released. Hydrogen bomb works tion, appear to converse at a sec- practice only a limited number of Virtual image by concave mirror
light emitting diodes used in digital
on principle of nuclear fusion. ond point, the second point is images are observed, since each � A concave mirror is used as shaving mirror, Doctor’s reflector, reflectors
instruments, fire fly and electric
� Nuclear fusion is the source of the known as the real image of the successive image is fainter than of search light, in terrestrial telescope etc.
ray fish are examples of cold
Solar energy. first. the preceeding one. � A convex mirror or a diverging mirror is used as driving mirror, anti
luminous objects.

OLE - 622 OLE - 623 OLE - 624

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
theft mirror in malls and street real and apparent day length. � In human eye, cornea, acts as window to the world, i.e., allows the light to

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
GENERAL SCIENCE
Position of Position of Nature of
lamp reflector. � The phenomenon due to which a object size of image image enter the eye. It causes maximum refraction of light entering into an eye.
FACTS TO REMEMBER ray of light, while traveling from � In human eye, choroid darkens the eye from inside and hence prevents
optically denser medium to At focus At infinity and highly Real and inverted
any internal reflection.
� The phenomenon, due to which enlarged
optically rarer medium, gets � The function of retina consisting of rod and cone cells is to receive the
a ray of light deviates from its Between focus and Enlarged but on same Virtual and erect
reflected into the same medium optical image of an object and then convert it into optical pulses which
original path, while traveling from
at the surface of separation, is optical centre side of object are finally sent to brain through optic nerve.
one optical medium to another
called total internal reflection (TIR). Between (f) and 2f i.e. Enlarged magnified Real and inverted
optical medi um of different � Yellow spot in the eye is responsible for forming an extremely clear image.
density is called refraction. � For total internal reflection to take centre of curvature (c) beyond 2f When we want to examine an object very minutely, the image of object
� When a ray of light travels from place : At 2f Same size as object Real and inverted is brought to focus at this point.
optically rarer medium to optically (i) rays of light must travel form at 2f only � Crystalline biconvex lens of the eye focuses images of objects at different
denser medium, it always bends optically denser medium to Beyond 2f Diminished and Real and inverted distances clearly on the retina.
towards normal, drawn at the optically rarer medium, between f and 2f � Ciliary muscles alter the focal length of crystalline lens, so that images
point of incidence. (ii) the angle of incidence in
� A convex lens can be used as : of objects at various distances are clearly focused on retina. The property
� Normal is the perpendicular optically denser medium, must
of eye lens to focus image on retina is called power of accomodation.
drawn at the point of incidence be greater than critical angle. (i) burning glass,
on interface. � Iris of the eye controls the amount of light entering into the eye. It acts
� Angle of incidence in a denser (ii) objective lens for telescopes,
like the adjustable diaphragm of the camera.
� When a ray of light travels from medium for which angle of (iii) erecting lens,
optically denser medium (glass or refraction in rarer medium is 90° � It imparts colour to eye because of pigment present in it.
(iv) objective lens for photogaphic camera, cinema projector, search light,
water) to optically rarer medium is called Critical Angle. � Blind spot is the area on retina from where optic nerve originates and
(v) as a simple microscope and,
(air or vaccum), it always bends � Sparkling of diamonds and leave the eye. No image is formed if focused on it and the person behave
away from the normal, drawn at (vi) for correcting long sightedness. as blind person.
formation of mirage take place
the point of incidence. � A concave lens always forms virtual, erect and diminished image.
due to total internal reflection. � Eye-lids of human eye act as the shutter in front of camera to restrict
� When an incident ray strikes at � The power of lens is the measure of convergence or divergence produced light.
� It is also used in optical fibres for
right angles at the point of by it and is measured in dioptres (D).
endoscopy or in communication. EYE DEFECTS
incidence, it suffers no refraction.
� The perpendicular shift in the LENSES � If ‘f’ is the focal length in metres and ‘p’ is the power, then � The common pri ncipal causes of eye defects are myopia and
path of i nci dent ray,while � A concave lens can be used as : hypermetropia.
emerging out from an optical slab
(i) eye lens for Gallelio telescope, � The power of convex lens is considered positive and is denoted as +D.
is called lateral displacement. Myopia Hypermetropia
and � The power of concave lens is considered negative and is denoted as–D.
� Because of refraction :
(ii) correcting short sightedness. � If two or more than two lenses of power P1, P2 etc., are placed in contact Short sightedness Long sightedness
(i) A stick appears bent and short
� A convex lens always forms real with each other, then power ‘P’ of the combination is : Able to see nearby objects but Able to see distantly placed objects
when immersed obliquely in
water. It also appears and inverted images, except it P = P1 + P2 + ..... algebraic sum
forms a virtual magnified and not distant object clearly than nearby objects
magnified because image is
erect image, when object is FUNCTIONING OF THE CAMERA Image is formed in front of retina Image is formed behind retina
formed close to the eye.
(ii) The bottom of a beaker filled between optical centre and � A photographic camera has different f-numbers marked on a ring. The Focal length of eye lens increases Focal length of eye lens decreases
with water appears raised. principal focus. It's when, it is f-number is adjusted according to intensity of light.
used as magnifying lens. Corrected by concave lens Corrected by convex lens
Swi mming pool appears � In dim light f-number is kept higher and in bright light f-number is
shallow when filled with water. decreased so that film may not get over-exposed. � The other eye defects include old age hypermetropia also called presbyopia
(iii) Stars twi nkl e and appear � The diaphragm helps in controlling the amount of light entering in camera. and astigmatism caused by roughening of cornea hence, corrected by
higher in horizon than their � A shutter of variable speed is fixed behind the diaphragm of the cylindrical lenses.
actual positon. photographic camera to control the exposure time of film. � A convex lens of short focal length is used as magnifying glass or simple
(iv) The Sun appears bigger during � The time of exposure is directly proportional to the square of f-number. microscope.
sunset or sunrise. Atmospheric � The shutter is so constructed that it automatically closes after a certain � A compound microscope uses lens of short aperture and small focal length
refraction is responsible for
required time-interval. as objective lens and other lens of short focal length but large aperture
twilight and helps in increasing
� Image formation by convex lens as eye piece lens.
the length of the day by four HUMAN EYE
minutes, difference between :

OLE - 625 OLE - 626 OLE - 627

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� An LED is often small in area complete, that is why CFLs take � The colour of the transparent � The electromagnetic radiations

GENERAL SCIENCE
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
(less than 1mm2) and integrated longer than other lights to become object in white light depends beyond red end of vi sibl e
optical components may be used fully hight. upon : spectrum are called infra-red
to shape its radiation pattern. (i) colours of white light being radiation.
LIGHT AND COLOUR
� Recent developments in LEDs absorbed, and � The wavelength of i nfra-red
permit them to be used in � The electromagnetic radiations spectrum extends from 8000 ×
(ii) colours of white light being
including lower energy which can excite our retina have transmitted. 10–10 m to 4,00,000 × 10–10 m.
consumption, longer lifetime, wave length between 8000Å (1A° � White hot sources of light, such
� A green glass will absorb all the
improved physical robustness, = 1 × 10–10m) to 4000Å. as sun, arc lamp, burning gases
colours of whi te l ight but
smaller size, and faster switching. � In a wave-band ‘VIBGYOR’ transmits or reflect only green. or any other material are best-
Ray diagram for the formation of image by a compound microscope � Light-emitting diodes are now used wavelength go on increasing from suited for producing infra-red
� The colour of an opaque object in
� An astronomical telescope uses objective lens of large aperture and large in applications as diverse as violet red. radiations of higher intensity.
coloured light depends upon
focal length and eye-piece of small aperture and small focal length. aviation lighting, automotive head � Colour is a sensation produced in pigment present in the object. However, all l i vi ng bei ngs,
lamps, advertising, general the brain due to the excitation of animals, plants or humans are
� It is the pigment, which selectively
lighting, traffic signals, camera retina, by an electromagnetc infra-red emitters.
absorbs or reflects coloured light
flashes and lighted wallpaper. As wave, of some particular wave � Infra-red rays produce heating
falling on it.
of 2015, LEDs powerful enough length. effect, therefore, they are used
for room lighting remain somewhat � When a green light is incident on
� A light, which is a mixture of by the doctors for therapeutic
more expensive, and require more red opaque obj ect, the red
several col ours i s call ed purposes.
precise current and heat pigment will absorb green light
polychromatic light. White light is and reflects none. Thus, the � Infra-red radiations have a very
management than compact a polychromatic light and has all long wavelength, so they do not
fluorecent lamp sources of object appears dark.
the seven wave-bands present in easily get scattered in fog or
Astronomial telescope comparable output. � When blue light is incident on
it. (VIBGYOR) smoke.
� A binocular consists of a pair of astronomical telescope whose tube length � CFLs (Compact flourescent lamps) : blue opaque object, the blue
� The phenomenon due to which a pigment will reflect the blue light � Thus, they can be used for taking
is reduced using prism. They produce light differently
polychromatic light splits into and hence object appears blue. i nfra-red photographs wi th
� Interference of light is the phenomenon of non-uniform distribution of than incandescent bulbs. In an
component colours, when passed suitable photographic plates and
energy in a medium because of superposition of two light waves from a incandescent, electric current � When yellow light is incident on
through a pri sm, i s call ed filters in foggy weather.
coherent source placed closed to each other. It is explained by Young's runs through a wire filament and white opaque object, the yellow
dispersion. light is reflected, because there � Since all objects are the emitters
Double Slit experiment. heats the filament unitil it starts
� The angle through which light of is no pigment in white object. of infra-red radiations, therefore,
� Diffraction is the bending of light round the sharp corners before to glow.
a parti cular wavel ength can Thus, object appears yellow. specially prepared devices, i.e.,
spreading into the region provided that the size of hole is comparable to � In a CFL, an electric current is
deviate, while passing through night-vision devices can see or
wave length of light. The observation of a coloured spectrum of light driven through a tube containing � The colour of a transparent object
prism, is called refractibility. detect the objects in darkness by
when watching across a muslin cloth is because of diffraction. argon and a small amount of in coloured light depends upon
The refractibility for red light with receiving the infra-red radiations.
� Polarisation of light refers to the restriction of the vibrations of light in mercury vapor. � the pi gment present in
maximum wavelength is the least, transparent object and the light � Infra-red radiations are used in
one plane. � This generates invisible ultraviolet
whereas that of the violet light is absorbed or transmitted by it. surface to air mi ssil es for
� It is obtained by passing light through Nicol’s prism or tourmaline crystal. light that excites a fluorescent
maximum. tracking and destroying enemy
Polaroids are used in making good sun glasses than coloured glasses, coating (called phosphor) on the � A red object will appear black
planes.
shields of automobiles, and window panes of a train or airplane. inside of the tube, which then � As the velocity of light is least in through blue glass, because red
case of violet and maximum in light coming from it is absorbed � The on-board sensor of infra-red
� The ordinary light from a source is transverse unpolarised light that is emits visible light.
case of red in the glass, refractive by blue glass. radiations in the nose of missile
polarised by polarizer. � CFLs need a little more energy
index of red colour in glass is detects the heat trail left by
when they are first turned on, but � Red, blue and green are primary
LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED) enemy plane to locate its position.
once the electricity starts moving, less than that of violet colour. colours.
� It is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode, � By measuring infra-red or heat
CFLs use about 70% less energy � The colour of an opaque object � Cyan, yellow and magenta form
which emits light when activated. radiations from crops via satelite
than incandescent bulbs. depends upon the wave bands it primary pigments.
� When a suitable voltages applied to the leads, electrons are able to we can find any change in the
� A CFL’s ballast helps “kick start” absorbs, reflects or transmits � The regions of spectrum which do
recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the heat radiation pattern.
the CFL and then regulates the when white light is incident on it. not excite retina and hence is not
form of photons. If an obj ect refl ects al l the � This change generally indicates
current once the electricity starts visible are collectively called
� This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light colours, it appears white. some disease.
flowing. invisible spectrum.
corresponding to the energy of the photon is determined by the energy � Laws of reflection and refraction
� This entire process typically takes � If it absorbs all the colours, it � Infra-red and ul tra-vi ol et
band gap of the semiconductor. are valid for invisible spectrum
30 seconds to 3 minutes to appears black. radiations are parts of it.
too.
OLE - 628 OLE - 629 OLE - 630
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� The region of spectrum which � The safe range of audible sound � Transverse waves can be measured using simple formula � Waves and frequencies : Audible � A jet plane, a ballistic missile

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
GENERAL SCIENCE
extends beyond violet colour of is 20-120 dB. generated in solids and liquids but that is : Distance range 20Hz – 20,000 Hz, moves through the ai r at a
visible spectrum is called ultra- � Vibrations at frequencies beyond not in gases. generated by vibrating bodies velocity greater than the velocity
violet spectrum. 20,000 Hz are too fast for the � A longitudinal wave is the one in = such as vocal cords. Audiblic to of sound.
� Any source of light at temperature human ear to respond. These which the motion of individual � These days reflection of sound human. At NTP, wavel ength � The jet planes or supersonic
of more than 2500°C is a good vibrations are called ultrasonic particles of the medium takes (ultrasound) technique is widely range-16.5 m to 1.65 cm. planes sends a cracking sound
source of ultra-violet radiation. vibrations. place in the direction of used in medical sciences to called sonic boom, which can
� Infrasonic range : Frequency
� Electric sparks, electric arc lamp, � Infants, dogs and certain fishes are propagation of the wave, resulting diagnose the presence of tumour below 20Hz, produced by earth crack gl ass di shes, wi ndow
mercury vapour lamps and sun- able to respond to these vibrations. in the formation of alternate or health of foetus in a mother or quakes. volcanic eruptions or panes and even damage
light are good sources of UV- � Vibrations at frequencies below compressions and rarefactions. presence of a stone in a body ocean waves. Mostly longtitudinal buildings.
radiations. 20 Hz are too slow for the human Longitudinal waves can be organ. mechanical waves.
� � RADAR : System of locating
The range of UV-radiations is ear to respond and they are called produced in solids, liquids and � Resonance is defi ned as a
� � Ultrasonic range : Above 20,000 distant objects by means of the
infrasonic vibrations. phenomenon when the frequency
between 4000Å to 100Å. gases. KHz, longituduinal mechanical reflected radio waves usually of
� Such vibrations are produced of applied external force is equal
� UV-radi ati ons produce � Light waves are transverse in waves, produced by hi gh micro wave frequency.
during earthquakes easily to the natural frequency of the
flourescence in substances like nature, while sound waves are frequency quartz crystals, fishes, � It is much based on Doppler’s
assessed by wild animals like deer, body on which force is applied,
zinc sulphide, barium sulphide, elephant, dogs, etc. that makes longitudinal waves. mosquitos bats. Used for effect as if v is the velocity of
such that it readily takes up the
barium pl ati nocyanide and them go restless even long before � The speed of sound is vibrations and begins to vibrate navigation (SONAR) or bloodless approaching object then change
quinine sulphate solution. the arrival of real sesimic waves. independent of loudness, with an increased amplitude. surgery and wave theraphy in frequency is,
� UV-radiations produce chemical � Human ear structurally and provided the amplitude is not � Tuning forks are often mounted � Velocity of sound : Vsteel > Vneter
effect in silver salts. functionally has three parts : very large. on sound boxes. The size and > Vair. �n =
� UV-radiations are absorbed by external, middle and inner ear. � The velocity of sound is amount of air enclosed in the with increase in temperature of
ozone layer in stratosphere and For a Receding target,
� External ear consists of ear canal independent of pressure. sound box is so adjusted that its ai r, vel ocity of sound al so
where they convert oxygen to that terminates with tymphanic � Sound travels faster in warm air. natural frequency matches with increases.
ozone. the frequency of the tuning fork, �n =
membrane (ear drum). It vibrates As the velocity of sound in air is
and hence a l oud sound i s � At constant temperature, velocity
� UV-radiations can be detected by as per the received sound waves. 332 m/s at 0°C, its velocity at � The rate of flow of sound energy
produced due to resonance. of sound i s i ndependent of
fluorescence. � The middle ear has three �0C is given by C = 332 + 0.61 �. per unit is called intensity of
The same i s responsibl e for pressure.
� Fluorescence is the phenomenon, adjoining bones malleus, incus � The velocity of sound increases
� sound. The rate of flow of sound
and stapes for amplification of production of whistling sound � With increasing humidity, velocity
where a substance absorbs an if the wind is blowing in the energy per unit area and its effect
received vibrations and through a hollow key or tube of sound increase, i.e. in humid
incident li ght of smaller direction of sound wave on the ear collectively is called
eustachian tube that opens up in closed from one end. air sound travel faster than in dry
wavelength and then reflects a propagation and vice-versa. loudness of sound.
thorax to maintain body air � Soldiers are often asked to break air.
light of longer wavelegnth. � Sounds of all frequencies travel � The property by which two notes
pressure. their steps whil e crossing a � Velocity of sound is greater in a
� UV-radiations when absorbed by with the same speed. of the same frequency and same
� Inner ear filled with endolymph bridge. This precaution is taken thinner wire than thick wire.
skin, sti mul ate the body to Speed of sound is more in water loudness can be distinguished
has sensitive part, the coiled � to prevent any sudden collapse of � An organ pipe allows production
produce vitamin D, which is very than in air and still more in solids the bridge, due to matching of the from each other, because of the
cochlea with cells of Organ of of sound of all possi bl e
good for growth of strong bones like steel. natural frequency of the bridge difference in wave forms is called
Corti that transform the received harmonics.
and teeth. with that of the impressed force quality or timbre.
mechanical signals into impulses � The phenomenon due to which
to be carried to brain by auditory due to the marching of soldiers. � In closed organ pipe close end � The loudness and pitch of sound
ACOUSTICS repetition of sound is heard, after
nerve. � Pitch is the characteristic of acts as node and open end as produced by a musical
� The scientific study of sound and reflection from distant object
musical sound, which enables us internode. instrument particularly string
sound waves is called as SOUND AND WAVE MOTION (such as high building or hillock),
after the original sound from a to di fferenti ate between two � Sonic Boom : When the velocity i nstrument depends on the
Acoustics. � Sound is longitudinal wave and
given source dies off is called sounds of equal loudness, coming of source exceeds the phase nature of wire, tension on wire
� The unit of measurement of the requires a material medium for with different frequencies from velocity of a sound wave then
‘Echo’. and the force i.e., applied to
intensity of sound is decibel (dB). transmission and propagation. two sources. Doppler’s effect fails and it has
� SONAR, sound navigation and pluck the wire to a distance from
� The average range of audible � A transverse wave is one in � The higher the freqeuncy of a no meaning.
ranging is based on reflection of its mean position.
frequencies to which the human which the motion of the individual note, the higher is its pitch or the
sound that causes echo. � There are many instances in � A wire plucked more produces
ear responds is between 20 Hz particles of the medium takes shri l l er i s i ts note. Among
� It is used to measure the depth of which, source moves through a sound of greater loudness
to 20,000 Hz. However, the place at right angles to the humans, pitch of a female's
ocean by ships and its path ahead medium at a velocity greater than similarly a stretched tense wire
effective range is 50 Hz to 15,000 direction of propagation of the sound is higher than that of a
wave. by sub marines. Distance is the velocity of sound. produce sound of higher pitch.
Hz. male member.

OLE - 631 OLE - 632 OLE - 633

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� A wave form which travels at a light, ultra–violet rays, x-rays and � Amplifier : A device used to strengthen a signal to prevent its weakening SOME CONVERSION FACTORS

GENERAL SCIENCE
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
constant speed of 3 ×10 8 m/s gamma rays are major parts of with time.
and is unaffected by electric or electromagnetic spectrum in the � Transducer : A device that transforms one form of energy into another � Mass and Density � Magnetism
magnetic fields, such that it order of decreasing wavelength or form such as light into current vice versa. 1 kg =1000 g = 6.02 ×1026 u 1 T = 1 Wb/m2 = 104 gauss
needs no material medium for its increasing frequency. � Transmitter : It’s a device that converts a signal into an electrical signal, 1 slug = 14.6 kg FACTS TO REMEMBER
propagati on is called � Radio waves, TV-waves and mixes it with carrier wave before transmission. 1 u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg
electromagnetic wave. � Speed of light is maximum in
micro-waves are produced by � Modulation : It’s like piggy back of a low frequency signal on a high 1 kg/m3 = 10–3 g/cm3
oscillating circuits in special frequency wave. The two signals combined together make up a modulated vacuum, 3 × 108 m/s.
� Mach number : In fluid dynamics,
it is a dimensionless quantity vacuum tubes. wave. There are three possible forms of signals modulation, amplitude, � Length and Volume � Longitudinal waves can’t be
representing the ratio of flow � Infra-red rays, visible radiation frequency and phase modulation. 1 m = 100cm = 39.4 inch polarized.
velocity of a body to that of sound and ultra-violet rays are produced � Modem : A device used to modulate or demodulate a signal. = 3.28 ft. � Rainbow are always formed in
in the surrounding medium. by the excitation of outer WAVE PROPAGATION 1 mile = 1.61 km = 5280 ft. direction opposite to the sun.
M = u/c electronic shell in increasing � There are three possible ways of propagation : 1 inch = 2.54 cm � The frequency of visible light
Where M is the Mach number, u order. — Ground wave propagation involves wave frequency range of the 1 nm = 10–9 m = 10A varies between 400 nm to 700
is the local flow velocity with � X-rays are produced by the maximum 1500 KHz as ionosphere does not permit these waves to 1 pm = 10–12 m = 1000 fm nm.
respect to the boundaries (either excitation of inner electrons of an penitrate into it and propagate. � Colour bl i ndness was first
1 light year = 9.46 × 1012m
internal , such as an object atom and sudden destruction of � It is also called surface wave propagation upto 100km. discovered by Horner (1976).
high energy free electrons. 1 m3 = 1000 L = 35.3 ft3
immeresed i n the flow, or � Sky wave propagation involves waves of frequency range of few MHz to � Focal di stance of l ens i s
= 264 gal
external, like a channel), and c is � Gamma radiation are produced by 40 MHz that are reflected by ionsphere. maxi mum for red-l ight and
the speed of sound in the the nucleus of an atom, by the � Time
� Looking at the earth's curvature, the maximum distance of reception from minimum for violet light
medium. In the simplest sudden destructions of high 1 d = 86400 s
transmitting antenna is d = where d is distance, h is height of antenna � 3-D image is known as hologram.
explanation, the speed of Mach 1 energy particles. They find use in
the cure of cancer like the one and radius of earth 6.4 × 106m � If a transparent materi al i s
is equal to the speed of sound. 1 Y = 365 d = 3.16 × 107 s
released by Co-60. � Space wave propagation is meant for waves having frequency greater invisible in any liquid, then both
� Therefore, Mach 0.65 is about
than 40MHz. It mostly includes satellite communication with geo stationary � Angular Measure
of them have the same refractive
65% of the speed of sound COMMUNICATION
satellites being the farthest from earth. index. Hence, humans fail to see
(subsonic), and Mach 1.35 is about 1 rad = 57.3° = 0.159 rev
� The mode used by a person to � E-mail : Electronic mail in water.
35% faster than the speed of
interact with an another person � Magnifying glass is convex lens of
sound (supersonic). � rad = 180° = rev
at distance from a few metres to small focal length.
� Light waves are transverse thousands of kilometres is used
electromagnetic waves. � Speed � If two mirrors are at an angle of
under communication. The device
1 m/s = 3.28 ft/s = 2.24 m/h 75° then the number of images
� Radio waves, television waves, used if any is called
1 km/h = 0.621 mi/h=0.278 m/s is 5.
microwaves, infra–red rays, visible communication device.
� Human eyes have biconvex lens.
(i) Transmitter � Channel � Reciever � Force and Pressure
1 N = 105 dyne = 0.225 lb � Raman effect i s related to
(ii) Oscillator � Modulator � Transmitter
1 lb = 4.45 N scattering of light.
�
1 ton = 2000 lb � Opti cal fi bers works on the
Transmitter antennae � reciever antennae
1 Pa = 1 N/m2 = 10 dyne/cm2 princi pl e of total internal
� reflection.
Reciever = 1.45 × 10–4 lb/inch2
� Web : World Wide Web maintained by different institutions or offices. � Hypo or radium thiosulphate is
1 atm = 1.01 × 105 Pa
� � E-commerce : Commercial transcations conducted on Internet. used for fusing in photography.
Dectector = 14.7 lb/inch2
� Online chat : Text based chat, one-to-one or group chat on Internet. = 76 cm–Hg � Power of sunglass is zero.
� � Fax : Fascimile i.e., Far away zerox � Energy and Power � Heat energy is transmitted as
Loudspeaker
� Frequency Range for different services : 1 J = 107erg = 0.239 cal infra–red rays.
Terms commonly used in modern communication system :
= 0.738 ft. lb � The first use of telescope for
� Analog signal : It’s a form of physical wave form whose amplitude varies Frequency range Service
1 kW.h = 3.6 × 106 J research was by Galileo Galilie of
with time such as a note produced by a tuning fork or light and current
540 – 1600 KHz Standard AM Broadcast (Radio) 1 cal = 4.19 J Italy in 1609.
signals produced by a photo cell.
88 – 108 KHz Standard FM Broadcast (Radio) 1 eV = 1.60 × 10–19 J � Power measures the degree of
� Digital signal : It's a signal that propagates in form of pulses uniformly
54 – 1890 KHz Television 1 Horsepower = 746 W divergence or convergence and is
spaced in time. The two levels of signals are represented in a binary
896 – 935 KHz Cellular mobile phones = 550 ft. lb/s measured in dioptres.
code of 0 and 1.

OLE - 634 OLE - 635 OLE - 636

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Negative sign denotes divergence � There is a coating of iron oxide � There is no effect of � radiation � Ceramic i s used i n Super– � A paral l el combi nati on of a � It prevents loss of electric current

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
GENERAL SCIENCE
or a concave lens. on tape used in tape recorder. emission upon atomic mass as conductivity. gal vanometer and a smal l and extra heating of coils.
� Positive sign is for convergence or � The pitch of sound depends upon well as mass number. � A devi ce whi ch convert resistance is equivalent to an � Ohm-meter is the unit of specific
a convex lens. the frequency. If n is the � Neutron was discovered by mechanical energy into electric ammeter. resistance.
� Air bubble in water behaves as frequency of open organ pipe and Chadwick. energy i s cal l ed dynamo. � A series combination of a � Lead is used in storage battery.
concave lens. we close an end of the organ � Carbon dating is used in However, if it produces a fairly galvanometer and a hi gh � Sliver is the best conductor of
� As temperature of medium pipe, then the frequency will be determining age of fossils. large amount of power, it is called resistance is equivalent to a
n/2. Generator. electricity.
increases, its refractive index � Atomic mass unit (amu) is equal voltmeter.
� At room temperature velocity of � Generator i s based on the � Heating effect of current doesn’t
decreases. � Ammeter is always connected in
sound is 332ms–1. pri ncipl e of el ectromagnetic depend upon the direction of
� Refractive index of a material is to of the mass of 6C12. series while voltmeter is always
� There is no change in velocity, induction. current.
independent of angle of incidence. connected in parallel to resistors
wavelength and frequency of 1 amu = 1.6 × 10–27 kg � In generator, armature consists of � AC can’t be used in electroplating.
� The angl e of devi ation in in a circuit.
refraction is given by d = (i – r), refractive wave. 1 amu = 931 MeV laminated soft iron core, from the � Soft iron is used as electromagnet.
centre of which passes a steel � Electron volt is the unit of energy.
i = angl e of i nci dence and � Audible frequency ranges from � Binding energy is the amount of � Capacity of battery is shown in
20Hz to 20,000 Hz. (20KHz) energy required to separate each axle. 1 ev = 1.6 × 10–19J
r = angle of refraction. ‘Ampere-hour’.
100°C = 212°F = 373 K. � There is no change in frequency nucleon from the nucleus. � Slip rings of generator are made � Watt is the unit of electric power,
� � Speci fic resi stance of any
of sound when it changes � Polonium is first human made of gun metal. conductor depends upon material
� Bolometer is used for detection of watt = volt × ampere =
infra–red rays. medium but its velocity, direction element. � Brushes of generator are made of conductor and temperature.
and intensity will be changed. � Mass of neutron is slightly out of carbon or gun metal. Kilowatt hour (kwh) is also the
� Specific heat of water is 1.0 � Di lute H 2 SO 4 i s used i n car
calorie/gm–0C. � The direction of wave is greater than that of proton. � Coulomb is the unit of electric unit of electric power battery.
independent of velocity, � Elements having atomic number charge ( coul omb = ampere/ 1 kwh = 3.6 × 106J
� Two thinner blankets are more � A.C. is not suitable for charging
wavelength and frequency. greater than 83 must be second).
warmer than a single blanket � The resi stance of l ow power of storage battery.
equal to their width because of air � The velocity of sound is increased radioactive. � 1 coulomb (watt) bulb is high. � With increase in temperature
trapped in two blankets. with increasing density of the � Cobalt-60 is normally used in = 6.25 × 1018 electron. � Filament of electric bulb is made there is decrease in resistance of
medium. radiation therapy of cancer. � Magnetic effect of electric current
� Coloured cloths are good absorber of Tungsten. Carbon, Silicon and Platinum.
of heat. � Sensation of sound lasts for � Before X-rays, Barium is given to was discovered by Oerested.
1/10 second. (Persistence of sound) the patient because Barium is � Wire of electric heater is made of � Muscovite is a common separator
� If there i s a rel ative motion � Biot Savart's law is used to find nichrome.
� Receiver of telephone converts good absorber of X-rays radiation. in electrical industries.
between the source and the magnetic field at a point due to a
electrical energy into sound � X-rays is used for determining current carrying conductor. � Fuse wire is made up of an alloy � Dry cell is primary cell, it cannot
observer, then the frequency of
energy and vice versa. structure of crystals, body of lead and tin. be recharged.
sound heard by the observer � Galvanometer is used to test the
might be different from the � Wave is for med by repeated bones, etc. presence of current i n a � Transformers work on the � Cadmium cell is called standard
frequency of the source. vibrations of particles of medium � The unit of Plank’s is J/S. conductor irrespective of its small pri nci pl e of el ectromagneti c cell.
(Doppler’s effect). in which the wave is formed. � A proton is ionized hydrogen quantity. induction. � The frequency of D.C. and root
� Echo is formed due to reflection � Pulse is a wave set up by single atom. (H+) � For an i deal vol tmeter, the � A step-up transformer can mean square value of A.C. is
of sound provided the minimum disturbance of short duration. � Cryogenic engine is used in space resistance is infinity and for an convert l ow vol tage, high always zero.
distance has to be 17.2m � The change in frequency due to shuttle. ideal ammeter, it is zero. An ideal frequency AC to high voltage, low � An LCR circuit has inductor,
between source and reflector/ Doppler’s effect is dependent on � Titanium is known as metal of ammeter i s practi cal l y not frequency AC. capacitor and resistor. Capacitor
obstacle. the velocities of observer and future. possible. It always reads slightly � A step-down transformer is the only device that can store
� When two sound sources of source. � Uranium oxide is known as yellow less value than actual current. converts high vol tage, l ow a little of A.C. current.
nearly same frequency are played � A stationary wave is cake. � A milliammeter has the highest frequency AC to low voltage, high � A transformer can work only on
together, then beats occur. characterised by the appearance � Tritium is rarely found radioactive resistance. frequency AC. A.C. not on D.C. as it does not
� Number of beats per second is of nodes and antinodes. isotopes of Hydrogen. � Ammeter is used in DC as well � Transformer works on AC only. produce any induced e.m.f.
equal to difference between the � There is a decrease of 2 in atomic � Tuning of radio is an example of as in AC.
� Transformation ratio of step-up � The frequency of A.C. mains in
frequencies of sources. number and decrease of 4 in resonance. � Resistance of ammeter used in transformer is always greater India is 50Hz and voltage
� The frequency of sound produced mass number after emission of � Cybernetics is study of series is very low. than 1. difference is 230V.
by supersonic engines are above an � particle. communication between human � Resistance of voltmeter used in
and machine. � For preventing formation of eddy � The resistance of Mercury is zero
audible range. � There is an increase of 1 in atomic parallel is very high.
The filament of Halogen lamp is currents, laminated cores are at 4K. It’s when i t acts as
� The same note from ‘Sitar’ and number after emission of a � � � Voltmeter measures potential
made of tungsten–iodine mixture. used in transformer. superconductor.
‘Veena’ have different quality. particle. difference between two points.

OLE - 637 OLE - 638 OLE - 639

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Copper and aluminium are the � The ratio of maximum height

GENERAL SCIENCE
GENERAL SCIENCE

most suitable for electric wiring, reached by di fferent bodies

CHEMISTRY
because they have maximum projected upwards with different Chemistry is the branch of science concerned with the composition,
number of free electrons. velocity µ 1 :µ 2 :µ 3 is equal to properties, characteristics and reactions of substances along with energy
Candalescent of tube-light is changes. Chemistry, in our day to day lives, is associated with almost each
� µ12:µ22:µ32.
and every task our body performs. In industry and production also chemistry
always greater than that of � If a body is dropped from top of plays an important role. Chemistry is divided into various branches–Inorganic
electric bulb of the same power a tower of height h and another Chemistry is associated with the properties of compounds of the chemical
1 KW = 1.34 HP body is thrown up simultaneously elements contained in minerals. Organic Chemistry is concerned with the
� Mica is a common insulator in with velocity u from the foot of compounds of carbon and hydrogen or their derivatives. Biochemistry is
electric industries. concerned with the carbon compounds found in living organisms.
the tower, then both of them
� Fluori ne i s often added to Electrochemistry deals with the study of relation between electricity and
would meet after time h/u. chemical change. Geochemistry is mainly associated with the chemical
toothpaste in the form of fluoride
� Choke coil works on principle of composition of rocks and minerals and ores obtained from them.
ions.
electro magnetic induction.
� Both fluorine and chlorine are STATES OF MATTER
� If a person projected a ball
added to water supplies for their � Anything that occupies space and has mass or weight is called Matter.
outside from a moving car, then
germicidal properties. � Matter undergoes changes which may be either chemical changes or
the path of the ball is a straight
� Rhodium is the rarest metal. physical changes.
line for the person sitting in the
� Helium has the lowest boiling � All matters exist in one of the three physical forms or states: solid, liq-
car, but it should be a parabola uid and gas.
point of any element.
for an observer on the ground. � The three states of matter are interconvertible.
� Osmium is the densest element.
� Retro-rocket is used for
� Tungsten has the highest boiling
deceleration of rocket in space.
point (3200°C) of all the elements. ,
Hence, it is used for filaments in � The shape of rain drop is
electric bulbs. spherical due to surface tension.
KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER
� Cesium is used in atomic clocks. � Lactometer is used for
determining purity of milk. � All forms of matter is composed of small particles (molecules, atoms, ions).
� Pure silicon is a semi-conductor
� The particles are in continuous, never-ending motion (Brownian motion).
and is used in electronic devices � The height of mercury column in
The higher the temperature, the faster is the motion, as thermal energy
as the base for minute integrated barometer is independent of the is converted into kinetic energy.
circuits (ICs). diameter of glass-tube containing � The particles attract one another with a force (intermolecular force) which
� Mercury is the only metal which mercury. decreases with the increasing distance between them.
is liquid at room temperature. It � The frequency of second
CHARACTERISTICS OF MATTER
is very poisonous and affects pendulum is 2s.
mental health as causes Minamata � In a solid, the particles are packed closely together, so, inter-particle
� Clouds are flying due to their attractive force is very high.
Disease.
least density and viscosity of air. � Inter–particle force is weak in liquids, so they are able to flow and occupy
� 1 meter distance is equal to the
� Viscosity of gases increases with shape of container.
length of 1,650,763.73
increase in temperature. � Inter-particle force is negligible in gases. So their particles are able to
wavelength of pure orange lights
� The force of attraction between wander about more freely than those of liquids or solids.
emitted from Kr-86.
atoms of the same material is � Their free random motion is called Brownian motion.
� If a body is dropped vertically
down, and another is projected called cohesive force. CHANGES IN STATES OF MATTER
horizontally then both will reach � The force of attraction between � Heating increases the kinetic energy and consequently motion of the par-
the ground simultaneously but atoms of different materials is ticles and the rigid structure of the solid is lost.
with different velocity. called adhesive force. � Further heating leads to escaping of the particles from the surface.
� The ratio to distance traveled in � Cohesive and adhesive forces � When heat is removed from a gas (vapour) the kinetic energy of the
1st, 2nd, and 3rd seconds of particles is reduced and they become slower and thus come nearer.
leads to the formation of meniscus
freely falling body is in ratio of � This leads to increase in inter-particle attractive forces and thus con-
of a liquid in a capillary tube.
1:3:5. densation and finally freezing takes place.
���

OLE - 640 OLE - 641

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Sublimation occurs, where the attractive forces between the particles � The separation of a compound into its constituent elements by chemical

GENERAL SCIENCE
SOLUTIONS, SOLUTE AND SOLVENT
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
are low. It involves change of a solid directly into gas on heating without means is called analysis a part of analytical chemistry. � A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances.
undergoing liquid state or vice versa. � The formation of a compound by the union of elements is called synthesis. � The substance which is dissolved to make a solution is called solute
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER � Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is the most commonly found compound on the earth and the liquid in which solute is dissolved is known as solvent.
crust in lithosphere while oxygen is the most commonly found element � The true solutions are always homogenous and the size of solute particles
on earth. is less than 10–7 cm.
� The total number of different elements present in a molecule of com- � In a true solution, the solute particles cannot be distinguished from the
pound is called its atomicity such as its 2 for NaCl and 7 for H2SO4. solvent molecules even by using a microscope.
MIXTURES : � A colloid is a kind of solution in which the size of solute particles is bigger
than that of a true solution but smaller than those of a suspension.
� A given mixture can be a solution, colloid or suspension. The three are
� Milk, Blood, Ink, Soap solution, Gum, Jelly are example of colloidal
different in their behaviour as listed below in table.
solutions.
Property True Solution Colloid Suspension � The size of the solute particles in a colloidal solution is between
10–7 cm and 10–5 cm. Hence, solute particles can be separated using
1. Solute size Less than 1nm Between 1nm to Greater than ultra filter paper only.
1000 mm 1000 mm � The scattering of light by colloidal particles is called Tyndall effect.
2. Solute Invisible Visible only under Visible with � Strength of a solution : It is defined as the amount of the solute in grams
visibility ultra microscope naked eyes found dissolved in one litre (or dm 3) of solution. It is expressed in
3. Filtration Pass through Possible through Impossible through g/litre or g/dm3.
filter paper filter paper but both filter paper � Molarity : For a solution, it is defined as number of moles of the solute
ELEMENTS and parchment not parchment and parchment dissolved per litre (or dm3) of solution. It is denoted by M:
� An element is a pure substance that is composed of only one kind of membrane membrane membrane
atoms. M=
4. Tyndall No Yes, with scatter- Only occasionally
� An element cannot be composed from or decomposed into simpler effect ing of light otherwise not. If a gram of solute is present in Vcm3 of a given solution, then
substance by a physical or chemical change.
Examples : Aluminium (Al), Hydrogen (H), Iron (Fe) etc. TYPES OF COLLOIDS M=
� Metals are characterised by : e.g. a solution of H2 SO4 having 4.9 grams of it dissolved in 500 ml of
Dispersed phase Dispersion medium Example
� Metallic Lustre solution will have its molarity
� Good thermal and electrical conductivity 1. Solid Solid Solid sol., minerals and
� Ductility (can be drawn into wires) e.g. copper, gold rocks, gems M= = 0.1
� Malleability (can be beaten into sheets) e.g.–Iron, Aluminium 2. Solid Liquid Sol, gold sol., sulphur
sol. Normality : For a solution, it is defined as the number of gram equiva-
� Gold is most ductile and malleable hence used in making ornaments. lent of the solute dissolved per litre (or dm3) of the solution. It is de-
� Non-metals are characterised by absence of above properties. e.g. 3. Solid Gas Aerosol, smoke
noted by ‘N’
Oxygen, Chlorine etc. 4. Liquid Liquid Emulsion, milk
� Metalloids are elements which exhibit properties midway between those 5. Liquid Solid Gel, cheese, jellies N=
of metals and non-metals, e.g., Arsenic, Antimony. 6. Liquid Gas Liquid aerosol, cloud
� Except Mercury, all metals are solid at ordinary temperatures. 7. Gas Liquid Foam, froth in air If ‘a’ gram of solute in present in V cm3 of a solution,
� Except Bromine, all non-metals are gases or solids under ordinary 8. Gas Solid Solid foam, pumic stone
conditions. N=
� Percentage of different elements in human body. Dispersion medium and solution type
e.g. for a solution of H2SO4 having 0.49 g it dissolved in 250 cm3 of
Oxygen – 65%, Carbon – 18 %, Hydrogen – 10 %, Nitrogen – 3 %, Dispersion medium Type of solution solution
others – 4 %
Water Hydrosol N= = 0.04 (Equivalent mass of H2SO4 = 49)
COMPOUNDS
Alcohol Alcosol.
� Compound is a pure substance that is composed of two or more ele- Air Aerosol.
ments chemically combined in definite and constant proportions. e.g. Organic solvent Organosol.
water (H2O), Sodium Chloride (NaCl) etc.

OLE - 642 OLE - 643 OLE - 644

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Molality : For a solution, it is defined as the number of moles of solute � Each molecule in a gas is in a Where, P1, V1, T1 are the initial

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
Avagadro’s Hypothesis

GENERAL SCIENCE
dissolved in 1000g of the solvent. It is denoted by ‘m’. continuous, very rapid, straight- pressure, vol ume and � Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volumes
line motion. The moving gas temperature respectively and
m= molecules frequently collide of all gases contain the same number of molecules/atoms.
P2, V2, T2 are changed ones. It
elastically with one another and i s used for cal cul ati ng the � This number 6.023 x1023 is called Avagadro’s constant. It makes up a
It ‘a’ gram of the solute is dissolved in ‘b’ gram of solvent than, with the walls of the container on mole of gas whose volume is 22.4 litre at NTP.
change i n volume of gases,
which they exert pressure.
m= when both temperature and Ideal gas :
� The total kinetic energy of the gas
remains unchanged during pressure change. � A gas that obeys Boyle’s law, Charle’s law and Avogardo’s law strictly is
e.g. for anhydrocus Na2 (O3 (mol. mass = 106) har 1.325g of it disolved � Charles law explains that gases called an ideal gas.
collisions.
in 250 g expand on heating. Therefore, the
� Inter–molecular attractive force is
negligible in the gases. mass of gas sample is constant, Combined gas law states that P1V1 = P2V2 or
m= = 0.05
� The average kinetic energy of the the larger volume of gas at high
gas molecules is proportional to temperature has less mass per Hence, gas equation is PV = nRT where R represents work done per
MIXTURES
the absolute temperature. unit volume i.e., lower density. degree per mol or energy per degree per mole. Numerically it is equal
� A mixture is matter composed of two or more substances (elements, com- � At a given temperature, all gases � Hence, hot air is less dense than to 0.0821 L atm K–1m–1.
pounds or both) in variable proportions in which each of its components posses the same kinetic energy. cool air. This allows hot air bal- � Dalton’s law of partial pressure : It states that the pressure of a
still exhibit its own characteristics properties. loons to be used for meteorologi-
Boyle’s Law homogenous mixture of gases like air is equal to the sum of the partial
� Mixtures can be heterogeneous i.e. non uniform, or homogeneous, i.e. cal purposes or transportation.
� The volume (V) of a given mass pressure of individual gas present.
the same throughout.
of a dry gas is inversely propor- � They rise up in cool air or humid P = P1 + P2 + P3 ..... .
� Homogeneous mixtures have the same composition throughout the sample air rise up in atmosphere.
tional to the pressure (P), if the � Non-ideal gas : It is also called real gas and does not follow all general
e.g. salt solution.
temperature remains constant
� Heterogeneous mixture consists of two or more parts which have dif- Measurement of physical gas equations at all temperatures and pressure.
i.e.,
ferent compositions. e.g. mixture of iron and sulphur. parameters : � Therefore for non-ideal gas PV � nRT. Some of these gases include hy-
Separation of a pure substance : A substance known for its specific P� or, P1V1 = P2V2 � Melting point : It is tempera- drogen and helium.
properties such as boiling point, melting point, density, refractive in- � Boyle’s law in terms of density ture at which a solid melts. � Diffusion : It refers to the movement of fluid particles i.e., liquid or gas
dex, etc is called a pure substance. states that at a constant
� Boi l i ng poi nt : It i s the from the region of high concentration to the region of low concentration.
� From a given mixture, a pure substance can be separated depending temperature, pressure is directly
temperature at which the vapour � However, it is affected by the molecular mass of diffusing substance,
upon the property of the substance or of the present impurity. proportional to density of a fixed
mass of the gas. pressure of a boiling liquid equals distance of diffusion and DPD (Diffusion Pressure Deficit).
There are different methods known and adopted to separate a pure sub- atmospheric pressure.
stance from a given mixture such as filtration, crystallization, sedimen- Charle’s Law � It involves the flow of both solute or solvent particles.
� Therefore, water boils at differ-
tation followed by decantation, distillation provided that the difference � At constant pressure, the volume � Osmosis is special type of diffusion that involves the movement of solvent
ent temperatures at different al-
between the two liquids is minimum of 25°C, fractional distillation, chro- (V) of given mass of gas is di- particles only across a membrane from hypotonic solution to by hypertonic
titudes. With increasing altitude,
matography, sublimation, centrifugation, etc. of these processes: rectly proportional to the absolute solution.
the boiling point decreases.
� evaporation and crystalization is used to obtain salt from sea water. (Kelvin) temperature (T) i.e., � It is therefore salting is used for food preservation, dying of fresh water
V � T. � Volume : Volume of gas,
� fractional distillation is used to separate different fractions of petroleum fish in marine water or vice versa. With the application of increased
such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene oil etc. from crude oil. � Kelvin temperature = Celsius 1L = 1000 cm3
pressure the process can be reversed called reverse osmosis such as
� centrifugation of millk is used to separate cream from raw millk. temperature + 273 e.g., 27°C = 1ML = 1km3
(273+27) K = 300 K used in desalination of sea water to obtain good quality potable water.
� sublimation is done to separate substance such as camphor which sub- 1000 L =1cm3
limate on heating. � STP: By convention standard Atmospheric pressure = 1atm = ATOMIC STRUCTURE
temperature and pressure
� filtration is used to separate insoluble substances from a mixture. 1.01325 ×105 Pa = 101.325 KPa � An atom consists of a small positively charged heavy nucleus with nega-
conditions (STP) for volumes of
� gravity separation wing separating funnel is used to separate two im- gases have been accepted as 0°C Pascal (Pa)2/ Nm–2 = 1kgm–1 tively charged light electrons revolving around the nucleus in circular
miscible liquids such as oil and water. (or 273K) and 1 atmosphere 1 bar = 105Pa orbits. (Rutherford Atomic Model)
� reverse osmosis to separate potable water from marine water. pressure (760 mm of Hg). 1 atm = 760mm of Hg � The nucleus contains protons and neutrons, called nucleons.
� Ideal Gas Equation : � Temperature : Kelvin is unit for
PROPERTIES OF GASES AND GAS LAWS � Proton is a positively charged particle having an absolute charge of
measuring temperature 1.6 ×10-19 coulomb and mass of 1.672 × 10–27kg.
Kinetic-Molecular theory of Gases = Constant, or K = (°C + 273.15) � Electron is a negatively charged particle having an absolute charge of
� Gases consist of molecules widely separated in space. The total volume –1.6 × 10–19 coulomb and mass of 9.109 × 10–31kg.
5 9
of the molecules is negligible compared to the volume of the gas as a °C = (°F – 32) or °F = (°C)+32
9 5 � Neutron is an uncharged or neutral particle with mass of 1.674 × 10–27kg.
whole. It occupies both the shape and volume of container.

OLE - 645 OLE - 646 OLE - 647

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GENERAL SCIENCE
Symbols of some Important Particles SOME PRINCIPLES Groups with tendency to form complex
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
� Heisenberg’s uncertainly principle : It is not possible to determine si- � Vertical columns of the table are compounds. These elements or
Particle Symbol Atomic No. Mass No. their compounds are mostly used
multaneously the position and the momentum of a body to an arbitrary called groups.
as catalyst.
Alpha (�) particle 2He
4 2 4 accuracy. � Group-number is assigned to an
� The elements with electron in f
Beta(� ) particle -1e
o -1 0 � Pauli’s exclusion principle : No two electrons in an atom can have the element depending upon the
1 same set of 4 quantum numbers. number of valence electrons orbital are called f-block elements.
Proton 1H 1 1 These include lanthanoids (rare
1 � Hund’s rule : Pairing of electrons in degenerate orbitals belonging to a (electrons in outer most valence
Neutron 0n 0 1 earth elements) and actinoids
particular sub-shell does not take place till each orbital is occupied by a shell) present in the atom of the
Gamma ray (�) 0�
0 0 0 element. having radioactive nature.
2 single electron with parallel spin.
Deutron 1H 1 2 � There are 8 main and 18 vertical
0 � Aufbau’s principle : In the ground state of an atom, electron enters the Periodic Properties
Positron 1e 1 0 columns representing the various
0 orbital of lowest energy first. Any subsequent electrons are filled in order � Atomic radii is the distance be-
Neutrino 0v 0 0 sub-groups, out of these,
of increasing energies. For multi-electron atoms, the sequence observed tween the centre of nucleus and
� 14 columns represent 14 sub-
FACTS TO REMEMBER is 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 5d .... the outermost valency shell of the
groups of the first seven groups,
� J.J. Thomson discovered electron in cathode ray discharge tube. The ISOTOPES atom. It reduces moving across
� 3 columns for the elements of
ratio of charge to mass i.e. e/m is same for all cathode rays irrespec- a period from left to right i.e., el-
� Isotopes are atoms of the same element having the same atomic num- group VIII,
ement X in 2nd group of 2nd pe-
tive of gas used in discharge tube. ber, but different atomic weights or mass numbers. e.g. Protium (1H1), � 1 column for the zero group
Deuterium (1H2), Tritium (1H3) are isotopes of hydrogen, 6C12 and 6C14 riod has larger radii compared to
� Goldstein used the discharge tube and anode rays consisting of proton. elements,
are isotopes of carbon. element Y in 7th group of the
He described them to be located in the nucleus of atom. � Group 1 A: Alkali metals,
same period.
� Presence of newtrons as neutron sup-atomic particle in mucleus was ISOBARS � Group II A: Alkaline earth metals,
� Ionisation (energy) potential is the
discovered and proposed by Chadwick. � Isobars are atoms of two elements having the same mass number, though � Group VII A : Halogens,
amount of energy required to
� The set of four quantum numbers are Principal quantum number (n), different atomic number, e.g. both Argon (Ar) and Calcium (Ca) have mass � Zero Group: Noble gases, remove one or more electrons
Azimuthal quantum number (l, l = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... (n –1), Magnetic quantum number = 40, C-14 and Nitrogen have mass number = 14 but they have � All Group B elements: Transition from the valency shell of an
number (m, n = 1, 0, + 1...) and Spin quantum number with value +1/2 different atomic number. metals, because their chemical i solated gaseous atom. It i s
or –1/2. ISOTONES properties are between those of expressed in KJ mol–1. Always Ist
� Nucleus, consisting of protons and neutrons accounts for almost the elements in Group II and Group
� Isotones are atoms with different atomic number and mass number, i oni sati on i s l ess than 2nd
whole mass of the atom. III. These elements such as
ionisation energy because of
but having same number of neutrons e.g. 1430si 31 32s
, 15 p and 16 are isotones. mangnese, from copper, etc are
� Extra-nuclear part is occupied by electrons orbiting in fixed energy levels. increased electrostatic force.
known to show variable valency
� Having equal number of protons and electorns, atom as a whole is neutral. Each of these three elements have same number of neutron i.e., 16. with vacant d-orbital. � Electron Affinity is the amount of
� Mass number (A) is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons � Isoelectronic species : These are chemical species which have same energy released on adding one or
Periods
in the nucleus, also called atomic mass. numbers of electrons such as (O and NO2+ each have sum of 20 electrons. more electrons to the valence
� Atomic number (Z) is a number equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. � Isodiaphers : In nuclear physics, isodiaphers refers to nuclides which � Horizontal rows are called peri- shell of an isolated gaseous atom.
have different atomic numbers and mass numbers but the same number ods. I.E1 < I.E2 < I.E3
� Element (Y) is represented as : ZYA e.g. 1H2 represents hydrogen (H) with
of excess neutrons i.e., difference in number of neutrons and protons � There are 7 periods in the table,
atomic mass = 2 and atomic number =1 � Electronegativity is the tendency
e.g. 90th 234 and 92nd 238, with = 54. each beginning with an alkali
� Electronic configuration describes the manner in which electrons arrange of an atom to attract electrons to
� Isosters : These are molecules or ions with same number of atoms and metal on the left and ending with
themselves in the various orbits based on the relation 2n2 where ‘n’ is a noble gas on the ri ght i tsel f when combi ned in a
same number of atoms and same number of valence electrons e.g. hydrogen compound. In a period, the
the number of shell. However, the last and second last shell cannot have ion and fluoride ions, sodium and hydrogen cations on O2 and N2O. [exception 1st and 7th period]. Ist
more than eight electrons. period has two elements and 7th electronegativity increases across
Mole : It refers to a group of 6.023 × 1023 particles, atoms or molecules PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS period has 29 element instead of a period from left to right while
of an element or compound respectively. � Periodic table is the arrangement of elements according to some recur- 32 element. in a group it decreases from top
ring property. to bottom. Fluorine is the most
Transition elements :
No. of moles of element = � Total number of known elements is 114, of which 92 are naturally electronegative el ement and
� These elements form a bridge be- Cesium is the most electropositive
occurring elements and others are artificially prepared in laboratories
tween the chemically active met- among all elements.
called transuranic elements.
No. of moles of compound = als of S-block elements and less
� Mendeleev’s periodic table, based upon Atomic Weights was the first really � An element is considered as a
active elements of group-13 and
successful arrangements of elements. 14. These elements show variable metal, if it loses electrons when
Mass of an atom of an element = supplied with energy. When an
� Modern periodic table or the extended form or long form of the periodic oxidation state, are generally
table proposed by Moseley is based upon Atomic Number. para-magnetic, form coloured ions element gains electrons, it is

OLE - 648 OLE - 649 OLE - 650

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
considered as non–metal. Metallic � Electro negative nature is the tendency of an atom to gain electrons and � In redox reactions oxidation and Similarly,

GENERAL SCIENCE
(i)
character decreases across the become anion e.g. Non-metals like hydrogen, chlorine etc., reduction take place simulta-
period and non-metallic � Electrovalent or ionic bond is the bond formed by transfer of one or neously.
Characteristic increases. Metal (ii) more electrons, from the atom of an electropositive element to the atom
form basic oxides and non-metals of an electronegative element, e.g., NaCl, MgCl2,CaO.
form acidic oxides. � Covalent bond is the chemical bond formed between two combining atoms
� Seven elements in periodic table by mutual sharing of one or more electrons of atoms of non–metallic In reaction Cu2O help sulphur in
(iii) Cu 2 S to increase its oxidation
share the properties with both element, e.g. H2O, NH3, H2, N2 AlCl3, etc.
� Oxidation is the process in which number from – 2 to + 4 and
metal s and non-metals like � A bond is polar, if the charge is unevenly spread over the bond like in
a substance loses electrons. therefore Cu 2 O i s oxi dant.
silicon, germamium etc. These are FACTS TO REMEMBER water molecule and non-Polar, if charge is evenly spread.
called metalloids. � Coordinate bond is a type of covalent bond in which only one of the � Oxidation is also described as a Sulphur in Cu2S helps copper in
� Chemical bonds are formed as a
atoms contributes both the electrons of the shared electron pair, e.g. process involving addition of both Cu2O and Cu2S to decrease
CHEMICAL BONDING result of loss, gain or sharing of
electrons between the atom of re- H2SO4,NH3. oxygen, or removal of hydrogen. copper's oxidation number and
Chemical bond is meant to help acting elements. Such as aerobi c respirati on, therefore Cu2S is reductant.
� Hydrogen bond is an electrostatic force between covalently bonded
atom achieve the next gas electron � Atoms tend to combine together hydrogen atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom (such as, combustion of methane, etc. � Oxidation number is a charge
arrangement and become stable. An to change from an unstable form Fluorine (F), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N) of another molecule) � Reducti on i s the process assi gned to an atom of a
atom achieves this by forming bond with an incomplete outer shell to involving gain of electrons. Such compound or an ion according to
� Hydrogen bond is responsible for exceptionally high melting and boiling
with other atoms of same element or a more stable form having as formation of ammoni a in some arbitrary rules. Such as
points of water (H2O), Ammonia (NH3) and Hydrogen fluoride (HF).
atom belonging to different element. complete shell. Haber’s process. oxidation number of sulphur in
� Van der Waal’s bond is the force of attraction between neighbouring atoms H2SO4 is six.
The compound formed can be � 2 electrons are present in the because of their different dipoles induced by i nstantaneous � Reduction is also identified with
electroval ent or coval ent that first and outer–most shell, e.g., � Energy is either needed to break
unsymmetrical distribution of electrons in the atom. It is responsible for removal of oxygen, or addition of
depends on type of bonding involved Helium chemical bonds or energy is
condensation of inert elements, and gases, like H2,N2,O2, methane etc. hydrogen.
incompound formation. � Or, 8 electrons in the outer–most released when new bonds are
� Metallic bond is the attractive force between mobile electrons and the � Oxidising agent is a substance
Electrovalent bond all strong shell, e.g., inert gases other than formed.
metallic Kernels, e.g. Gold, Silver, Copper etc. that brings about oxidation, e.g.;
bonds fomed between the cation and helium and hydrogen. � Study of these energy changes is
� Some of elements in adjoining groups show diagonal relationship such Oxygen, Chlorine, concentrated
anion i.e. atoms that can form cation � The linkage which actually holds called Thermodynamics.
as Beryllium and Aluminium of group-II and group-13th . Similarly Boron Sulphuric acid, concentrated and
and anion i.e. atoms that can form the atoms together within the � Exothermic reaction: Heat is
of group-13 and Silicon of group-14. The relationship is in size, electron dilute Nitric acid.
cation or anion can only be involved molecule is called a chemical evolved such as oxidation or
negativity, etc.
in electrovalent bonding such as bond. � Reducing agent is a substance combustion reactions.
� In isoelectronic series the ions of different elements have same number
members of alkal i metals and � Cation is the positively charged that brings about reduction e.g.; � Endothermic reaction: Heat is
of electrons but differ from one another in magnitude of nuclear charge.
halogens. particle formed by loss of an Hydrogen, carbon monoxide, absorbed such as neutralization
Such as N3–, O2–, F–, Na+, Mg2+. These all have 10 electrons.
electron or more. e.g. Na+, Mg2+, Carbon, Ammoni a, Coke, reactions.
Ca2+, etc CHEMICAL REACTION AND CHEMICAL EQUATION Charcoal, Hydrogen sulphide � �H describes heat evolved or
(i) � Anion is the negatively charged � A chemical change is also termed and Sulphur oxides. absorbed in reaction at constant
� A reaction, in which the
particle formed by gain of an as a chemical reaction. constituents of two compounds � In the reaction temperature and pressure. For
– 2–
electron or more. e.g. Cl , O , etc. mutually exchange their radicals exothermic reacti on �H has
� In combination reaction, a single or
� Valence electrons is the number to form two different compounds, negative val ue but for an
more new substance is/are formed endothermi c reacti on it has
of electrons present in the outer- is called a double displacement
by the union of two or more reaction. Its subtypes are : positive value.
(ii) most shell of an atom. substances. KNO3 + Ag I � KI + AgNO3 � In a electrochemical cel l ,
� Valency of an element is the 2H2+O2�2H2O, 2Mg+O2� 2MgO
number of electrons lost, gained 1. Precipitation reaction is a oxidation take place at anode and
� In decomposition reaction, a reaction in which two compounds Oxi dation number of i odi ne reduction at cathode.
or shared by one atom of the
substance breaks up into smaller, in their aqueous state react to decreases from 0 to – 1. � Photochemical reaction : Light is
(iii) element during the course of form an insoluble residue, called
chemical bonding. simpler substances. CaCO3 � Therefore, it is reduced and acts required for such reactions such
CaO + CO2, 2H2O2 � 2H2O + O2 precipitate.
� Electropositive nature is the as an oxidant. The oxidation as photosynthesi s and
2. Neutralisation reaction is a photography changes.
Covalent bond is formed between tendency of an atom to lose � In displacement reaction, one number of sulphur in hydrogen
reaction in which a acid and base
atoms of similar elements or those electrons and form cations. e.g. element displ aces another react and exchange their radicals sulphide increases from–2 to 0. � Chemi lumi niscent reaction :
that do not undergo ionisation to Metals like sodium, potassium element from a compound, e.g. to form salt and water. Therefore, it i s oxidised and El ectrici ty i s required for
form cation or anion. etc. Zn + CuSO4 � ZnSO4 + Cu NaOH + HCl � NaCl + H2O hence acts as a reductant. chemical reaction.

OLE - 651 OLE - 652 OLE - 653

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
PH of Some Common Substances

GENERAL SCIENCE
� Electrochemical reaction : Electricity is produced in chemical reaction.
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
� A strong acid remains a strong carbon dioxide that makes the 2. Glauber’s salt (Na2SO4.10H2O);
� Nickel and chromium plating is done to prevent steel articles from rusting. acid even if it is diluted, because dough, porous, light and spongy). Substance PH sodium sulphate decahydrate.
� Gold and silver plating is done on iron or brass objects to improve their it produces a high concentration Soft drinks 2–4 3. Blue vitriol (CuSO4.5H 2O);
Bases
appearance. of hydrogen ions. copper sulphate pentahydrate.
� Sodium hydroxide : Manufacture Gastric juice 1–3
� Electro-refining of metals is a process by which impurities from metals � Acids generally have a sour taste, 4. Epsom salt (MgSO4 .7H2 O);
while bases have a bitter taste. of soap. Lemon 2.2–2.4
are extracted by chemical processes and are removed electrolytically to magnesium sul phate
� Strong acids are corrosive and � Calcium hydroxide : Vinegar 2.4—3.4 septahydrate.
obtain a highly pure metal. In the process pure metal is taken as cathode
and impure metal as anode immersed in an electrolytic solution. can burn through the skin. (i) Manufacture of bleaching Rain water 6.0 � Deliquescence is the property of
� Bases are soapy to touch. powder, mortar, salts to absorb moisture at ordinary
� Metals generally refined by this process are: Tears 7.4
� Whenever an acid reacts with an (ii) Softening of hard water, Sea water 8.5 temperatures to lose their crystal-
1. Zinc 2. Silver 3. Nickel
alkali or base or vice versa, salt (iii) Neutralising acid in the Milk of magnesia 10.5 line form and form a saturated so-
4. Lead 5. Copper 6. Aluminium lution like NaCl, anhydrous cop-
is formed along with water. Salt soil and in water supplies. Milk (cow) 6.3—6.6
� Electrometallurgy is the extraction of metals from its ores by electrolysis per sulphate or cobalt chloride.
formed can be acidic, basic or � Potassium hydroxide : Alkaline Urine (Human) 6
such as sodium and aluminium from its ore called bauxite. � Hygroscopy is the property of
neutral depending on nature of batteries. Saliva 6.5—7.5
� Catalyst : It is a substance that cause a reaction to happen at a faster salts to absorb atmospheri c
acids and bases. � Magnesium hydroxide : As an Blood (human) 7.3—7.4
rate or at low temperature without itself undergoing any chemical change moisture at ordinary temperature
antacid to neutralise acidity Wine 2.8
during course of reation. SOME IMPORTANT USES OF without dissolving in it.
caused by excessive hydrochloric
1. Manganese dioxide To decompose H2O2 or KClO3 to produce ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS Salts
acid secretion in the stomach. Chemical Equilibrium :
Oxygen gas. 2H2O2 2H2 � O + O2 � Salts are ionic compounds con-
Acids � Aluminium hydroxide : Foaming
2. Platinum In catalytic convertors of automobile to taining a positive ion (cation) and In a chemical change equilibrium
� Sulphuric acid : King of chemi- agent in fire extinguishers and as a negative ion (anion).
convert CO to CO2. CO + N2O � CO2 + N2 is the state when the sum of the
cals is used in manufacture of antacids. � A salt formed can be acidic, basic concentration of reactants, equals to
3. Iron In synthesis of ammonia by Haber’s process.
fertilizers, chemicals, explosives, � Ammonium hydroxide : Used to or neutral. the sum of concentrati on of
N2 + 3H2 � 2NH3
paints, dyes, drugs and electro- remove grease stains from Strong acid + Weak base � Acidic products. i.e., their concentration
4. Vanadium (10) oxide Manufacture of sulphuric acid through clothes. salt
lytic cell like lead storage battery. remain stable or do not change with
contact pro.. SO2 + O2 SO3 � Nitric acid : Used in manufacture Weak acid + Strong base/Alkali time. Equilibrium can be physical or
pH value/scale :
of fertilizers, chemicals, � Basic salt chemical. Physical such as solid
5. Zeolite Catalytic cracking of gas oil. pH refers to the concentration Strong acid + Alkali/Strong base
explosives, paints, dyes and liquid or liquid gas equilibrium.
6. Platinum/Rancy nickel Also used for hydrogenation of alkynes to drugs.
of hydrogen ions in a solution as � Neutral/Normal salt � Chemical equilibrium is the state
alkanes. H2C = CH2 + H2 H3C – CH3A compared to the hydroxide solution. � Sodi um chl oride (NaCl) i s a in which rate of forward reaction
� Hydrochloric acid : Tanning and
In neutral substance like pure water, normal neutral salt. equals the rate of backward re-
7. Chlorine Transformation of ozone to elemental oxygen. printing industry.
the concentration of hydrogen ions � Mohr’s salt [ FeSO 4 ( NH 4 ) 2 , action in reversible reaction.
8. Enzymes Catalysis of different biochemical reactions � Citric acid : In medicine (source equal s the concentrati on of SO 4 .6H 2 O] and Al um
for completion of a biochemical process. of vitamin C), flavouring drinks. H2 + I 2 2HI
hydroxide ions. H+ : OH–, 1 × 10–7 : [K 2 SO 4 .Al 2 (SO 4 ). 3 24H 2 O] are
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS � Boric acid : As an eye-wash, 1 × 10–7. If double salt. � Law of mass action states that the
preservation of grains. � Hydrolysis is a reaction in which rate of chemical change/reaction
� Acids are substances, which pro- � Oxides and hydroxides of metals H+ > OH–
— solution is acidic
� Acetic acid : Flavouring food, food a salt reacts with water to form is directly proportional to the
duce hydronium ion(H3 O+) in (or metal like radicals) are called H+ = OH– — solution is neutral
preservation (Vinegar). a solution which is either acidic product of the molar concentra-
their aqueous solution i.e., they bases. H+ < OH– — solution is basic
� Benzoic acid : Food preservation or alkaline. tions of the reactants at constant
are proton donor. In laboratory pH is measured on
� Alkali is a water-soluble base, � Efflorescence is the property of temperature at any given time.
� Oxy-acids essentially contain (sodium benzoate).
e.g. sodium hydroxide and 1-14 scale using Universal indicator sal ts to lose their water of For example according to law of
oxygen along with hydrogen and � Carbonic acid : It lends ‘fizz’ to
potassium hydroxide. solution. Value from 0-6.9 acidic with crystallisation and hence, are mass action for the reaction
other el ements, e.g. H 2 SO 4 , aerated drinks called fizzy
colour from dark red to orange, transformed into a powder at
HNO3, H2CO3, � A weak acid remains weak even drinks.
ordinary temperatures. A+B�C+D
green colour for neutral solution and
if it is concentrated because it � Oxalic acid : In ink-stain removers.
� Bases are substances producing above seven to fourteen or more the Examples :
produces a low concentration of � Tartaric acid : Constituent of C D
hydroxyl ions in their aqueous solution is basic that gives blue to 1. Washing soda (Na2CO3.10H2O);
hydrogen ions. K= A B
solution i.e., they are proton baking powder (reacts with the blue black colour with solution. sodium carbonate decahy-
acceptor. sodium bicarbonate to release drate.
OLE - 654 OLE - 655 OLE - 656
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Chemical equilibrium can be ho-

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
� Examples of weak electrolytes : (ii) Zinc-mercury cell :

GENERAL SCIENCE
� Their inertness is because of their higher reduction potential than the
mogenous or heterogenous. It is 1. Weak Acids : Acetic acid, ions present in the electrolyte, e.g. graphite, platinum. Anode : Zn – Hg, Cathode paste of HgO and Carbon
homogenous when both reactants carbonic acid, formic acid. � Corrosion : It is natural process that converts a refined metal into its Electrolyte : Paste of KOH and ZnO
and products are in same phase
2. Weak bases : Ammonium oxide, sulphide, etc causing the gradual destruction of metal or its gradual Anode reaction : Zn + 2OH– ��ZnO + H2O + 2e–
and if not, the equilibrium is said
hydroxide, magnesium wasting away. Cathode reaction : HgO + H2O + 2e– � Hg + 2OH–
to be heterogenous.
hydroxide, copper hydroxide.
� Le-Chatelier’s principle states � Such as silver exposed to air develops black deposit. Cell reaction : Zn + HgO � ZnO + Hg
that change in any of the factor 3. Salts : Lead acetate, sodium
2Ag + H2S Ag2S + H2. (iii) Lead storage battery :
that determine the equilibrium carbonate.
� Compounds, which in the fused Copper exposed to air develop a greenish coating. Anode : Lead, cathode : lead impregnated with lead dioxide
conditions of a system shifts the
equilibrium in such a manner to state or in the aqueous solution Electrolyte : 20% H2SO4
reduce or counteract the effect of do not dissociate into ions are Cu + H2O + CO2 CuCO3 + H2 Anode reaction : Pb + SO42– � PbSO4 + 2e–
change. called non-electrolytes. Cathode reaction : PbO2 + SO42– + 4H++ 2e– � PbSO4 + 2H2O
� For example if temperature of sys- � Examples : Distilled water, Rusting of iron : It is more an electro chemical process. Cell reaction : Pb + PbO2+ 4H++ 2SO42–� 2PbSO4 + 2H2O.
tem at equilibrium is increased, Acetone, Sugar solution, Petrol, Fe Fe2+ + 2e– On recharging reverse reaction occurs.
the equilibrium will shift in direc- Alcohol, Benzene, Glycerol.
tion of endothermic reaction and 2e– + O 2 + H2 O 2OH– 2PbSO4 + 2H2O � PbO2+ 4H++ 2SO42–
� Electrodes are the two conducting (iv) Nickel-Cadmium storage cell :
if decreased reaction will favour
poles of a metal or graphite, Fe2+ + 2OH– Fe (OH)2
exothermic reaction. Anode : Cadmium, Cathode : Nickel oxide.
through which electric current,
� A catalyst added to reaction to 2Fe(OH)2 + O2 + H2 O Fe2O3 . H2O + 2H2O Electrolyte : KOH solution
i.e., electrons enter or leave an
speed up rate of reaction and gain Anode reaction : Cd + 2OH– ��Cd(OH)2 + 2e–
equilibrium achieve the above by electrolyte in fused or aqueous
In salt solution or marine water. Rusting occurs more rapidly than in
reducing the net activation energy solution state. Cathode reaction : NiO2 + 2H2O + 2e– � Ni(OH)2 + 2OH–
fresh water.
required for the reaction to con- 1. Anode is the electrode Cell reaction : Cd + NiO2 + 2H2O ��Cd(OH)2 + Ni(OH)2
connected to the positive � Steel : It is an alloy of iron having variable amounts of carbon,
tinue taking place in a definite di- (v) Fuel cell uses water as source of oxygen and hydrogen. It is used
rection, forward or backward. terminal of the battery. The manganese and other elements. to power cars still on trial in Japan.
current enters the electrolyte Type of steel Carbon Manganese � Microbial fuel cell : (MFC) It’s a device that converts chemical energy
ELECTROLYSIS through the anode. At the to electrical energy by the action of micro-organisms. These cells use
anode the atom loses mild steel 0.05% 0.4%
� Electrol ysi s i s a chemical either bio anode or bio cathode with a membrane to separate the
process by which a chemical electrons to form neutral medium carbon steel 0.30% 1% compartments of cathode and anode. The electrons produced during
substance, in its fused state or cation. oxidation are transferred to electrodes.
High carbon steel 0.5 – 1.0% 0.3 – 0.9%
in aqueous solutions, is 2. Cathode is the electrode � When micro-organism continue sugar in presence of air, they produce
connected to the negative � Stainless steel : It is an alloy of iron with minimum 10.5 % chromium.
decomposed by the passage of CO2 and H2O but in absence of air, they produce protons and electrons
an electric current, leading to terminal of the battery. The The other include nickel, molybdenum, titanium or copper.
as shown below.
the discharge of ions of the current leaves the electrolyte � Prevention of corrosion : Any step adopted to avoid metal surface from
C12H22O11 + 13H2O 12CO2 + 48H+ + 48e–
electrolyte at the two electrodes, through the cathode. At the coming in contact of air and moisture prevents corrosin such as aling,
� The electrons produced are channeled to electrodes to generate electricity.
cathode and anode. cathode, the cation gains greasing, painting, galvanisation, using zink or electro plating. Some of examples of such cells include soil-based microbial fuel cell using
� Electrol yte i s a compound electrons to form neutral
which, in the fused state or in Electro chemical cell : electrogenic bacteria, waste water treatment cells such as one produced
atoms.
aqueous solution, allows the recently in 2015, phototrophic biofilm MFCs which use chlorophyta and
� Electrolytic cell or voltameter is It consist of a system that converts chemical energy into electrical
passage of an electric current anophyta. They carry out photosynthesis and produce electrons.
the complete set-up or vessel energy. An electro chemical cell can be primary or secondary. A cell is
and is decomposed by it. consisting of electrodes and METALS AND NON-METALS
primary if it cannot be reacharged like a dry cell of 1.5V but a secondary
� Example of strong electrolytes : electrolytes, in which electrolysis
1. Strong acids : Hydrochloric cell like lead storage battery can be recharged. FACTS TO REMEMBER
takes place.
acid, nitric acid, sulphuric (i) Dry cell : � A metal is an electropositive element which is hard, sonorous, lustrous,
� Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation
acid. was first explained by Avante Anode : Zinc container Cathode : Graphite rod malleable, ductile with tensile strength, and a good conductor of heat
2. Strong bases : Sodium Arrhenius. and electricity.
Electrolyte : Paste of NH4Cl and ZnCl2 with MnO2
hydroxi de, potassium � Metals form basic or amphoteric oxides.
� Non-attackable electrodes are Anode reaction : Zn � Zn2+ + 2e–
hydroxide, barium hydroxide.
inert and do not enter into a � A non-metal is an electronegative element which occurs as solids, liquids
3. Salts : Lead bromide, sodium Cathode reaction : 2MnO2 + H2O + 2e– � 2OH– + Mn2O3
chemical reaction with the and gases. They are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity.
chloride, silver nitrate in Cell reaction : Zn+ + 2NH3 +2Cl– � Zn(NH3)2O2
electrolyte. � Non-metallic if solid are usually soft and brittle.
aqueous state only.

OLE - 657 OLE - 658 OLE - 659

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GENERAL SCIENCE
� Minerals are solid, naturally occurring as deposits in the earth’s crust, LIST OF COMMON ORES Alloy of Copper
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
and contain metals in the combined state, along with associated earthly
impurties (gangue). 1. Iron : Hematite (Fe2 O3 ), Magnetite (Fe3 O4 ), Ironphyrite Name % composition Uses
� Ores are commercially viable minerals from which metal can be extracted (FeS2), Siderite (FeCO3)
2. Aluminium : Bauxite (Al2O3.2H2O), Corrundum (Al2O3), Kryolite Brass Cu : 60% to 80% Rest Zn utensils and bullet
profitably. Therefore, all ores are minerals but all minerals cannot be ores.
(Na3AlF6) Bronze Cu: 75% to 90% Rest Sn utensils and statue
� Alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals (or metal and non-
metal) combined in a definite proportion in their molten state. 3. Copper : Copper pyrite (CuFeS2), Copper glance (Cu2S) Phosphor Cu: 84.75% to 97.5% galvanometer
� Amalgam is an alloy in which one of the components is mercury. 4. Zinc : Zincblende (ZnS), Calamine (ZnCO3) utensils
� Mercury and gallium, despite being metals are liquids at room temperature. 5. Potassium : Karnalite (KCl MgCl2 6H2O), Salt petre (KNO3) German silver Cu: 50% to Zn: 25%, Ni; 25% utensils
� Vermilion is made from the mercury ore, Cinnabar (Mercury-sulphide). 6. Lead : Galena (PbS), Angelsite (PbCl2) Al Bronze Cu: 80–90% to jwellery, golden
� Gold and platinum occur exclusively in free state. 7. Tin : Tin pyrities (Cu2 FeSnS4), Cassiterite (SnO2) Al: 7–12% Sn:0.5% paints, coins
� Copper, mercury and silver occur partly in free state. 8. Silver : Silver glance (Ag2S), Ruby Silver (3Ag2 S. Sb2 S3) Monel metal Cu: 30%, Ni: 65%, Re + Mn: 30% acid pump
� Most of the metals occur in the form of oxides, sulphides, carbonates, 9. Gold : Calverite (Au Te2), Silvenites (AgAuTe2) Gun metal Cu: 87%, Sn: 10%, Zn: 3% in gun industries
sulphates, chlorides and silicates.
10. Mercury : Cinnabar (HgS), Caloment (Hg2Cl2) Bell metal Cu: 80%, Sn: 20% in bells
� Lithium is the lightest metal.
11. Magnesium : Magnesite (MgCO3), Dolomite (MgCO3 CaCO3), Epsom
� Iridium has the highest density among metals. COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM
salt (MgSO4.7H2O), Kieserite (MgSO4. H2O)
� Liquation is used to concentrate metals having a low melting point, e.g., The important compounds of sodium metal are Common Salt, Washing
lead and tin. IMPORTANT ALLOYS
Soda and Baking Soda.
� Distillation is used to concentrate volatile metals like mercury and zinc Alnico : Al + Ni + Co
which contain non-volatile impurities. Aluminium bronze : Cu + Al (1) Common Salt (NaCl)
� Oxidation is used to concentrate metals containing volatile impurities, Brass : Cu + Zn � Common salt is sodium chloride, NaCl.
which are easily oxidised e.g., Pig iron. Bronze : Cu + Sn � It is a colourless crystalline substance which is highly soluble in water.
� A carbonate ore is converted into metal oxide by Calcination i.e. heating Bell metal : Cu + Sn � It is hygroscopic due to the presence of small amount of magnesium
in absence of air.
Coin alloys (Red) : Cu + Zn + Sn chloride.
� A sulphide ore is converted into metal oxide by roasting. i.e. heating in
Coin alloys (White) : Cu + Ag + Zn + Ni � It is used in flavouring food and in food preservation.
presence of oxygen.
Duralumin : Al + Cu + Mg + Mn (2) Washing Soda (Sodium Carbonate)
� The metal oxides are reduced to metal by carbon, aluminium or
electrolytic reduction. German Silver (nickel silver) : Cu + Zn + Ni
� Chemically, washing soda is a carbonate of sodium metal.
� The refining of metals can be done by electrolysis, liquation, distillation Gun Metal : Cu + Sn + Zn
Magnalium : Al + Mg � It is actually sodium carbonate decahydrate, Na2CO3. 10H2O.
or oxidation methods.
� Forth Floatation process is used for the concentration of sulphide ores. Pewter : Pb + Sn � It is prepared from sodium chloride by the Solvay process.
� Metallurgical operations : Solder : Pb + Sn � The raw-material used in the manufacture includes, Sodium Chloride
Extraction of ore Type metal : Pb + Sb + Sn (NaCl), Ammonia (NH3) and Limestone.
� Wood metal : Bi + Pb + Sn + Cd � It is used to remove hardness of water and in cleaning of fabrics.
Concentration of extracted ore i.e. removal of gangue Y-alloy : Cu + Al (3) Baking soda (NaHCO3)
� Devarda’s alloy : Cu + Al + Zn
� Its chemical name is sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate.
Roasting of concentrated ore (Heating in oxygen presence) Ferrosilicon : Fe + Si
� It is manufactured from sodium chloride by the Solvay process.
� Ferrovanadium : Fe + V
� Sodium bicarbonate is the primary product of the Solvay process.
Calcination of roasted ore (Heating in absence of oxygen) Monel metal : Ni + Cu + (Fe + Mn is traces)
� It is used in water fire extinguisher and as baking powder in cooking.
� Nimonic series : Ni + Cr + Co + Al + Ti
Baking powder is mixture of sodium bicarbonate and tartaric acid.
Electorlysis of by pure metal i.e. refining of metal Hastelloy C Nichrome : Ni + Cr
(With anode the impure and cathode pure metal strip) Rose metal : Bismuth, lead and tin Glass
� Alumind thermy process is a sort of wielding process that involves redox Nichrome : Chromium, Nickel It is super cooled liquid formed from, sand, lime stone, soda ash and
reaction between iron oxide and aluminium. The process is used for Rose gold : Gold, Copper cullet (broken pieces of glass). The mixture is heated in regenerative furnace.
wielding heavy machine parts, rails, etc. Sterling silver : Silver, Copper The glass produced is called soda glass. The commercially produced glass
Fe2O3 + 2Al � Al2O3 + 2Fe Gilding metal : Copper, Zinc is borosilicate. In borosilicate glass soda is replaced with boron oxide. The
For reaction to occur, the mixture is ignited using a burning magnesium Misch metal : Various earth metals glass commercially used is imparted different colour for different reason.
ribbon.

OLE - 660 OLE - 661 OLE - 662

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Uses of Plaster of Paris

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
Colour of glass Chemical compound

GENERAL SCIENCE
� Hard and soft water : Water obtained from natural water reservoirs such
as wells, bore holes, rivers etc. is hardwater being rich in the chloride (1) Plaster of Paris is used in hospitals for setting fractured bones in
Blue colour Cobalt oxide
and sulphate salts of calcium and magnesium. Although good for health, the right position to ensure correct healing. It keeps the fractured
Green colour Chromium oxide it’s not good for laundry purposes. It does not form lather with soap bone straight. This use is based on the fact that when Plaster of
Violet colour Manganese oxide and when boiled leaves scale of salt deposits. It is denser than soft water. Paris is mixed with water and applied around the fractured limbs,
Yellow colour Cadmium sulphide Classification Hardness in Mg/L Hardness in /L it sets into a hard mass. In this way, it keeps the bone joints or
Red colour Selenium/Iron oxide Soft 0–60 0–0.60 fractured bone in a fixed position.
(2) Plaster of Paris is used in chemistry laboratories for sealing the air-
Milky white Arsenic oxide Moderately hard 61–120 0.61–1.20
gaps in apparatus where air-tight arrangement is required.
Hard 121–180 1.21–1.80
Bullet Proof Glass (3) Plaster of Paris is used in making castings for statues, cheap orna-
Very hard >181 >1.81 ments, toys and decorative materials.
It is the glass that provides the protection against the fire or bullet. It Softening of water meaning conversion of hard water into soft water. If (4) Plaster of Paris is used as a fire-proofing material.
is made of poly carbonate, thermoplastic and laminated glass. hardness of water is temporary then it can be removed by boiling the (5) Plaster of Paris is used in making black-board chalk.
Glass is also considered as super cooled liquid. It is considered as highly water, or adding lime, but permanent hardness is removed by ion-
viscous substance. exchange in permutit process. The process involves exchange of Ca2+or Difference between Metals and Non-metals
Mg 2+ ions with sodium(Na+) ions. The addition of washing soda Metals Non-metals
COMPOUNDS OF CALCIUM
Na2CO3.10H2O removes hardness of water prior to washing of clothes.
(1) Lime (Calcium Oxide, CaO) 1. Metals have 1 to 3 Non-metals have 4 to 8 electrons in
(2) Bleaching Powder
� Chemically lime is calcium oxide and its formula is CaO. electrons in the outer–most the outer-most shell of their atoms
� It is also called as Quick Lime. � Chemically, bleaching powder is calcium oxychloride. shell of their atoms. (except hydrogen whi ch has
� It is prepared by heating limestone to a temperature of 800°C to 1000°C � Its formula is CaOCl2, Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 � CaOCl2 + H2O 1 electron).
in a lime kiln. � It is produced by passing chlorine gas over dry slaked lime. 2. Metals are malleable and ductile, Non-metals are brittle. They are
� Its melting point is very high being 2600°C. � It is soluble in cold water.
i.e., metals can be hammered neither malleable nor ductile.
� It is a yellowish white powder which gives a strong smell of chlorine if
Use of Lime into thin sheets and stretched
left exposed to air.
(1) Calcium oxide (lime) is used in the manufacture of cement and glass. into thin wires.
Uses of Bleaching Powder 3. Metals are good conductors of Non-metals are bad conductors of heat
(2) Calcium oxide (lime) is used for drying gases and alcohol.
(3) Calcium oxide (lime) is used as a basic lining in furnaces. (1) Bleaching powder is commonly used for bleaching washed clothes in heat and electricity. and electricity except graphite, a
(4) Calcium oxide (lime) is used in the preparation of calcium carbide, laundry (laundry is a place where clothes are washed and pressed). good conductor of heat and electricity.
basic calcium nitrate, and calcium bisulphite. (2) Bleaching powder is used for bleaching cotton and linen in textile 4. Metals are lustrous (shiny) and Non-metals are non-lustrous (dull) and
(5) It is used in slaking of lime i.e. formation of calcium hydroxide. industry and for bleaching wood pulp in paper industry. can be polished. cannot be polished (except graphite
(3) Bleaching powder is used for disinfecting drinking water supply, and iodine which are lustrous non-
Uses of Calcium Hydroxide (Slaked Lime)
i.e. for making drinking water free from germs (chlorination). metals).
(1) A solution of calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) in water called lime-water (4) Bleaching powder is used for the manufacture of chloroform (CHCl3). 5. Metals are solids at room Non-metals may be solid, liquid or
is used for testing carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide gas in chemistry (5) Bleaching powder is used for making wool unshrinkable. temperature (except mercury gases at the room temperature.
laboratories. With carbon dioxide white ppt. formation is temporary (6) Bleaching powder is used as an oxidising agent in many chemical
but permanent with sulphur dioxide. which is a liquid metal). Galium Bromine is the only liquid non- metal.
industries. and galadium melts and turns
(2) A suspension of slaked lime in water is used in white-washing in
buildings. The calcium hydroxide solution applied to the walls reacts (3) Plaster of Paris into liquid if placed on palm.
slowly with the carbon dioxide of air to form calcium carbonate which � Chemically it is calcium sulphate hemihydrate. 6. Metals are strong and tough. Non-metals are not strong.
gives a bright white appearance to the walls. They have high tensile strength. They have low tensile strength.
(3) Slaked lime is used by brick-layers (masons) to make mortar. Lime � Its formula is (CaSO4)2. H2O. or CaSO4 .H2O 7. Metals form basic oxides. Non-metals form acidic oxides or
mortar is prepared by mixing slaked lime with sand and water. � It is prepared from gypsum. neutral oxides.
CaO + H2O � Ca(OH)2 8. Reactive metals displace Non-metals do not react with dilute
� Gypsum is calcium sulphate dihydrate, CaSO4. 2H2O.
Quick lime Slaked lime hydrogen from dilute acids. acids and hence do not displace
(4) Slaked lime is used in the preparation of bleaching powder, caustic CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4. H2O + H2 O hydrogen from dilute acids.
soda and ammonia. � When Gypsum is heated to a temperature of 100°C, it loses three- 9. Metals form electrovalent halides Non-metals form covalent chlorides
(5) Slaked lime is used by the farmers to reduce the acidity of soil. fourths of its water of crystallisation and forms Plaster of Paris. If heated (ionic halides) with halogens like with chlorine (which are non electro-
(6) Saked lime is used for softening temporary hardness of hard water. at higher temperature, it produces dead plaster. Cl2, Br2 or I2. These electrovalent lytes, but volatile).
(7) Slaked lime is used to remove hair from hides before they are tanned � Plaster of Paris is a white powder.
or converted into leather. chlorides are electrolytes, but
� It sets into a hard mass on wetting with water. non-volatile.

OLE - 663 OLE - 664 OLE - 665

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
FUELS � Coal is a complex mixture of � Coke is used as fuel with high

GENERAL SCIENCE
� The major elements are Chlorine,
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
10. Metals usually do not combine Non-metals react with hydrogen to
with hydrogen. Only a few form stable, covalent hydrides. Sodium, Magnesium, Sulphur, compounds of carbon, hydrogen calori fi c val ue and as the
� The materi al s whi ch on
Calcium, Potassium and Carbon and oxygen. reducing agent in reduction of
reactive metals combine with combustion produce heat and metallic oxides to metal.
hydrogen to form electrovalent in that order. light energy are known as fuels. � Coal was formed by the
� The minor elements are Bromine, carbonisation of large plants and � Coal gas is a mixture of hydrogen,
metallic hydrides. � On the basis of their physical methane, and carbon monoxide.
Boron, Strontium, Silicon, state fuels can be classified into trees buried under the earth
11. Metals are reducing agents. Non-metals are oxidising agents (except � Water gas is a mixture of carbon
Nitrogen, Lithium, Aluminium and soli d fuel s, li quid fuels and millions of year ago.
carbon which is a reducing agent). monoxide and hydrogen.
Rubidium. gaseous fuels. � Bituminous coal is used as fuel
Dualistic nature of hydrogen i n our househol ds, and i n � Producer gas is a mixture of
� Four elements, Chlorine, (i) Solid fuels : Coal, coke,
Hydrogen as the first element all the elements know show dualistic industry. carbon monoxide and nitrogen.
Bromine, Sodium and Magnesium wood, charcoal, nuclear
nature. It being a gas shows both metallic and non-metallic properties. With � Crude oil was formed by the
are recovered commercially from fuels. Type of Coal Carbon
atomic number one and so also valence one, it behaves as if an alkali metal. carbonisation of the remains of
sea water. (ii) Liquid fuels : Petrol Content
It reacts with halogens halide. extremely small plants and
� The Manganese nodules found in (Gasoline), diesel, kerosene, animals along with procaryotes
H2 + Cl2 � 2HCl and Br2 + H2 � 2HBr the sea bed may form a potential
Peat 60%
alcohol. Lignite 70% like bacteria buried under the sea
With same valence of one, it behaves as an electronegative element source of some of the less (iii) Gaseous fuels : Natural gas, millions of years ago in high
like a non-metal. It reacts with oxygen to form its oxide, water which is common metals. Bituminous 80%
coal gas, LPG, water gas, temperature and pressure
neutral. � The gaseous phase of the earth Anthracite 90% conditions.
gobar gas (Biogas), producer
2H2 + O2 � 2H2O is called atmosphere. � The destructive distillation of coal � The refining of petroleum is done
gas.
or reacts with reactive metals to form the respective hydride like sodium � The atmosphere mainly consists yi elds coal gas, ammoniacal by the process of fracti onal
� The waste material of li vi ng
hydride of nitrogen (78.09%), Oxygen liquor, coal tar and coke. distillation.
objects like cattle dung and the
2Na + H2 � 2NaH (20.95%). Argon (0.93) and other dead parts of living objects like Fractions of Petroleum
It’s because of this dualistic nature in which it partially behave as metal gases (<1%). These gases are plants, trees, is called Bio–mass. Fraction Molecular Boiling Uses
being electropositive, it has been placed in the reacting series of metals. obtained by fractional distillation
� Bio-mass contai ns carbon composition range
Allotropy of air.
compounds and is the oldest (Alkanes
It is the property in which an element exhibit itself in two or more � Carbon dioxide forms about source of heat energy for
0.04% of the atmosphere. present)
than two physical forms like carbon, sulphur and phosphorous. Carbon exists domestic purposes.
in allotropic form of graphite, diamond, carbon black, charcoal i.e., wood/ � Ozone exists mostly at the outer � Examles of Bio-mass being used 1. Gas C1 to C4 Below 40°C Gas is used as a fuel;
animal charcoal and fullerenes with minimum of C-60. Phosphorous exists atmospheric level, where it helps as a fuel are, wood, cattle dung in the production of
in form of white and red phosphorous. Stored in water because of its high in the absorpti on of solar carbon bl ack and
and agricultural wastes li ke
ultraviolet radiation. Therefore, hydrogen; i n the
reactivity and low ignition temperature. It is used in match box industry in bagasse.
ozone is considered as chemical production of liquefied
making match sticks. Wood charcoal is used as fuel for absorption of gases � The destructive distillation of
weed. On earth surface it is petroleum gas (LPG) and
in gas masks. Animal charcoal is used to remove pigment during filtration wood yields wood gas, charcoal, in the manufacture of
of molasses in the sugar industries. bluish toxic gas but in
methyl alcohol, acetic acid. gasol i ne ( petrol ) by
stratosphere, i t is useful in
ELEMENTS AND THEIR OCCURRENCE IN EARTH protecting earth from UV-rays. � Bio-gas is a mixture of methane polymerisation
� Earth is a rich source of elements, found either in native state or in (65%), carbon-dioxide, hydrogen 2. Gasoline C5 to C12 40°C to 170°C Gasoline is used as a
� Examples of elements accumulated
compound form. and hydrogen sulphide. or Petrol motor fuel; as a solvent;
in living organisms are :
� The solid phase of the earth is called the lithosphere. � The major constituent of bio-gas and for dry cleaning.
1. Iodine in sea weeds 3. Kerosene C12 to C16 175° to 275°C Kerosene is used as a
� Percentage distribution of elements in earth’s crust is as shown below : is methane (65%).
2. Vanadium in sea cucumbers household fuel; as an
� Bio-gas i s obtai ned by the
Element Weight (%) Element Weight (%) 3. Potassium in plant leaf illuminant (for lighting)
anaerobic fermentation of animal
� Examples of elements concentrated and for making oil gas.
and vegetable i.e., plant wastes
Oxygen 46.6 Silicon 27.7 in different parts of living beings 4. Gas oil C15 to C18 250° to 400°C Used as furnace fuel;
in the absence of water. The
Aluminium 8.3 Iron 5.1 are : and fuel for diesel
decomposition is brought up by
Calcium 3.6 Sodium 2.8 1. Iron (Fe-11) in blood Diesel engines,and for making
methanogens, bacteria present in
Potassium 2.6 Magnesium 2.1 2. Zinc in the eyes of certain cow dung. Oil petrol by cracking.
animals 5. Lubricat- C16 to C50 Above 350°C Lubricating oil is
Titanium 0.4 Manganese 0.1 � Khadi and Village Industries
ing oil, used for lubrication;
Other metals >0.1 Hydrogen 0.1 3. Magnesium in chloroplast Commission (KUIC) is the major
Vaseline, Vaseline is used for
Phosphorous 0.1 Other non-metals <0.1 4. Copper in mollscus have blue organisation engaged i n the
and making toilet goods and
colour fluid (blood) because promotion and construction of
� Ocean and seas, which form major component of hydrosphere, are again Paraffin grease, Paraffin wax is
copperions. bio-gas plants.
vast reservoirs of elements. wax used for making candles.

OLE - 666 OLE - 667 OLE - 668

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Krypton and Xenon (Kr and Xe)

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
SOME USES OF ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS Sodium thiosulphate (Na2 S2O3. 5H2O)

GENERAL SCIENCE
� The organic compounds prepared combustion of a gram of fuel is
from the hydrocarbons obtained known as its calorific value. Ozone (O3) 3. In the candle industry 1. In photography as a fizzing 1. For filling incandescent metal
from petroleum and natural gases � The calorific value is expressed agent filament of bulbs
1. For disinfecting water of viruses 4. In preparation of medicinal
2. As a preservative for frui t 2. Kr-Xe mixture is used in some
are called petrochemicals. in Kilojoules per gram, KJ/g. for drinking purpose soaps
products flash bulbs
� D.D.T., B.H.C., Ethyl Alcohol, 2. For bleaching delicate fabrics of 5. In making of optical glass
NOBLE GASES 3. As an antichlor in bleaching 3. Xe is used in research labora-
Benzene are i mportant oils, starch etc. 6. Used for softening water. tories for detecting mesons.
� There are six noble gases : Helium, 3. For purifying air in crowded 4. As a volumetric agent for the
petrochemicals. Boric acid (H3BO3) Radon (Rn)
Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and places estimation of iodine
� Petroleum gas is a mixture of 4. For the ozonolysis of organic 1. In manufacture of enamels and 5. Used in medicines. 1. In treatment of cancer
Radon. pottery glazes
butane, propane and ethane. compounds. 2. In radioactive researches.
� Also called ‘rare gases’, as they 2. For preservation of food in Fluorine (F2)
� Petroleum gas liquefied under Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) Oxygen- Sodium
are present in very small quanti- industry 1. The most electronegative
pressure i s cal led Liquefied ated water element is used as an oxidizing 1. Sodium amalgam is used for
ties in the air. 3. In the manufacture of pigments
Petroleum Gas (LPG). 1. As an anticolour in bleaching and borax agent preparation of organic com-
� Radon is not present in air, it is pounds
� LPG consists mainly of butane 2. For restoring the colour of lead 4. In medicines as an eye wash. 2. Fluorine and its compound
the rarest of gases. 2. Liquid Na is used as a coolant
and small amount of propane and painting (NF3, OF2) are used as rocket fuel
� Also called ‘inert gases’, as they Silica (SiO2) in nuclear reactors
ethane. 3. For preserving milk, wine and 3. In manufacture of pl asti c
do not enter into chemical reac- other liquids 1. As sand which is a building 3. In sodium vapour lamps
known as teflon
Calorific Value of Some Fuels tions. 4. In the manufacture of many material and the most 4. As reagent to detect presence
4. In manufacture of fluorocar-
inorganic and organic compound commonly found compound in of H2, S and Halogens.
Fuel Calorific Value � Helium is used for filling meteoro- bons forms (CF2Cl2)
5. As an antiseptic, for washing lithosphere Potassium (K)
logical balloons and also used by sea 5. Preparati on of urani um
Wood 17 KJ/g wounds, teeth and ears under 2. In manufacture of glasses
divers. hexafluoride. 1. as a fertiliser in agriculture.
Coal 30 KJ/g the name perhydral. 3. Silica gel (SiO2. NH2O) is used
� Neon is used in making advertis- in chromatography and also for Bromine (Br2) Sodium Chloride (NaCl )
Kerosene oil 48 KJ/g Ammonia (NH3)
ing signs. It gives orange-red absorbing moisture. 1. In preparati on of ethylene 1. As a table salt
Petrol 50 KJ/g 1. In the manufacture of nitric 2. In manufacture of Na2 CO 3 ,
colour to fluorescent tubes. Sulphur (S) bromide which is mixed with
Bio-gas 40 KJ/g acid and sodium carbonate tetraethyl lead and added to the NaOH, Cl2 etc.
Common Organic Compounds 2. As a refrigerant 1. In manufacture of sulphur 3. For salting out soaps
Natural gas 40 KJ/g petrol as an anti-knock
Common name Chemical name 3. In the manufacture of rayon dioxide and sulphuric acid 4. In freezing mixtures
LPG 50 KJ/g 2. In manufacture of Ag Br used
(contact process) 5. In tanning and textile industry.
Marsh gas Methane 4. As an important reagent used in photography
Methane 55 KJ/g 2. In manufacture of matches,
Chloroform Trichloromethane in manufacture of fertilizers. 3. In manufacture of dyes, drugs Sodium Carbonate (Na2 CO2)
gun powder, fireworks etc.
� Ethyl mercaptan is added to LPG etc.
Methanol Methyl Alcohol 5. NH+4 (ammonium ion) is the 3. In making sulpha drugs 1. For softening hard water
to help in the detection of gas 4. In manufacture of benzyl 2. For washing purposes in indus-
Ethanol Ethyl Alcohol only non-metal ic cation 4. For disinfecting rooms
leakage. bromide-a tear gas. tries
Vinegar Acetic acid consisting of nitrogen and 5. In vulcanisation of rubber.
� Natural gas mainly consists of Iodine (I2) 3. Na2 CO 3 –K 2 CO 3 is used as a
hydrogen. Sulphuric acid (H 2 SO4 king of
methane ( CH 4 ) and small � Argon is used to create an inert at- fusion mixture
Nitric Acid (HNO3) chemeical) 1. As a laboratory reagent in testing 4. In petroleum industries
quantities of ethane and propane. mosphere in chemical reactions and
1. In fertiliser industry presence of starch 5. In manufacturing of soaps,
in electric bulbs. It gives bluish- 1. In the manufacture of ammo-
� The process of breaking bigger 2. In petroleum refining 2. In making of medicines and dyes glasses, paper, borax etc.
green colour to flouorescent tubes. nium nitrate
hydrocarbon mol ecules into 3. In chemical industry 3. AgI is used in photographic 6. As a reagent in laboratories.
2. In the manufacture of sulphuric
smaller hydrocarbon molecules � Krypton and Xenon are used in emulsion.
acid 4. In metallurgy Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
by heating in the presence of a electrical valves and TV tubes 3. In the manufacture of dyes, Helium (He)
5. In manufacture of explosives 1. In manufacture of soaps, paper,
catalyst is called cracking and in and also in lighthouses and perfumes and synthetic silk such as T.N.T. 1. In filling discharge tube artificial silk etc.
miner’s lamp. 4. In purification of gold and silver 6. In manufacture of pai nts,
absence of oxygen is called 2. In gas chromatography 2. In petroleum industry
� Xenon is know to react with fluo- as part of aqua regia. plastics, pigments 3. In purification of bauxite
pyrolysis. 3. To protect metal surfaces from
rine or oxygen to form its respec- Borax (Na2 B4 O7. 10 H2O) 7. As a drying and dehydrating oxidation during the welding of 4. In textile industry for merceriz-
� The amount of heat produced by
tive compound because of their agent steel. ing cotton fabrics.
burning a unit mass of the fuel 1. In laboratory for borax lead test
8. For clearing the surface of 5. As a chemical reagent for
compl etel y i .e., complete very high electro negative and 2. In the manufacture of enamels 4. In meterology to fill weather
metals before electroplating. machines and metal sheets.
electropositive nature. and glazes for earthen pots balloons.

OLE - 669 OLE - 670 OLE - 671

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Potassium Chloride (KCl ) Aluminum Chloride (AlCl3) Lead (Pb)

GENERAL SCIENCE
3. In silver plating, in metallic When carbon bonds with hydro-
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
1. As a fertilizer 1. As a catalyst in Friedel Crafts wiring 1. For making water pipes gen, it form the compounds called
reaction 4. In some medicines hydrocarbons. The study of hydro
2. In preparation of potassium 2. In lead storage batteries
5. In making useful alloys carbons or their derivatives is called
compounds. 2. As a catalyst in cracking of 3. In manufacturing bullets, shots
organic chemistry.
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) petroleum Gold (Au) etc.
4. For making lead chamber Unique properties of carbon
3. As a mordant in dying 1. In jwellery and is an article of
1. In manufacture of soft soaps 5. For prepari ng (C 2 H 5 ) 4 Pb,
2. Absorbing carbon dioxide and Potash alum (K2 SO4. Al2 (SO4)3 . wealth
24H2O) 2. As a coinage metal which is an anti knocking agent
sulphur dioxide for petrol
3. In some organic reactions 1. In purification of water for 3. In covering temple domes
6. For making pigments
improving sedimentarion in 4. In dental filling
Magnesium (Mg) 7. For making a number of alloys
primary tank 5. For gold plating other metals
1. As a reducing agent 2. As a mordant in dying and Carbon dioxides (CO2)
Copper Sulphate (CuSO4. 5H2O)
2. Alloy with Al used in aircraft calico-printing 1. In preparation of aerated water
industries 1. Also called blue vitrol in
3. In tanning leather 2. As a fire extinguisher
3. Mg-powder used in flash light anhydrous salt is used to test
4. To stop bleeding from a fresh cut the presence of moisture 3. In manufacture of washing soda
4. Mg (OH)2 is used as antacid 4. As a refrigerant, solidified CO2
Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) 2. As a mordant in dying and
Calcium (Ca) calico printing (dry ice) in deep freezers.
1. As a red pigment 5. For artificial respiration (85% of
1. Removes traces of air from 3. In electroplating and electrofixing
2. For metal polishing O2 + 5% of CO2–carbon)
vacuum tubes of metals
3. As a catalyst 4. Used as a fungicide 6. In purification of cane sugar juice Saturated and Unsaturated hydrocarbons
2. It is a powerful reducing agent
3. To remove moisture from alcohol Ferric Chloride (FeCl3) Mercury (Hg) Carbon Halides (CX4, X is F, Cl, I, Br)
Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Calcium oxide (CaO) 1. In medicines as a stringent and 1. Used in various instruments 1. CCl4 is used as a solvent
antiseptic such as thermometers. 2. CCl4 is used as fire extinguisher 1. All the valancies of carbon are All the valancies of carbon are
1. As a building material 2. As a mordant in dying 2. In mercury vapour lamps called pyrene for electrical fires. fully satisfied therefore have not fully satisfied therefore have
2. In manufacture of caustic soda 3. CF2 Cl2 is used as a refrigerant
3. As a reagent in Fridel Crafts 3. In medicines
3. As a flux in metallurgy single covalent bond. either double or triple covalent bond.
reaction 4. In preparing amalgams 4. CCl4 is also used as medicine
4. In manufacture of dying stuffs 4. In block making 2. They burn with non-sooty flame. They burn with sooty flame.
5. As an electrode in various Carbides
5. In drying gases and alcohol
Ferrous sulphate (Fe SO4. 7H2O) electrolytic processes 3. They either do not react or if They react fastly with the bromine
1. SiC–Carborundum is second
Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
1. As a mordant in dying and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) hardest substance react then very slowly with water to decolourize it.
1. As a building material tanning industries 2. Tungsten carbide is used for bromine water to decolourize it.
1. As a white paint
2. As a white wash material 2. In manufacture of blue-black ink 2. In ceramics and rubber indus- making tools
3. For softening hard water 3. Calcium carbide is used for pre- The hydrocarbons based on valencies of carbon satisfied or not have
3. In manufacture of Mohr’s salt, tries
4. For detection of CO2 ferric oxide, ferric alum etc. paring acetylene for production representative structural formula depending on number of carbon atoms
3. As an ointment in medicine
4. As an insecticide in agriculture of oxy-acetylene flame (n) present
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) 4. As a catalyst
4. Be4C is also very hard and is Alkene : CnH2n+2 e.g. CH4, C2H6, C4H10, etc.
Copper (Cu) Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2) used as a shield against radio-
1. As a building material Alkene : CnH2n e.g. C2H4, C4H8, C3H6, etc.
2. In manufacture of quick lime 1. In making utensils 1. As a dehydrating agent in active radiations
Alkyne : CnH2n–2 e.g. C2H2, C3H4, C4H6, etc.
3. In metallurgy of iron and other 2. In making electrical wire organic reactions
CARBON AND COMPOUNDS Homologues series : It is a series of hydrocarbon in which all mem-
metals as source of CO2 3. In manufacturing electric goods 2. As a flux in soldering
bers (called homologues) follow the same structural formula and every suc-
4. As a constituent of tooth pastes 4. For preparing alloys 3. In preparation of vulcanised Carbon is the first element of ceeding differ from the adjacent by –CH2 group or 14 amu by mass. If any
5. In electroplating and electrotyp- rubber the 14th group of periodic table with
Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4. 2H2O) ing functional group is present then all members have same functional group.
4. In dry cells atomic number six and valency four.
6. For preparing copper salts Isomerism : It is a phenomenon in which a hydrocarbon exists having
1. For manufacture of Plaster of Tin (Sn) Carbon of its small size and
Paris and ammonium sulphate 7. As a coinage metal two or more structural formula without undergoing any change in its mo-
tetravalency has strong tendency to
8. In jwellery 1. In tinning of copper and brass form bonds with other elements as lecular formula. Such as pentane (C5H12) exists in form of three isomers :
2. In manufacture of cement and
utensils well as with other carbon atom to CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3, n – pentane.
mortar Silver (Ag)
2. In tin plating form long chain compounds. The CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH3 – 2, methyl butane (iso-pentane).
3. In preparation of black board 1. In ornaments and coins 3. For making tin foils property of carbon to form long |
chalks 2. In silvering of mirrors and in 4. For making a number of alloys strai ght or branched chai n
4. As a drying agent photography CH3
compounds is called Catenation.

OLE - 672 OLE - 673 OLE - 674

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
Uses of known organic compounds and i n manufacture of

GENERAL SCIENCE
Functional group Test
1. Ethyl alcohol used as an organic chloroform and artificial leather
– 2, 2 dimethyl propane (neo-pentane). Reacts with bromine water to decolourise it but the solvent and in the al cohol and plastic called perspex.
Alkene group reaction occurs slowly. thermometer as thermometric 6. Dilute solution of acetic acid
Similarly C 2 H 5 OH exists in form of two functional isomers i.e. flui d to measure low (Ethanoic acid) 5% – 7% i s
H2C = CH2 + Br2 �� temperature. vinegar used in food
CH3O CH3 (di-methyl ether) or CH3CH2OH (Ethanol).
2. In alcoholic drinks whisky – preservation.
Hydrocarbon and functional group : A hydrocarbon compound normally –C � C– Reacts with bromine water immediately to decolourize
Alkyne group bromine water. 35%, or more wine – 10 – 14%, 7. Aceti c acid is al so used i n
has two parts called radical and functional group. A radical contributes to beer – 4-6% of ethyl alcohol. making of artificial fibre cellulose
the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms present i.e. molecular mass but acetate and in coagulation of
3. Ethyl alcohol is used as an
functional group other than carbon or hydrogen determines the chemical rubber from latex obtained from
HC � CH + 2Br2 ��� antifreeze in radiators of motor
property of the compound. Some of these functional groups are listed below vehicles in cold countries. rubber tree.
in the given table : 4. Formaldehyde (Methanal) in form 8. Acetic acid is widely used in
–OH 1. Reacts with sodium metal to yield hydrogen gas or
Alcoholic group reacts with alkali like NaOH to give water. of dilute solution is used as perfume i ndustri es as i s
Name of Symbol Examples involved in production of ester
2. CH3CH2OH + 2Na � 2CH3CH2ONa + H2 preservati ve for Bi ol ogical
functional group specimens. after its reaction with an alcohol.
CH3CH2OH + NaOH � CH3CH2ONa + H2O
3. Undergoes oxidation to produce caboxylic acid. 5. Propanone (acetone) is used as � Nitroglycerine : It is produced
Alkene group H2C = CH2, CH3CH =CH2
nail polish remover, as a solvent by acid catalyzed nitration of
Ethene Propene CH3CH2OH CH3COOH + H2 glycerol (glycerine).
Alkyne group –C � C– HC � CH, CH3C� CH 4. Higher alcohols undergo dehydration to form the re-
spective alkene.
Ethyne Propyne
Alcoholic group –OH CH3OH, CH3CH2OH CH3CH2OH H2C = CH2 + H2O
Methanal Ethanal –CHO 1. With Tollen’s reagent [Ag(NH3)2]NO2 they give silver
Aldehydic group mirror test
Aldehydic group HCHO, CH3CHO HCHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]NO2 + 2NH4OH It is a heavy, colourless, oily, explosive liquid produced as given above
� HCOOH + 2Ag + 2NH4NO3 + 4NH3 + H2O by nitrating glycerol with white fuming nitric acid under controlled
Methanal Ethanal 2. Bennedict's solution they reduce Cu-II to Cu-I ions, conditions.
changing its colour from blue to red or brick red. TNT : Trinitro toulene (2, 4, 6-trinitro toulene), yellow colour solid with
Ketonic group , CH3COCH2CH3 explosive properties for use in military, industrial and mining operations.
1. On oxidation, they yield respective carboxylic acid On detonation, it decomposes as:
Propanone Butanone
2C7H5 N3O6 � 3N2 + 5H2O + 7CO + 7C
Ketonic group CH3CO CH3 CH3COOH
The manufacture involves the reaction given below.
Carboxylic group CH3COOH, CH3CH2CH2COOH 2. They do not react with tollen’s reagent as well as
with Bennedict's solution to reduce them.
Ethanoic acid Butanoic acid
1. They undergo decarboxylation to give respective
Ester group CH3COOCH3, CH3COOCH3
alkane.
Methyl ethanoate Ethyl ethanoate Carboxylic group CH3COOH + NaOH � CH3COONa + H2O
Halogen group R–X(–Cl/–Br/–I) CH3Cl, CH3CH2Br CH3COONa + NaOH � CH4 + Na2CO3 Dynamite : It is an explosive made of nitroglycerin. Alfred Nobel has
2. They form sweet smelling ester when react with an developed dynamite with the use of nitroglycerine as a blasting explosive
Chloromethane Bromoethane
alcohol in process called esterification. by mixing nitroglycerin with inert absorbent particularly, ‘ Icieslguhr’
Amino group –NH2 CH3CH2NH2 CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 or diatomaceous earth and named the mixture dynamite.
Ethanamine Butanamine CH3COOH + CH2CH2OH CH3COO CH3+ H2O
RDX : It stands for Research Development Explosive. It is colourless
Nitro group –NO2 CH3CH2NO2, CH3CH2CH2NO2 Denaturation of alcohol : The alcohol consumed by people is ethanol soild obtained by reacting white fuming nitric acid with hexamine.
Nitro ethane Nitr'o propane while methanol also called spirit if consumed leads to blindness and even Hexamine + Nitric acid RDX + dinitromethene + Ammonium nitrate +
death. The ethanol is widely used organic solvent in industries. Hence, to water.
The presence of different functional group can be tested to identify prevent its consumption by the workers at work, the alcohol used is (CH2) 6N4 + 10HNO3 (CH2–N – NO2)3 + 3CH2 (NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O
the functional group present. The test for some of these functional groups denatured i.e. made unfit for human consumption with addition of copper It is stable at room temperature but sublimate in vacuum. It has 1.5
are listed below in the given table. sulphate or pyridine. times more explosive power than TNT by weight.

OLE - 675 OLE - 676 OLE - 677

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GENERAL SCIENCE
Acids : Weak acids such as citric acid, acetic acid, lactic acid,. Name Formula
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
COMMONLY USED CHEMICALS AT HOUSEHOLD
Anticalving agents : for keeping food in powder form like milk powder. Green vitriol : FeSO4.7H2 O
� Iodized salt : Table salt with a � Stain removal such as mustard oil
percentage of iodine to prevent spots, inks, etc. Colouring agent : such as annatto extract (yellow color), ...drated beets Asbestos : CaMg3(SiO3)4
goitre. (bluish-red to brown), beta-extract (red or green) Aqua-regia : Conc. HNO3 + Conc. HCl (1:3 part)
� Removal of rust deposited on
� Shampoo : Hair care product plumbing pipes and kitchen Artificial sweetness : These inchude sacchrimaspartame, suiralose, Baryta water : Ba(OH)2 solution
used for removal of oils, dirt, skin counter taps. advantame and stevia. They help in weight loss, check diabetes, dental
Boranes : Hydride of boron
particles, dandruff and � Antiseptics : These are chemical care and reactive hypoglycemia.
Brine : Concentrated NaCl solution
environmental pollutants. used on living tissues and cells IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS/MINERALS AND FORMULAS Caliche : NaNO3 + NalO3
� Soap : It is sodium or potassium hence commonly used as hand
Name Formula Caustic potash : KOH
salt of long chain fatty acids. It wash and in treatment of mouth
is prepared by heating equal and throat infection with Magnesite : MgCO3 Dry ice : solid CO2
volume of fatty acid, NaOH and antibacterial and antifungal Freon : CF2Cl2
Dolomite : MgCO3.CaCO3
ethanol in water bath until the properties. Lead pencil : Graphite
paste formation. Kieserite : MgSO4.H2O
� Disinfectants : There are Laughing gas : N2O
� As mixture cools, saturated NaCl chemicals that cannot be used on Epsomite : MgSO4.7H2O Mortar : Salked lime + sand (1:3 in water)
solution i s added to remove living tissue or cells. These can Talc : Mg2(Si2O5)2 Mg(OH)2 Matte : Cu2S + FeS
glycerol and NaOH (Sodium be oxidising or non-oxidising Magnesia alba : (MgCO3)x (Mg(OH)2]y. ZH2O Milk of magnesia : Paste of Mg(OH)2 in water (Antacid)
hydroxide). disinfectant.
Anhydrite : CaSO4 Marsh gas : CH4
� Detergent : A detergent is the � Oxidizing disinfectants include
sodium salt of sulphonic acid. Fluorspar : CaF2 Nitro chalk : [NH4NO3 + (NH4)2 CO3]
hydrogen peroxide and
Soap forms lather only with soft Phosphorite : Ca3(PO4)2 Nitrolim : CaCN2 (a fertilizer) + C
hypochlorite, non-oxidising
water but detergent is effective disinfectants include quaternary Soda lime : Ca(OH)2 + NaOH Oil of vitriol : Conc. H2SO4
in forming rich lather of foam ammonium compound, fungicides Chlorapatite : 3Ca3(PO4)2.CaCl2 Oleum : H2S2O7
both in soft water and hard and amphoterics. Pearl ash, Potash : K2CO3 Phosgene : COCl2
water. � Fire extinguishers : There are five Producer gas : A mixture of CO + N2 + H2
Feldspar : KAlSi3O3
� However, the use of detergents types of them used for different Saltpetre (Indian saltpetre) : KNO3 Quartz : SiO2
cause water pollution but not of fires A, B, C, D and K. Calgon (Graham’s salt) : (NaPO3)n Quick silver : Hg
soap.
A-type — Wood, paper, cloth and Chile saltpetre : NaNO3 Refrigerant : CO2. NH3, CF2Cl2 etc
� Oxalic acid : (C2H2O4) is widely other ordinary materials. Rust : Fe2O3.H2 O
used as household chemical Salt cake : NaSO4 (anhydrous)
B-type — Gasoline, oil, paints, etc. TNT : Trinitro toluene (an explosive)
obtained from spinach, beet root, Glauber’s salt : Na2SO4.10H2O
tomato, etc. Commercially it is C-type — Electrical fires Water glass : Na2SiO3
Crystal carbonate : Na2CO3.H2O
used as D-type — Combustible metals. Water gas : CO + H2
Copper glance : Cu2S
� bleaching agent for wood and K-type — Cooking media/ Yperite : Mustard gas
vegetable or animal oils or fats. Malachite : Cu(OH)2. CuCO3
stone
Azurite : Cu(OH)2.2CuCO3 Polymerisation
Beverages type percentage of alcohol and Source
Blue vitriol : CuSO4.5H2O It is the process of reacting monomer molecules together to form
Name Percentage Source Argentite (Silver glance) : Ag2S polymer chain. A three dimensional network based on type of plastic formed
alcohol by polymerisation is thermoplastic or thermosetting plastic. Thermo plastics
Horn silver (Chlorargyrite) : AgCl
Rum 45-55% Molasses (Cane Sugar) Ruby silver (Pyrargyrite) : Ag3SbS3 are those that can be remoulded on heating like polyethylene, PVC (Polyvinyl
Whisky 40-50% barley Argentiferrous galena : PbS + Ag2S chloride), poly propylene, PET, etc. Thermo setting plastics are those which
cannot be remoulded after their heating such as bakelite, melanine, urea
Brandy 40-50 % grapes Lunar caustic : AgNO3
formaldehyde etc.
Champagne 10-15% grapes Bauxite : Al2O3.2H2O
Cryolite : Na3AlF6 Rubber
Beer 3-6% barley
Cider 2-6% apples Mica : K2O.3Al2O3.6SiO2.2H2O Natural rubber not effective for commercial use. It is polymer of isoprene
Alum stone (Alunite) : K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.4A(OH)3 (2-methyl-1, 3-butadiene) extracted from latex collected from rubber tree.
� Food additives : These are substances added to food to preserve flavour For commercial use natural rubber is heated with sulphur in process called
Cassiterite (Tin stone) : SnO2 the vulcanization to obtain vulcanized rubber. If isoprene is heated with
or enlance taste and flavour. Such as pickling with vinegar, SO2 with
fishes, salting as with bacon, etc. Galena : PbS chlorine the result is chloroprene, fire resistant rubber. The other types of
Vitamin-C and nitrogen � Antioxident Mohr’s salt : FeSO4. (NH4)2. SO4.6H2O rubber in use include :

OLE - 678 OLE - 679 OLE - 680

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
Faraday : Laws of electrolysis

GENERAL SCIENCE
� Styrene butadiene rubber (SRB) used for covering different hoses. Nylon-66 Adipic acid and Milk bristles of tooth brush, sheets,
� Butadiene rubber (BR) mostly mixed with other rubber types to improve Hexamethylene climbing ropes, socks, sweater and Fajan : Polarisation of anion
elasticity, wear resistance and low temperature properties. Goldstein : Discovery of proton
diamines jersey.
� Neoprene polymer of chloroprene which is fire resistant with high tensile Helmholtz : First law of thermodynamics
strength. Nylon-6 Cyclohexane and Tyre cords, ropes, fabrics.
Caprolactum Hund-Mulliken : Electronegativity scale; Molecular orbital theory
Ceramics Heitlor-London : Valence bond theory
Bakelite O-hydroxymethyl Making of board, pens, formica table,
There are inorganic, non-metallic crystalline oxides, nitride or carbide Madam Curie and : Artificial radioactivity
phenol and taps and electrical switches.
materials prepared by their heating followed with subsequent cooling. These F. Joliot
P-hydroxymethyl
are used in making armoury, in electrical industry from insulator to resistor Libby : Radioactive dating
in semi conductor or high temperature super conductor like BSCCO based phenol
Melamine Melamine and Making of unbreakable cups, glass Maxwell : Kinetic theory of gases
on element bismuth, strontium, calcium, copper and oxygen. In space shuttle
formaldehyde sheets and plates. Mendeleef : Periodic table
ceramic tiles are used as thermal barriers.
Mosley : Modern periodic law and table
White wares Dextron Glycodic acid Used as sutures after operation.
Pauling-Slater : Valence bond theory
lactic acid These are self soluble in a week's time.
These are ceramic products with colour from white to off white. They Planck : Wave nature of light
are produced from mixture of clay, flint and feldspar . They are characterized IMPORTANT CHEMICAL REAGENTS Rutherford : Discovery of nucleus, nuclear reactions
by their property of being unwetable, poor heat and electrical conductivity. Fehling solution : Copper sulphate + potassium tartrate (Rochelle salt) Roentzen : Discovery of X-rays
They are impermeable to liquids and can be imparted into different shapes + NaOH Sorenson : pH and its scale
of different sizes such as in making flower vase, container for pickles etc.
Tollen’s reagent : AgNO3 solution + NaOH solution + NH4OH Thomson : Discovery of electron, photo electric effect
DIFFERENT TYPE OF POLYMERS WITH USES Benedict solution : Alkaline solution of cupricion complexed with citrate Tyndall : Light scattering by solute particles
ions
Name Raw material Uses NATURAL OCCURENCE OF SOME ACIDS
Schiff’s reagent : Dilute solution of rosaniline hydrochloride in water,
Polyethylene Ethylene Insulating wires, making toys, flexible colour has been discharged by passing SO2 � Citric acid – Citrus fruits (lemon, � Tartaric acid – Tamarind, grapes,
pipes, bottle containers like cans for Soda bleach : A mixture of Na2O2 and dilute HCl apples
orange)
storing liquid chemicals including � Mallic acid – Apples
Soda lime : A mixture of Ca(OH2) + NaOH � Lactic acid – Sour milk
water.
Fusion mixture : A mixture of Na2O3 + K2CO3 � Stearic acid – Fats
� Uric acid – Urine
Polypropylene Propylene Making carpet fibres, seat covers, � Hydrochloric acid – Gastric juice
Lithopone : A mixture of ZnS + BaSO4
ropes, wraps for records and for � Formic acid – Sting of bees and ants
Nessler’s reagent : K2HgI4 � Acetic acid – Vinegar
packaging. � Butryic acid – Rancid butter
Nitrolim : Calcium cyanamide + graphite � Oxalic acid – Tomatoes
Polystyrene Styrene Making toys, hot drinking cups,
Superphosphate : Calcium dihydrogen phosphate + CaSO4 FACTS TO REMEMBER
combs, lining material for T.V.
cabinet and refrigerators. Baeyer’s reagent : Cold alkaline KMnO4 solution Most reactive solid element : Li
Lindlar catalyst : Palladised charcoal deactivated with sulphur com-
Poly methyl Methyl Head transparent covering for the Most reactive liquid element : Cs
pounds
methacrylate methacrylate unbreakable lights, protective Most reactive gaseous element : F
Milk of magnesia : Suspension of Mg (OH)2 in water
(PMMA) coating, aeroplane windows. Highest electronegativity : F
Lucas reagent : A mixture of conc. HCl and anhy. ZnCl2
or Perpex Highest ionization potential : H
Fenton’s reagent : H2O2.FeCl3
Teflon or Tetrafluro Making seal to withstand high Lowest electron affinity : Noble gases (zero)
polytetra ethylene temperature and pressure, non- SCIENTISTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS Liquid element of radioactive nature : Francium (Fr)
theroethylene sticking surface of cooking vessels, Scientist Contribution Total number of radioactive : 25
insulation of high frequency electric Neils Bohr : Atomic model elements in periodc table
installation. Burzelius : Catalysis Volatile d-block elements : Zn, Cd, Hg
Element containing no neutron : 1
PVS (Poly Vinyl chloride Insulation of electric cables, rain coats, H. Becquerrel : Radioactivity 1H (Protium)
vinyl chloride) table cloths, convey/or belts, etc. Bronsted-Lowry : Acid-Base concept Most abundant element of earth : Oxygen (O)
Terylene Ethylene glycol Making magnetic recording tapes, J. Chadwick : Discovery of neutron Rarest element of earth : Astatine (At)
and terephthalic aprons for industrial workers, blend Debye-Huckel : Theory of strong electrolytes Most abundant metal of earth : Fe
acid in cloth etc. de Broglie : Wave nature of electron Most abundant metal of earth crust : Al

OLE - 681 OLE - 682 OLE - 683

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GENERAL SCIENCE
GENERAL SCIENCE

Element having maximum tendency : Carbon

BIOLOGY
for catenation and allotropes
The word biology is derived from the Greek words (bios) meaning-life
Lightest element : H
and (logos) meaning -study. Hence, Biology is considered as a natural science
Heaviest naturally occurring element : U238 concerned with the study of life and living organism including their structure,
Poorest conductor of current : Pb (metal), S (non-metal) function, growth, evolution, distribution and environment. In general, it
recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as basic unit of heredity
Amphoteric non-metal : Si
and evolution as the engine that propels the creation of new species. There
Elements showing diagonal relationship : Li–Mg, Be–Al; B–Si are varied sub disciplines of biology. These subdisciplines are defined by the
Metalloids elements : B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te scale at which organism are studied, the kinds of organisms studied and the
Non-metals having metallic lusture : Graphite, Iodine method used to study them. Some of the important sub disciplines of biology
by greek philosopher Aristotle (father of Biology) are listed below.
Element sublime on heating : Iodine
Noble metals : Au, Pt BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
Amphoteric metals : Zn, Al, Sn, Pb 1. Morphology – It deals with the study of external features of an organ-
Non-metal having highest m.pt, b. pt : Diamond ism. For example a plant is made up of roots, stem, leaf, flower, fruit
etc.; man has eyes, ears, nose, arms, legs etc.
Metals showing highest ox. no. : Pu, Os 2. Anatomy – The study of gross internal structures of plants and ani-
Element having highest tensile strength : Boron mals is known as internal morphology or anatomy. For example, man
Coolant in nuclear reactors : D2O (Heavy water) has heart, liver, lungs, kidney, pancreas, stomach etc.
3. Histology – The branch of biology which deals with the microscopic cel-
Latest discovered element : Hahnium (Ha, atomic no. 105)
lular structures (tissues) of plants and animals is known as histology.
Eka (Eka mercury atomic no.
4. Cell Biology – It deals with the structure, function, reproduction and
112) all other activities of a cell itself.
Element kept in water : P (yellow) 5. Physiology – It is the study of various life processes and functions (like
Elements kept in kerosene oil : Na, K, Cs digestion, respiration, excretion etc.) of the life that make an organism.
Dry ice or Cardice : CO2 6. Embryology – It is branch of biology that deals with the study of various
events and changes that occur in the formation of zygote and then its
Artificial explosive : Dynamite transformation into a young individual till the birth.
First noble prize of chemistry : Vant Hoff 7. Ecology – The branch of biology which deals with the study of organ-
was given to isms with respect to their environment is termed as ecology.
8. Taxonomy – The branch of biology that deals with identifying, classi-
Tincture iodine (antiseptic) : I2 in alcohol
fying and naming (nomenclature) of organisms into various groups is
Some commonly used oxidants : H2 O2, SO2, SO3, Cl2, H2SO4, known as taxonomy.
HNO3 9. Genetics – The characters are always transmitted from parents to their
Some commonly used : SO2, H2S, Cl2, children or from one generation to the next generation. For this the
reductants Bleaching powder nucleus of the cell has chromosomes which bear genes on them. Genes
are chemically made–up of DNA (deoxy ribonucleic acid). This DNA acts
Neutral oxides of non-metals : CO, N2O, NO, H2O as a hereditary material. Heredity is the science dealing with the study
Dry bleacher : O3 of resemblances and differences between the parents and their off–
Natural explosive : NCl3 springs. While, Genetics is a larger field of biology which involves the
study of heredity plus the reasons governing heredity and inheritance.
Amphoteric oxides : ZnO, PbO, Al2O3, SnO, BeO
10. Organic Evolution – It deals with the study of how simple and primi-
Some polymorphic elements : O, S, P tive forms have changed to, gradually over a period of time, more com-
Some isomorphous substances : FeSO4. 7H2O, plex and present day forms of life. The vast variety of plants and ani-
MgSO4.7H2O, mals of present day biodiversity have come up due to organic evolution.
11. Palaeobiology – It deals with the study of origin, structure and growth
ZnSO4.7H2O, of various forms of life that have existed in the past and only the fos-
Na2S2O3.7H2O, sils are available now. Palaeobotany deals with the study of fossil plants;
FeSO4.7H2 O and Palaeozoology deals with the study of fossil animals. The study
��� of fossils, as such, is known as Palaeontology.

OLE - 684 OLE - 685

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
12. Molecular Biology – It deals with the study of various complex organic 36. Psychology – It is a science that deals with the qualities and behaviour 57. Ethnobotany – It is a study of combination of human culture and botany.

GENERAL SCIENCE
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
molecules of which the organism is made of. For example, the structures of human mind. It aims to describe, document and explain relationship between plants
of various enzymes or proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids, 37. Pharmacy – It is a science of preparing and compounding medicines and developing human culture, i.e. use of plants for food, medicine,
hormones etc. It also includes the ways they are metabolised (synthesized and dispensing them according to the medical prescriptions. rituals, etc.
and used up) in our body. 38. Physiotherapy – It is the science of treatment of diseases, body weak- 58. Phycology – It refers to study of different forms of algae. It also includes
13. Space Biology – It deals with the effects of space conditions on an ness or defects by physical methods like massage and exercise. the study of cyanobacteria (Blue green algae) and lichens.
organism. It is also called as Exobiology. 39. Nutrition – It is the study of nourishment of human beings or other 59. Arachnology – It deals with study of spiders and related animals such
14. Radiation Biology – It is the study of harmful and useful effects of organisms. as scorpions, pseudo scorpions, etc.
various radiation (������ rays etc.) on the organisms induding U.V. rays. 60. Ethology – It refers to study of human behaviour and social organisation
40. Genetic Engineering – It involves the manipulations at gene level so
15. Anthropology – It is the study of physical and mental constitution of as to produce an organism with new and desired characters. from a biological perspective.
man, his cultural development, social conditions in the past and of 61. Eugenics – It deals with study of set of beliefs and practices that aims
41. Biomedical Engineering – It is the science of producing spare parts
present. In other words, it is the study of evolution of man through at improving the genetic quality of human race/population.
of man, implants artificial limbs, heart, lung, machines etc. Pigs are
culture.
known to be the carrier of human body spare parts. 62. Euphenics – It is the science that makes phenotypic improvements in
16. Agriculture – It is the science of producing plants and animals useful humans after birth, generally to affect a problematic genetic variations
42. Food Technology – It is the application of science for the processing
to mankind. It includes the cultivation of land, rearing, breeding and such as skin grafting at face.
and preservation of foods.
management of crops and animals.
43. Bioinformatics – It’s the application of information technology and com- 63. Hematology – It is the study of blood, diagnosis, treatment and
17. Agronomy – It is a branch of agricultural science that deals with the prevention of diseases of blood.
puter science to the field of molecular biology in study of collection
study of crops and soils in which they grow.
and storage of genomic and other biological data. 64. Myology – It refers to study of structure, arrangement and function of
18. Soil Science – It is the study of structures, types and dynamics of the soil.
44. Biotechnology – It deals with use of living cells and microorganisms muscles.
It is also called as Pedology.
like bacteria in industrial and scientific processes particularly in 65. Odontology – It refers to study of teeth, their precise shape and spacing
19. Horticulture – It is a branch of agriculture that deals with the study
manipulation of living matter including the genetic modifications. in a person for forensic purpose.
of growing vegetables, fruits and ornamental plants.
45. Epidemiology – It’s a branch of medical science that deals with the 66. Ophiology – It refers the study of snakes, their types and distributions.
20. Pathology – It is a science that deals with the study of nature of dis-
study of the spread and control of diseases.
eases, their causes, symptoms and effects.
46. Gerontology – The branch of biology that deals with the processes of BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
21. Entomology – It is a branch of science dealing with the study (habits,
aging. The treatment of diseases related to aging is called geronto- Biological diversity refers to occurrence of varied forms of life differing
classification, functions, structures etc.) of insects.
therapy. in size, appearance, colour, internal structure, mode of living etc. At present
22. Protozoology – It is the study of unicellular organisms.
47. Oncology – It deals with study of cancer, their causes and possible number of living organism species known are more than 1.5 million i.e.
23. Bacteriology – It is the study of bacteria.
treatment. about 1.7 to 1.8 million. This diversity has developed because of organic
24. Ichthyology – It is a branch of science that deals with the study of fishes.
48. Nanobiology – It refers to the study of how nanotechnology can be used evolution and adaptation of organisms to the diversity of conditions in ex-
25. Ornithology – It is a branch of science that deals with the study of birds. in biology, and the study of living organisms and parts at the nanoscale istence on earth i.e. hydrosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere.
26. Herpetology – It includes the study of amphibians and reptiles. level of organization. � For easy understanding of biodiversity, earlier Greek Philosophers like
27. Veterinary Science – It is the study of diseases of domesticated animals 49. Developmental biology – It deals with the study of processes which Aristotle, and his student Theophrastus have proposed two kingdom
and their health care. organisms undergo i.e. progressive and orderly changes in structure system but it failed to last long with up coming knowledge of the prokary-
28. Poultry Science – It deals with the study of rearing and management as well as physiology during their entire life cycle. otes (Dougherty had classified organisms as prokaryotic and eucary-
of domestic fowls such as chickens, ducks and geese for eggs and flesh. 50. Pomology– It refers to study of different types of fruits. otic). In 1866 Ernst Heackel proposed three kingdom system of plantae,
29. Sericulture – It deals with the management and breeding of silk worms 51. Olericulture – It refers to the branch of agriculture that deals with Animalia and Protista. As protista kingdom consisted of both prokary-
to produce silk. study of vegetables and their cultivation. otes and eucarytoes, Copeland in 1956 proposed four kingdom system.
30. Silviculture – It is the science of studying the establishment, develop- 52. Anthology – It deals with the study of flowers.
ment, care and reproduction of valuable timber trees.
53. Aboriculture – It refers to study of cultvation and management of
31. Forestry – It is the sciene of developing, cultivating and conserving
individual specimens of ornamental trees.
forests to have the maximum utility. � Finally R. Whittaker (1969) using three criteria together i.e. complexity
54. Eugenics – It’s the science that deals in improving the qualities of human
32. Apiculture – It is the science of keeping and breeding of honey bees of cell structure, body structure and mode of nutrition proposed five
race by the careful selection of parents for desired offsprings.
in apairies to obtain honey, bee venom and bee’s wax. kingdom system in which he separated out kingdom fungi from plantae.
55. Dendrology – It is a science that deals with study of plants with woody
33. Dairy Technology – It is the application of science for the manufacture
structure. It includes the study of trees, shurbs and vines. It in detail
of milk products.
studies about shape of leaves, their arrangement, blooming and time
34. Microbiology – It is a science that deals with the structure, function, of blooming of trees etc.
uses etc. of microscopic organisms.
56. Dendrochronology – It is the branch that deals with scientific method � Despite having advantages, it has its own shortcomings
35. Pharmacology – It is a science that deals with the knowledge of drugs
of dating based on the analysis of growth ring of soft and hard wood. � Viruses have no place in this system.
and the preparation of medicines.

OLE - 686 OLE - 687 OLE - 688

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Slime moulds do not fit into kingdom, Protista. CYTOLOGY

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
�

GENERAL SCIENCE
6. PHYLUM
� Separate heterogenous groups were placed together. A cell first observed by Robert Hooke in 1665 and later by Von
� It comprises one or more classes having certain common diagonstic
� Biological system of taxonomy and systematics got a big boost when Leeuwenhoek has been described as the structural and functional unit of
characters but differ from classes of other phyla in some other diag-
system of ‘Binomial nomenclature, introduced by Carlous Linneaus also life. It is also considered as hereditary unit with genes on DNA in chromo-
nostic characters. In plant classification instead of phylum, word Divi-
called Father of taxonomy was included into naming of living organism. some. Structrally a cell is described as a mass of protoplasm, invested with
According to system, the name were to be written in Latin language sion is used which has its own classes.
plasma membrane. However, all the known cells have broadly been classi-
and a name consists of two, generic name to be written first starting 7. KINGDOM fied as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
with capital letter followed by specific epithet i.e. name of species. Eukaryote – Within the cell, in most of plants and animals, there are
� It is the highest category in the plan of classification. Each kingdom
� The introduction of binomial nomenclature helped maintain the uniformity various membrane bound structures called cell organelles like mitochondria,
in names across the world and has made them much more informative. has several independent phylum which in turn, represent specific chloroplast, nucleus, etc. Such a cell is known as an eukaryote. There are
� In Biological taxonomy exists the following taxon. classes, orders, families and genera. non-membrane bound organelles also present in eukaryotic cells such as
� In the system with increasing level of hierarchy, the number of com- ribosomes and nucleolus. Each cell organelle performs a specific function
KINGDOM OF LIVING BEINGS
mon characteristics reduce with species having maximum number of of the cell in a well organised manner.
similarities among its organism and is also the representative of the ex- Kingdoms Characters Members Prokaryote – In bacteria, mycoplasma, and blue green algae cells, there
isting taxon and the rest by hypothetical groups. are no definite cell organelles and the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm is not
1.Monera Unicellular, Prokaryotic, varied Archaebacteria (ancient
Species�Genus�Family�Order�Class or Division� Phylum� Kingdom separated i.e. well defined nucleus is lacking in them. Such a cell is known
modes of nutrition, Asexual rep- bacteria), Eubacteria (true as a prokaryote. Prokaryotic cells can also carry out all biological functions
� There are seven main categories used in any plan of classification —
roduction, Multiplication by bacteria) and Blue green similar to those of eukaryotic cells. However, the absence of membrane
1. SPECIES amitosis. algae (cyanobacteria) bound structures within the cell simply shows that they are primitive cells.
� A species is a population of plants or animals which are genetically dis- 2. Protista Unicellular, Eukaryotic, Aquatic, Protozoans, slime moulds, Structure and Function of Cell Organelles
tinct, reproductively isolated and similar in morphological characteris- Autotrophic and Heterotrophic and unicelullar algae.
tics. The members of a species can freely interbreed among each other. Organelle Structure Function
mode of nutrition, Asexual rep-
For example, a population of lions represents the species Panthera leo; 1. Cell Wall Found in plant cells only; ma- (i) It provides shape,
oduction by division into two,
and a population of tigers comprises the species Panthera tigris. inly made up of cellulose and strength and rigidity
sexual reproduction by fusion.
2. GENUS hemicellulose, chitin (fungus), to the cells.
3. Fungi Multicelluar, Eukaryotic, no true Bread mould, yeasts, protein (bacteria). (ii) Cell protection
� It is a category consisting of two or more species. In general, species tissues, cell wall made up of ch- mushrooms. (iii) Transport of various
in a genus usually have many features in common. Such groups of com- substances
itin, Heterotrophic, Saprobiotic,
mon features are known as correlated characters. Each species of a (iv) Helps in cell expan-
parasitic mode of nutrition (ab-
genus is given a scientific name based on binomial nomenclature. For sion
example; the genus Solanum includes the species Solanum melongena sorptive), Asexual and sexual re-
production by spores and gam- 2. Nucleus Contains DNA and protein; li- (i) Division of the cell
(brinjal), Solanum tuberosum (potato); Solanum nirgum (makoi) and mited by a nuclear membrane in (ii) Inheritance of char-
Solanum xanthocarpum (Kanteli). etes respectively.
eukaryotic cells, nuclear mem- acters.
3. FAMILY 4. Plantae Multicelluar, non-motile forms, Algae, liverworts, mosses brane not found in prokaryotic (iii) Controls various
Eukaryotic, cell wall made up of ferns, conifers, flowering cells, contains nucleolus; nuc- metabolic activities
� This category comprises one or more genera having some common leoplasm contains chromatin of the cell.
features but differing from the genera of other families in having certain cellulose, well developed tissues, plants.
material.
characteristic differences. For instance, the family Papilionaceae photo-synthetic-autotrophic mode
3. Mitochondria Double membraneous, outer Site of cellular respirati-
represents all the genera of the pulses; and the family Graminae contains of nutrition, Asexual repoducti-
and inner membrane folded on (Krebs cycle and elec-
all the genera of cereals and millets. on by multiplication, distinct inside forming cristae; the tron transport chain); as-
4. ORDER sex organs, life-cycle exhibits inner surface of the inner me- sociated with the release
alternation of generations. mbrane has a number of F1 of energy by the oxida-
� It consists of one or more families having certain common characters
or elementary particles. tion of food (oxidative
which differ from families of other orders in some diagnostic characters. 5. Animalia Multicellular, mobile forms, Eurka- Sponges, cnidarians, wor-
phosphorylation).
For example, the order Carnivora includes the families felidae (which ryotic, well developed tissues, He- ms, insects, molluscs, echi-
includes cats, lions, leopards and tigers) and Canidae (which includes 4. Plastids Double membraneous struct- (i) Site of photosynthesis
terotrophic mode of nutrition, Se- noderms and classes fishes,
dogs and foxes). ure, inner membrane in the in green plants i.e.
xual reproduction with distinct sex amphibians, reptiles, form of thylakoids forming kitchen of a plant cell.
5. CLASS organs, control and co-ordination birds and mammals. stroma and grana, They are (ii) Release of energy in
� It consists of one or more orders having certain characters in common system, distinct embryological de- of three types: the process of photo-
but differ from orders of other classes in some other characters such velopment. (i) Chloroplasts contain chl- synthesis (photo-
as pisces, oves, reptilia, mammals are classes. orophyll phosphorylation).

OLE - 689 OLE - 690 OLE - 691

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GENERAL SCIENCE
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
(ii) Chromoplasts contain pi- (iii) Provide different co- 12. Microtubules Long, unbranched cylindrical Transport of substances
gments other than chlo- lours to flowers and and Micro- tubes made up of proteins like in higher organisms.
rophyll fruits. filaments tubulin and actin; forms net- (i) Maintenance of cell
(iii) Leucoplasts do not conta- (iv) Store the food of the work in the cytoplasm of the and chromosome
in any pigment. plant body. cell. movements.
(ii) Contraction and re-
5. Endoplasmic Membrane folds forming ciste- Provides surface for vari-
laxation of muscles.
reticulum rnae, vesicles and tubules; ous chemical reactions
of two types SER (without and the transport of 13. Vacuoles Unit membraneous bags filled (i) contain various mate-
ribosomes) and RER (with ri- substances within the with cell-fluids; membrane is rials
bosomes). cell. known as tonoplast. (ii) Osmo-regulatory in
function
6. Golgi Complex Stacks of membranes in the Secretion, absorption and
form of cisternae, vacuoles transport of various
and vesicles; in plant cells susbtances within the Difference between Plant cell and Animal cell Plant Cells
known as dictyosomes. cell. Animal Cell Semi Conservative Organelles : In a eukaryotic cell, the mitochondria
Plant Cell
7. Lysosomes Single membrane sacs contai- Digestion of own cell or- and chloroplasts are called semi-conservative cell organelles. They live in
1. Cells are covered by a cell wall Cell wall is absent. endosymbiotic relationship with cell because of presence of their own nuclear
ning hydrolytic enzymes; cl- ganelles during starvation
assified as primary lysosomes, hence called “suicidal made up of cellulose. material (DNA) and ribosomes for necessary protein or enzyme synthesis.
secondary lysosomes, autoph- bags of a cell”. 2. Centrioles with centrosome are Centrioles with centrosome are Hence, they can survive even outside a living cell for sometime like a bacteria.
agic vacuoles and residual bo- absent (except a few lower present near the nucleus. Difference between DNA and RNA
dies depending upon the phy- plants).
siological state of their action. 3. Plastids containing pigments are RNA DNA
Plastids are absent.
8. Microbodies Small–sized organelles conta- Photorespiration in plant present. (i) The sugar is ribose. The sugar is deoxyribose
(i) Peroxisomes ining enzymes like catalyses cells and lipid metabo- 4. Golgi bodies are in the form of Golgi bodies are localized and con- (ii) It i s a si ngl e– stranded It is a double–stranded structure
and oxidases. lism in animal cells. a number of unconnected units sists of connected complexes. structure
(ii) Spherosomes Small spherical bodies having Exact function not kno- called dictyosomes. (iii) Adenine, guanine, uracil in- Adenine, guanine, cytosine and
high deposits of fats and lipi- wn, show some lytic ac- 5. Vacuoles are large in size and Vacuoles are either absent or a few stead of thymine and cytosine thymine constitute the four bases.
ds; enzymes like acid phosp- tivity. more in number. only and small in size. are the four bases. It is found only in the nucleus and
hates are found. 6. Nucleus is mostly present at Nucleus is mostly centrally placed. (iv) It is found both in the nucleus in organelles like mitochondria and
(iii) Glyoxysomes Small bodies found in the se- During germination con- periphery. and in the cytoplasm. chloroplasts.
eds of groundnut and castor verts fatty acids to sol-
(that contain fatty acids). uble carbohydrates Cell Division – It is a mode of reproduction in some lower animals
— glyoxylate cycle. like unicellular organisms like amoeba. In higher organisms i.e. plants and
9. Ribosomes Small bodies containing RNA Site of protein synthesis, animals, responsible for growth, repair or replacement of injured and
and proteins; a group of ribo- protein factories of a cell. damaged body parts. In sexually reproducing organisms, it is also involved
somes attached to a mRNA in gamete formation. Hence, there are two distinct modes of cell division in
strand forms polyribosomes. higher organisms called mitosis and meiosis.
10. Centriole Two dot-like bodies present (i) Forms spindle-fibres Mitosis is an equational cell division responsible for providing
near the nucleus; shows 9+0 at the time of cell di- growth to an organism. The process completes in two phases called kary-
pattern of arrangement of mi- vision. okinesis (nuclear division) followed by cytokinesis (cytoplasm division). The
crotubules. (ii) Involved in the forma- various stages involved in the process includes :
tion of cilia and fla- Interphase : Chromosomes in which DNA undergo replication but
gella of the cell. chromosomes still appear intertwined thread like structure not easily
(iii) Helps in the forma- distinguishable. The cell also shows a pair of centriole, the organization site
tion of sperms from for microtubules involved in spindle formation. It is also called resting stage.
spermatids. Prophase : It involves condensation of chromatin material into
11. Cilia and Surrounded by a membraneous Locomotion in unicellular chromosome such that they become more visible, the nucleolus and nuclear
Flagella covering; shows 9+2 pattern organisms envelop undergoes disintegration while the formed daughter centrioles move
Animal cell
of arrangement of microtubu- to the opposite pole of cell. It is the longest of all phases of division.
les.
OLE - 692 OLE - 693 OLE - 694
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Metaphase : The condensation of chromosomes continues making 1. Thallophyte – They are most primitive plants devoid of any body dif-

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
Some other classification of Plants :

GENERAL SCIENCE
chromosomes markedly visible under microscope. The microtubules that ferentiation. They are divided into two classes : � Halophytes – It include plants growing in extremely saline soil condi-
attach to kinetochore condenses further such that all chromosomes happen (a) Algae – They are simple plants, largely found in marine or fresh- tions.
to come and lie in the middle of the equatorial plane. It's the shortest of all water habitats. Some algae are terrestrial also. e.g. Blue green � Eremophytes – It includes plants growing in a desert climate of warm
phases of cell division. algae (Nostoc), green algae (Ulothrix), red algae. temperate zone.
(b) Lichens – Lichens grow on rocks, tree-trunks and are symbi- � Lithophytes – It includes plants growing in rock crevices such as some
otic associations between algae and fungi, e.g. Usnea, Parmelia. algae and liverworts.
Lichens are considered as the pioneer community for succession � Psammophyte – It includes plants that thrives in shifting sands in
of plants on rocks surfaces. They are also considered as the air deserts. These plant are mostly covered with sand with exposed roots.
pollution indicator particularly one caused by sulphur dioxide. � Sclerophytes – These are small, evergreen and xerophytic plants with
In presence of gas SO2, they die or perish, hence indicator of thick and hard leaves.
air pollution. � Heterophytes – These are plants which obtain their nourishment from
trees or other plants or animals (insectivrous plant). The other organ-
Anaphase : It involves the separation of paired chromosomes and each 2. Bryophyte – These are simple, terrestrial plants commonly found in
ism may be dead or living.
move towards the opposite poles with condensing microtubules. moist habitats. e.g. Funaria, Riccia. They are divided into two classes–
Telophase : It marks arrival of chromatids at opposite poles followed
(a) Hepaticae (Liverworts) – A class of bryophytes containing pros- PLANT TISSUES
trate thallose dichotomously branching plants bearing unicellu-
by their elongation, regeneration of nucleolus and nuclear membrane. The A tissue represents the second level of cellular organisation. It is made
lar rhizoids with simple sporophyte e.g. Marchanitia and Riccia.
nuclear division is followed with cytokinesis which on completion produce of cells that are both similar in structure and functions or even if it does
two daughter cells with equal number of chromosomes. (b) Musci (Mosses) – This class includes erect leafy plants with mul- not have structurally similar cells, they are engaged in performing a particular
ticellular rhizoids with sporophyte differentiated into foot, seta function. A tissue based on above can be homogenous or heterogenous. In
Meiosis : It is the reductional division restricted to germinal cells
and capsule e.g. Funaria, sphagnum and polytrichum. plants following types of tissues are present.
involved in formation of germ cells also called gametes. Thus daughter cells
3. Pteridophyte – These are vascular non-seed bearing plants. They are Parenchyma : It is a simple permanent tissue with isodiametric cells.
carry half the number (haploid) chromosomes compared to the number of
found mainly in shady or damp places. e.g. Dryopteris, Azolla (Aquatic, They can be polygonal, rounded, oval or cylindrical shaped with a large
chromosomes present in the parental cell. The whole meiosis completes into
fern) Pteris, Marsilea, Pteridium, Lycopodim, (used in treatment of central vacuole, prominent nucleus and thin cell wall. They are responsible
two broad phases called meiosis-I and meiosis-II. Meiosis-I segregates
homologous chromosomes followed by crossing over of chromosomes but rheumatid fever). for storage of food, water or air (aerenchyma) in free floating plants, they
meiosis-II is the equational division like mitosis. In meiosis-I, prophase-I is B. Phanerogamae – These are higher plants bearing flowers and seeds. show conduction and provide turgidity to cell. In roots, hair arise from them
the most important phase with five sub-phases of leptotene, zygotene, There body is differentiated into root, stem and leaves and vascular and in shoot in form of chlorenchyma, they posses chloroplasts for
pachytene, diplotene and diakinesis. It is in pachytene that crossing over system is well–developed. These are divided into Gymnosperms and photosynthesis.
takes place to produce variation. In meiosis-II, the number of chromosome Angiosperms. Collenchyma : It is a simple permanent tissue like parenchyma but
are reduced to half as no replication of DNA occurs between the meiosis-I 1. Gymnosperms – These lack vessels and are the naked seed bearing have thickened non-lignified cell wall made up of cellulose, hemicellulose
and meiosis-II. vascular plants. They include cycads and conifers. and pectin. It acts as mechanical tissue for support to young leaves, stem
(a) Cycads – They grow in the warmer regions of the plains and have and petioles. Therefore, the fresh leaves do not break off or lamina does
BOTANY not tear off in a windy day. Some of them have chloroplasts also for
high ornamental value. e.g. Cycas circinalis. Cycas are considered
� Botany is the scientific study of plants. living fossils as they bear flagellated sperms despite presence photosynthesis.
of pollen tube. Sclerenchyma : It is a simple permanent tissue but have thick-walled
(b) Conifers – They are the most predominant gymnosperms. They dead cells to provide mechanical strength, support and protection. It can
are a good source of timber, resin and turpentine oil. e.g. Pines, be in form of long elongated structures called fibres. These fibres help plant
Fir, Cedar. Ephedra is considered as the interlink between Gym- to bear forces of compression, pull, bending and shearing with elastic
property. Sclerenchyma in form of sclerids make up seed coat of legumes,
nosperms and angiosperms.
present in form of grit of apple and pear. Fibres commercially obtained from
2. Angiosperms – They are vascular seed bearing plants characterised Flax, Hemp, Jute, etc. are sclerenchymatous fibres like cotton fibre and
by their flowers containing the male and female reproductive structures. coconut choir.
These are further divided into two groups :
Vascular tissues : There are two types of vascular tissues, xylem and
(a) Monocotyledons – They are characterised by parallel leaf vena- phloem for transport of water, minerals and manufactured food respectively.
tion, fibrous roots and a single cotyledon in the seed. e.g. wheat The transport of water and minerals across xylem from root to leaf is called
(Triticum vulgare), rice (Oryza Sativa), Maize (Zea mays). ascent of sap that occurs because of transpiration pull created in it. Xylem
Classification of Plants (b) Dicotyledons – They are characterised by reticulate leaf vena- as complex tissue consisting of tracheids, vessels, fibre and parenchyma.
A. Cryptogamae – These plants do not bear flowers or seeds and repro- tion, tap root and having two cotyledons in the seed e.g. Rose The transport of synthesized food in form of sucrose across the phloem
duce by spores. They have three divisions. (Rose indica), apple (Malus silvestris), Pea (Pisum sativum). from green to non-green plant parts is called translocation of solute.

OLE - 695 OLE - 696 OLE - 697

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Phloem as a complex tissue consisting of living but non-nucleated sieve cells, Tuber – A swollen under- � Simple Leaves – A leaf is said

GENERAL SCIENCE
(iii)
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
Modifications of Roots The Stem
companion cells, fibre and parenchyma. ground stem that con- to be simple when its lamina is
(1) Fusiform – Swollen root, taper- � Stem is a longitudinal axis upon entire or is incised but the inci-
� In monocot plant leaves, both abaxial and adaxial surfaces have the mi- tains stored food, and
ing at both ends. e.g. Sweet po- which are borne the leaves, buds acts as an organ of pe- sion do not touch the midrib.
croscopic openings called stomata. In dicot plants, they are present only
tato. and reproductive organs (flowers) rennation and vegetative � Compound leaves – A leaf is
on lower surface. A stomata has a pair of cells, kidney shape in dicot
(2) Napiform – Root is globular and of the plants. propagation. e.g. Potato. said to be compound when its
or dumble shaped in monocot called guards cells surrounded with sub-
tapers abruptly e.g. Beet root, � The stem along with its leafy (iv) Corm – Short erect lamina is completely divided into
sidiary cells. The guard cells possess chloroplast and carry out photo-
branches and reproductive ap- fl eshy swoll en under - two or more distinct segments or
synthesis that helps in opening and closing of stomata for transpiration Turnip.
pendages called flowers consti- ground stem. e.g. leaflets.
i.e., loss of water in form of water vapours. The opening and closing of (3) Tuberous – Root with no definite
tutes the shoot system of the Alocasia, Colocasia. � Compound leaves may be of two
stomata also regulate gaseous exchange in plants, keep the leaf cool on shape e.g. 4’O clock plant. types (a) Pinnate and (b) Palmate.
a summer day and in transport of water. It is maximum on a hot, dry, plant. (2) Subaerial Modifications – These
windy day. (4) Fasciculated – When storage are of four types. Modifications of Leaves
roots occur in cluster e.g Dahila, Categories of Stem
� In plants stem and root, xylem and phloem together make up vascular (i) Runner – e.g. Grass, Oxa- (1) Leaf Tendrils – e.g. Sweep pea,
bundle for transport of substances. These vascular bundles are found Asparagus. (1) Tree – A tree possesses a main lis. Wild pea.
radially arranged in dicot stem and root but scattered in monocot plants. (5) Beaded – When roots are swol- stout stem called the trunk and (ii) Stolon – e.g. Jasmine, (2) Leaf Hooks – e.g. In Begnonia
Secondary growth : It is the characteristic of dicot plants because of len at frequent intervals e.g. Bit- bears branches. Strawberry. unguis – cacti
which stem grows in thickness with increasing girth. It's because of lateral ter gourd. (2) Shurb – The stem is 3 to 10 ft (iii) Offset – e.g. Water hya- (3) Leaf Spines – e.g. In Berberis,
meristem called cambium/vascular cambium that adds number of xylem long and bears branches near the cinth, Pistia. Opuntia.
(6) Assimilatory – Roots which de-
and phloem elements. In dicot plants growing in tropical areas, an year base of the plant. e.g. Rose, Jas- (iv) Sucker – e.g. Rose, Chry- (4) Leaf Scales – e.g. In Asparagus,
velop chlorophyll and carry out
has favourable and unfavourable growth season of spring and autumn mine etc. santhemum. Ruscus
respectively. In spring season that favours growth, the cells formed are photosynthesis e.g. Tinospora
(3) Herb – Soft and pliable stem (5) Phyl l odes – e.g. In A cacia
thin walled and light making up soft wood followed by darkly stained thick and Trapa. (3) Special Modifications :
mostly green in colour. There- moniliformis, Parkinsonia
walled cells of autumn wood. The alternate layers of soft and hard i.e. spring (7) Haustoria – These are the roots (i) Stem tendril : e.g. Grapes, aculeata.
fore, banana with green stem is
and autumn wood represents growth and are called annual rings. of the parasitic plants which pen- Cucurbita (6) Pitcher – e.g. Nepenthes
considered as the tallest herb.
Cork cambium : In dicot plant stems, the continuous secondary growth etrate the host tissue e.g. (ii) T horns : e.g. Ci trus,
develops and transform some of cells as meristematic cells forming cork Forms of the Stem Bougainuillea. Functions of Leaves
Cuscuta.
cambium. The cells of cork cambium divide both outwardly and inwardly. (1) Erect Stems – These are stout (iii) Phylloclade : e.g. Cactus, (1) The most important function is
(8) Pneumatophores – These are
The cells formed outside soon get suberised and die forming cork. It forms Cocoloba the manufacture of organic food
aerial roots found in plants grow- stems and can stand erect with-
impermeable, insulating layer and removed from time to time for commercial (iv) Cladodes : Ruscus, Aspara- through photosynthesis.
ing in marshy conditions for gas- out any external support. e.g.
purposes particularly from cork oak (Queracus super). The cells formed gus. (2) Gaseous exchange, necessary
eous exchange e.g. Rhizophora. Neem, Mango, Bamboo.
inside are parenchymatous or collenchymatous forming secondary cortex (v) Bulbils : e.g. Aloe. for photosynthesis and respira-
(phelloderm). The cork, cork cambium and secondary cortex constitute (2) Weak Stems – These stems are tion takes place through surface
Functions of Root thin, delicate, weak and are un-
periderm. The Leaf of the leaves.
(1) The roots absorb water and min- able to stand erect e.g. Portu- (3) Stomata borne on the leaves
� Leaf is a flattened appendage of
PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS erals from the soil and transport laca, Cuscuta, Grass. They are helps in the process of transpi-
the stem that arises as a super-
The Root them through xylem. either creepers or climbers. ficial outgrowth from the apical ration.
(2) The roots fix the plant to the soil meristem. (4) In Insectivorous plants, leaves
� The plant structure that grows into the soil and anchors the plant to Modifications of Stems
are modified into insect-traps,
the ground for absorption of water and minerals. firmly. � Leaves are the chief photosyn-
(1) Underground Modifications – such as in pitcher plant.
� Roots develop from the radicle of the embryo. (3) Some roots help in vegetative thetic organs of the plant.
They are of four types. (5) In some plants, leaves store wa-
� Roots differ from shoots in lacking chlorophyll and in the arrangement propagation of species e.g. � Collectively leaves constitute the
(i) Rhizome – horizontally ter to resist drought.
of Xylem and Phloem. Sweet pptato. foliage of the plant.
growing, fleshy, under-
� Leaves initiate from the shoot The Flower
Kinds of Root Systems (4) Some roots store food and be- ground stem e.g. Ginger, meri stem as Pri mordi a and � Flower is the characteristic repro-
(1) Tap Root System – Root develops from the radicle and continues grow- come swollen e.g. Potato, Gin- Turmeric etc. gradually emerge as they grow ducti ve structure of an an-
ing actively producing lateral branches. Tap roots are characteristic of ger, etc. (Assimilatory roots) (ii) Bulb – The stem is re- older. giosperm.
most of the dicot plants. (5) Some roots manufacture food duced to a disc like struc- � Morphologically, the flower is
Types of Leaves
(2) Fibrous Root System – In monocot the radicle (embryonic root) at the through photosynthesis. ture, bearing concentric considered as a shoot bearing
time of germination produce fibrous roots with many branches. l ayers of fl eshy l eafy � Depending upon the incision of nodes and modified floral leaves.
(6) In parasitic plants roots pen-
bases that comprises the lamina, they are of two kinds — � Flowers exhibit wide variation in
(3) Adventious Root System – Root develops from any part of the plant etrate the host stem to obtain
food store e.g. Onion, (i) Simple leaves (ii) Compound size, shape, colour and arrange-
other than the radicle. They occur in grasses and may be regarded as food and water (haustoria).
Garlic. leaves. ment of floral parts.
characteristic of monocot plants.

OLE - 698 OLE - 699 OLE - 700

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
The whorl of appendages that out fertilization. Such fruits are called parthenocarpic fruits. In some

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
Basic Plan of Flowers �

GENERAL SCIENCE
Types of Fruits
arise inner to sepals is petals. other plants the cells of other parts of ovary get involved in embryo 1. True Fruits – Fruit which is derived only from the single ovary of a
� The stalk of the flower is called
Pedicel. � Petals are brightly coloured and formation. Such plants like orange are known to show polyembryoeny. single flower and in the development of which no other part outside
are collectively called Corolla. Normally the radicle of seed develops into root and plumule into shoot the ovary has taken part is called the true fruit e.g. Mango.
� Sepals are green, leaf-like struc-
� The third group of appendages but seeds of polyembryonic fruits are not viable i.e. they do not germi- 2. False Fruit – When apart from the ovary other floral parts also take
ture that arise at the base of a
nate or produce seedlings. part in the formation of fruit, it is called as false fruit. e.g. Apple, Ba-
flower and forms the outermost consists of Stamens, collectively
� A seed endospermic or not upon receiving water, oxygen from air and nana and Strawberry.
circle of appendage. called the Androecium.
suitable temperature except in some seeds sun light (called photoblastic) 3. Simple Fruits – A simple fruit is one in which ovary takes part in de-
� Collectively the Sepals are re- � Each stamen consists of a slen- velopment e.g. Bean, Mustard, Citrus.
germinate to produce seedling depending upon the transent stored food
ferred to as Calyx. They provide der stalk, the filament and the 4. Aggregate Fruit – In an aggregate fruit each free carpel develops inde-
in form of endosperm (endosperm) or cotyledon (non-endospermic).
protection to flower during bud pollen grains bearing anther. pendently to form a bunch of fruits e.g. Strawberry, Custard apple.
stage. IMPORTANT INFORMATION 5. Composite Fruit – A composite or multiple fruit develops from an in-
florescence by the fusion of flowers and their parts e.g. Pineapple.
(i) Hypogynous Flowers – When the ovary is situated on the torus above
all other floral parts. e.g. Mustard, Tomato. Common fruit with types and edible parts

(ii) Perigynous Flowers – The thalamus forms a cup shaped structure Fruit Type Edible part
around the ovary and bear sepals, petals and stamens. e.g. Rose. Apple Fleshy, Simple, Pome False fruit, fleshy thalamus
(iii) Epigynous Flowers – The thalamus is cup shaped and is fused with Orange Fleshy, Simple, Hesperdium Mesocarp and endocarp
the ovary such that the other floral parts arise on the top of the ovary. Lithchi Simple Nut Fleshy Juicy aril
e,g, Cucumber, Apple. Mango Fleshy, simple, Drupe Mesocarp
(iv) Hermaphrodite – Flowers that contain both stamen and pistil. Gauva Fleshy, simple, berry Thalamus and pericarp
Coconut Fleshy, simple, drupe Endosperm
(v) Unisexual – Flowers that bear organs of only one sex, staminate or
pistillate flower. Tomato Fleshy, simple, berry Pericarp and placentae
Wheat & Maize Indehiscent, simple Caryopsis Starchy endosperm
(vi) Monoecious – Plants that bear flowers of both sexes. e,g, Maize.
Banana Fleshy, simple, berry Mesocarp and endocarp
Structure of a flower (vii)Dioecious – A plant species in which male and female flowers are borne NUTRITION IN PLANTS � Higher plants utilise nitrogen in
on separate individual plants e.g. in papaya and date palm. the oxidised forms such as nitrate
� The stamens are the male repro- A cross pollinated flower based � Autotrophic Nutrition and Het-
Plant Hormones and their functions erotrophic Nutri tion are two (NO3) and nitrite (NO2-) or in the
ductive organs of the flower. on the agent involved in reduced form (NH4+).
pollination can be : modes of Plant Nutrition.
� The centre of the flower contains Hormone Functions � The best known nitrogen fixing
the female reproductive whorl � Seventeen essential elements are
(1) Anemophilous — Wind symbiotic bacterium is Rhizobium
Auxins Prevent premature fall of leaves, fruits etc., promotes required for the normal growth of
called the Gynoecium or Pistil. (2) Entamophilous — Insects found in roots of legume plants.
enlargement, stimul ates respirati on l at crol root plants.
� Pistil is composed of one or more (3) Zoophilous — Animals � Sixteen essential elements in- � Free living micro–organisms such
carpels. developement. as the cyanobacteria (Nostoc,
(4) Ornithophilous — Birds Gibberellins Promote germination, promote flowering, responsible for cludes ten macroelements and six
� Each Carpel consists of three micro-elements but now nickel Anabena) and nitrogen fixing bac-
(5) Hydrophilous — Water breaking dormancy of buds. teria can also fix atmospheric ni-
parts — Sti gma, Style and has also been added to list of nu-
Ovary. (6) Chirpetrophilous — Bat Ethylene Gasous hormone triggers fruit ripening, accelerates ab- trients. trogen.
� In insect pollinated flowers the scission of leaves, flowers and fruits. � Macronutrients – Carbon, Hydro- � In nitrogen fixation the dinitrogen
� Inside the ovary the egg cell car-
pollen grains are smooth and Cytokinin Break dormancy in seeds, delay the ageing process in plants. gen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phospho- of the atmosphere is reduced to
rying ovules develop attached to
the placenta. sticky but in wind pollinated flow- Abscisic Acid It is a growth regulator, involves in the dormancy of rus, Potassium, Magnesium, Sul- ammonia with the help of enzyme
ers, the pollen grains are light, seeds, acts as a stress hormone. phur, Calcium, Iron. nitrogenase.
Pollination dry and rough. All sexually repro- � Micronutrients – Boron, Copper, � Soil bacteria like Nitrosomonas
� The term pollination refers to the ducing plants are characterized FRUITS Manganese, Zinc, Molybdenum, and Nitrosococcus are capable of
transfer and deposition of pollen by the double fertilization in � A Fruit is a ripened ovary. Zones of Fruit Wall (Pericarp) Chlorine. converting ammonia to nitrite
� Fruit is formed through the pro- Nitrogen Nutrition in Plants (NO2-) ions.
grains on the stigmatic surface of which ovule develops into seed
cesses of pollination followed by 1. Epicarp – Outer Skin. � Then, these (NO2–) ions on oxida-
the flower. It can be self or cross and ovary with its parts develops � Atmosphere i s the ul ti mate
fertilization which stimulates the 2. Mesocarp – Sweet, edible fleshy. tion are form into Nitrate (NO3–)
pollination. Each flower is well into fruits. In some plants like source of nitrogen.
ovary to grow into a fruit. by Nitrobacters and Azotobacter.
adapted and modified for its grapes and banana, the fruit de- 3. Endocarp – Innermost hard zone � Nitrogen cannot be used directly
� The fruit consists of a fruit wall, � These nitrates are absorbed by
mode of pollination. velopment may take place with- but has to be fixed in form of
the Pericarp. that encloses the seed(s). compounds. the plants through their roots.

OLE - 701 OLE - 702 OLE - 703

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GENERAL SCIENCE
� The dark reaction occurs in the stroma of Chloraplast as CO2 absorbed NO2-NO3-
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
Mineral elements in Plants and Their Deficiency Symptoms Nitrogen Everywhere Constituent of proteins,
from the atmosphere is reduced to make carbohydrate. or NH4+ nucleic acids, vitamins,
Elements Deficiency symptoms � However, plants differ in their mode of photosynthesis. On basis of light hormones, coenzymes,
ATP, chlorophyll
Nitrogen Stunted growth, chlorosis. effective in photosynthesis, plant can be C3 or C4 plants. C3 are com-
monly found plants but C4 plants with karanz anatomy undergo photo- Phosphorus H2PO4/PO4 Everywhere particularly in Constituent of Cell mem-
Magnesium Chlorosis, yellowing of leaves.
synthesis at night time when stomata are closed like sugarcane, millet, meristematic tissues brane, certain proteins; all
Calcium Stunted growth.
nucleic acids and nucle-
Phosphorus Poor growth, leaves become dull green. maize and sorghum.
otides; required for all ph-
Potassium Yellow edges of leaves, premature death. � In C3 plants RUBP is the acceptor of CO2 for dark reaction but in C4 oshphorylation reactions.
Sulphur Chlorosis, leaf curls, woody stems. plants, it is PEP (phosphoenol pyruvate). In both C3 and C4 plants, there
Potassium K+ Younger tissues, withdrawn Helps determine anion-cation
Iron Chlorosis, reduced growth. is compensation point when no gaseous exchange take between plant from older, metabolically balance in cells; involved in
Manganese Chlorosis, grey spots on leaves. and atmoshpere with rate of respiration equals to rate of photosynthe- less active cells protein synthesis; involved
Boron Brown heart disease. sis. in formation of cell mem-
Copper Dieback of shoots. Mineral nutrition : To all green plant of all the known elements, total of brane and in opening and
Molybdenum Retardation of growth. 17 elements are considered important for their proper structure and closing of stomata; increas-
function. The significance of different elements is practically studied es hardiness; activates en-
Zinc Malformed leaves, reduced flowering and fruiting.
zymes and helps in main-
by water culture of plants called hydroponics.
Insectivorous plants � Only 0.2% of the light energy in- tenance of turgidity of cells.
� Nitrogen is one of the major nu- cident on earth is utilised by ROLE OF MINERAL ELEMETNS IN PLANTS Calcium Ca2+ Meristematic tissues; buds, Involved in selective perme-
trient required by plant for amino photosynthetis organisms. leaves, root tips ability of cell membranes;
Element Obtained Regions of plant Functions activates certain enzymes;
acid and protei n synthesis. � Leaf is the major organ of pho- as from soil in which required required for development of
Plants rely on soil for supply of tosynthesis in plants. stem and root apex, and as
nitrogen in the form of the nitrate Sulphur SO 2+
4 Stem and root tips; young Constituent of certain pro-
leaves; remobilised during teins, vitamins (thiamine, calcium pectate in the mid-
ions but in soils deficient in ni- dle lamella of the cell wall.
senescence biotin, CoA) and ferredoxin
trogen, the growing plants are Magnesium Mg2+ Leaves; withdrawn from Activates enzymes in phos-
found to be insectivorous such Iron Fe3+ Everywhere; collects along Constituent of ferredoxin ageing leaves and export- phate metabolism; constit-
as Nepenthes (Pitcher plant), leaf veins and cytochromes; activates ed to developing seeds uent of chlorophyll; main-
Drosera, Utricularia, etc. They catalase; required for syn- tains ribosome structure
have modified their different thesis of chlorophyll
Respiration
body parts to trap insects, kill Manganese Mn2+ Leaves and seeds Activates certain enzymes � Respiration is the chemical breakdown or oxidation of food to release
them and obtain nitrogen to ful- (trace) (carboxylases)
the energy.
fill their nitrogen requirements.
Molybdenum MO3+ Everywhere; MO3+ particu- Activates certain enzymes � Respiration is of two types –
Photosynthesis (trace) or MO4+ larly in roots in nitrogen metabolism
1. Anaerobic respiration – Respiration which takes place in the absence of
� Photosynthesis is the process by Boron (trace) BO3– 2–
3 ,B4O 2 Leaves and seeds Required for uptake and oxygen catalyzed by presence of yeast is called fermentation. The pro-
which green plants trap solar en- utilisation of Ca2+, pollen
� All green parts of the plants have cess can be represented through the following equation
ergy and fix it into chemical en- germination and cell differ-
chloroplasts. entiation, carbohydrate C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2ATP.
ergy of carbohydrates.
� Photosynthesis is the only source � Chloroplasts are enveloped by translocation.
of energy for all organisms. double membrane enclosing Copper Cu2+ Everywhere Activates certain enzymes C6H12O6 Pyruvic acid + 2ATP..
stroma, in which grana are (trace)
� 6 CO 2 +12H 2 O present. The grana contains pig- But the net gain of ATP is 36 only.
Zinc (trace) Zn2+ Everywhere Activates various enzymes
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O ments such as Chlorophyll. especially carboxylases, part 2. Aerobic Respiration – Respiration which uses oxygen is called aero-
� Photosynthesis involves two dis- of carbonic anhydrase and bic respiration. The process can be represented through the following
� The light reaction occurs in the
tinct phases – Photochemical various dehydrogenases; equation
grana of cell’s chloroplast, in this
reaction O2 is liberated by pho- phase (light reactions) and bio- needed for auxin synthesis. C6H12O6 � 6O2 � 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP
tolysis of water, ATP and synthetic phase (dark reactions). Chlorine Cl – — With Na+ and K+ helps de- FACTS TO REMEMBER
NADPH2 are formed. termine solute concentra- � Phyllotaxy is the way in which leaves are arranged on stem.
� The light reaction occurs in the
� The dark reaction occurs in the tion and anion-cation bal-
grana of cell’s chloroplast and in ance in cells; essential for � P-Proteins are proteinaceous structures present in sieve tubes of phloem.
stroma of chloroplast and CO2
the reaction, O2 is liberated ATP oxygen evolution in photo- � Para rubber and Indian rubber are obtained from the latex of Hevea
absorbed from the atmosphere is
reduced to make Carbohydrate. and NADPH2 is formed. synthesis. brasiliensis and Ficus elastica, respectively.

OLE - 704 OLE - 705 OLE - 706

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Examples includes, Amoeba, � Stinging cells (Cnidoblasts unique

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
GENERAL SCIENCE
� Latex of poppy (Papaver � Psychrometer is an instrument
ZOOLOGY Paramecium, Vorticella, Euglena, to cnidarians) mainly in ectoderm
somniferum) yields opium which use for measuring both relative
� Zoology is the scientific study of animals. Trypnosoma and plasmodium of the tentacles discharge-sting-
contains the alkaloid morphine humidity and transpiration. (malaria parasite). ing chemical called nematocyst.
and source of many drugs like � Trace element is an element Basis of Classification � Eugl ena bei ng peculi ar au- � Endodermis cells, lining blind
hashish. which is needed in very small totrophic during day and het- sac, specialized in digestive en-
� Latex of banana contains tannins. amounts in plants. erotrophic at night. zyme. Undigested matter is ege-
� Shrubby climbers which climb sted from mouth.
� Tracer elements are the atoms of (2) Porifera
with the help of hooks are called � Cnidarians exhibit two basic body
chemical elements called iso- � Sponges are the most primitive forms, the Polyp & Medusae.
stragglers e.g., Artabotrys.
topes. They di ffer in atomic group of animal. Most of them are � In many Cnidarians, polyp gives
� Suckers developing in Musa are marine and sessile. Euspongia is
weight but not in chemical prop- rise to medusa by budding &
called sword suckers. the only fresh water sponge. medusae form polyp by sexual
erties, Examples 14C, 18O and
� Wood is secondary xylem formed 32P. � Body consists of layer of cells lin- reproduction.
by vascular cambium during sec- ing of non-living matrix. � Hydra doesn’t have medusae stage.
ondary growth. � Molybdenum is the micro–nutrient � The matrix consists of calcareous It reproduces asexually at polyp
� Soft-wood is non-porous wood be- required by the plants in least and siliceous spicules embedded stage & do exhibit locomotion.
cause it lack vessels. quantity. in the gelatinous material.
(4) Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
� Nickel is the latest discovered � Flagellated collar cells line canals,
� Softwood is generally produced � Mostly parasite. The liver and
while flattened cells line the outer
by Gymnosperms e.g. coniferous 17 th element considered to be blood fluke (fasciola & schisto-
& inner surfaces.
woods. essential for plant. � Amoeboid cells wander through soma) are prevalent in places
� Lightest wood i s found in � Potassium is required for the ac- the matrix carrying food between with poor sanitation and unpro-
cells. tected water supply.
Ochroma pyramidale (= Ochroma tivity of about 40 enzymes.
� Water and food is drawn through � Flatworm help biologist to under-
Lagopus). � Manganese is essential for pho-
collar cells & expelled through stand animal evolution.
� Heaviest wood occurs in Guai- tolysis of water and magnesium They are acoelomates with blind
osculum.
acum officinale. In India, it oc- for synthesis of chlorophyll. sac body plan, exhibit bilateral
� Sponge reproduce asexually by
curs in Acacia sundra. � Prokaryotes (Blue green algae) fragmentation. During sexual symmetry and triploblastic.
� Most durable soft wood is ob- absorb the element nitrogen in reproduction some cell become � They require a flat body because
tained from the plants of Cedrus egg or sperm cells. each cell has to be near external
gaseous form. body surface and internal sur-
deodara. (3) Cnidaria (Coelentrata)
� Characteristic pungent smell of face of branched digestive cavity
� Most durable wood is obtained
onion and garlic is due to pres- � Mainly marine. to obtain oxygen and nutrients &
from Tectona grandis (Teak). removal of waste products.
ence of sulphur compounds. � Hydra is fresh water form, Cor-
� There is no distinction between � The animal kingdom is divided � Hemi chordates or cephalo chor- � Flatworm can regenerate and re-
� Gold has been reported to occur als & sea anemones found in
heart wood and sap wood in into two main sub-kingdoms – dates have notochord in embry- shallow warm sea & Jelly fish produce asexuall y. They are
Salix, Populus, etc. in the stems of Equisetum. Protozoa and Metazoa. onic stage. found in cooler water. hermophro-dite or bisexual, e.g.
� In Morus, Taxus, the heart wood � Goerick (1940) developed hydro- � Protozoa are unicellular or acel- NON-CHORDATES – This group con- � Cnidarians exhibit a blind sac Liver Fluke, Marine flatworm,
ponics. i.e. culturing of plants in lular organisms. Metazoa are mul- body plan and are radially sym- Planaria, Tapeworm. Planaria is
is most abundant and the sap sists of the following phyla :
ticellular organisms. metrical, advanced than sponges only free living flatworm.
wood zone is quite thin. water.
� The two major groups of Meta- (1) Protozoa in having true tissue, acoelomate, (5) Nemathelminthes (Roundworms)
� Heart wood is dark coloured due � Photometer is an apparatus used zoans are the non-chordates and body wall consist of only two
to deposition of extractives and is � They are the most primitive, mi- � Round worms have tube within
for measuring the rate of transpi- the chordates. layer (ectoderm & endoderm) i.e.
croscopic, unicellular organisms. diploblastic. tube body plan with mouth,
considered durable. ration. � They derive the names from the
� They occur either singly or in � Most ecoderm cell are contractile pharynx, intestine & anus.
� Number of annual rings decrease � Porometer is an apparatus for absence or presence of noto-
colonies. and posses muscular fiber, some � The muscular pharynx allows the
as we proceed from base to the assessing the relative sizes of sto- chord.
� Many protozoa live as parasites in transmit stimuli & form primitive parasitic nematode to suck blood
top of tree. � A notochord is present at same
mata. the body cavities, tissues and nervous system. from the host.
� The bark of Cinnamomum time in the life of Chordates.
� Tensiometer is an instrument � Muscles and nerve cells allow � They have pseudocoelom. Sexes
� Non-Chordates don’t possess a cells of animals and plants.
zeylanicum (Dalchini) is used as body to co-ordinate its move- are usually separated, often with
used for measuring soil water ten- notochord at any stage of their � They reproduce by fission, bud-
a flavouring material. ments. small male and large female in-
sion. life. ding, by spores or sexually. dividuals.
OLE - 707 OLE - 708 OLE - 709
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Several nematodes infect plant Head and thorax are fused. hinge shell) form the second larg-

GENERAL SCIENCE
� Sensory structures in arthropods � � This subphylum is further di-
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
(A) Invertebrate Chordates
roots and other live as parasite are pair of antennae . � Wings and antennae are absent. est class e.g. oyster, clam and vided into two super classes –
in animals e.g. Hookworm (As- � These are al so known as
� Arthropods, particularly insects e.g. spider, scorpion, tick and mussels. Agnatha and Gnathostomata.
caris). Filaria worm, Guinea Protochordates.
also communicate by chemicals mites. � Bivalves have no sensory ten-
worm, Pinworms etc. � These forms are without a back- (i) Agnatha
called pheromones. tacles & their foot is reduced into
Crustaceans bone but they do possess a no-
(6) Annelida (Segmented Worms) � Sexes are separate. In few tongue shaped structure, which � They are fish–like forms with no
� Distinctive with two pair of anten- tochord.
� Segmented with each segment aquatic arthropods fertilization is help them burrow over sea floor. jaws and no scales.
nae. � Invertebrate chordates are fur-
called metamere has bilateral external, but in others fertiliza- � Chephalopods include squids and � The skeleton is cartilaginous.
� Head and thorax are fused. ther sub–divided into three su-
symmetry, soft and true body tion is internal. octopus. � All are parasites on other fishes.
� Appendages are present in all percl ass, Caphal ochordata,
cavity. � Eggs are laid by most arthropods, � They have mantle cavity modified � Examples are sea lamprey, hag
segments, mostly aquatic e.g. Hemichordata, Urochordata.
� Body is covered with true i.e., oviparous. from where water can be expelled fish.
Crabs, crayfish, prawns, water � Respiration occurs typically by
chitnious cuticle. � In some (e.g. scorpion), the eggs with force, which help animal to
flea, lobster, and shrimps. gills. (ii) Gnathostomata
� Bristles on the lower side help hatch within the female body i.e. have fast movement.
to grip the ground during loco- � They are cold blooded.
viviparous. Therefore scorpions Myriapods � Their foot and head region is � These are the Vertebrates with
motion in earthworm. are considered as living fossil (B) Vertebrate jawed mouth.
� Body has numerous segments. modified into structure bearing
� Earthworm also have a dark red among animals. Each segment bear one or two eyes and tentacles. � Vertebrates represent the largest � This superclass is further sub-
band called clitellum in 14 to
16th segment. � In some arthropods development pair of legs. � Many of them have blue blood group of the chordates. divided into five classes.
� A close circulatory system of is direct. The young hatched � One pair antennae e.g. centi- because of presence of phycocya- � In Vertebrate the notochord is (1) Pisces
blood vessel, a heart to move the from egg resembles the adult. pedes, millipedes. nin instead of haemoglobin a cop- present only during embryonic
blood is found for the first time They grow by moulting. per containing pigment. development. � It includes true fishes.
in annelids in the evolution of ani- � To enable growth the exoskel- Insects � All are aquatic.
9. Echinodermata � The gill slits remain functional
mals. eton is periodically shed by a � Body is divided in thorax, abdo- only in gill–breathing fishes. � The body bears fins.
� Mostly hermaphrodite but sexes process called moulting. men and head, distinctly. � They are all benthoic i.e. found
are separate i n polychaetes. � In others, developments occur at the bottom surface of ocean Fishes are of two types
� Thorax bears three pair of legs.
Some grow asexually by regen- through series of transforma- The second and third segment and have great tendency of au-
Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes
eration e.g. Nereis, Earthworm, tions called metamorphosis. (Egg totomy i.e. giving away their body
may have wings.
Blood sucking leech (Hirudinaria) part to predator to escape. The � Cartilage fish with ventral � Bony fishes with terminal
� larva � Pupa� Young one) � Insects could be graded into four
(7) Arthropoda � An insect does not possesses any groups, based on absence or given up body part soon regen- mouth and heterocercal tail fin. mouth and homoceral tail fin
nasophauynx but has small pores presence of wings and type of erates. � Gills 5-7 without the operculum. � Gills are 4 pairs with operculum.
� Arthropoda consists largest
group of animals. It includes four called spiracles on their body sur- deployments : � All adult echinoderms are radially � Swim bladder is absent. � Swim bladder is present.
major classes – Arachnida, Crus- face for the gaseous exchange. 1. Wingless form e.g. silverfish. symmetrical, but their larvae are
tacea, Myriapods, & Insecta. 2. Wings not foldable: dragon and bilaterally symmetrical. (2) Amphibians (3) Reptiles
� Therefore if an insect's head is
� Success of arthropoda is to a immersed in water, it does not damselflies. � Spiny skin contains calcareous � Cold blooded, body protected
� These include toad, frog, newt,
large extent due to their unique die but if body is immersed in 3. Wings foldable : grass hopper, plate. with waterproof scaly exoskel-
cuticle, it’s lightweight, and tough salamander.
water, it dies because of spi- locust, cricket, cockroach, ter- � Their most distinctive feature is eton.
and hard chitin composed of pro- mites, & some aphids. water vascular system. It con- � Amphibian live in fresh water or
racles filling up with water. � They respi re through l ung,
tein and polysaccharides. sists of radiating canals and tube near by l and have moi st,
� Insects do not have blood even if 4. Winged insects can both, fold eardum is depressed.
� Body is bilaterally symmetrical, feets. Their main function is lo- smooth, nonscaly skin.
they look reddish like a cock- their wings and exhibit complete � Reptiles are oviparous.
segmented and divided in head, comotion and capture of food.
roach. They contain hemocoel. metamorphosis: this group in- � In frog and toads, the four limbs � Respiration in reptiles has im-
thorax, and abdomen. � Echinoderms have proper circu-
clude most successful and di- have fore toes while hind limb proved due to development of
� A characteristic feature is jointed � Therefore if someone happens to latory system.
legs, which may be variously verse insects. have five. ribs, which help expanding and
step on a cockroach, he does not
modified for walking, swimming see any red colour blood but (8) Mollusca CHORDATES � Nostrils are used for perceiving contracting the body cavity.
and feeling. white yellowish fluid like sub- � Heart is three chambered. In
� It is second largest animal phy- � The name chordate refers to the odour and in respiration.
� Arthropods eyes may be simple stance. crocodile only heart is four cham-
lum after arthropoda. notochord which these animals � The amphibians heart is three
or compound. bered.
Arachnids � They breathe through gills. Land possess, either throughout or chambered. Gaseous exchange
� Compound eye is made of many � Two feature make reptiles truly
identical units, each with own snails and slugs (a shell less during early embryonic life.
� Six pair of appendages. Posterior takes place in lungs, moist skin land animals :
lens. So, several separate images form) have lungs. � Chordate are divided into two sub-
four pairs are legs, anterior two and moist buccal cavity and in- 1. Development of internal fer-
are formed. This enables the de- � Single coiled shell forms the larg- phylums, Invertebrates and
are for feeding. Vertebrates. sectivorous in nutrition. tilization.
tection of slightest movement. est class of mollusc. Bivalve (two

OLE - 710 OLE - 711 OLE - 712

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
2. The presence of special third � Other features are presence of stances present in body cavity such as of food in alimentary called peri-

GENERAL SCIENCE
Organs of Excretion — Invertebrates
membrane in yolk filled egg hair on body and sweat glands in stalsis. The Cardiac muscles are striated muscles like skeletal muscles
called “Amnion”. The amnion skin. External ear is present in Excretory System Invertebrates with alternate light and dark band but are involuntary in action and
enclose embryo and provide most of mammal. Heart is four uninucleated with single nucleus present in the centre. They are also
watery environment during chambered. 1. Canal System Sponges highly branched and found only in the heart wall.
development. � Other than eggs lying there are 2. Hypostomal Opening Hydra
two major groups : 3. Flame or Rennet Cells Tapeworm like fluke and planaria
(4) Aves
1. MARSUPIALS 4. Nephridia Annelids like earthworm, leech
� Characteristic features are pres- 5. Green Glands Prawn and aquatic arthropods
2. PLACENTAL
ence of feather and power of 6. Malphigian Tubules Insects
� Marsupials are common in Aus-
flight.
tralia. Young one is nourished in
� Birds have a reptilian ancestry. ANIMAL TISSUES
special pouch e.g. kangaroo, ko-
Feather are highly modified rep- The tissues which make up different parts of an organ of an organism
ala, Tasmanian wolf.
tilian scales. (animals) body are called animal tissues. The different types of animal tissues
� Placental can be arranged in four include epithelial tissue, connective tissues, muscular tissues and nervous
� Their egg resembles reptilian egg evolutionary series : tissue.
but have calcareous shell. 1. The insectivorous : The most Epithelial tissues : These are fundamental animal tissues, simple or
� Body is streamlined, fore limb primitive mammals are insect stratified with basal membrane called basement membrane. Epithelium can
converted into wings. Long feeding ones e.g. Shrew, be endothelium like those involved in formation of the lining of heart, blood
feather are essential for flight. vessels or mesothelium like pleural or pericardial cavities. In some organs � The whole of nervous tissue is made of nerve cells called neurons, the
mole, hedgehog, and bats.
Weight is reduced due to hollow like fallopian tube, lining of respiratory tract, external ear, they have hair longest of body cells and never divides in life once formed in body.
The Edentates or toothless
bones (pneumatic bones), Heart like structures cilia. Simple epithelium occurs in alveoli, Bowman's capsule They are of different types with or without axon. The one without axon
mammals are related to
and Lung improve in order to or uniferous tubules that are all single cell thick. The pseudostratified or are relay or central neuron which make up the major part of brain and
insectivorous e.g. anteater or
stratified epithelial is found in lining of trachea, outer dead layer of skin spinal cord. A neuron with axon can be sensory neuron or motor neu-
transport oxygen. Heart is four pangolin, armadillo. Primates
(stratum corneum) and over the surface of cornea, pharynx, buccal cavity, ron. Sensors nerves carry impulses from body parts to spinal cord or
chambered. have evolved from shrew like oesophagous, etc. The different glands responsible for secretion of enzymes, brain. They have laterally placed cell body while motor nerves have ter-
� Warm blooded and oviparous but animals. saliva, sweat, sebum, wax, etc are made of epithelial cells where they minal axon and carry impulse from central nervous system (CNS i.e.
viviparous in caring of chickens. 2. Whales, dolphins and por- perform glandular secretory function. brain and spinal cord) to body parts for action. In a neuron, axon may
� Few birds have wholly or partly poises. Connective tissues : As the name suggests, the tissue is concerned be invested by layer of myelin sheath or not. If yes, neuron is myeli-
lost the ability to fly. e.g.; emu, 3. Rodents : rat, mice, squirrel, with connecting of different body parts. There are three types of animal nated which is faster in impulse conduction, if not neuron is called non-
ostrich, and crossowary. and beavers. Two pair of long connective tissue called vascular, connective proper and skeletal tissue.
myelinated. The flow of nerve impulse generated and propagated by Na+
chisel like incisor character- Blood and lymph are fluid connective tissues. Blood has all three types of
� In absence of teeth birds swal-
corpuscles i.e., RBC, WBC and blood platelets but lymph has only WBC and K+ pump is always unidirectional from axon to dendrite except at
low food. The digestive tracts izes them. Rabbits and hares the junction of two nerves called synapsis. Here transmission takes place
are also closely related. being devoid of RBC and blood platelets.
have additional chambers the � Connective tissue proper consists of areolar tissue, tendon (joins muscles with secretion of chemical called neurotransmitter like acetylcholine.
Crop and Gizzard. 4. Carnivorous and Ungulates � In CNS, spinal cord is responsible for coordination of short lived, involun-
to bones) and ligaments (join bone to bone) along with adipose tissue
� The crop store and soften food, (hoofed mammals) and el- tary action called reflex action but brain is for voluntary with main actions
which forms a protective insulating layer around important body or-
where as muscular gizzard help ephant : carnivores include gans. Cartilage and bones are the two types of skeletal connective tis- such as thinking, memory, reasoning, hearing, vision and balance.
cats like lion, tiger, leopard, sues, cartilage are soft like outer, ear/nose, tongue etc. with protein
in crushing in and churning it.
� Some birds store small stone in
cheetah, house cat. Other called chondrin but bones are hard deposit of tricalcium phosphate ELEMENTARY PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE
major group is dog like — (Ca3(PO4)2). In mouth each tooth that represents a bone has the enamel, � Cells of multi–cellular organisms undergo differentiation and each type
their gizzard for effective churn-
wolfs, foxes, jackals, & dogs. the hardest body part as the outermost covering being resistant to me- of cell is specialised for a limited number of specific functions.
ing.
Seal, walrus and sea lion are chanical or chemical effect. The mast cells present in areolar tissue pro- � One or more types of specialised cells are set in specific extra–cellular
� Birds are known for double res- aquatic carnivores. duce histamine for allergic action. materials to constitute a tissue.
piration. Muscular tissues : There are three different types of muscular tissues � An organ is made up of different types of tissue. Each organ performs
� Ungulates are divided into two
(5) Mammals groups–even hoofed ungulate called skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. The skeletal muscles also called specific functions which depend on the collective and integrated activities
striated muscles with alternate light and dark bands of protein actin and of its tissues.
� The most unique characteristic is (cows, buffaloes, sheep, goats,
myosin are cylindrical, multinucleated with nucleus at periphery and � Several organs constitute an organ system. Organs of a system function
milk producing mammary gland. camel, pig, giraffes, hippopota- in a coordinated manner to carryout a major life process such as
voluntary. They are mostly found attached to body bones for movement and
mus) and odd toed ungulates digestion, excretion, etc.
� Mammals are viviparous, with locomotion.
(horse, donkey, zebra, rhino). Human Body
exception of two; egg lying ani- � Smooth muscles are involuntary, spindle shape with actin and myosin.
There is no cud–chewing animal � The Human Body has nine systems :
mal, the platypus and echidna They mostly form the lining of alimentary canal, respiratory tract, etc.
in this group. 1. The Digestive System 2. The Respiratory System
(spiny anteater). Their alternate contraction and relaxation provides movement to the sub-
3. The Circulatory System 4. The Excretory System

OLE - 713 OLE - 714 OLE - 715

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
5. The Endocrine System 6. The Reproductive System.

GENERAL SCIENCE
Expiration is carried out passively by relaxation of diaphragm and
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
STAGES IN DIGESTION �
7. The Skeletal System 8. The Muscular System intercoastal muscles. The volume of thorax decreases and pressure
9. The Nervous System Part of the Gland and its Enzyme Substrate Product of
Alimentary secretion secreted Digestion inside thorax and lungs increases to expel the air to outside.
The Digestive System Canal � Cellular respiration involves oxidation of food to release energy in form
� Digestion is the process of biochemical transformation of complex and Mouth Salivary Salivary amyl- Starch Maltose of ATP. A mole of glucose produce 38 ATP with net gains of 36 ATP
large food particles into simpler form, making it suitable for absorption gland : ase (Ptyalin) only.
and assimilation. The process of the breakdown of large food molecules Saliva
into simpler compounds is catalysed by special enzymes. � However during strenuous exercise with increasing energy demand,
Oesophagus None None None None anaerobic respiration too occur simitaneously producing lactic acid with
Organs involved and their functions
Stomach Glands lining Pepsin in adu- Proteins, Proteases and 2 ATP.
� The Mouth : Ingestion and chewing takes place in the mouth with the � 7It’s the accumulation of lactic acid that causes muscular cramps affer
the stomach : lts coagulation of Peptones
help of teeth. Humans are heterodonts with four types of teeth in pat- Gastric juice Renin in child- milk proteins Casein strenuous exercise.
tern of 2 :1 : 2 : 3. A starch hydrolysing enzyme, Ptyalin is present in and hydroch- ren (Caseinogen)
the saliva added to food during chewing.
loric acid.
� The Oesophagus : The mouth leads to a funnel-shaped pharynx which
communicates with a long muscular tube-like oesophagus. The oesopha- Duodenum 1. Liver : Bile None Fats 1. Emulsified
gus opens into the stomach carrying the food by peristalsis. juice fat
� The Stomach : The stomach is a large muscular sac. It has many glands 2. Provides an
on its wall. The cells of these gastric glands secrete HCI, protein- alkaline medi-
digesting enzymes and mucin in the lumen (cavity) of the stomach. The um for the ac-
mixture of their secretions in the gastric lumen is called Gastric Juice. tion of intenst-
It digests proteins in the stomach into amino acids, peptones or inal juices
peptides. 2. Pancrease : 1. Amylopsin Strach Maltose and
� The Small Intestine : The small intenstine is distinguished into three Pancreatic glucose
parts, viz, Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum. The common bile duct opens Juice 2. Trypsin Proteins Proteases,
into duodenum and drains juices from pancreas and liver. The jejunum peptones,
follows duodenum and is longer and more coiled. The last part or ileum peptides,
is also highly–coiled and opens into the large intenstine. Nearly all amino acids
absorption of digested material takes place from the wall of the ileum 3. Steapsin Fats Fatty acids
through the villi. From intestine absorbed food is taken to liver by hepatic (lipase) and glycerol
portal vein.
Ileum Glands lining Erepsin Proteins and Amino acids
� The Large Intestine : The large intestine has three parts, Caccum, Colon the ileum : (Peptidase) peptides
and Rectum. The walls of the large intestine absorb much of the water. Intenstinal Maltase Maltose Glucose and � In body transport of oxygen from lungs to body cells takes place in
So it is not lost from the body. The semi–solids which remain are called juice. Sucrase Sucrose Fructose Glu- form of oxyhaemoglobin while that of carbon dioxide from body cells to
faeces. They are stored in large intestine and passed out at intervals lungs takes place in form of bicarbonates and carboxy-haemoglobin.
(invertase) Lactose cose and
through the anus.
Lactase galactose Cellular respiration :
Colon None None None Absorbs water
and mineral
salts forming
feaces
Rectum None None None Temporarily
stores undi-
gested food
before egestion

The Respiratory System

� The Respiratory System takes in oxygen from the air and expels car-
bon dioxide and water vapour.
� The mammalian respiratory system consists of nasal cavity, nasopharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli in lungs.
� The lungs are enclosed in double walled sacs called Pleura.
� During inspiration, the diaphragm and external intercostals muscles con-
Steps involved : Ingestion� Digestion � Absorption � Assimilation � tracts, due to which diaphragm moves down. i.e. flattens the volume of
Egestion thorax increases, which lead to fall in pressure inside.

OLE - 716 OLE - 717 OLE - 718

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
They form urine and drain it ul- � Cerebral hemisphere is divided into frontal, parietal, temporal and

GENERAL SCIENCE
The Circulatory System � 3. Lungs
� The Circulatory System is constituted of following important parts : timately into the pelvis of kidney, � Lungs regularly participate in the occipital lobes each with its own association centres.
1. Arteries : These are large thick elastic walled blood vessels that from where the ureter arises. excretion of some volatile mate- � The spinal cord is present in a series of 31 sections called vertebrae.
carries blood from the heart to the limbs and organs. All arteries � Ureters from both the kidneys rials by respiration. Each segment giving rise to pair of spinal nerve.
except the pulmonary artery carry oxygenated blood. finally open into urinary bladder � The entire volume of carbon di- � From brain it arise as an extension of medulla that comes out of cavity
oxide, produced in the body, and in skull called formen of magnum.
2. Veins : A blood vessel that conveys blood from the capillary net- which stores urine temporarily.
some moisture are regularly ex-
work in the tissues/organs to the heart. All veins except the pul- � Urethra arises from the neck of creted in the expelled air.
monary vein carry deoxygenated blood. They all have valves to pre- the bladder and conducts urine
vent back flow of blood. 4. Liver
to the exterior.
3. Heart : The human heart is situated in the thorax between the lungs � Liver is principal organ for the
� The act of temporary storage
with its apex resting on the diaphragm is responsible for double excretion of cholesterol, bile pig-
then expulsion of it is called mic- ments (bilirubin and biliverdin)
circulation. It consists of four chamber viz two Atria (Auricles) and
turition. produced from dead RBC and in-
two Ventricles. The Auricles receive blood from the veins. The ven-
� In a normal person daily output activated products of steroid hor-
tricles pump blood into the arteries. Human heart beats at the rate
of urine is about 1-1.5 litre. mones, some vitamins and many
of about 72/min in the resting condition i.e. a single beat completes drugs.
in 0.8 sec. � Each time a person expels urine
� It is also the site of production
he/she loses 420 ml of urine of urea from proteins and am-
normal capacity of urinary bladder. monia (deamination).
The Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) blood pressure, dilate pupils, re-

� PNS is composed of spinal nerves lax urinary bladder to help body
and cranial nerves. adjust to changes.
� Neurons and nerve fi bres � Parasympathetic nerves, de-
conduct nerve impulses from the crease both rate and force of
CNS to peripheral organ are called heart beat, dilate many blood ves-
The Excretory System 2. Kidney � The Nervous System receives in- � An extra–cellular fluid called efferent neurons. sel, lower the blood pressure,
formation about external and in- Cerebrospinal fluid produced by � Neurons and nerve fi bres constrict the pupils, contract the
� Metabolism of different chemical � Kidneys are a pair of the urine ternal changes, conducts such cerebral plexus occurs between urinary bladder. i.e. brings body
susbstances produces different forming organs. conduct nerve impluses from
information between different pia and archnoid matter. peri phery to CNS are call ed back to normal after the change.
waste products in the body. The � Nephrons are functional units of parts of the body and coordi- � It affords some protection to CNS afferent neurons. � Tongue (Taste) : position of taste
process of elimination of these kidney. nates their activities in the light against mechanical injury and � Neurons and nerve fibres which sensation over tongue sweet-top,
metabolic waste products from of those changes. shock, it exchanges materials. cause movement of the muscles sour-sides, bitter-back.
the body is called excretion.
� The Nervous System consists of � Hypothalamus contain higher are called motor neurons.
� Important constituent organs of the Central Nervous System, Pe- nerve centres for osmo- The Skeletal System
the excretory system are : � There are 31 pairs of spinal
ripheral Nervous System and Au- regul ati on, temperature nerves and 12 pairs of cranial Axial Skeleton (80 bones)
1. Skin tonomic Nervous System. regulation, hunger, thirst and nerves among humans.
emotional functions. Skull
� Human skin possess glands for The Central Nervous System
� It secretes five neurohormones Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Cranium 8
secreting two fluids on its sufrace
viz. sweat from sweat glands and � The Central Nervous System con- which control secretions of pitu- � Nerves conveying impulses to Face 14
sebum from sebaceous gland. sists of brain and spinal cord. itary hormones, It synthesises glands, involuntary muscles and Ear ossicles 6
� The forebrain consists of the posterior pituitary hormones. heart muscles constitute ANS.
� Sweat i s an aqueous fluid Hyoid bone 1
containi ng mainl y sodium cerebrum, it is the largest part � Cerebellum is second largest � ANS is divided into two Sympathetic
of human brain. portion of brain located at base, and Parasympathetic nervous sys- Vertibral column vertebrae 26
chloride, lactic acid, urea, amino
acids and glucose. � Brain and spinal cord are covered under the cerebrum. It helps in tem. (cervical 7, thoracic 12,
by three connective tissue maintaining body balance and � Sympathetic nerves enhance the lumbar 5, sacrum 1, coccyx1)
� Sebum is wax–like secretion
membranes– pia matter, posture, when walking, running force and rate of heart beat, con-
which eliminates some lipids, Thorax : Sternum 1
archnoid matter and dura matter. or swimming etc. strict blood vessel, raise arterial
hydrocarbons and fatty acids. Ribs 24
OLE - 719 OLE - 720 OLE - 721
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
ment due to the presence of

GENERAL SCIENCE
Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones) Phalanges (jingers) 28 tissues. Their actions are more
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
3. Parathyroid Parathormone maintain
Upper Regions Lower extremities : Pelvic fluid inside fluid-filed cavity widespread but slower than nerve gland PTH calcium level and
such as in earthworms, impulses in coordinating the ac- synthesis of collagen
(hip) Girdles 2 4. Adrenal
Pectoral girdle : Clavicle 2 round worms, etc. tivities of different organs and tis- gland/
Femur (thigh) 2
Scapula 2 (ii) Exoskeleton : It is the skel- sues. Superior to
Tibia 2 eton made of chitin and cal- each kidney.
Arm : Humerus (upper arm) 2 a. Adrenal 1. Glucocorticoid Regulate metabolism. Addison’s
Fibula 2 cium carbonate found out- cortex (especially corti- Help body adjust to disease
Radius 2
Patela (knee cap) 2 side the body such as in in- sol) stress.
Ulna 2
Tarsals 14 sects. Therefore animals 2. Mineralocorti- Stimulate kidney to
Carpals (wrist) 16 with exoskeleton have to coid (especially retain sodium and
Metatarsals 10 aldosterone) excrete potassium.
Metacarpals (palm) 10 shed off the skeleton from
Phalanges 28 3. Gonadocorti- Stimulate development Pre-puberty In adults,
time to time growth.
coid (especially of secondary sexual males develop results in
(iii) Endo skeleton : It is com- androgens) characteristics especia- female secon- acute change
prised of bones and lly in males. dary sex char- in secondary
cartilages found in higher acteristics & sexual
animals such as birds and vice versa. characte-
mammal. ristics
b. Adrenal Adrenailne Carbohydrate metabo- Prolonged
The Endocrine System medulla (Emergency lism. Helps body adapt ‘fight’ fear or
hormone) ‘flight’
� Endocrine glands are ductless
to stress and other ex- Symptoms
glands which secrete hormones treme conditions. include
into the blood. Hormones are in- wearing down
formational molecules. They regu- of Individual
late functions of other organs and 5. Pancreas/ 1. Glucagon Raises blood sugar
Slightly below level.
the stomach. 2. Insulin Lowers blood sugar Diabetes Insulin shock
Endocrine System and its Functioning 3. GHIH (Somatot- level. mellitus
rophin) Inhibits secretion of
Gland/ Secretion Function Hyposecre- Hypersecre-
glucagon and insulin.
Location tion tion
6. gonads Testosterone and Development of primary
1. Pituitary 1. Adrenocorti Control the activities of a. Testes (male)/ androsterone and secondary sexual
gland/ pcotrophic adrenal gland, gonads In the scrotum characteristics in males.
Attached to hormone, follicle and thyroid gland. in males Influences sex instincts
the and reflexes.
hypothalamus stimulating b. Ovaries (fe- 1. Oestrogen Development of the prim-
of the brain. hormone, TSH male)/In the ary and secondary sex
a. Anterior lobe 2. Human growth Stimulate general body Dwarfism Gigantism pelvic cavity. characteristics in females.
hormones (Hgh) growth. 2. Progesterone Prepares the uterus for Reduced
3. Prolactin Stimulate the mammary (Pregnancy the implatation, retention develop-
glands to produce milk. hormone) and growth of the foetus. ment of
4. Lutenizing Indues ovulation 3. Relaxin Helps to dilate the cervix sex orga-
hormones towards the end of preg- ns
b. Intermediate Melanocyte Regulates amount of pig Darkening nancy to enable child
pituitary stimulating ment in skins of certain of skin birth.
hormone animals. 7. Thymus/- Thymosin, Initiates production of
c. Posterior 1. Vasopersin Stimulates kidneys to re Diabetes Posterior to thymoprotein lymphocytes, antibodies.
lobe (ADH) tain water, causes blood insipidus breast bone,
vessels to constrict.
� In skeletal system where two bones meet is called joint. It can be mov- between the
2. Oxytocin Stimulates the muscles lungs. Its
able allowing movement of bones or immovable. The moveable joints (Birth of the utrerus to contract size declines
are hinge joints or ball and socket type depending on type of motion, hormone) during labour.
with age after
they permit. In movable joints, bones have synovial membrane with syn- 2. Thyroid/On Thyroxine Increases rate of metab- Cretinism, Grave's
15 years
ovial fluid to facilitate easy movement. either side of olism and maintains en- Myxedema disorder
8. Pineal gland Serotonin melat- Serotonin is neuto
the trachea, ergy balance. Hashimoto
Types of skeleton : There are three types of skeleton called. otion transmitter melatorin for
infront of the Calcitonin Regulates calcium and Simple goitre Goitre
skin pigmentation.
(i) Hydrostatic skeleton : In organisms showing hydrostatic skeleton, larynx. phosphate levels in the Tetany
blood. diurual rhythm
the musles contract to change the shape of coelom produces move-

OLE - 722 OLE - 723 OLE - 724

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
BLOOD This is why hands and feet get swollen with accumulated fluid in per-

GENERAL SCIENCE
� ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES
son suffering from dietary deficiency of protein.
� Plasma functions in transport, body immunity, prevention of blood loss, Blood Antigen Antibody May donate May receive
retention of fluid in blood, maintenance of pH, uniform distribution of heat. group blood to blood from
Functions of Blood A A b A, AB A,O
B B a B, AB B, O
1. Transport
AB A,B neither AB A, B, AB, O
(a) Respiratory gases (b) Nutrients a nor b
(c) Waste products (d) Hormones, enzymes, minerals O neither a,b A, B, AB, O O
2. Protective Function A nor B
(a) Production of antibodies (b) Phagocytosis
� Rh factor : Called Rhesus factor, people having it are Rh+ and people
(c) Clotting mechanism
without it are Rh–. Problem arise at time of tansfusion of Rh+ and Rh–
3. Regulatory Function and same at time of pregnancy, first Rh+ foetus in Rh– mother is safe
(a) Body temperature (b) pH balance if mother is transferred with Rh+ blood. But in 2nd pregnancy disinte-
(c) Fluid balance gration of RBC of feotus occur causing anaemia and death. These days
� Blood is a fluid connective tissue � Leukocytes (WBC) are devoid of
along with lymph. haemoglobin and are nucleated. Blood Coagulation to prevent this Rhogan containing defective unit anti Rh antibody are
� Erythrocytes (RBC) are most nu- � Neutrophils and monocytes pro- � Coagulation is brought about by hydrolysis of soluble fibrinogen of blood injected in pregnant mother.
merous of the formed element of tect the body against microbes. plasma to insoluble fibrin. This is catalysed by an enzyme called throm- Blood Group Chart
blood. � Lymphocytes secrete antibodies bin. Fibrin precipitate as network of fibres. Blood group of Possible blood group Impossible blood group
� Their most characteristic feature in the blood to destroy microbes � Thrombin occurs in blood as an inactive globulin called Prothrombin. Parents of children/offsprings of children offspring
is presence of haemoglobin and and neutralise their toxin. � In case of injury, Coagulation promoting substances called Thrombo-
O×O O A, B, AB
absence of nucleus. � The number of leukocytes per mi- plastins are released, which help in formation of enzyme Prothromkinase.
This enzyme hydrolyses prothrombin to thrombin. Ca2+ ions and vit.k O×A O, A B, AB
� The total number of erythrocytes cro litre of blood is called total
are essential for both the activation and action of thrombin. O×B O, B A, AB
per microlitre of blood is known count of WBC. It is normally 5000
as total count of RBC. in humans. The ratio of RBC to O × AB A, B O, AB
WBC is 1000 :1. A×A A, O B, AB
� It averages 5 and 4.5 million
percc of blood in adult man and � Blood Platelets (thrombocytes) are A×B A, B, AB, O —
adult women respectively. non nucleated, round or oval, A × AB A, B, AB O
� The total count would be low in biconvex cell. B×B B, O A, AB
anaemia. � Their normal life span is a week. B × AB A, B, AB O
� The abnormal rise in total count � When blood vessel is injured, AB × AB A, B, AB O
in RBC is called polycythemia. platelets get clamped at the in- REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
� Erythrocyte participate in transport- jured spot and release certain
ing oxygen from lungs to tissue. chemical called Platelet Factor, � In some people timely blood clotting does not take place. They are � Humans like mammals show sexual dimorphism with male and female
which promote blood coagulation. reproductive organs present in different individuals.
� CO 2 is carried in both plasma known to suffer from haemophilia.
� The extra–cellular fluid is straw- � In males the primary sex organs are a pair of testes found in muscular
and RBC as bicarbonate ions of Blood Groups
coloured, slightly alkaline and pouch called scrotum that hangs outside human body because devel-
sodium.
aqueous called plasma, which is � K. Landsteiner in 1900 classified human beings in four groups on the opment of sperms requires 2°-3°C less temperature than body tempera-
� In foetus, erythrocytes are mainly
30%-35% of blood. basis of the reactions of their blood A, B, AB and O. ture.
formed in the liver and spleen.
� Plasma contains 92% of water � Blood compatibility depends upon chemicals called agglutinogen or an- � Therefore, males are also advised to avoid wearing tight underpants. A
� But from birth onwards, erythro- human male enters into adolescence at age of about 15 years when the
and three major classes of plasma tigens on the surface of the red cells and chemicals called agglutinin or
cytes are formed in red bone mar- sperm development starts in seminiferous tubules of testes under the
proteins – albumin, globulin and antibodies in the plasma.
row while destroyed in liver and effect of androgens mainly testosterone.
fibrinogen. It serves as source of � There are two types of antigen: A and B; and two types of antibody:
spleen (grave yard of RBC). anti-A and anti-B. � The male sex hormone from leydig cells under the influence of FSH
� Erythrocyte has average life of protein for tissue cells.
� Blood Transfusion. Anti-A plasma agglutinates A red cells, and anti-B from anterior pituitary gland.
120 days. � Albumin and globulin retain wa-
plasma agglutinates B red cells. So these combinations of plasma and � During excitation, the sperms passes into urethra where secretions from
� Iron (Fe-II) and proteins are es- ter in blood plasma. A fall in
red cell are incompatible as far as blood transfusion is concerned. How- seminal vesicle and prostate gland takes place.
sential raw material while B 12 plasma protein leads to filtering ever a child’s blood group can not directly be used for providing the � The seminal vesicle added fructose rich secretion to provide energy for
and folic acid stimulate synthesis out of excessive volumes of wa- maternity or faterinity as a father or mother with blood group A & B swimming of sperms and the secretion from prostate gland is basic in
and maturation. ter from blood to tissue. can have blood group AB or O type too. nature to neutralise acidity of urine before it could damage the sperms.

OLE - 725 OLE - 726 OLE - 727

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Genetic Disorders

GENERAL SCIENCE
� The mixture of mucus along with secretions from glands and sperm � Natural method of abstaining during fertile period from 12th day to 17th
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
that is ejaculated is called semen. day of menstrual cycle or coitus interruptus. � Albinism : caused by recessive gene, which block the conversion of
� Female Reproductive System : In human females, a pair of ovaries � Barrier methods like use of diaphragm or Copper-T by females and con- amino acid tyrosine to melanin. Effect is absence of pigment in skin,
located in lower abdominal cavity on either side of vertebral column dom by males or other IUD devices. hair and iris of eyes.
are the primary female sex organ. � Chemical contraceptive methods that include the use of the contracep- � Down syndrome (Mongolism) : caused by trisomy of chromosome 21.
� In females ovary although primary oocytes are present right from birth tive pills of different types like ‘Saheli’ developed in India. Effect is physically and mentally retarded patient with round face and
as their formation occurs during foetal stage, the development starts � Surgical method for permanent control on child birth i.e. vasectomy in widely separated eyes.
with beginning of adolescence at an age of about 12 years when the males and tubectomy in females. � Glactosemia : caused by recessive autosomal gene, results in defect
first menstrual cycle called menarche occurs to end with menstrual dis- However in family planning under ART (Assisted Reproductive in enzyme system utilizing sugar glactose lead to high–level of galactose
charge on 28 days of the cycle. Technology) the infertile or issueless parents are helped too by Test Tube in blood; resulted in development of cataract and brain damage.
� In females these menstrual cycles continues upto age of 50 years when
Baby or techniques like ZIFT or GIFT. (Zygote or Gamete Intra Fallopian � Hemophilia : caused by sex–linked recessive gene; produce defective
menopause occurs and after which a mother cannot become pregnant.
Transfer) or Artificial insemination. protein, essential for clotting of blood.
� During this fertile period from menarche to menopause, female undergo
menstrual cycle and period when pregnant and a few months after child GENETICS � Huntington’s disease : caused by dominant autosomal gene; lead to
birth (lactation amenorrhea) mother does not undergo menstrual cycle. progressive deterioration of nervous system. Peculiar feature developed
� The term ‘Genetics’ was coined by Watson to describe the study of in-
� During the course of a menstrual cycle the changes a female under- between 30 to 40 years.
heritance and variation and the factors controlling them.
goes in its reproductive system are regulated by sex hormone called � Klinefelter syndrome : because of additional X-chromosome; resulted
� Today the subject has three main subdivisions — Mendelian genetics,
oestrogen and progesterone. in improper development of testes.
population genetics and biochemical genetics.
� The secretion of progesterone also called pregnancy hormone starts af- � Muscular Dystrophy : caused by sex linked recessive gene, resulted
� Heredity may be defined as the transmission of characteristics from
ter 14th day of menstrual cycle when ovulation takes place in which an in childhood muscle weakness suffering and atrophy.
one generation to successive generations of living things.
ovum is released to be pushed into fallopian tube (oviduct) where act of � Phenylketonuria (PKU) : caused by recessive autosomal gene in
fertilization takes place. � The first quantitative study of inheritance was carried out by Gregor
homozygous condition, results into accumulation of acid phenylanine and
� If successful fertilization takes place a zygote is formed and the em-
John Mendel on Garden Peas (Pisum sativum).
brain damage. It can be prevented by giving phenylalanine diet.
bryo development start to occur and complete in uterus where embryo � Gene is a unit of heredity.
� Sickle Cell Anaemia : caused by recessive gene that lead to abnormal
gets implanted and if the fertilization does not takes place, the dead � The various forms of a gene are called alleles. haemoglobin molecule. RBC are sickle shaped with reduced haemoglobin.
ovum is expelled from body in menstrual flow marking the end of men- � Individual organisms in which the members of a pair of alleles are � Tay-Sach disease : caused by autosomal recessive gene-resulted in
strual cycle and start the new one. different are said to be heterozygous. cerebral degeneration, epilepsy, paralysis and blindness.
� The developing embryo in uterus for its growth takes oxygen and nour- � Individuals in which the members of a pair of alleles are same are said � Thalassemia : (Cooley’s anaemia) mostly in children caused by recessive
ishment from a muscular connection called placenta. to be homozygous. gene-resulted abnormality in haemoglobin structures.
� It also secrete the hormone relaxin and HCG whose presence in urine � The Genotype is the genetic constitution of an organism. � Turner Syndrome : caused by lack of X chromosome (OX); resulted in
is taken as pregnancy test by a doctor. � The observable characteristics of an organism constitutes its Phenotype. phenotypical female but have rudimentary sex organ and mammary gland.
� After the completion of pregnancy period also called gestation period of
� The ability of a gene to have many effects is called Pleiotropy.
270 days i.e. 9 months. FOOD AND NUTRITION
� Pedigree analysis is a system to analyse the distribution and movement
� The hormone oxytocin also called birth hormone from posterior pitu-
of traits in the family tree. Balanced Diets � Roughage : adds bulk in food for
itary gland marks the beginning of parturition i.e. child birth.
� The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance by Sutton and Boveri states that � A diet is balanced if it contains proper digestion otherwise leads
� The first milk produced and secreted by mothers for breast feeding of
her child is called colostrum. Mendelian genes are located on chromosomes, and it is the chromosomes all the nutrients in the correct to constipation.
� It is rich in antibodies, proteins and Ig E for protection against allergy. that segregate and assort independently. amount. � For Pregnant woman and chil-
� In a child number of changes takes place soon after birth in first three � The sexually reproducing animals have, in each of their cells, a set of � A balanced diet is related to the dren protein requirement is high
months such as ossification of bones i.e. at birth total number of bones chromosomes called autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes (X and Y). state of one’s age, health and oc- for body building.
in an infant are about 270 but in 3-months they are reduced to 206, � In human females there are two X chromosomes and in males one X cupation. � For Hard–working adult, carbo-
the development of RBC which takes place in liver of foetus now shifts and one Y Chromosome. � Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vi- hydrates and fats requirement is
to bone marrow while the liver become the site for death of RBC there- � Har Gobind Khorana, along with his associates, manufactured short DNA tamins and minerals are nutri- high.
fore in most cases an infant suffers from anemia after child birth. As molecules having a known sequence of bases (Gene). ents.
Food Tests
you have learnt in human health and diseases. � DNA molecules synthesize messenger RNA molecules also of known base � Carbohydrates and fats : provide
� An infant is ought to be vaccinated for number of diseases like T.B., sequence. These RNA molecules then direct protein synthesis and form energy. � Starch : With iodine solution,
Polio, Diptheria, Tetanus and chicken pox etc. � Proteins : growth and repair or brown colour it gives blue black
the sequence of the proteins, the codes were directly established. This
Contraceptive methods : These are methods developed to achieve the replacement of cellular mecha- colour.
is a milestone in the history of genetics. For this, Khorana shared with
goal of 'Family Planning' of 0 ‘Hum Do Humare Do’ to check the growing nism. � Reducing sugar : Sugars such as
M.W. Nirenberg and R.H. Holley (1968) Nobel prize in medicine.
human population and spacing of child birth. It uses different methods or � Vitamin and minerals : aid vital glucose gives Benedict’s solution
techniques such as : � Central Dogma, DNA mRNA Protein reaction in cells and tissues. or Fehling's solution test.

OLE - 728 OLE - 729 OLE - 730

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
� � 1 gm fat or oil give 37 kJ or 9.45 Mineral Deficiency Diseases

GENERAL SCIENCE
Benedict’s solution blue in colour Minerals Sources Daily Functions Deficiency-
gives yellow to brick red colour k Cal. Minerals Sources Daily Functions Deficiency- Requi- signs
depending on percentage of the � Butter, ghee, cheese, milk, egg, Requi- signs rement
glucose present in given solution. yolk, nut, meat are rich sources rement Iodine Common salts, 5-10 It is an essential Goitre
� For oligosaccharide like galactose of fat. sea weeds, mgm constituent of the
Calcium Milk, Cheese, 1.0-15 Essential for the Rickets (mal-
or maltose. The sugar is first � Fat is insoluble in water and milk, fish, ma- hormone thyroxine
hard water, gm formation of bones, formation of
acidified and heated to break into soluble in organic solvent. rine food etc. (an active principle
green vege- teeth, coagulation bones), in Chi-
simple sugar before testing it for � Fats are stored as lipid in our hormone of
tables, fish, of milk, contraction ldren and Ost-
presence of simple sugar. body. thyriod gland).
meat etc of muscle, neuro- eomalasia in
� Proteins : The proteins present � Few fats that cannot be synthe- Sodium Common salt, 5-10 gm Essential for normal Reduction of
muscular excitability, adults, tetany
are tested by Biurette test. In the sized by our body are called es- milk, water, functions of cells, con- fat deposit,
permeability of the etc.
test the given amount is mixed sential fat. The most important of different food traction of muscles, atrophy of
these is Linoleic acid (all veg- capillary endothelium stuffs etc. excitation of nerves. It muscles and
with equal volume of ammonium
etable oil contain it, except coco- and activation of helps to maintain bl- testis, lung
or sodium hydroxide and then
nut oil). certain enzymes. ood reaction, formation infection, re-
heated with solution of copper
sulphate. � Linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic Potassium All food stuffs 4 gm It plays an important Retardation of of HCL of gastric juice, tarded bone
acids are essential fatty acids. role in maintaining int- bone growth, osmotic pressure and formation and
� The appearance of purple colour
shows the presence of protein. � Unsaturated fat : Low melting racellular osmotic pr- lowering of absorption. growth.
point, more reactive. essure, intracellular heart rate, pa- Phosphorus Cereals, legu- 1-1.5 gm It is an essential con- Rickets, Os-
� Fats : These are tested by
rubbing them on a piece of paper � Saturated fat : Occur mostly in reaction, CO2 carriage, ralysis of mus- mes, fish, stituent of cells, bones temalacia, dys-
to whi ch i t makes oily and animal fat, high melting point, so- cardiac and muscular cle, hypertro- meat, eggs, and teeth. It takes an function of
translucent/transparent. lidify at room temperature. contraction. phy of Kidney, liver, kidney essential role in musc- renal tubules
� The principal nutritional role of sterility. etc. ular contraction, phos- etc.
� It is also tested by adding in so-
proteins is to build tissue struc- Magnesium Green vegeta- 300 to It is essential for the Vascular distu- phorylation of sugars,
lution of ethanol with which oils
tures. bles, bread, 350mgm formation of bones and rbances, hyp- fats, blood coagulation,
gives cloudy white precipitate.
� Proteins are made up of 20 amino meat, etc. teeth and muscular prexcitability, enzymatic functions of
Important Facts acids. Some of the amino acids contraction. It activa- convulsions, vitamin B-Complex,
� Carbohydrates are more suitable cannot be synthesized in the ani- tes the enzyme, tetany etc. regulation of pH of cells,
for the production of energy in mal body and must be supplied phosphatase. blood and urine etc.
the body than protein and fats be- with food in adequate amounts. Iron Green leaves, 5 to It is one of the main Anaemia Source and role of Principal vitamins
cause carbohydrate molecules � They are called Essential Amino Vitamin Best Food Source Function Deficiency disease
lentils, peas 20 mg constituen-ts of
Acid. Other Amino Acids may be Retinol : Carrots, Yellow Synthesis of the Xerophthalmia :
contain relatively more oxygen fruits, meat, haemoglobin,
synthesized in the body, are called (Vitamin A) and green vegeta- sual purple of the drying of cornea and
than the others. fish, liver, egg cytochrome and myo-
Non-Essential Amino Acid. (Fatsoluble) bles. Other sour- retinal rods. ulceration. Night
� Carbohydrates are supplied to etc. globin. It is related
� Eight–amino–acids are consid- ces include butter, Maintains general blindness: inability
the tissues mainly as blood sugar. to oxygen carriage in milk, fish-liver oil health and vigour to see in the dark.
ered essential for human nutri-
� Carbohydrates are also stored in blood in the form of of epithelial cells. Keratinization of
tion. These are methionine,
the tissues as glycogen. haemoglobin, Hence essential eptthelium : Dry
theronine, tryptophan, valine, for good skin skin and hair.
� Athelets, labourers doing heavy leucine, isoleucine, lysine and and acts as oxygen
and hair.
work and mountaineers should phenylalanine. store for muscle in the
live on high carbohydrates. Thiamine Whole grains, Carbohydrates me- Beri-beri : Partial
� Plants proteins are frequently de- form of myoglobin. It
(Vitamin B1) yeast, liver, egg, tabolism. Ensures paralysis of skeletal
� Yield of 1 gm carbohydrate is 17 ficient in one or more essential is also related to the (Water Solu- pork, nuts normal functioning muscles and diges-
KJ or 4.1 K cal. amino acids. tissue oxidation in the ble) of the central ner- tive disturbances
� Carbohydrates account for 60 – � They are considered nutritionally form of cytochrome. vous system.
80% energy requirement. inferior to animal proteins with Copper Green vegeta- 2 mgm It acts as an important Anaemia, Riboflavin Cereals, legumes, Essential carboh- Arbiflavonosis :
� Fats gives slightly more than respect to essential amino acids. bles milk, component of many Wilson’s (Vitamin B2) milk egg, liver, ydate and protein Characterised by
twice of energy than carbohy- (Water kidney, yeast metabolism especi- corneal ulceration
� Groundnut, beans, cereals (maize brain, liver, enzymes e.g., cytoch- disease
Soluble) ially in the cells and cracking of skin
drates because it contains less and wheat), pulses are source of etc. rome oxidase, tyrosin- of the eye, skin, (especially around
oxygen. plant protein. ase, urinase. intestines and blood. the lips).

OLE - 731 OLE - 732 OLE - 733

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GENERAL SCIENCE
Diseases caused by Worms
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
Niacin Lean, meat, liver, Inhibits production Pellagra : Character- Human Diseases :
(Water milk, eggs, nuts, of cholesterol and ised by dermatities Disease Pathogen respon- Mode of Trans- Main symptoms of
Soluble) whole grains helps in the break- (skin inflammation), sible and its habit mission disease
down of fats, prot- Diarrhoea and de-
eins and carbohy- mentia (loss of intel- Taeniasis Taenia solium; Part of the life cycle Abdominal discomfort,
small intestine in pig, man get in- chronic indigestion,
drates. lectual function).
(jejunum) of man fected on eating anemia, diarrhea, aler-
Pyridoxine Salmon, yeast, yo- Essential for amino- Epileptioform: Sei- pork, infected st- nating with constipa-
(Vitamin B6) gurt, corn, spin- acid metabolism. zures observed in Diseases Caused by Protozoans age being mature tion, false hunger pains.
(Water ach, cheese, cere- Assists in produc- children. Symptoms cyst (cysticercus)
Disease Pathogen Habitat Mode of Main symptoms in pork.
Soluble) als & legumes. tion of antibodies. include dermatitis responsible transmission of disease
Also synthesised of eyes, nose and and incuba- Ancylosion- Ancyclostoma Transmission from Dermatitis; reddish,
by intestial mouth; retarded tion period iasis or duodenale; small person to person, itchy papule along the
bacteria. growth. ‘Hook- intestine (jejun- filariform larvae pa-path traversed by
Malaria Plasmodium Passes tho- Transmitted to Three stages : Cold
worm um) of man ssed out in faeces, larvae; severe anae-
Folic Acid Yeast, liver, green Helps normal pro- Macrocytic anae- rugh a dev- man by bite of stage, headache,
disease’ man picks up infe- mia; duodenal ulcer,
(Water leafy vegetables. duction of blood mia : Production of elopmental an infected shivering and rising
ction walking bare- constipation. Patient
phase in liver, female anoph- temperature. Fever
Soluble) Synthesized by cells. Identified in abnormally large red foot on faecally pale, face puffy with
resides insi- eles mosquito. stage-fever rises to
intenstinal bact- chromosomes an blood cells. contaminated soil. swelling of lower
de RBCs its maximum, severe
eria also. important reprodu- eyelids, oedema of
and carried headache, pain in
ctive factor. feet and ankle.
by blood to back and joints,
all organs vomiting; Sweating Ascariasis Ascaris lumbrio- Transmission from Larvae in lung cause
Cyanocob- Liver, Kidney, Necessary for red 1. Pernicious coides; small inte- person to person, pneumonia. May give
alamine meat, eggs, milk blood cells format- anaemia stage-profuse swe-
ting, fall in temper- stine (jejunum) ripe eggs passed rise to typhoid like fe-
(Vitamin and cheese. (Note: ion and normal fu- 2. Neuro-psychiatric ature, pain relieved of man out in faeces, infec- ver causes protein and
B12) (Water Absent in vegeta- nctioning of nerv- abnormalities : tion affected by Vitamin A deficiencies
Amoebic Entamoeba Large intes- Transmitted Acute dysentery swallowing ripe resulting in protein
Soluble) bles, only Vitamin ous system. Memory loss, mood dysentery histolytica tine from man to with blood and mu- Ascaris eggs with calorie malnutrition
containing cobalt). and personality or Amoe- man through cous in stools, and raw vegetables and night blindness
changes. biasis ingestion of severe abdonimal respectively. Can cause
Ascorbic Citrus fruits, tom- Influences perme- Scurvy : Swollen cysts in drin- pain, Secondary appendicitis, jaundice
acid atoes, cabbage. ability of capillary gums, teeth loss, king water, ve- complications in- by blocking lumina
(Vitamin C) walls. Develops im- bleeding gums. getables and clude formation of of appendix and bil-
(Water munity against food contami- multiple abscesses lary passages.
Soluble) diseases Forms col- nated with in liver, lung, brain,
faeces. spleen and ulcer- Enterobiasis Enterobius verm- Transmission from Eczematous condition
lagen. or ‘Pinworm’ icularis; caecum one person to anot- round the anus, bed-
ation of skin, vagi-
Calciferol Fish liver oil, egg Controls calcium Rickets in children, na and penis. disease and vermiform her by ingestion of wetting at night, infla-
(Vitamin D) yolk, milk, butter. and phosphorus bow shaped hands appendix eggs in contaminat- mmation of vermiform
Sleeping Trypanosoma Reaches Transmitted Fever, severe head- ed food or drink, appendix.
(Fat Soluble) Also synthesized levels in metabolism and legs. Oesteoma- sickness gambiense lymph nodes by bite of ache, enlargement
in the human body which contribute to lasia (demineraliz- Autoinfection itching
(Trypano- via lymphat- testse fly of glands at back of in anus; scratching
by the skin under formation of teeth ation of bones) somiasis) ics, blood neck, rash on the anus and ripe eggs
the influence of and bones. and infests back and chest, joint on fingers transfer -
sunlight. brain pains, swelling of red during food ing-
Tocopherol Wheat germ, fresh As anti–oxidant Deficiency not repo- eyelids, ankles and estion of such food.
hands, trembling,
(Vitamin E) nuts, seed oils, which protects lip- rted in humans. Caus- Filariasis Wuchereria banc- Part of the life cycle Elephantiasis i.e. enor-
loss of appetite, no
(Fat Soluble) green leafy vege- ids of cells membe- es sterility in rats. rofti or W.malaye; in mosquito in whi- mous enlargement of
desire to work ex-
tables rances against oxy- cept sit or sleep, lymphatic vessels ch larvae develop certain body parts
gen damage mental disturbanc- and lymph nodes and become infecti- such as that of leg,
Phyllo- Liver, spinach, Assists in the pro- Haemorrhage : Sub- es, coma and death. ve to man, with mo- scrotum, penis, labia,
squito bite larvae clitoris, breast,
quinones cauliflower, green duction of prothro- cutaneous and intr- Kala-azar Leishmania Reticuloen- Man becomes Enlargement of deposited on skin forearm.
(Vitamin K) vegetables, mbin and other fa- amuscular bleedings or black donovani dothelial infected by spleen, liver, fever, which enter throu-
(Fat Soluble) tomatoes. ctors that ensure due to delayed clott- sickness cells bite of sandfly jaundice, skin be- gh puncture wound
normal clotting of ing time. comes dark through and reach lymphatic
blood. pigmentation. channels.

OLE - 734 OLE - 735 OLE - 736

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
GENERAL SCIENCE
Diseases caused by Viruses Measles Rubella virus Direct contact, First stage marked by DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA
virus transmitted running nose, sneez-
Disease Pathogen Mode of transmiss- Main Symptoms of the Name of Causative Mode of Symptoms/signs
through air by drop- ing, fever, headache,
responsible ion and incubation disease Disease agent transmission of disease
lets during talking, backache and chills.
period
coughing and snee- Second stage starts Cholera Vibrio Cholerae Contaminated After incubation period of
Small pox Variola Virus Direct contact Onset sudden or grad-
zing; 10-14 days 2-3 days later with in- food and water. 2-3 days, stomach ache,
(Now cosid- (droplets); indirect ual High fever, head-
flammation of mucus caused, vomiting, rice wat-
ered comp- by infected article; ache, backache skin
letely crad- 12 days rash on third day, pass- membrane of upper re- er diarrhea. It requires use
icated) es through stages of spiratory tract, con- of ORS (Oral Rehydration
macules (bright red stant flow of mucus and Solution) along with drugs.
spots), papules, vesi- a red blotchy skin rash. Typhoid Salmonella typhi Contaminated Fever, body aches diar-
cles (with clear fluid),
Mumps Mumps virus Direct contact; virus First stage marked by food and water. rhoea characterized by
postules (with pus like
fluid) and scabs (dried (Paramyxo-virus) in saliva and secre- high fever, headache, green stools, in severe
crusts). Scabs fall off tion of nose invades backache, reddened case, disease is diagnosed
and leave behind pitted salivary glands; taste buds, either ex- by Widal test.
pock marks. 12-21 days. cess of saliva or mouth Tuberculo- Mycobacterium Contaminated Mild fever, headache, chest
Chicken Varicella zooster Direct contact Fever, cold, skin erup- and throat very dry. In sis tuberculie air and inhaled pains, blood stained spu-
pox virus (droplets); indirect tion starts as red spots, second stage swelling of water droplets. tum in severe case with
by infected objects; vesicles and crusts. salivary glands about damage to lungs.
12-16 days Scab : formation in 36 ear and jaws for 7-10
hours which fall off days. Diphtheria Corny bacterium Contaminated Sore throat, tonsil with
within 5 to 20 days. diphtheriae water grey membrane, hoarse
Poliomyelit- Enterovirus Intestinal discharge After incubation period ness, difficulty in the
Common Rhino virus Contact : 2-5 days Headache, cough,
ista/ Infan- (Polio virus) hence contaminated of 7-14 days it inflam- breathing. Blood tinged
Cold nasal discharge, mild
fever. tile Paraly- food or drink. es nervous system, nasal discharge from
sis with stiffness of neck, nostrils.
Rabies (Hy- Rabies virus Bite of a mad (rab- Headache, nausea, vom-
drophobia) (rhabdo virus) id) dog and other iting, fever, insomnia, fever, headache, chilli-
ness, pain all over body Pertussis Bordetella Coughing discha- After incubation period of
animals like kitten, hoarse voice, sight of wa-
with paralytic attack in (Whooping pertussis rge inhalation. 10-16 days, continuous
horse, etc. 2-16 ter sends throat muscles
weeks or longer into painful spasms (fear 2-3 days. cough) coughing leading to redden-
of water), convulsions, ing of face, vomiting, con-
paralysis, death. Trachoma Chlamydia tracho- Direct contact, use Cornea and conjunctiva vulsions and pneumonia.
matis of handkerchiefs, are affected with deve-
Dengue fev- Dengue virus Mosquito (Aedes Fever, headache, pain Tetanus Clostridium Contamination of Restlessness, headache,
towels, pillows, lopment of granules,
er or brea- (arbo virus) aegypti) bite; 4-8 in joints, back muscles (Lock Jaw tetani cut or wound difficulty in swallow-dis-
kbone fever days and eye balls, skin sharing, etc. pain, watering of eyes
and can lead to the ease) with soil contain- ing, and chewing with lock-
rash for a few days,
prolonged convalescence. blindness if left ing cow dung. ing of jaw. Treatment should
Disease can be classi- untreated. be with intravenous intake
cal or hamorrhagic with of ATS (Anti-tetanus Serum)
decline in number Chikungu- Chikungunya Transmited by the Severe joint pains such
nya virus Aedes aegypti patient lies doubled up. Diarrhoeal E. Coli, Shigella Contaminated food Stomach ache, diarrhoea
of blood platelets
Fever is biphasic with diseases dysenteries, sal- and water. leading to body dehydr-
Acquired Human T cell Le- Via blood and sperm Loss of 10% or more of monella, giardia ation. Hence ORS to be
Immuno ukemia Virus (HTL among homosexu- body weight, fever of a period of remission
after 1-6 days. intestanlies. used as treatment along
Deficiency VIII) ; also called als, heterosexuals, unknown origin, pneu-
Syndrome LAV (retrovirus) or intravenous drug- monia, brain tumours, with drugs.
Viral hepa- 6 varieties of Hep- Different modes for Fever, anorexia, nau-
(AIDS) HIV users, hemophiliacs haemorrahage, unre-
titis atitis virus A, B, different strain of sea, vomiting, muscu- � Fungal infections– although fungi do not cause many diseases yet the
promiscuous indi- mitting diarrhoea,
viduals and prosti- swelling of lymph C, D, E and G virus. lar and joint pains, en- two caused by them i.e. ring worm and athlete foot are very infectious
tutes. Infections glands, mouth ulcers. largement of liver, diseases both to individual and family member, Hence, they need to be
mother to child. Jaundice condition treated from their onset only.

OLE - 737 OLE - 738 OLE - 739

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GENERAL SCIENCE
COMMONLY USED MEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND DEVICE FOR
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
Important Medical Terms 8. 15th month–2 years MMR Vaccine –
DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASE 9. 2-3 years Typhoid Two doses at one month
� Antibody : These are sub- � Deaf : A person's unability to
interval
stances produced by lympho- hear sound. 1. Stethoscope : Measuring heart beat with sound of lub-dub.
10. 4-6 years Dual Antigen and
cytes to check growth of antigens � Eczema : A skin condition in 2. Sphygmomanometer : Measuring blood pressure.
Polio Second booster
or neutralise their toxins by ag- which skin become sore and red. 3. E.C.G. : Electro cardiogram, finding working of cardiac wall.
11. 10th year TT and Typhoid First booster
glutination, lysis, etc.etc. � Emphysema : Smoker's disease 4. Angioplasty : Finding presence of thrombus if any in blood
12. 16th year TT and Typhoid Second booster
� Antigen : Anything alien to body with difficulty in breathing be- vessel and opening of blocked coronary vessel.
in form of an organism or toxin cause of blocking of alveoli in 5. E.E.G. : Electro encephalogram, finding working of brain. BCG – Tuberculosis Vaccine (Bacille Calmette Guerin)
that triggers the production of lungs with tar. 6. Biopsy : Verification of cancerous growth. DPT – Diphtheria, Pertussis (whooping cough), Tetanus
necessary antibodies. � Hemodialysis : An act of filter- 7. Isihara card : Finding of colour blindness. MMR – Mumps, Measles and Rubella vaccine
� Anorexia : Inability to breathe or ing blood in kidney machine to TT – Tetanus Toxoid
8. CT-Scan : Computed tomography test for cancer detection.
feeling of being fat hence quit eat- remove nitrogenous waste. 9. MRI : Magnetic Resonamic Imaging for cancer detection. Diseases and Associated body part
ing. � Hysteria : A state of extreme ex- 10. Endoscopy : Test for presence of ulcer, viewed with endoscopy
� Antidote : A substance adminis- citement, fear or anger in which Ailment Part or region Ailment Part or region
tubing.
tered to a person to check the ef- a person loses control of emo- affected affected
fect of poison. 11. ELISA test : Enzyme Linked Assay Test, to test for presence
tions to cry or laugh uncontrolla-
of antibodies of AIDS (HIV). 1. Arthritis Joints 2. Bronchitis Lungs
� Analgesic : A substance that bly.
12. Keratoplasty : Transplant of cornea in eye. 3. Carditis Heart 4. Colitis Intestines
acts as a pain killer. � Hallucination : To seem to see
13. Northern Blotting : To test presence of mRNAs. 5. Cystitis Bladder 6. Conjunctivitis Eye
� Anaemia : A person with re- or hear something that doesn't
Technique 7. Dermatitis Skin 8. Gastritis Stomach
duced number of RBC in blood. exist because of illness.
14. Southern Blotting : To detect presence of DNA fragments. 9. Glossitis Tongue 10. Hepatitis Liver
� Antipyretic : Any substance that � Hemorrhage : Loss of blood in-
technique 11. Meningitis Brain 12. Myelitis Spine
reduces body temperature or side body where it clots and ap-
13. Nephritis Kidneys 14. Neuritis Nerves
help to prevent fever. pear as a red-dry dot/spot. 15. Western Blotting : To test for a specific protein.
15. Otitis Ear 16. Osteomyelitis Bones
� Appetite : A desire to eat being � Insomnia : State of sleeplessness technique
17. Peritonitis Abdomen 18. Rhinitis Nose
hungry due to illness/depression/excite- 16. Amniocentesis : To test for health of foetus and sex determination. 19. Tonsilitis Throat
� Barbiturate : A drug used to in- ment. 17. Ultra sound : To test for formation of cyst or stone in body
duce calmness and sleep. � Immunisaton : An act of boost- along with x-ray. Types of Cancer
� Choking : Difficulty in breathing ing immunity with intake of anti- 18. X-ray : Bone fracture or dislocation, presence of spsam Carcinoma Cancer of epithelial cells of the skin and the
because of blockage of throat. biotics or vaccine. or stain. lining of the internal organs
� Dozing : Feeling sleepy or sleep- � Fatigue : State of weariness from 19. DNA Finger Printing : To test maternity or faternity, or culprit in Osteoma Tumours of the bones
ing for short time during day. exertion or tiredness. forensic science. Glioma Tumours of the connective tissues in the
� Dementia : Unability to think, re- � Flatulence : Filling of bowel with 20. ZIFT : Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer brain and central nervous system
member or behave in normal air that is irritable unless it is 21. GIFT : Gamete Intra Fallopan Transfer Melanoma Tumours of the pigmented moles found on
way. expelled out. the skin
22. IVF : In Vitro Fertilization such as in case of Test tube baby
L ymphoma Tumours of lymph glands
� Dermatitis : Roughening and � Perspiration : Sweat perfusly 23. Blood/Urine Test : For varied reasons such as presence of sugar Leukaemia (blood cancer) Uncontrolled proliferation with plenty of im-
reddeni ng of ski n becoming � Psychedelic : To see or face with- pathogens, ketones, heavy metals, etc. mature W.B.C. and lymph gland enlarge-
swollen and itchy. out any existence of anything un- ment; anaemia
IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE
� Diarrhoea : Elimination of waste der the effect of a drug.
from bowel in liquid form fre- � Psychiatry : Study and treatment Milestones in Medicine
S.No. Age Vaccine Dose
quently. of mental illness. Discovery Time Person Country
� Dysentery : Severe diarrhoea � Strain : Pulling of muscles at ten- 1. New born BCG –
with blood contamination. don because of overstretching. 2. Within 15 days ‘O’ Polio – Ayurveda 2000-1000 BC Atreya India
3. 6th week DPT and Polio First dose Western Scientific Therapy 460-370 BC Hippocrates Greece
� Dystaxia : Neural disorder in � Tetani : Stiffness of muscles.
4. 10th week DPT and Polio Second dose Yoga 200-100 BC Patanjali India
which a person fails to read and � Sedative : Drug that induces
5. 14th week DPT and Polio Third dose Ashtanga Hridaya c.550 AD Vagbhata India
spell properly. sleep. Sidhayoga c.750 Vrdukunta India
� Dumb : A person's unability to 6. 9–12 months Measles One dose
� Thrombus : A small blood clot Anatomia 1316 Mondino Italy
speak words/ sentence. 7. 18–24 months DPT and Polio First booster
formed inside blood vessel. Chemotherapy 1493-1541 Paracelsus Switzerland

OLE - 740 OLE - 741 OLE - 742

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES Artificial Heart 1957 Willam Kolff Netherland � The Helper T-cell act to stimulate � Hypotension is an abnormally low

GENERAL SCIENCE
Discovery Year Person Country Use of artificial heart antibody production by B-cells. pressure. It may result from
(for surgery) 1963 Michael de Bakey USA � The Suppressor T-cells suppress chronic vasodilatation of arterial,
Circulation of blood 1628 Willaim Harvey Britain
Heart Transplant Surgery1967 Christian Barnard S. Africa the total immune reaction keeping anaemia, and blood loss due to
Biochemistry 1648 Jan Baptista Van Helmont Belgium it from attacking the body’s own
CAT Scanner 1968 Godfrey Hounsfield Britain bleeding or failure of pumping
Bacteria 1683 Leeuwenhoek Netherlands cells. (life span of T -cells 4-5 action of heart.
Physiology 1757-1766 Albrecht Von Haller Switzerland First Test Tube Baby 1978 Steptoe & Edwards Britain
years). � The mast cells store inflammation
Vaccination 1796 Edward Jenner Britain Small Pox eradicated 1980 W.H.O. Declaration USA
� Both B-cells and T-cells also pro- producing substances such as
Stethoscope 1819 Rene Laennec France Genes associated with 1982 Robert Weinberg & others USA duce memory cells and effector histamine, which help in defence
Morphine 1805 Friderich Sertumer Germany Cancer (Oncogenes) cells. by attracting phagocytes to
Chloroform as 1847 James Simpson Britain IMPORTANT FACTS � Gene Therapy, in human, is to injured tissue.
anasethetic replace a ‘faulty gene’ by a nor- � Normal blood sugar level: 80-
� The only movable bone in the skull � Nephrons are structural and func- mal healthy functional gene. Such
Hypodermic Syringe 1853 Alexander Wood Britain 100mg per 100ml of blood. Blood
of man is lower mandible or lower tional unit of kidney. as in SCID (Severe Combined
Rabies Vaccine 1860 Louis Pasteur France sugar above 120mg leads to dia-
jaw bone. � In case of eye transfer, only cor- Immuno Deficiency Syndrome).
Bacteriology 1872 Ferdinand Cohn Germany betes.
� The vertebral column has 33 ver- nea is used. � Cloning is a process of producing
Cholera, T.B. germs 1877 Robert Koch Germany � Cholesterol : 50-180mg per 100ml
tebrate. � Retina is inner–most light sensi- many i dentical organi sms or
Malaria germs 1880 Laveran France tive, made up of many layers of used in synthesis of cell membrane.
� Stapes in the ear is the smallest clones.
Aspirin 1889 Dreser Germany (rod and cone) cells and nerve fi- � About 30% of CO2 entered into
body bone. � Stem cells have ability to divide for
Virology 1892 Ivanovski & Bajernick Russia, bres. RBC, combined with globin part
� 1st seven pair of ribs are known indefinite periods in culture and
� Bitter taste is evoked by quinine, of deoxyhemogl obi n to form
Netherlands as true ribs. to give rise to specialised cells.
morphine, caffeine, nicotine, and carbaminohemoglobin.
Psycho-analysis 1895 Sigmund Freud Austria � Pair 8th, 9th, and 10th attach in- � The fertilised egg is a totipotent.
urea. It is also produced by cat- � The connective tissue provides
Anti-toxin (science of 1890 Behring & Kitasato Germany, directly to sternum and are thus � Eyes capable of focusing the im-
ion of many inorganic salts like structural framework and support
immunity) Japan called false ribs. ages of objects are possessed
Magnesium salts. to different tissue forming an or-
Electro-cardiograph 1903 Willam Einthoven Netherlands � 11th and 12th rib do not attach to only by vertebrates and some
� Salty taste results mainly from higher invertebrates like prawn, gan.
Typhus Vaccine 1909 J. Nicolle France sterum and are called floating ribs.
cations like Na+. crab and insects. � First man–made cereal i s
Sex Hormones 1910 Eugen Steinach Austria � Femur is the longest bone. Tritisecale (Rai + wheat).
� Major cells of Immune system are � Many insects such as honey bee,
Vitamins 1912 Sir F.G. Hopkins Britain � 1st vertebra is called atlas, it sup- WBC. They are of two type B-cells flies, butterflies and moth pos- � Milk and fish are rich source of
Synthetic antigens 1917 Landsteiner USA ports the head and called 'yes' bone. and T-cells. all vitamins except Vitamin C.
sess chemoreceptors for taste
Insulin for Diabetes 1921 Banting & Best Canada � 2nd vertebra is called axis. � T-cells which mature in thymus � Vitamin D (skin, U.V. rays) & K
sensation at their feet.
Peniciliin 1928 Alexander Fleming Britain � Hyoid is a U-shaped bone, that are responsible for cellular immu- (liver) can be synthesised by our
� Some mammals like rhesus mon-
supports the tongue. nity and B-cell which mature in body.
Electro-encephalogram 1929 Hans Berger Germany key, dogs, pig and cat posssess
� Cavity in pectoral girdle is called– bone-marrow produce antibodies. taste sensation for water. Man � Deficiency of protein, carbohy-
Cardiac Pacemaker 1932 A.DS. Hyman USA
Glenoid cavity. � The body has thousands of anti- does not possess taste buds for drates and fats results in ‘protein
D.D.T. (Dichloro-
� Cavity in pelvic girdle is called ac- gen-specific B-cells. tasting water. – energy– malnutrition’.
Diphenyl- 1939 Paul Muller Germany
etabulum. � Allergies are caused by allergens, � Kidneys are the urine forming or- � Protein deficiency (PCM- Protein
Trichloroethane)
� Tooth enamal is the hardest which are generally weak antigens. gans of vertebrates. They also Calorie Malnutrition) – Kwash-
Rh-factor 1940 Karl Landsteiner USA susbtance of our body. � In first exposure, it helps in for- play role in regulating blood pres- iorkor, Marasmus.
LSD (Lysergic acid 1943 Hoffman Switzerland � Spontaneous involuntary, activi- mation of antibody. sure and osmotic potential. � In Kwashiorkor (affectated child)
diethylamide) ties, evoked by stimulation of re- � In second exposure antibodies � An abnormal rise in arterial blood skin crack and become scaly, ab-
Streptomycin 1944 Selman Waksmann USA ceptors are called Reflexes. react and release histamine or pressure is called Hypertension. domen swell (pot belly condition),
Kidney Machine 1944 Kolf Netherlands � Ureotelic animals include man serotonin which are responsible A rise in blood cholesterol may hair become reddish.
Chloromycetin 1947 Burkholder USA and all other mammals, aquatic for inflammatory responses. lead to deposition of cholesterol. � Marasmas child show all above
Aureomycin 1948 Duggar USA mammals like whales and seals, � Anti-histamines control allergic re- This causes the arteries to lose symptoms besides wasting of
Reserpine 1949 Jal Vakil India amphibian like toad and frog and action. their elasticity. This is called muscles.
Terramycin 1950 Finlay & Others USA shark, sting ray, alligators and � T-cells respond to antigens by pro- Atheriosclerosis. Arterioscleroses � Disease restricted to given region
turtle. ducing clone of T-cells. Each T- is loss of elasticity of arterial and arising from its specific en-
Cryo-Surgery 1953 Henry Swan USA
� Man can concentrate urea in cells recognize specific antigen. walls. The stiffened arterial wall vironment condition is called En-
Open Heart Surgery 1953 Walton Lillehel USA
urine more than 100 times its � The Killer T -cell directly attack fails to exert moderating effect on demic disease. Such as goiter in
Poliomyelitis Vaccine 1954 Jonas Salk and Sabin USA blood pressure and collapse.
concentration in blood. and destroy antigen. Sub-Himalayan region.
Oral Contraceptive Pills 1955 Gregory Pincus USA
OLE - 743 OLE - 744 OLE - 745
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

TYPES OF CULTIVATION

GENERAL SCIENCE
� Pellagra is common amongst � The ligament connects bones at Important Institutes of Medical Food Adulteration
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
people living on a maize diet, be- the joints and hold them in a Research and Biotechnology � Cereal s ( wheat) – mud, grit,
1. Shifting Cultivation � Plantation agriculture is an im-
cause maize interferes with the position. � National Institute of Immunology sandstone
� It is a form of primitive agricul- portant form of commercial ag-
absorption of niacin in boby (3-D � Tendon is semi-rigid and flexible (NII), New Delhi � Dals – Khesari dal, mentil yellow riculture.
disease). connective tissue that connect (a dye) ture.
� National Brain Research Centre
� Overdose of water soluble vita- muscle to bone. � Haldi – Lead chromate � Cultivator clears a small piece of 7. Mixed Farming
(NBRC), New Delhi
mins does not cause any harm. � Bone is solid and strong forest by burning.
� National Centre for Plant Genome � Dhania – Cowdung, horse dung � In it equal emphasis is laid on
� Accumulation of fat soluble Vita- connective tissue. � It is also known as ‘slash and crop production and livestock
Research, New Delhi � Black Pepper–dried papaya seeds
burn’ agriculture.
min can be toxic–Disease caused � The matrix is heavily deposited � Centre for DNA Finger-Printing � Chilli powder – Saw dust, brick rearing.
by it is called Hypervitaminosis. with appetite salts of calcium and � Mainly food crops are grown.
and Diagnostics (CDFD) , powder � The main objective is not only to
� Vitamin A accumulate in liver, phosphorus (Tricalcium Hyderabad � Mustard Seeds – Argemone seeds 2. Sedentary Agriculture produce cereal crops but also
while Vitamin D promotes high phosphate). fodder and cash crops on the
� National Institute of Ayurveda, � Edible Oils – cheaper oil � Farmers adopt a particular crop-
Ca++ absorption which damage � Adipose tissue is a connective Jaipur � Milk – addition of starch ping pattern. same scale.
the kidney where it is deposited. tissue rich beneath the skin,
� National Institute of Homoepathy, � Honey – Jaggery, Sugar � Livestock farming becomes an 8. Dairy Farming
� Human eye is sensitive only to around kidney in mesentry and integral part of agriculture.
Kolkata Human body at a glance � Cattle rearing particularly rear-
wavelength ranging from 380 to bone marrow. Animals living in
� National Institute of Unani � Normal blood pressure : 80 to 120 � Different types of agricultural
760 mm. cold regions have a thick layer of ing of milk cows in order to meet
Medicine, Bangalore implements are used.
it like blubber in whales. � Adult teeth : 32, Milk teeth 20 demand of milk and milk prod-
� Human being, apes, monkey,
� National Institute of Siddha � Volume of Blood : About 7 liters 3. Intensive Agriculture ucts in urban areas is referred
birds, lizards, turtles and some � Besides fibroblast, macrophages,
collagen and elastic fibres, Medicine, Chennai in normal body or about 7% of the to as dairy farming.
fishes possess colour vision. � Characterised by small land
adipose tissue also contain Fat � National Institute of Naturopathy total body weight holdings. � Dairy is highly labour intensive
� Genetically modified DNA frag-
cells. Medicine, Pune � Largest part of human brain : activity.
ments are termed as recombinant � Higher inputs of capital and
� The adipose tissue synthesize, � Morarji Desai National Institute of Cerebrum labour per hectare of land. � Dairy farming requires large capi-
DNA. These can be cloned and
store and metabolises fat. It Yoga, New Delhi � Biggest organ : Liver � Yield per hectare is quite high. tal.
amplified virtually to an unlimited
extent. prevents heat loss by forming heat � All India Malaria Institute, Delhi � Heart Beat : 72 times in a minute � Rice is the main crop. � Dairy farming in India has been
� Genetic engineering is essentially insulating layer beneath the skin � Indian Institute of Experimental � Super master gland : Hypothalamus organised on sound footing in
and forms shock absorbing Medicine, Kolkata (W. Bengal) 4. Extensive Agriculture
the alternation of genetic make-up � Master gland : Pituitary Gujarat through dairy coopera-
cushions. � Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and � Number of Bones : 206 � Large scale farming on large tives.
of cells by deliberate and artificial
� The contraction and relaxation of Research, Jamnagar, (Gujarat) holdings.
means. It is cut by called � Number of Muscles : 639 9. Truck Farming
restriction endonuclease. cardiac chamber are respectively � National Institute of Communicable � Sophisticated agricultural ma-
� Number of chromosomes : 46 or � Cultivation of vegetables for mar-
known as Systole and Diastole. Diseases, Delhi chines are utilised.
� DNA ligase enzymes are used to 23 pairs, 22 pair autosomes and
Heart produce sound 'Lub-Dub' � Low per hectare productivity but ket is known as truck farming.
join DNA fragments. They do so � Nutrition Research Laboratory, one pair sex-chromosomes
per beat. Coonoor (Tamil Nadu) the total production is quite high. � It is an intensive farming.
by forming phosphodiester bond. � Number of bones in fore ..... 30
� Human heart beats at the rate of � Tuberculosis Institute, Delhi � Generally adopted in areas of � It is done with the help of irri-
� New technology like gene gun bones
about 72/min in the resting low population density with high gation, manure and HYV seeds.
(Biolistics) are also available for
vectorless direct gene transfer. condition i.e., about 0.85 per AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY man-land ratio.
10. Horticulture
beat. 5. Subsistence Agriculture
� Transgeni cs or transgenic � Major products are fruit and
� Tachycardia : A rapid heart or � Agriculture and Domestication of animals constitutes an important stage
organisms are al so called � Sole objective is of sustaining flowers.
pulse rate of over 100/min. in the evolution of modern man.
Genetically Modified Organisms one’s family.
� Bradycardia : A slow heart rate of � The surplus generated from agriculture and large scale use of animal � There is great regional variation
(GMOs) like Bt-cotton, Bt-Brinjal. � Specialisation of crops is not pos-
below 60/min. power provided a new momentum to the development of human soci- in production of fruits and flow-
etc. sible.
� The smaller the animal, the higher ety. ers.
� Dendrite carry impulse towards � The farmers grow as many crops
its metabolic rate and � India is fortunate enough to possess rich agricultural resources. Types of Agriculture based on Man-
the cell, Axon away from the cells as are required for their house-
consequently greater is the need � They include a wide variety of fertile soils, ample water for irrigation agement
i.e. transmission by Na+ and K+ hold consumption.
for pumping action of the heart. and a growing season almost all the year round.
pump is unidirectional. 6. Commercial Agriculture 1. Peasant Agriculture : It is
� The heart rate increases during � The variety of soils and variations in climatic conditions from region to
� Acetylcholine and serofonin at organised by the farmers indi-
exercise, fever and emotions like region makes it possible to grow a large number of crops in our coun- � The main aim is to sell the pro-
neuro-musuelar junction is the vidually. They own the land as
anger and fear. Normally it is try. duce in the market.
chemical neuro transmitter of well as other factors of produc-
myogenic but become neurogenic � Different kinds of agriculture are practised in varying environmental � An important characteristic is tion.
impulse between synaptic knobs.
during exercise. conditions. crop specialisation.
OLE - 746 OLE - 747 OLE - 748
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
GENERAL SCIENCE
2. Cooperative Farming : All the � Central Coconut Research Sta- MAJOR CROPS PRODUCING STATES IN INDIA Types of Irrigation
members of the cooperative col- tion, Ernakulum (Kerala) CROPS
lectively own the factors of pro- � Fruit Research Institute, Sabour
Type Percentage of Dominant areas
Rice : Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab,
duction. Total Irrigated Area
(Bhagalpur, Bihar) Bihar, Tamil Nadu
3. State Farms : The factors of pro- � Indian Veterinary Research Insti- Wheat : Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar Tube Well 51% Punjab, Haryana, U.P.
duction are owned by the State. tute, Muketshwar and Izatnagar Bajra : Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan (well irrigation)
In India Suratgarh farm is an ex- (UP) Ragi : Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Jammu & Kashmir Tank Irrigation 6% Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
ample of State Farm. � Indian Agriculture Research In-
Jowar : Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh Karnataka.
Important Institutes of Agriculture stitute, New Delhi Canal Irrigation 33% Punjab, Haryana,
Maize : Karnataka, Haryana, Gujarat
and Allied Activities � Sugarcane Breeding Institute, U.P., Bihar, West Bengal
Pulses : Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar
Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) Diseases of Major Crops
� Central Arid Zone Research In- Barley : Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab
� Indian Council of Agricultural
stitute, Jodhpur (Rajasthan) Groundnut : Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu Name of the Disease Pathogen Symptoms
Research (New Delhi) crop
� Cotton Technological Research Sesamum : Odisha, Karnataka, Gujarat
� Dairy Research Institute, Karnal
Laboratory, Mumbai Rapeseed : Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana 1. Rice Blast Fungus, Brown boat-shaped lesions
(Maharashtra) � Indian Botanical Survey, Kolkata
& Mustard (paddy) Pyricularis (spots) appear on the margins
� Central Rice Research Institute, � Jute Research Institute, oryzae of leaves.
Barrackpore Jute : West Bengal, Assam, Bihar, Odisha
Cuttack (Odisha) 2. Wheat Rust Fungus, Yellow, brown or black
� Goat Research Institute, Mathura Cotton : Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh
� Central Plantations Crops Re- Puccinia elongated spots appear on
� Sugarcane Research Institute, Rubber : Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu graminis leaves and straws.
search Insti tute, Kasargod
(Kerala) Lucknow Sugarcane : Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu
3. Sugarcane 1. Red rot Fungus Collector- Small red spots on leaf mid-
� Central Potato Research Insti- � Bee Research Institute, Pune Tobacco : Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar trichum falcatum rib appear. The pith of sug-
tute, Shimla (Himachal Pradesh) � Cotton Research Institute, Tea : Assam, West Bengal, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Punjab arcane look red.
� Central Tobacco Research Insti- Mumbai Cocoa : Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu 2. Grassy Fungus Production of many thin
tute, Raj amundry (Andhra � Poultry Training Institute, Coffee : Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala shoot tillers from the base.
Pradesh) Bengaluru 6. Groundnut Tikka Fungus, Light brown oval-shaped
� Central Tuber Crops Research � Silk Research Institute, Mysore SPICES Cercospora lesions appear on leaflets,
Institute, Thiruvananthapuram � Coffee Research Institute, Pepper : Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu personata petioles and stems.
(Kerala) Chickmanglur Turmeric : Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu 7. Mustard 1. White Fungus White or cream yellow scatt-
� Central Soil Salinity Research In- � Leather Research Institute, Coriander : Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh rust ered pustules appear on the
stitute, Karnal (Haryana) Chennai Chillies : Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, lower surface of leaves.
� Central Inland Fisheries Re- � Potato Research Institute, Shimla Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan 2. Downy Fungus Yellow irregular spots appear
search Institute, Barrackpore � Tea Research Institute, Jorhat Ginger : Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra mildew on leaves. In severe infec-
(West Bengal) Cardamom : Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu tion, the inflorescence is mal-
� Rubber Research Institute,
� Central Marine Fisheries Re- formed, twisted and covered
Kottayam with white powder.
search Institute, Mandapam FRUITS
� Tobacco Research Institute, 4. Chick pea Wilt Fungus The leaves become yellow
Camp (Tamil Nadu) Banana : Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Kerala
Rajamundri and dry up. Roots turn black
� Central Institute of Fishries Grapes : Maharashtra, Karnataka, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, and decompose.
Technology, Ernakulam (Kerala) � International Centre for Planta- Tamil Nadu, Haryana
tion Affair, Bengaluru 5. Pigeon pea Stem rot Fungus Development of brown to
� Deep Sea Fishing Research Sta- Mango : Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West
dark brown lesions on the
tion, Mumbai (Maharashtra) � National Research Institute for Bengal, Andhra Pradesh
stem near soil surface. These
� Central Sheep and Wool Re- Spices, Calicut Pomgranate : Maharashtra lesions girdle the stem and
search Statistics, New Delhi � Indian Dairy Corporation, Anand Sapota : Maharashtra, Gujarat plant dies.

OLE - 749 OLE - 750 OLE - 751

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

GENERAL SCIENCE
Botanical names of common plants
GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
Plant diseases caused by Mycoplasma Chemical Fertilizers
Diseases Plant/Crop � Nitrogenous Fertilizers. The nitrogen containing fertilizers are called 1. Maize — Zea maize 2. Rice — Oryza sativa
nitrogenous fertilizers. Examples of the nitrogenous fertilizers are : 3. Wheat — Triticum aestivum 4. Sugarcane — Sacchrum officinrum
Sesamum phyllody Sesamum
1. Ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4 5. Gram — Cicera rietinum 6. Lentil — Lens culinaris
Little leaf diseases Brinjal
Bunchy top of Papaya Papaya 2. Ammonium nitrate NH4NO 3 7. Arhar — Cajanus cajan 8. Kidney bean — Phaseolus vulgaris
Peanut witches broom Peanut 3. Sodium nitrate NaNO3 9. Cowpea — Vigna unguiculata 10. Soyabean — Glycine max
Potato witches broom Potato 4. Urea CO(NH2)2 11. Moong — Virgra radiata 12. Black gram — Phaseolus mungo
Little leaf of Sweet Potato Sweet Potato � The use of urea is the best option because it does not affect the pH of 13. Solanum — Potato tuberosum 14. Brinjal — Solanum melongana
Sweet Potato witches brown Sweet Potato 15. Tomato — Lycopersicum trubescens
soil
Aster yellow corn Smut Corn
� Phosphatic Fertilizers. The phosphorus containig fertilizers are called 16. Bell pepper — Capsicum trutescens
Spike diseases of Sandalwood Sandalwood
phosphatic fertilizers. Examples of phosphatic fertilizers are : 17. Clove — Melilotus indicus 18. Ginger — Zingiber officinale
(a) Seed-Borne diseases : Brown or sesame leaf spot of rice, red rot of 19. Black peper — Piper nigrum 20. Turmeric — Curcuma domestica
sugar-cane, bacterial blight of rice and angular leaf spot of cotton.
1. Calcium dihydrogen phosphate or Superphosphate Ca(H2PO4)2
2. Ammonium phosphate (NH4)3PO 4 21. Ginger — Zingiber officinale 22. Lemon — Citrus limon
(b) Air-borne diseases : Blast of rice, black stem and coffee rust caused
by fungal infections. 23. Onion — Allium sepa 24. Garlic — Allium Seame
3. Ammonium hydrogen phosphate or Ammophos (NH4)H2PO 4
(c) Soil-borne diseases : Root knot of tomato, tikka disease of ground- 25. Carrot — Daucos carota 26. Turnip — Brassica rapa
� Potassium Fertilizers. The important potassium fertilizers are :
nut, smut of bajra and green ear of grain. 27. Radish — Raphanus sativus 28. Beet — Beta Vulgaris
1. Potassium chloride KCl
29. Sweet potato — Ipomoea bafatas 30. Spinach — Basella rubra
Insect Pests of Major Crops 2. Potassium sulphate K2SO4
31. Garden pea — Pisum sativum 32. Sweet pea — Lethyrus odoratus
Name of the Name of Zoological Nature of damage 3. Potassium nitrate KNO3 33. Mint — Mentha arvensis 34. Sem — Dolischos lablab
crop Insect-pests name
35. Broad bean — Vicia faba
Rice 1. Gundhy or Rice 1. Leptocorisa 1. Attack during post-flower- SOME COMMON WEEDS
36. Lady finger/Okara — Abelmoschus esculentus
bug acuta ing period
Some Common weeds found in wheat and rice fields : 37. Lotus — Nelunibonucifera 38. Sunflower — Helianthus annus
2. Leaf hopper 2. Nephotettix 2. Attack on leaves
1. Wild Oat (Javi) 2. Grass (Ghaas) 39. Rose — Rosa indicus 40. China rose — Hibiscus rosasinerisis
Wheat 1. Gujhia weevil — 1. Grubs feed on the roots and
3. Amaranthus (Chaulai) 4. Chenopodium (Bathua) 41. Orange — Citrus reticulata 42. Grape — Vitis vinifera
adults cut the growing
points. 5. Convolvulus (Hiran Khuri) 43. Mango — Mangifera indica 44. Guava — Psidium guajava
2. Shoot fly — 2. Attack seedlings and kill the Important Weeds of Kharif Season 45. Banana — Musa paradisiaca 46. Date — Phoenix dactylifera
central shoots 47. Coconut — Cocas nucitera 48. Apple — Maluspumila/ Pyrusmalus
1. Saathi (Trianthema) 2. Amaranthus (Chaulai)
Sugarcane 1. Top borer 1. Scirpophaga 1. Larvae bore into the midrib 3. Wild Sorghum 4. Nut grass (Cyperus rotundus) 49. Pomogranate — Punica granatum 50. Banyan — Ficus bengalensis
nivella of leaves and make tunnel.
51. Reepal — Ficus religiosa 52. Neem — Azardirachta indica
Later on it enters into grow- Important Weeds of Rabi Season
ing point and damage it. 53. Betel — Piper beetle 54. Money plant — Pothos sp
1. Chenopodium album (Bathua) 2. Wild Oat
2. Shoot borer 2. Chilo 2. The caterpillars bore into 55. Doopgrass — Cynocton dacfylon 56. Pineapple — Ananas camsus
3. Mandoosi (Phalaris)
infuscatellus the central shoot and make 57. Strawberry — Fragaria vesca 58. Datura — Datura inoxia/stramonium
tunnel downward. They feed 4. Hirankhuri (Convolvulus pluricaulis)
59. Belladona — Atropa belladona 60. Tobacco — Nicotiana tobaccum
inside the soft tissue.
Some Common Weedicides
3. Sugarcane leaf 3. Pyrilla 3. Both nymph and adult suck 1. 2, 4–D (2, 4–Dichlorophenoxy acid) ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
hopper perpusilla sap from underside of the
leaf. 2. 2, 4, 5–D (2, 4, 5 –Dichlosophenoxy acid) � The branch of agriculture which deals with the feeding, shelter, health,
Groundnut White grub — The grubs feed on roots. Adult- 3. Butachlor rearing and breeding of domestic animals is called animal husbandry.
beetles feed on leaves. 4. MCPA (2–Methyl 2–Chloro 1–Phenoxy Acetic Acid) � India has the largest livestock population, accounting for about 57 per cent
Mustard 1. Aphids 1. Brevicoryne Both nymph and adult suck the of the world buffalo population and 15 per cent of the cattle population.
Some Common Pesticides
brassicae sap of all the plant parts. � Due to low economic status of the livestock owners, much of the live-
1. D.D.T. (Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane) stock is reared under sub–optimal conditions.
2. Painted bug 2. Bagrada Both nymph and adult suck the
hilaris sap of leaves at the seedling 2. B.H.C. (Benzene Hexa Chloride) � Livestock sector provides regular employment to about 11 million in prin-
stage. 3. Malathion 4. Copper Oxychloride cipal status and 8 million in subsidiary status.
Chickpea Pod borer — The caterpillars first feed on � Women constitute 69 per cent of the labour force in livestock sector as
5. Sulphur 6. Zinc Phosphide
(Gram) tender leaves.Later on make against 35 per cent in crop farming.
holes in the pods and feed 7. Warfarin 8. Agrosan � Fisheries sector occupies a very important place in the socio-economic
the developing grain. 9. Ceresan development of the country.

OLE - 752 OLE - 753 OLE - 754

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
BREEDS OF ANIMALS HORSE BREEDS Horse : Thorough bred, American Quarter Horse, Arbian, Shire Horse,

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE
GENERAL SCIENCE
Breeds Distribution Percheron, with kathiware, Marwari, Bhutia and Zanskari the Indian species.
Indian breeds of buffaloes
1. Kathiawari Rajasthan, Gujarat
1. Murrah Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh 2. Marwari Rajasthan
Gestation in cattle and other animals
2. Bhadawari Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh 3. Bhutia Bhutan, Punjab Gestation period is time from conception to birth. It depends upon the
3. Jaffrabadi Gujarat 4. Manipuri North eastern mountains size of animals and varies from animal to animal.
4. Surti Rajasthan, Gujarat 5. Spiti Himachal Pradesh
5. Mehsana Gujarat S.No. Animal Gestation period
6. Zanskari Ladakh
6. Nagpuri or Ellichpuri Central and South India SHEEP BREEDS 1. Cow 280-290 days
7. Nili Ravi Punjab, Haryana 1. Gurej Gurej tehsil, Kashmir 2. Sheep 145-155 days
COW BREEDS 2. Karnah Kol in Kashmir 3. Horse 330-345 days
3. Bhararwal Lower hills of Himalayas 4. Goat 145-155 days
Milch Breeds
4. Gaddi Jammu region, Kullu/Kangra valleys and 5. Donkey 360-290 days
1. Gir Gujarat, Rajasthan Chamba/Mandi areas of H. P. 6. Dog 65 days
2. Sahiwal Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh 5. Rampur Bushair Mahasu and Kinnaur district of H.P. 7. Mice 19-21 days
3. Red Sindhi Andhra Pradesh 6. Lohi Punjab, S. Rajasthan 8. Guinea pigs 34-56 days
4. Deoni Andhra Pradesh 7. Bikaneri Bikaner division, Rajasthan 9. Cat 64 days
Draught breeds 8. Marwari Jodhpur, Jaipur, Pali, Barmer districts of Rajasthan
10. Pig 112-115 days
9. Kuchi (Dhesi) Saurashtra and Gujarat
1. Malvi Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh 11. Camel 360-420 days
10. Kathiawari Kathiawar, Kachchh, S. Rajasthan and N. Gujarat
2. Nageri Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh 12. Elephant (Asian) 617 days (longest gestation peirod)
11. Deccani SE Maharashtra and adjoining A.P.
3. Hallikar Karnataka Elephant (African) 645 days (longest gestation peirod)
12. Nellore Nellore district of A.P.
4. Kangayam Tamil Nadu and the other parts of South India. 13. Bellary Bellary/Kurnool districts of A.P. 13. Rabbit 31-32 days
General Utility Breeds 14. Mandhya Karnataka state 14. Lion 106 days
1. Haryani Haryana, Punjab, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat 15. Bandhur Karnataka state 15. Leopard 92-95 days
2. Ongole Andhra Pradesh Poultry Breeds
3. Kankrej Gujarat Domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus)
Lactation period
4. Tharparkar Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat American Type : Plymouth Rock, Red Rhode Island, New Hampshire. S.No. Cattle Lactation period
GOAT BREEDS English Type : Sussex, Austratorp.
1. Cow 12-14 months, normally 9 months
Mediterranean Type : Leghorn, Minorca.
Breed Distribution with 6800 kg of milk per lactation
Indian Type : Ghagus, Busra, Donki, Aseel, Black Bengal, Tellicherry etc.
1. Gaddi Himachal Pradesh period.
Asiatic Type : Brahma, Cochin, Langshan.
2. Kashmiri Pashmina Hills of Kashmir, Tibet, Himachal Pradesh 2. Buffalo Lactation period 260-290 days with
SHEEP AND USES
3. Jamunapari UP, MP yield of 2000 kg per lactation period.
4. Beetal Punjab Breeds Uses 3. Goat Lactation period 10 months, 6-8 kg
5. Marwari Rajasthan 1. Lohi Yield good quality wool and milk milk per day.
6. Berari Maharashtra 2. Rampur Bushair Fleece is brown in colour, yield superior cloth. 4. Camel Lactation period18 months with 4-5
7. Malabari Kerala 3. Nali Produce superior wool for making of carpets kg per day.
8. Bengal Bihar, Odisha 4. Bhakarwa Suitable for the production of high quality woolen shawls
5. Deccani Gives mutton, wool is not formed FISH
PIG BREEDS
6. Nellore Gives mutton, wool is not formed � A large section of the Indian population uses fish as food particularly
Breeds Distribution Indian Breeds 7. Marwari Produces coarse quality wool. those living in coastal areas.
1. Desi Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh 8. Patanwadi Produces wool that is used for army hosiery � Fish and other variety of sea food are rich in proteins.
2. Ghori Manipuri, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal � Fish liver oil is rich in Vitamins A and D.
Pradesh Exotic Breeds � On the basis of their habitat, fish are mainly divided into two categories:
Exotic Breeds Cow : Jersey, Holstein, Friesian, Brown Swiss, Ayrshire and Red Dhane. (i) Marine Fish (ii) Fresh Water Fish
3. Berkshire U.K. Buffalow : Binhu and Enshi Swamp type Chinese, after their cross � Marine Fishes of India – Bombay Duck, Eel, Hilsa, Pomphret, Salmon, Sardine.
4. Large White Yorkshire U.K. with indiginious species Murrah and Nili-Ravi.
� Fresh Water Fishes of India – Catla, Tirica, Rohu, Malli, Singhara, Calbasu.
Goat : Anglo Nubian, British Alpine, Sannen and Toggenburg.
5. Landrace U.S.A., Switzerland and Denmark � The production of fishes in fresh water is called Pisciculture.
Sheep : Dorset, Sufflok, Merion, Cheriod and Souldown.
6. Tamworth U.K. Camel : Bectrian Camel, Dromedaxy Camel, F-1 camel, (F-1, largest � India is the third largest producer of fish and second largest producer of
7. Duroc U.S.A. number in Australia). inland fish in the world.

OLE - 755 OLE - 756 OLE - 757

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
�
8 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
GENERAL SCIENCE

The fisheries sector provides employment to over 11 million people en-

gaged fully, partially or in subsidiary activities pertaining to the sector.
� Potential of fish production from marine and inland sources has been
estimated at 3.9 million tonnes and 4.5 million tonnes, respectively.
Apiculture : It refers to rearing and management of honey bees in bee-hives BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING
or aparies by farmers for honey, bee-wax and bee venom. The indigineous In modern times, biotechnology exists in two facets called the traditional
species is Apis indicus while high yield exotic species is Italian Apis melifera
biotechnology and modern biotechnology. The traditional biotechnology merely
The honey collected from bee hive varies in flavour as if depends on pastur-
age i.e., surrounding vegetation. Honey is a good source of sugar, minerals involves the use of microorganism in production of curd, yoghurt, cheese,
and vitamins with medicinal value. acetic acid, etc. The modern biotechnology involves the fruitification of
Agricultural revolutions : agronomic food products, production of GM crops, plants or animals and
production of antibiotics and other drugs of use.
1. White Revolution — Milk production
2. Silver Revolution — Egg production � Herbert Boyer and Stanly Cohen are considered as the father of modern
3. Blue Revolution — Fish production biotechnology in which discovery of restriction endo nucleases, taq poly-
4. Golden Revolution — Honey production merase enzyme and so also DNA-Ligase along with techniques such as
5. Green Revolution — Overall agricultural production PCR (Polymerase chain reaction), Gel electrophoresis, elution and biolis-
6. Yellow Revolution — Oilseed production tic have played a vital role. The end product is rDNA (Recombination
7. Pink Revolution — Shrimp/Onion production DNA) for the production of GM crop, or desired protein or antibiotic on
8. Brown Revolution — Fertilizer/Leather production large scale in short time using bio reactors.
9. Gray Revolution — Production of Spices � In brief the whole process of modern biotechnology involves the selection
10. Red Revolution — Meat/Tomato production of desired gene in a donor, selection of a vector and host. The desired
11. Black Revolution — Biodiesel production gene once selected and so also vector, the two are treated with a restric-
12. Rainbow Revolution — Emphasis on all the above revolutions. tion endonuclease that cuts the genome of the two at specific plaindromic
site with sticky ends. Such that when the two are mixed together in
DISEASES IN ANIMALS
presence of DNA ligase, they fuse together forming rDNA. A multiple
Viral Diseases of Animals copies of rDNA are then produced using PCR that are later separated
Diseases Animals using gel electrophoresis i.e. electrical separation of DNA in agarose gel.
Foot and Mouth Disease All cattle The DNA being negatively charged gather together close to anode from
Pox Cow, Buffalo, sheep, goat, fowl where it is separated by caution before DNA strands are separated from
Dermatitis Sheep and goats the rDNA strands, using chromogenic substance. The rDNA so separated
is introduced into host either by increasing its permeability by using
Bacterial Diseases of Animals bivalent ions like those of calcium or are fired into it by biolistic. The most
cell with the rDNA becomes a recombinant or genetically modified cell or
Disease Animals clone (identical cells or organisms).
Fowl Cholera Poultry Birds � These cells are then cultured in bioreactor to obtain the desired product
Diarrhoea of chick Poultry Birds on large scale in short time sometimes cells containing rDNA are intro-
Rinderpest Cattle duced into organism to produce GM organism such as in the Bt-cotton
Tuberculosis Cattle and Birds gene producing insecticide called cry gene A/cry gene- B is introduced in
Anthrax Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs bacteria Bacillus thurngensis which was then later introduced into cotton
plant to develop protection or resistance against plant pests. Similarly in
Diseases of Animals Transmitted to Human Beings
Tobacco nicotina whose roots are damaged by the nematode, the bacteri-
� Bacterial Diseases – Anthrax, Tuberculosis, Brucellosis
um 'Agro bacterium tumefaciens' is fed in with a iRNA gene that silences
� Viral Diseases – Rabies, Cow Pox, Encephalitis
RNA synthesis instead of its 's'gene responsible for developing cancerous
� Fungal Diseases – Aspergillosis, Actinomycosis, Ringworm
growth in dicot plants. The plant with recombinant cells developed the resis-
� Parasitic – Ascariasis, Amebiosis, Trypnosomiasis
tance against nematode attack that added to the net tobacco production
IMPORTANT INSTITUTES
from a field.
1. Central Sheep Breeding Farm, Hissar
� Similarly, Eli Lily an American Company produced humalin, a substitute
2. Central Fodder Seed Production Farm, Hessarghatta (Karnataka)
for insulin on large scale by introducing the desired gene for its produc-
3. The Central Institute of Fisheries, Nautical and Engineering Training, Kochi
tion in plasmids of E. Coli. These days the development and application
4. The Central Institute of Coastal Engineering for Fisheries, Bangalore
of rDNA has helped develop plants such as Brassica napus rich in hep-
5. The National Research Centre on Pigs, Guwahati. ���

OLE - 758 OLE - 759

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
arin, an anticoagulant, Golden rice with vit.-A or Rosy the cow whose HGP : It stands for the Human Wire-Frame models, Surface � It’s production involves the reac-

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

� � When brought into a bulk materi-
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

milk contain human lactalbumins and IgE like breast milk. Even tomato Genome project. It was meant to models and Solids models. tion of a silicon alkoxide with wa- al, nanoparticles can strongly in-
has been developed with long shelf life. develop human karyotype with � Of these three solid models are ter in a solvent such as ethanol fluence the mechanical properties,
� The development in modern biotechnology has also opened the gates for location of genes on different the most effective with addition- or acetone in presence of acidic, such as the stiffness conductivity
treatment of genetic disorders in which the defective gene is replaced chromosomes. The project com- al parameters such as weight, basic and fluoride containing cat- or elasticity.
with correct gene such as in the treatment of SCID (Severe Combined pleted in year 2000 was meant volume and density like an ac- alyst.
Immune Deficiency) Syndrome caused by the deficient section of ADA, to treat genetic disorders. � Silica gel and ISRO : The scien- BIONANOTECHNOLOGY
tual object.
(Adenosine deaminase). However, these treatment would involve the us- � Project Loon of Google : It is a tists at Vikram Sarabhai Space � The biological and medical re-
� Li-Fi v/s Wi-Fi: Li-Fi is light fi-
age of stem cells and if possible at the embryonic stage. research and development Centre, Thiruvanathapuram, In-
delity a Visible Light Communi- search scientists have exploited
Transgenic antibiotics : Humalin, penicillin, erythromycin, proteases, project with mission to provide cations (VLC) system running dia have recently developed the the unique properties of nanoma-
etc. internet access to rural and world’s lightest material ‘Silica
wireless communication trav- terials for various applications
remote area. aerogel’ i.e. blue air for filling in
Committee Associated with Biotechnology elling at very high speed. e.g., contrast agents for cell im-
soldier’s uniforms as thermals
1. RCGM — Review Committee for Genetic Manipulation. � The project is called loon be- � It uses household LED (Light aging and therapeutics for treat-
resistant material both in space
2. GEAC — Genetic Engineering Approval Committee. cause it uses high-altitude bal- Emitting Diodes) bulbs to en- ing cancer.
and on earth.
loons placed in stratosphere at able data transfer with speed � Biological tests measuring the
3. GEMS — Genetically Engineered Organisms. � It is also used for insulating rock-
an altitude of about 18 km. of 224 GB per second. presence or activity of selected
4. MOEF — Ministry of Environment and Forest et engines and their surfaces with
� These balloons use patch an- � Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) in 99% of matrix made up of air. substances become quicker, more
5. FDA — Food and Drugs Administration Committee. tennas which are direction less comparison to Li-Fi uses radio- � ISRO is planning to use it on rov- sensitive and more flexible when
� DNA Finger printing : It was invented by Sir Alec Jeffreys, U.K. In to transmit signals to ground waves Li-Fi used in air lines, certain nanoscale particles are
er in Chandryaan-2 mision of In-
India, it was started by Dr. V.K. Kashyap and Dr. Lalji Singh. It is a stations or LTE users. under sea explorations, office put to work as research tags or
dia.
technique used to identify a person on basis of DNA specificity in which � These days some smart phones and home premises for data labels.
� It’s density is 1000 g/m3 i.e. even
every individual is unique. It is based on copying and matching VNTRS. with google SIM cards can use transfer and internet browsing less than air which has density � Magnetic nanoparticles, bound to
(Variable Number of Tandem Repeats) whose number and position in Internet services using this undergo less interference as of 12000/m3. a suitable antibody, are used to
individual is specific except in case of maternal twins. Recently, it is project. compared to Wi-Fi which has label specific molecules, struc-
the most developed technique to cross check maternity, faternity issue � The whole infrastructure is interference issues from near- NANOTECHNOLOGY
tures or microorganisms. For ex-
or identification of culprits. based on LTE the eNodeB com- by access points. It is used only � Nanotechnology is the design, ample, gold nanoparticles tagged
� Biofortification : It is the enriching of food products i.e. agronomic ponent (the equivalent of the for internet browsing with help characterisation, production and with short segments of DNA can
products obtained from plants such as grains, fruits, etc with nutrients “base station” that talks direct- of Wi-Fi Kiosks or Wi-Fi application of structures, devic-
be used for detection of genetic
like minerals and vitamins e.g. golden rice has been enriched with vita- ly to handsets) being carried in hotspots. Li-Fi is very useful for es and systems by controlling
sequence in a sample.
min -A and many varieties of potato with proteins. balloon. exchanging data incredibly shape and size at the nanoscale,
Eight to ten atoms span is equal � The overall drug consumption and
� Bioremediation : It involves growing of plants that can absorb the heavy � LTE that stands for long Term rapidly and securely at much
to one nanometer (1 nm = 1×10– side-effects can be lowered sig-
metal like cadmium and nickel or lead from soil to prevent soil pollution. Evaluation is comprised of lower power supply than Wi-Fi.
9m). nificantly by depositing the active
These metals can otherwise get accumulated among animals or humans three components : The user � Silica aerogel : An aerogel is a
Equipment (UE), The Evolved � The human hair is approximately agent in the morbid region only
to cause the unnecessary harms. synthetic porous ultra light mate-
UMTS, Terrestrial Radio Access rial derived from a gel in which 70,000 to 80,000 nm thick. Nano- and in on higher dose than need-
� Humalin : It is a type of insulin that has ben developed for the treatment science is the world of atoms, mol- ed.
Network (E-UTRAN) and The the liquid component of gel is re-
of diabetes. It’s production involve the use of recombinant bacteria. Evolved Packet Core (EPC). placed with a gas. ecules, macromolecules, quantum � This highly selective approach re-
� Rosie : It’s a recently developed breed of cow. It’s milk carry proteins � 3D-Printing : It is an affordable � This makes it material of very low dots and macromolecular assem- duces costs and human suffer-
and immunio globulins as are present in breast milk for infants. density and very low thermal con- blies.
process for making 3D objects. ing. They could hold small drug
� 2nd generation vaccines : These are vaccines produced in bioreactors It also called ‘Additive Manu- ductivity. � With the help of nanotechnology, molecules transporting them to
in labs. Using micro-organisms with desired recombinant DNA for pro- facturing’ uses CAO (Comput- � It is also nicknamed as ‘frozen a large set of materials with dis- the desired location for effective
smoke’, ‘solid smoke’, ‘blue tinct properties (optical, electrical,
duction of vaccine. er Aided Design) to expedite action.
smoke’ or ‘solid air’. or magnetic) can be fabricated.
� rDNA : It refers to recombinant DNA with desired alien genes used in engineering drawing process � Some potentially important appli-
before developing a mould. � Silica gel is basically composed of � Nanoparticles take advantage of
production of transgenic i.e. genetically modified organisms such as Bt- cations include cancer treatment
� 3D-images can be viewed or two components- a solid, nanop- their dramatically increased sur-
cotton and Bt-Bringal. with iron nanoparticles or gold
orous silica based network that face area to volume ratio.
� Molecular scissors : The enzymes called restriction endo-nucleases acts rotated in any direction x, y or shells.
imparts it the rigidity and a liquid � Their optical properties, e.g. flu-
as molecular scissor. They are capable of cutting DNA at a specific site to z with highly advanced visual � Nanotechnology can help to repro-
that permeates the pores of the orescence, become a function of
produce r-DNA with insertion of alien gene.
capability. In 3D CAD there are duce or repair damaged tissue.
framework. the particle diameter.
three types of models called
OLE - 760 OLE - 761 OLE - 762
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

� This so called “tissue engineer- � Nanotechnology can help to in- � Two promising examples are pho- ly of carbon nanotubes, the fil- verse micelles based process for ern-Eastern Coalfields Limited

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

ing” makes use of artificially stim- crease the efficiency of solar light tonic crystals and quantum dots. ters are easily manufactured. the synthesis of hydrogel and (SECL), Maharashtra Coalfields
ulated cell proliferation by using conversion by specifically de- � The nanotube composition makes ‘smart’ hydrogel nanoparticles for Limi ted ( MCL) and Wester n
CONSUMER GOODS
suitable nanomaterial-based scaf- signed nanostructures. the filters strong, reusable, resis- encapsulati ng water -sol uble Coalfields Limited (WCL).
folds and growth factors. � The degree of efficiency of com- � Nanotechnology is already impact- tant. They can be cleaned easily drugs. � The eighth subsidiary Central
bustion engines is not higher than ing the field of consumer goods, for reuse. � This method enabled one to syn- Mine Planning and Design Insti-
� Chemical catalysis and filtration
15-20% at the moment. providing products with novel thesize hydrogel nanoparticles of tute Limited (CMPDL) is the plan-
techniques are two prominent ex- � Typhoid Detection Kit : Using
� Nanotechnology can improve com- functions ranging from easy-to- the nano sensor, developed by size less than 100 nm diameter. ning and design institute.
amples where nanotechnology is
bustion by designing specific cat- clean to scratch-resistant.
already playing a major role. Prof. A. K. Sood of IISc, Banga- � Microwave Carbon Nano-Tubes � Lignite reserves in India have
alysts with maximised surface � Already used in different nano- lore, a Typhoid Detection Kit has Production : DMSRDE, Kanpur been estimated at around 35,363
� The synthesis provides novel
area. particle improved products. been devel oped by DRDE, is synthesizing non-aligned, quasi- million tonnes.
materials with tailored features
� The most prominent nano struc- � Nanotechnology can be applied in Gawalior. aligned and aligned Carbon Nano- � Lignite reserves have been iden-
and chemical properties e.g nano
tured material in fuel cells is the the production, processing, safety � Typhoid fever caused by Salmo- Tubes with a batch size of 50 tified in Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu,
particles with a distinct chemical
catalyst consisting of carbon sup- and packaging of food. nella typhi is a major health prob- grams using a fast synthetic
surrounding or specific optical Gujarat, Jammu & Kashmir and
ported noble metal particles with � A nanocomposite coating process lem and an important challenge process. Kerala.
properties.
diameters of 1–5 nm. could improve food packaging by to health authorities of third world � It has a maximum operating tem-
� Chemical catalysis benefits espe- 2. PETROLEUM
� Suitable materials for hydrogen placing anti-microbial agents di- countries due to unsatisfactory perature 1200°C. The CNTs will
cially from nano particles, due to storage contain a large number of rectly on the surface of the coat- water supply, poor sanitary con- have applications in EM absorb- � Our present indigenous produc-
the extremely large surface to vol- small nanosized pores. ed film. ditions, malnutrition, emergence ers, composites, gas sensors, flow tion of crude oil from which the
ume ratio. � Many nanostructured materials of antibiotic resistant strains etc. monitors, field emission devices.
� Nanocomposites could increase or petroleum products are primarily
� The appl icati on potential of like nanotubes, zeolites or alan- decrease gas permeability of � Gas Flow Induced Generation of CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF EN- manufactured, is only about 32
nanoparticles in catalysis ranges ates are under investigation. different fillters as is needed for Voltage from Solids : Prof. A. K. ERGY MMT.
from fuel cel l to catalytic � Nanotechnology can contribute to different products. Sood, professor of Physics at IISc
� Energy is an essential input for � This is about 30 per cent of
converters and photocatalytic the further reduction of combus- � They can also improve the me- and his student Shankar Ghosh
devices. economic development and im- country’s annual requirement.
tion engine pollutants by nano- chanical and heat-resistant prop- have found that the liquid flow in
proving the quality of life. � Petroleum Production in India
� Catalysis is also of importance in porous filters, which can clean the erties and lower the oxygen trans- carbon nanotubes can generate
exhaust mechanically, by catalyt- 1. COAL : Petrol eum production that
the production of chemicals. mission rate. electric current.
ic converters based on nanoscale occured in lower and middle ter-
� A strong influence of nanochem- � The First sunglasses using � One of the most exciting applica- � Coal is the main source of energy
noble metal particles or by cata- tiary period from decomposition
istry on waste water treatment, protective and antireflective ultra tions to emerge from the discov- in the country and accounts for
lytic coatings on cylinder walls found in sedimentary rock strata
air purification and energy stor- thin polymer coatings are in the ery is the possibility of a heart about 67 per cent of the coun-
and catalytic nanoparticles as pacemaker–like device with nan- which is inclined and folded in
age devices is to be expected. market. try’s commercial requirement.
additive for fuels. otubes, which will sit in the hu- crest of anticlines.
� Mechanical or chemical methods � For optics, nanotechnology also � Coal is also an essential input in
man body and generate power � A study on 1st April, 2002 re-
can be used for effective filtra- INFORMATION & COMMUNICA- offers scratch resistant coatings steel and carbo-chemical indus-
TION from blood. vealed that in India, recoverable
tion techniques such as ultra fil- based on nanocomposites. tries.
� Instead of batteries, the device hydrocarbon reserves of 2.6 bil-
tration. � Current high-technology produc- � The use of nanofibers makes � Coal production in the country is
will generate power by itself to lion tonnes that touched to 33.3
� Nanoporous membranes are suit- tion processes are based on tra- clothes water– and stain-repellent now almost completely in the pub-
regulate defective heart rhythm million tonnes production in 2004
able for a mechanical filtration ditional top down strategies, or wrinkle free. lic sector coal companies, e.g.,
replacing instalation of pace mak- Coal India Limited (CIL) and of this 11.5 million tonnes was
with extremely small pores small- where nanotechnology has al- � Textiles with a nanotechnological
er. Singareni Collieries Company Lim- on shore and 21.9 million tonnes
er than 10 nm. ready been introduced silently. finish can be washed less fre-
� Drug Delivery System : A ited (SCCL), except for a few cap- offshore.
� Nanofiltration is mainly used for � The critical length scale of inte- quently and at lower tempera-
grated circuits is already at the tures. research group headed by tive mines of TISCO, IISCO, DVC In India there are six major oil
the removal of ions or the sepa- Professor A.N. Mai tra of the fields.
nanoscale (50 nm and below) re- and Bengal Emta.
ration of different fluids. NANO SCIENCE IN INDIA University of Delhi has developed
garding the gate length of transis- � Coal India Limited producing al- � Oldest and largest at Digboi in
� The most advanced nanotechnol- tors in CPUs or DRAM devices. � Nano–Tube Filter : The scientists 11 patentable technologies for most 90 per cent of the country’s Lakhimpur District, Assam.
ogy projects related to energy are from Banaras Hindu University improved drug delivery systems total coal production, has seven
� In the modern communication � Surma Val ley Badarpur and
: storage, conversion, manufac- (BHU) have devised a simple using nanoparticles. coal producing subsidiaries,
technology traditional analog Masimpur.
turing improvements by reducing method to produce carbon nano- � Four of these processes have been namely, Eastern Coalfields Lim-
electrical devices are increasingly � Upper Assam at Nahartika and
materials and process rates, en- replaced by optical or tube filters that efficiently remove granted U.S. patents. One of the ited (ECL), Bharat Cooking Coal Rudrasagar.
ergy saving e.g. by better ther- optoelectronic devices due to their micro to nano-scale contaminants important achievements at the Limited (BCCL), Central Coalfields
mal insulation, and enhanced re- � Gujarat oil wells at Ankleswar,
enormous bandwidth and capacity, from water and heavy hydrocar- initial stage of drug delivery re- Li mi ted ( CCL) , Northern
newable energy sources. search was development of a re- Cambay, Kalol, Kosamba, etc.
respectively. bons from petroleum made entire- Coalfields Limited (NCL), South-

OLE - 763 OLE - 764 OLE - 765

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
crane rails, bars, rods, coils,

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

� Bombay High out in Arabian Sea, ating HEP as electricity cannot � Recently however, it has identi- NHPC LIMITED POWER FINANCE CORPORATION
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

about 152 km north-west of be stored. fied 476 mines for closure of sheets, plates and galvanized � National Hydro electric Power LIMITED
Bombay city with richest oil and � The hydro–electric power genera- which 445 have been approved products. Corporation was founded in 1975 � The Power Finance Corporation
gas deposits. tion is a capital intensive activ- by Board for closure with pro- � It has its units in Bhilai, Bokaro, under Electric utility. Limited (PFC), New Delhi, was in-
List of oil refeneries in India ity. It requires huge capital out- duction of 71.77 mt of coal. Durgapur, Rourkela, ITSIO steels � It is meant to plan, promote and corporated on July 16th, 1986
� There are total of twelve refiner- lays. 3. GAIL (Gas Authority of India plants along with many other sub- organize an integrated and effi- and was declared a public finan-
ies in India, at Barauni, Guhawati, sidary units. cient development of hydro elec- cial institution in August 1990.
5. NUCLEAR POWER Limited)
Haldia, Kayali, Bombay, Vishakha- tric power.
� It is the largest state-owned nat- 7. NTPC (National Thermal Power � The main objectives of the Cor-
patnam, Cochin, Digboi, Mathu- � The main objective of India’s nu- � However later it took on the pro-
ural gas processing and distribu- Corporation) poration include financing of
ra and Madras. clear energy programme, as de- duction of solar energy, tidal en-
fined in the Atomic Energy Act of tion company in India with its � The National Thermal Power Cor- power generation projects, trans-
3. NATURAL GAS ergy, wind and geothermal ener-
1948, is the development of var- head quarters in New Delhi. poration Limited (NTPC) was in- gy. mission and distribution works,
� Production of natural gas was ious nuclear applications like pow- � GAIL stands for Gas Authority of corporated in November, 1975 renovation and modernisation of
� At present there are total of 22
about 1.8 per cent higher than er generation. India Limited was founded in with the objective of planning, pro- hydro power stations producing power plants, system improve-
previous year, respectively, while � The executive agency for all ac- 1984 under energy and petro- moting and organising integrated 5987 MW. ment and energy conservation
for gas production, the share of tivities pertaining to atomic en- chemicals ministry. It also regu- development of thermal power in � While three more with capacity of schemes, maintenance and repair
ONGC, OIL and private joint ven- ergy in the country is Depart- lates the production and supply the country. 3290 MW are under construction of capital equipment.
ture companies was about 73.8% ment of Atomic Energy (DAE), set of LPG. � NTPC is a schedule ‘A’ ‘Maharat- in Jammu & Kashmir, Assam and � PFC has been declared as Mini
and 20.3% respectively. up in 1954. na’ company having a total ap- Himachal Pradesh each. Ratna (Category I) PSU.
4. IOCL (Indian Oil Corporation
� Quatar is the major producer and � Nuclear Power stations are lo- proved i nvestment of Rs.
Limited) TEHRI HYDRO DEVELOPMENT RURAL ELECTRIFICATION COR-
supplier of natural gas. cated at Kota in Rajasthan, 79,336.67 crore.
� It is India’s largest commercial en- CORPORATION LIMITED PORATION LIMITED
4. HYDRO-POWER Tarapore in Maharashtra, Kaiga POWER TRADING CORPORATION
terprise to meet India’s energy de- � The Tehri Hydro Development � The Rural Electrification Corpo-
in Karnataka, Kalpakkam near OF INDIA LIMITED
� Hydro–power is a renewable and mands for oil and gas. Corporation (THDC) was incorpo- ration Limited (REC) was set up
Chennai, and Kundakulam in rated on July 12th, 1988 as a
pollution free source of generating � It was founded in 1959 with its � Power Trading Corporation of In- in 1969 with the primary objec-
Tamil Nadu, Narora in Uttar joint venture of the Government
power. headquarters in New Delhi. It dia was incorporated primarily to tive of providing financial assis-
Pradesh and Kakrapara in of India and Government of Uttar
� It requires a perennial flow of deals in fuels lubricants and pet- support the Mega Power Project tance for rural electrification in the
Gujarat. Pradesh to execute the 2,400 MW
large volume of water, falling from rochemicals such as gasoline with in private sector by acting as a sin- country.
� Nuclear energy production faces gle entity to enter into Power Pur- Tehri Hydro Power Complex in
a height. revenue of about US $66 billion.
serious problem pertaining to dis- Tehri Garhwal (Uttarakhand) and � REC is a schedule ‘A’ organisation.
� A readily available market is an chase Agreement (PPA) with Inde-
posal of waste and hazards of ra- 5. NTPC (National Thermal Power also to plan, promote and orga-
essential requirement for gener- pendent Power Producers (IPPs) SATLUJ JAL VIDYUT NIGAM LIM-
dioactivity. Corporation) nize the development and har-
on one side and multipartite/mul- ITED
nessing of hydro-electric projects
PUBLIC SECTOR UNDERTAKINGS AND OTHER � National Thermal Power Corpora- tiplayer PPAs with the users/ State
in Bhagirathi-Bhilangana Valley as � The Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam
ORGANISATIONS tion is an Indian public sector en- Electricity Boards (SEBs) under may be entrusted to the Corpora- (SJVN) Ltd. (formerly Nathpa
terprise engaged in generation of long–term arrangement. tion by the Government. Jhakri Power Corporation Ltd)
MAHARATNA PUBLIC SECTOR UNDERTAKING electricity and allied activities. � The Government has also identi- � The Corporation is presently en- was incorporated on May 24th,
� There are seven of Maharatna’s CPSUs. These are Bharat Heavy Electri- � It was founded in 1975, under fied PTC as a nodal agency to gaged in the implementation of 1988 as a joint venture of the
cals Limited, Coal India Limited, GAIL (India) Limited, Indian Oil Corpora- the Electric Utility sector, with deal with matters relating to ex- Tehri Hydro Power Compl ex Government of India and the Gov-
tion Limited, NTPC Limited, Oil and Gas Corporation Limited and Steel headquarters in New Delhi. change of power between India (2,400 MW) comprising of Tehri ernment of Himachal Pradesh to
Authority of India Limited. � At present, it has total revenue of and its neighbouring countries. Dam and HPP, Stage-1, (1,000
plan, investigate, organise, exe-
US$12.34 billion. However, the POWER GRID CORPORATION OF MW) and 400 MW Koteshwar HE
1. BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electrical limited) cute, operate and maintain hydro-
company has also ventured in gas INDIA LIMITED (PGCIL) Project and Tehri Pumped Stor-
� It recently commissioned the second 500 MW thermal unit of Marwa age Plant (1,000 MW). electric power projects in the
exploration and coal mining activ-
Thermal Power Station in Chhatisgarh. ities. It’s approximate power gen- � The Power Grid Corporation of Satluj basin in Himachal Pradesh.
� The project will generate 6,500
� On August 9th, 2016, Shri Akhil Joshi has been appointed as its director eration capacity is 45,548 MW. India Limited (PGCIL) was incor- MWs of energy per year on � The equity-sharing ratio of Gov-
for a span of five years. At present it is targeting at share price of Rs porated as a Goverment of India completion of entire Complex ernment of India and Govern-
6. SAIL (Steel Authority of India enterprises on October 23rd, (3,568 MWs on completion of ment of Himachal Pradesh is 3:1
153.00.
Limited) 1989 for establishment and op- Stage-I). respectively.
2. Coal India Limited � It is the largest steel producer in eration of regional and national � The project will provide drinking � The 1500 MW, Nathpa Jhakri
� It deals with mining and supply of coal mainly to different thermal power India dealing in production of Rail- power grids to facilitate transfer water facilities for Delhi, towns Hydro-electric Power Project is
stations. It normally carries a stock of more than 20 days supply to power way products, structural compo- of power within and across the and villages of Uttarakhand and the first project undertaken by
stations. nents such as beams, angles, regions. U.P. SJVN.
OLE - 766 OLE - 767 OLE - 768
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� India is ranked number one in � The Ganga delta in the Sunder-

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

DAMODAR VALLEY CORPORA- NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES � The Ministry has established the � The world’s largest solar steam

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

TION OF ENERGY terms of solar electricity produc- bans, the world’s largest man- following institutions for technol- cooking system for cooking food
� The Damodar Valley Corporation � These are renewable, ecofriendly tion per watt installed capacity grove has also been recently iden- ogy development and application of for 15,000 people has been in-
(DVC), the first multi–purpose riv- sources of energy used for pow- with an insolation of 1700 to 1900 tified with potential of harness- various renewable energy sources. stal l ed i n October 2002 at
er valley project of the Govern- er generation, heating and trans- kwh per kw peak (kwh/kwp). ing tidal energy. � Energy Centre : The Centre Tirumala, Tirupati Devasthanam
ment of India, was set up in July, portation. � According to data released by the � OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy functions as a national testing in Andhra Pradesh and is still
1948 for the unified development Union Ministry of new and renew- Conversion ) : It is useful in and standardize centre for solar functioning well.
� These sources include Biofuels,
of Damodar Valley region spread able energy on June 4, 2015, electricity production. It is base
Biomass for generation of bio-gas, energy materials, components � About 23 MW of module produc-
over the state of Jharkhand and Rajasthan has grabbed the num- l oad electri ci ty generation
West Bengal. Solar energy, Hydropower, Wind and systems, takes up collabora- tion was achieved, which is 5.1
energy, Tidal energy, Geothermal ber one position in the country system. tive research projects, and pro-
� DVC’s main projects include four per cent of the world production.
energy and OTEC (Ocean Ther- with an installed capacity of 1167 � The system use can be open cycle vides advisory and consultancy
dams at Mai thon, Panchet, or closed cycle with working fluids � The National Project on Bio–gas
mal Energy Conversion) plants. megawatt. service to industry and users.
Tilaiya and Konar, with connected Development was initiated in
� Wind Energy : Airflows are used � Geo-Thermal Energy : It such as ammonia or R-134 a.
hydro-electric power stations (ex- � Sardar Swaran Singh National 1981-82 for promotion of family
cept at Konar), thermal power to run wind turbines mostly originates from the original � The till date commonly used cy- Institute of Renewable Energy
cle is Rankine cycle using a low type bio–gas plants that aimed at
station at Bokaro ‘A’, Bokaro ‘B’, rated at output of 1.5 to 3 M.W. formation of the earth as a (SSS NIRE) : An autonomous reg-
pressure turbine. In India, it was providing a clean cheap source of
Chandrapura, Durgapur, Mejia areas where winds are stronger planet, radioactive decay of istered society has been estab-
and also one gas turbine station minerals, from volcanic activity in 2002 1MW floating OTEC pi- energy in rural areas, producing
and more constant such as off lished near Jallandhar in Punjab.
at Maithon. shore and high altitude sites are and solar energy absorbed at the loted plant near Tamil Nadu that enri ched organi c manure
failed due to deep sea cold water � Centre for Wind Energy suppl ementi ng the use of
� DVC supplies power to coal mines, the preferred locations. surface.
steel plants, railways and other big pipe. Technology (C-WET) : It has chemical fertilizers, improving
� In India harnessing of wind pow- � The largest group of Geothermal
industries, besides State Electric- � The mineral – based energy, been establi shed, as an sanitation hygiene and removing
er started in 1986 with wind farms power plants in the world is lo-
ity Boards of Jharkhand and West whether coal, mineral oil or autonomous body (registered the drudgery of women.
being set up at Ratnagiri in Ma- cated at the Geysers, a geother-
Bengal. nuclear minerals, may not be society), at Chennai. � Three types of designs of biogas
harastra, Okha in Gujarat and mal field in California, USA, Phil-
� The total capacity of DVC in April, depended upon as these � India being a tropical country, has
Tuticorin in Tamil Nadu. ipinnes is the serond with 940 plants, namely, the floating drum
2004 was 2,761.5 MW compris- resources are exhaustible being a vast potential of ocean energy.
ing 2,535 MW of thermal, 144 � Today India has fourth largest in- MW of capacity. type KVIC design, fixed dome type
stalled windpower capacity in world non-renewable. � The vari ous forms of ocean and bag type portable digester
MW of hydel and 82.5 MW from � In India, despite the capacity of
gas turbine station. with total capacity of 2,000 GW. producing 10,600 MW of power, � Scientists all over the world are energy are waves, ocean thermal made of rubberised nylon fabric
� In June, 2016 installed capacity there is no operational geother- trying to develop and obtain energy conversi on (OTEC) have been propagated under this
HPCL (HINDUSTAN PETROLEUM energy from i nexhaustibl e currents and tides.
CORPORATION LIMITED) has been recorded to be 27,151 mal plant. programme.
M.W. with Tamil Nadu in lead over resources like sunlight, wind, � Of these, tides providing tidal
� Tidal Energy : The tidal cycle � Solar Jet : It received 1st Aireg
� It was founded in 1974 with its other states. tidal waves, Bio–gas, and geo- energy can be harnessed for
headquarters in Mumbai. It is an occurs every 12 hours due to the thermal energy sources. Award for producing the first so-
� Solar Energy : Solar power in gross gravitational force of the large developments. lar fuel that can be used for avia-
Indian state owned oil and natu- � The importance of increasing the
ral gas company with the govern- India is one of the fast developing moon. � Indi a is the fourth l argest tion.
industry with capacity of 8,062 use of renewable energy sources
ment of India owing 51.11% � The difference in low tide and high producer in the world of Solar � The production of jet fuel has
MW (8 GW) as of July 2016 of was recognized in the country in
shares. It deals in products such tide is potential energy. To cap- cell s and photovol tai c (PV ) been achieved using sunlight,
this cumulative capacity of 6,763 the early 70s.
as petrol, diesel particularly HSD ture sufficient power from tidal modules. captured carbon dioxide from air
(High speed Diesel), Lubricants, MW has been achieved so far by � The country has today among the
energy potential, the height of world’s largest programmes for � India now has a very good R&D and water.
LPG, and Aviation turbine fuel. It end of 2015, solar power is being high tide has to be at least 5m (Research and Development) base
has its own five refineries of vary- used for domestic lighting in harnessing renewable energy. � In the process, it first synthesiz-
higher than low tide i.e. 16 feet for the devel opment of
ing capacity. rural areas. � The activities cover all major re- es syngas (mixture of CO + H2)
difference in high and low tide. technologi es for harnessi ng
BPCL (BHARAT PET ROLEUM � Solar powered water pumps for newable energy sources of inter- from carbon dioxide and water.
� In India the Gulf of Cambay and est, such as bio–gas, bio–mass, renewable/ non-conventional
CORPORATION LIMITED) irrigation, solar street lighting, etc. energy sources. � The fuel obtained is also called
the Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat in solar energy, wind energy, small
� It is the Indian state-controlled oil � In January 2016, Indian Prime renewable fuel. Recently work is
the west coast have the maximum hydropower and other emerging � These include small scale and me-
and gas company with its head- Minister Shri Narendra Modi and tidal range of 6.77 m to 5.23m. going on in production of other
technologies. dium/large scale industries, both
quarters in Mumbai with two re- the President of France, Mr. Fran- type of fuels for transport appli-
� Presently the company Atlantis � The Ministry of Non-Conventional in the public sector and the pri-
fineries at Kochi and Mumbai. cois Hollande laid the foundation cations such as diesel, gasoline
Resources has planned to install Energy Sources (MNES) created vate sector.
� It was founded in 1976, to be the stone of International Solar Aliance and pure hydrogen.
a 50 MW tidal farm in the Gulf of in 1992 is the nodal agency of � Technical guidance and help has
first refinery to process crude oil (ISA) in Gawalphri, Gurgaon to � The whole project of solar-jet was
Kutch and 50-200 MW tidal the Government for all matters been provided to many develop-
from Bombay High. It like HPCL focus on promoting and develop-
stream based power plant at Gulf relating to non-conventional/re- ing countries for the construction funded by EU hence putting it at
deals in petroleum, natural gas ing solar energy and products in
of Cambay. newable energy. of bio–gas plants. forefront in fuel technology.
and other petrochemicals. India.
OLE - 769 OLE - 770 OLE - 771
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

� Net Zero Buildings (NZEB) : These buildings also called net zero en- SPACE SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENTS IN INDIA
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Power Stations of India
ergy buildings.
State Thermal Power Hydel Power Nuclear Power � The foundation of space research However, it was launched on No-
� The Indira Prayavaran Bhawan is the first of this type building built in Stations Stations Stations in India was laid in 1962 when vember 5th, 2013 by ISRO as
India, under Central Government.
Andhra Pradesh Ramagundam (coal) Sivasamudram — the Government of India entrust- India’s first interplanetary mis-
� It is rated under Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA). Kothagudem (Super Nagarjunasagar ed the task of developing a pro- sion and ISRO to become fourth
� It has earthquake resistant structure. The building has an enormous thermal coal) Upper Sileru gramme on space responsible to agency to reach Mars.
impact on environment, human health and economy with usage of thin- Vijayawada (Super Lower Sileru
thermal coal) Muchkund its Department of Atomic Energy. � It was lifted off using PSLV (Polar
client networking system instead of conventional desktop systems, al- Muddanur Srisailam � The Department of Atomic energy Satellite Launch Vehicle) rocket
lows 75% day light to be used, has the largest rooftop solar system among set up a National Committee that 25. The transit time was 298 days
all multistoried buildings in India, and with energy efficient chilled beam Assam Bongaigoan (oil — identified two major objectives for before it was successfully made
system of air-conditioning that saves about 40% consumption. based) Namrup — Indi a’s space research to enter into Mars Orbit.
Bihar Barauni (Oil) Kosi
� NZEB came upto fruitification with USAID ECO-III Project guided by US programme. � Mangalyaan-II : India’s second
Jharkhand Chandrapura (coal) Tilaiya
Department of energy. Santaldih (coal) Panchat, Maithon � These objectives were – interplanetary mission planned
� Presently NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) is developing Bokaro (coal) (i) To utilise space technology for launch to Mars by ISRO in
and testing energy modelling and optimizing tools and technologies for Gujarat Gandhinagar (oil) Ukal Kakrapara 2020. It is expected to consist of
for the rapid development of
low-energy buildings. Sabarmati (oil)
mass communications and an orbiter, a lander and rover.
Dhuvaran (super
� Net Metering (NEM): The concept involves recording the net energy Thermal) (Based on education, especially in the � SAARC Satellites : India is the
between export of generated energy using solar pannels at roof tops or oil/natural gas) far-flung rural areas. only country in SAARC that has
building walls and import of energy from distribution licensee for a pe- Vanakabari, (ii) To utilise space technology the capability to launch and op-
riod of time. Ahmedabad erate satellites in space.
for the timely survey and man-
Haryana Faridabad (coal) Bhakra Nangal —
� Hence, it involves usage of the bidirectional meter to record both import Punjab Bhatinda, Ropar Dehar — agement of the country’s � The SAARC satellite has been de-
and export duties. Panipat (coal) Shamen (naptha) — natural resources. veloped by ISRO to serve SAARC
� Flow Battery : It also called redox-flow battery is a type of rechargable Himachal Pradesh Subernerekha Hirakund � During the formative decade of nations excluding Pakistan after
battery. Odisha (coal) Talcher (Super 1960s, space research was con- the words of Indian Prime Minis-
thermal coal) ter, Narendra Modi in his efforts
� In these batteries, the capacity is a function of the electrolyte volume and Balimela
ducted by India, mainly, with the
the power a function of the surface area of electrodes. Madhya Pradesh Parichha (coal) Gandhi Sagar — help of sounding rockets. to help developing SAARC coun-
Satpura (coal) Fhilla — � The Indi an Space Research tries like Sri Lanka, Bangladesh
� These batteries are of use in load balancing, electric vehicle, storing pow-
Korba (coal) Organisation (ISRO) was formed etc. in fields of telecommunica-
er from renewable sources of energy like solar or wind energy and in
Chhattisgarh Amarkantak (coal) in 1969. tion, tele medicine, with unwill-
telecom industriy for use in cellphone power stations where there is no Badarpur, ing of Pakistan, the SAARC satel-
grid power available. Rajasthan Indraprastha — Kota � In the history of the Indian space
lite ended up being called ‘South
� Imergy Power System installed a 30 KW-hour ESP 30 vanadium flow Uttar Pradesh Obra (super thermal yamuna Narora programme, 1970s were the era
coal), Singrauli (coal) Ramganga Asia Satellite’.
battery at Global Acadamey College of Technolgy, Banglore in India. of experimentation during which
Harduagang Jogindernagar experi mental satel lite � Chandrayaan : Chandrayaan-I
� These batteries help to reduce diesel fueled generators use during power Kanpur was Indi a’s Ist l unar probe
outages. programmes like Aryabhatta ,
Ennore (Coal) launched by ISRO in October
Tamil Nadu Neyveli (lignite) Mettur, Lower Kalpakkam Bhaskara, Rohini and Apple were
� Recently Sun Edison announced the purchase of 1000 Imergy’s flow bat- 2008.
Bhavanti, Kundah, Kundakulum launched in space.
teries for rural electrification bringing power to 20 million people by 2020. � It lasted until August 2009. Pres-
Pykara, Periyar, � The success of these programmes
� Vanadium flow batteries are preferred because they can provide many West Bengal Durgapur, Bandel, Kodayar ently ISRO is looking forward in
led to the era of operationalisation
hours of storage, require little maintenance and have long life in decades. Titagarh (oil) Damodar Valley launching of Chandrayaan-II by
in 1980s during which operational
� IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency) : It is an intergov- Kolkata Raman, Farakka 2018.
Yelahanka (oil) — satellite programmes like INSAT
ernmental organisation with Abu Dhabi in the United State of Emirates and IRS came into being. � It is expected to include a robotic
Karnataka Raichur Kalindi —
being it’s interim seat as announced on June 20th, 2009. Although it Sharavathy � Today, INSAT and IRS are the rover, designed to move on wheel
has Innovation and Technology Centres in Bonn, Germany and New York Jog Fall major programmes of ISRO. on lunar surface, picking up soil
in USA. Sabarigri, Idukki or rocks, do-on spot analysis and
Kerala — Pallivasal Tarapore � Antrix, the commercial arm of
� The agency supports countries in their transitions to a sustainable en- send the data to earth via the or-
Maharashtra Trombay (oil) Pallivasal ISRO is marketing India’s space
ergy future. biter, orbiting the moon.
Uran (oil) Tata services globally.
� It promotes widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of re- Busawal (coal) Koyna � ADITYA : Aditya L-I is the first
� MOM (Mars Orbiter Mission) :
newable sources of energy. Nashik, Parli, Indian Mission to study the Sun
A Mars (raft is a prob-orbiting
� India chaired 9th meetting of agency with total strength of 140 members. Chandrapur, Koradi and its corona that extends to
Mars since sept. 24th, 2014.

OLE - 772 OLE - 773 OLE - 774

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
thousands of Km above the and ISRO to co-develop and 1977 : Satellite Telecommunication Experiments Project (STEP) carried out. 2007 : On April 23, 2007 PSLV-C-78 successfully launched “AZAIL“ (Italy).

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
photosphere with a temperature launch a dual frequency synthetic 1979 : The second Indian satellite “Bhaskara-I” launched from USSR on 2007 : On September 2, 2007 GSLV-F-04 successfully launched INSAT -
of more than a million kelvin. aperture radar satellite for remote June 7. 4CR.
� The mission was conceived as a signaling to observe and study to 1980 : Second Experimental launch of SLV-3, “Rohini” satellite success- 2008 : On January 21, 2008 PSLV-C10 successfully launched ‘TEKSAR’.
400 kg class satellite carrying one understand natured processes of fully placed in orbit. 2008 : On April 24, 2008 PSLV-C 9 successfully launched ‘CARTOSAT-2A’.
pay load, the visible commission earth.
1981 : On November 20, 1981 “Bhaskara-II” launched. 2008 : On October 22, 2008 PSLV -C-11 successfull y launched
line corona graph (VELC). � It is expected to be launched in
: On June 19, 1981, “APPLE,” an experimental geostationary com- ‘CHANDRAYAN–I’.
� It was launched in 800 km orbit 2019-20 with duration of 3 years.
munication satellite successfully launched. 2009 : On November 23, 2009 PSLV-C-14 successfully l aunched
in halo orbi t around the � Clean Space One : A model was
1982 : INSAT-1A, launched (April 10), deactivated due to propellant depletion. ‘OCEANSAT-2’.
Lagrangian point 1 (L1) of the Sun- for first time presented at Ban-
1983 : The SLV-3 launches the D2 Rohini satellite from Sriharikota (April 17) 2010 : On July 12, 2010 PSLV-C-15 successfully launched ‘CARTOSAT-2B’,
Earth system because of an ad- galore Space Expo 2016 by
: INSAT -1B satellite launches into space by the US space shuttle ALSAT-2A, NLS 6.1 AISSAT-1, NLS 6.2 TISAT-1 and STUDSAT.
vantage that it allowed continu- Swiss Scientists.
ous viewing of the sun without any Challenger (August 30). 2011 : On Apri l 20, 2011 PSLV-C-16 successfull y launched
� The technology is developed to
obstruction by eclipse. 1984 : Sq. Leader Rakesh Sharma – first Indian to travel in space. RESOURCESAT-2, YOUTHSAT and X-SAT.
target smaller satellites as part of
� GSAT-16 : ISRO communication active debris removal from space. 1987 : First developmental launch of ASLV (March 24) flight unsuccessful. 2011 : On July 15, 2011, PSLV-C-17 successfully launched GSAT-12.
satelli te was launched from � The satellite is only 820g equipped 1988 : The first indigenously built remote–sensing satellite IRS-1A launched (March 2012 : On September 29, 2012, Ariane-5 successfully launched GSAT-10
Kourou by Ariane-5 launch ve- with two antennas. 17) INSAT-1C, the third multipurpose satellite launched (July 22). 2013 : On February 25, 2013, PSLV–C-20 successfully launched & which
hicle on October 16th, 2014. � Scramjet rocket Engine : On 1990 : INSAT -1D launched into space by the US Delta rocket from the placed Indo-French satellite Saral and six other satellites on space.
� It has been placed in Geosynchro- August 28, 2016. ISRO success- Eastern Space and Missiles Centre, Florida, (June 12). : On November 5th, 2013, PSLV-C25; successfully launched India's
nous Transfer Orbit (GTO) before fully tested the above which use 1991 : IRS-1B launched by the Russian ‘Vostok’ rocket (August 29). first Mars orbiter that reached its orbit successfully.
it is going to be uplifted to geo- atmospheric oxygen to burn en- 1992 : The Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) successfully launched 2014 : On January 5th, 2014, PSLV-D-5; successful launchas 3rd satallite
stationary orbit. gine fuel and hence it is light to from Sriharikota (May 20). in Indian Regional Navigational Satellite system.
� It has total of facility for putting bring down the total launching : INSAT-2A, the first indigenously built multi-utility satellite, launched : On November 10th, 2014, PSLV-C26; IRNSS successful launchas
in 48 transponder in space by cost and simultaneous by allow- into space by Ariane Vehicle from Kourou (July 10), French Guyana. 3rd satellite in Indian Regional Navigational Satellite system.
ISRO. It’s control center is at ing the carriage of heavy pay- : On December 7th, 2014, Ariane-5; successful launch of GSAT-16
1993 : INSAT-2B, the second indigenously fabricated multipurpose satellite
Hassan in Karnataka. loads into orbit. as 24th communication satellite of India, a part of 48 communication
launched in space, by Ariane rocket from Kourou (July 23).
� NISAR Satellite : NASA-ISRO � These engines are the most ide- transponder.
1994 : ASLV-D4 successfully launched from Sriharikota (May 4) and PSLV-
Synthetic Aperture Radar mission aly suited for launch vehicles mov- 2015 : On August 27th, 2015, GSLV-D6; launch of GSAT-6, communica-
D2 successfully launched from Sriharikota. (October 15).
is a joint project between NASA ing at supersonic speeds. tion satellite with indegenously developed upper stage cryogenic
1995 : INSAT-2C satellite launched in space, by Ariane rocket from Kourou,
SPACE PROGRAMME OF INDIA : MILESTONE French Guyana. (December 7, 1995). engine.
1996 : PSLV-D3 successfully launched IRS-P3 (March 21). : On September, 2015, PSLV-C30; successful launch of India's first
1962 : Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR)
dedicated multiwave length space observatory.
formed and started working on establishing Thumba Equatorial 1997 : INSAT-2D placed in orbit by Ariane rocket from Kourou (June 4).
Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) started. 2016 : On 20 January, 2016, PSLV-C31; launch of IRNSS-1E is the fifth
: PSLV -C1 successfully put into orbit IRS-1D (September 29).
satellite in the Indian Regional navigation satellite system (IRNSS)
1963 : On November 21, 1963, first sounding rocket launched from 1999 : PSLV-C2, the indigenously built Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle was
TERLS, : on 10 March, 2016, PSLV-C32; launch of IRNSS-1F is the sixth
launched from Sriharikota (May 1999).
1965 : Space Science and Technology Centre (SSTC) established in satellite in the IRNSS.
2000 : INSAT -3B, the first of its kind in III series was launched success-
Thumba. : On 28 April, 2016, PSLV-C33; launch of IRNSS-1G is the seventh
fully from Sriharikota (March 2000).
1967 : Satellite Communication Earth Station was set up at Ahmedabad. and final satellite in the IRNSS.
2001 : ISRO’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, PSLV-C3 successfully launched
1968 : TERLS dedicated to the nation, February 2. : On 22 June, 2016; launch of PSLV-C34, Earth observation/remote
three satellites — TES of India, BIRD of Germany and PROBA of
sensing satellite- Identical to CARTOSAT -2, 2A and 2B.
1969 : The Indian Space Research Organisation constituted for peace- Belgium.
ful exploration of space. : On 8 September, 2016; launch of GSLV-F05, an advanced meteoro-
2002 : On January 24, 2002, INSAT -3C successfully launched by Ariane
logical satellite of India configured with an inaging system and an
1972 : Department of Space and Space Commission constituted. Air from Kourou, French Guyana.
borne remote–sensing experiments committee for surveying Atmospheric Sounder.
2003 : PSLV-C5 successfully launch “Resource Sat-1” on October 17, 2003
earth resources. : On 26 September, 2016; launch of PSLV-C35, miniature satellite to
2004 : On September 20, 2004, GSLV–F–01 successfully launched educa-
1972-76 : Air-borne remote-sensing experiments. provide weather forecasting, cyclone prediction and tracking ser-
tional satellite “EDUSAT”.
vices to india.
1975 : The first Indian satellite “Aryabhatta” launched from USSR on 2005 : On May 5, 2005, PSLV-C6 successfully launched “CARTOSAT-1”.
April 19. : On 5 October, 2016; launch of Ariane 5 ECA VA-231, Communica-
2006 : On July 10, 2006 GSLV-G-2 unsuccessfully launched “INSAT-4C”. tion satellite, will carry 24 C-band, 12 extended, C-bank and 12 K-
1975-76 : Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) conducted.
2007 : On January 10, 2007 PSLV-C-7 successfully launched “CARTOSAT-2”. band transponders.

OLE - 775 OLE - 776 OLE - 777

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME : AT A GLANCE
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

INSAT -4CR 02.09.2007 Telecom GSLV-F-04 Successful INSAT -3DR 08.09.2016 Meteorolagical GSLV-F05 Successful
TECSAR 21.01.2008 Remote sensing PSLV-C-10 Successful Satellite with
Satellite Date Type Launch Result
Vehicle CARTOSAT-2A 24.04.2008 Multipurpose PSLV-C-9 Successful imaging system &
CHANDRAYAN-1 22.10.2008 Obs. of Moon PSLV-C-11 Successful an atmospheric
Aryabhatta 19-04-75 Scientific Cosmos Successful
OCEANSAT-2 23.11.2009 Multipurpose PSLV-C-14 Successful sounder
Bhaskara–I 07-06-79 Geosurvey Cosmos Successful
CARTOSAT -2B 12.07.2010 Remote sensing PSLV-C-15 Successful SCATSAT-1 26.09.2016 Miniature satellite PSLV-35 Successful
Rohini 10-08-79 Geosurvey S.L.V.3 Unsuccessful
RESOURCESAT-2 to provide weather
Rohini D-1 18-07-80 Geosurvey S.L.V. 3 Successful
& OTHERS 20.04.2011 Multipurpose PSLV-C-16 Successful forecasting, cyclone
Rohini 31-05-81 Scientific S.L.V.3 Successful
GSAT -12 15.07.2011 Communication PSLV-C-17 Successful prediction and
Apple 19-06-81 Communication Ariane Successful
SPOT -6 09.09.2012 Multipurpose PSLV-C-21 Successful fracting services
Bhaskara–II 20-11-81 Geosurvey Cosmos Successful
GSAT -10 29.09.2012 Communication Ariane-5 Successful to India
INSAT-1A 10-04-82 Multipurpose Delta Unsuccessful
SARAL 25.02.2013 Oceanography PSLV-C-20 Successful GSAT-18 05.10.2016 Communication Ariane 5 Successful
Rohini 17-04-83 Scientific S.L.V.3 Successful
Navigation 01.07.2013 Oceanography PSLV-C-22 Successful Satellite ECA VA-231
INSAT -1B 30-08-83 Mutlipurpose Space Shuttle Successful
IRNS-1A
SROSS–I 24-03-87 Technical ASLV-D-1 Unsuccessful LIST OF FOREIGN SATELLITES LAUNCHED BY INDIA IN 2016
INSAT -3D 26.07.2013 Multipurpose Arian-5 Successful
IRS-1A 17-03-88 Remote sensing Vostok Successful ISRO launched 20 satellites including 3 Indian satellites aboard PSLV-C34,
GSAT -7 30.08.2013 Defence Arian-5 Successful
SROSS–II 17-07-88 Technical ASLV-D-2 Unsuccessful the highest number of satellites launched aboard a single flight. The for-
MANGALYAN 05.11.2013 Obs. of Mars PSLV-C-25 Successful eign satellites included :
INSAT -1C 21-07-88 Multipurpose Ariane–4 Unsuccessful
GSAT -14 05.01.2014 Communication GSLV-D-5 Successful LAPAN -Indonesia Sky Sat Gen. 2-1 –U.S.A.
INSAT -1D 12-06-90 Multipurpose Delta Successful
IRNSS-1B 04.04.2014 Navigation PSLV-C-24 Successful BIROS -Germany GHG Sat –D– Canada
IRS-1B 29-08-91 Remote sensing Vostok Successful
5 Foreign 30.06.2014 Multipurpose PSLV-C-23 Successful M3M Sat-Canada 12 Dove satellites – U.S.A.
INSAT-2A 10-07-92 Multipurpose Ariane Successful
Satelites
INSAT -2B 23-07-93 Multipurpose Ariane Successful INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM
IRNSS-1C 16.12.2014 Navigation PSLV-C-26 Successful
IRS-P1 20-09-93 Remote sensing PSLV-D-1 Unsuccessful
IRNSS-1D 20.03.2015 Indian Regional PSLV-C-27 Successful � In world, different countries employ independent navigation satellites.
SROSS-4 04-05-94 Scientific ASLV-D-3 Successful However, it was realised that multiple constellations of satellites can im-
Navigation Sate-
IRS-P2 15-10-94 Remote sensing PSLV-D-2 Successful prove positioning, navigation and timing for all. Hence, international sys-
llite System
INSAT -2C 07-12-95 Telecom Ariane-4 Successful tems came into existence such as :
GSAT -6 27.03.2015 Communication GSLV-D-6 Successful
IRS-1C 28-12-95 Remote sensing PSLV-D-3 Successful satellite marked � GPS : Operated by U.S-Dept. of Defense, coordinated with the U.S. Dept.
IRS-P3 20-03-96 Remote sensing PSLV-D-3 Successful success of upper of transportation and other civilian government agencies.
INSAT -2D 20-04-97 Telecom Ariane Unsuccessful sate cryogenic � GLONASS : Developed by USSR during cold war but now operated by
IRS-ID 29-09-97 Remote sensing PSLV Successful engine Russian Federal Space Agency.
INSAT -2E 03-04-99 Multipurpose Ariane Successful Astrosat 28.09.2015 Multi wavelength PSLV-C-30 Successful � Galileo : A civilian operated global system by a consortium of European
INSAT -3B 22-03-2000 Multipurpose Ariane Successful space observat- Agencies under European Commission.
ory � Beidou : It was planned and developed by the government of China with
G-SAT -1 18-04-2001 Multipurpose GSLV-D Successful
GSAT 11.11.2015 Communication Ariane-5 Successful about 35 satellites by 2020.
INSAT -3C 24-01-2002 Communication Ariane-4 Successful
satellite, carried VA-227 � IRNSS : Developed by ISRO to provide positioning services around India.
MET SAT 12-09-2002 Meteorology PSLVC-4 Successful GAGAN, Augmen- � QZSS : Auasi-Zenith Satellite System being developed by Japan, for
INSAT-3A 10-04-2003 Multipurpose Ariane-5 Successful ted Navigation providing data links and positioning services.
INSAT -3E 28-09-2003 Communication Ariane-5 Successful payload
Resource 17-10-2003 Remote sensing PSLV-C-5 Successful IRNSS-1E 20.01.2016 Fifth Satellite in PSLV-C-31 Successful INDIAN REGIONAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM :
SAT-1 Indian Regional � NAUIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation is the Indian Regional
EDUSAT 20-9-2004 Education GSLVF Successful Navigation, Sate- Navigation Satellite System).
llite System � ISRO is the operator of this system.
CARTOSAT -I 05-05-2005 Cartography PSLV C-6 Successful
IRNSS-1G 28.04.2016 Seventh and final PSLV-C-33 Successful � This system will be used to provide accurate real-time positioning and
INSAT-4A 22.12.2006 Telecom Ariane-5 Successful
INSAT -4C 10.07.2006 Telecom GSLV-F-02 Unsuccessful
satellite in Indi- timing services over India and the region extending to 1,500 Kilometers
an Space Regio- around India.
CARTOSTAT -2, 10-01-2007 Multipurpose PSLV-C-7 Successful
nal Navigation � The NAVIC System Consists of a Constellation of 3 satellites in Geosta-
LAPAN tionary orbit and 4 Satellites in Geosynchronous orbit.
System
TUBESAT,
Cartostat-2C 22.06.2016 Remote Sensing PSLV-C-34 Successful � NAVIC provides two levels of service, the standard positioning service
PAHUNSAT which is open for civilian use, and a restricted service for authorized
Satellite
INSAT -4B 12.03.2007 DTH Services Ariane Successful users like Indian military.

OLE - 778 OLE - 779 OLE - 780

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
existence of past life on the plan- International space station. It’s

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

INDIAN SATELLITE SYSTEM INDIAN REMOTE SENSING SATEL- APPLICAT IONS OF REMOT E

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

LITE SYSTEM SENSING et and potential for the preserva- first flight of older version was on
INSAT – SATELLITES APPLICATIONS OF COMMUNICA- tion of biosignatures within acces- December 22nd, 2015 and the
TION SATELLITES � Today, India has the largest con- � IRS imagery is used for agricul-
� ‘INSAT’ means Indian National stellation of Remote Sensing Sat- tural crop acreage and yield esti- sible geological material. last on August 14th, 2016.
Satellite. � The INSAT system was supposed ellites which are providing servic- mation. � The Rover is going to be powered � It is planning even to transport
� ‘INSAT’ system started with the to carry out three independent es both at the national and global by radioisotope thermo electric astronauts to International space
� It has important application in
launch of INSAT-1A on April 10, tasks, namely– levels. generator. The whole mission is station. The fuel used in was LOX
drought warning, flood warning
1982 from Cape Canaveral. 1. Tele Communications approximately going to cost about /RP-1.
� From the Indian Remote Sensing and damage assessment.
� The Indian National Satellite 2. Television and Radio Broad- (IRS) Satellites, data is available US $ 2.5 billion. � Europa : Jupiter’s moon is sub-
� IRS imagery is used for ground
(INSAT) i s a mul tipurpose casting in a variety of spatial resolutions � Kepler Space Telescope : It in- ject to speculation about exist-
and surface water harvesting,
operational satellite system for 3. Meteorological Observations starting from 360 metres with stalled by NASA has discovered ence of life due to strong possi-
monitoring of reservoirs and ir-
domestic telecommunication, � Remote areas and offshore is- highest resolution being 5.8 3030 explanets with 709 con- bility of liquid water ocean be-
rigation command areas to
meteorological observations and lands have been connected with meters. firmed that revolve around a star. neath its ice solid surface.
optimise water use.
data relay nationwide direct rest of the nation using INSAT � Besides, the state-of-the-art cam- It’s studies reveal that 25% of � The case for life on Europa got
satellite television broadcasting � Forest survey and management
system. eras of IRS spacecraft take the sun like stars bear 1-3 times size strong belief in 2011 when it was
and radio, television programme and wasteland identification and
� Interactive education system has pictures of the Earth in several of our planet, Earth. discovered that vast lakes exist
distribution. recovery are other allied uses in
been provided a big boost. spectral bands. � Recently it discovered two plan- with Europa’s thick icy shell.
� The system is a joint venture of this regard.
� Nation–wide library networking � The first Indian Remote Sensing ets, Kepler and K2. i.e. K 47 with � In 2013, NASA detected clay like
Department of Space (DoS), De- has been initiated on a large scale. � IRS imagery has also been used
Satellite, IRS-IA was launched on possibility of extra-terrestrialife. matter on its surface.
partment of Telecommunication for mineral prospecting and fore-
� INSAT communication services March 17, 1988. � Odyssey : It was launced on � Since then, its subsurface is con-
(DoT), Indian Meteorological De- casting of potential fishing zones
have been used in mobile satel- � The second Indian Remote Sens- April 7th, 2001 on a Delta-11 sidered as the best target for dis-
partment (IMD), All India Radio lite services, rural telegraphy, (shoals).
ing Satellite IRS-IB was launched rocket from Cape Canrval by covery of life.
(AIR) and Doordarshan. telemedicine, computer network- � With regard to the applications in
on August 29, 1991. NASA. Titan, the largest moon of saturn
� INSAT -1 series were made by ing etc. planning and management, IRS
� The Indian Remote Sensing Sat- data is being used for urban � It was meant to use spectometers also showed the possibility for
the United States (US) for India � The INSAT T.V. network today
ellite system, comprising IRS-IC, and thermal imagers to detect existence of extra terrestrial life
and launched by foreign rockets. provides access to over 80 per planning, flood prone area iden-
IRS-ID and IRS-P4 besides IRS- tification and the consequent sug- evidence of past or present wa- but it yet to be proved firmly.
� INSAT-2 series were made by India cent of India’s population.
P3, is the largest such system in gestions for mitigation measures. ter and ice as well as planets ge- � ROSETTA : A spacecraft funded
and launched by foreign rockets. � Regions of South-East Asia and the world today. ology and radiation environment by European space agency was
� INSAT is one of the largest do- Middle–East are now able to re- OTHER IMPORTANT SATELLITE
� The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle to find an answer of ever exist- launched on March 4th, 2004
mestic communication satellite ceive Indian Television through MISSION
PSLV-C5 launched in October ence of life on Mars. from kourou.
system in the world with six sat- INSAT-2C. � Curiosity : A robotic rover of al-
2003 putting into orbit the In- � It is also the longest orbiter of � It was meant to have detailed
ellites, INSAT-2DT, INSAT -2E, � Education television broadcasting most of the si ze of car was
dian Remote Sensing Satellite Mars to be called Mars global sur- study of comet 67/P. It was in
INSAT-3A, INSAT-3B, INSAT-3C through INSAT has been intro- launched from Cape Canaveral on
IRS-P6, also known as RE- veyor. November, it landed on comet.
and INSAT-3E. duced from primary level to uni- Nov. 26th, 2012 that landed on
versity level. SOURCE Satellite-1. � MAVEN (Mars Atomosphere and � The aim was to study role of com-
� The INSAT system also includes a Aeolis Palus in Gale crater of mars
� The entire radio networking of all � This is the first time when the on August 6th, 2012. It was Volatile Evolution Mission) : It ets in the orgin of life on earth.
few transponders leased from oth-
er agencies for meeting the cur- radio broadcasts in the country PSLV placed a satellite of over aimed at to study or investigate was launched using Atlas V However, its stay in space didn’t
rent demands. is now through INSAT. 1,300 kg in orbit. Martian climate, geology, environ- launch vehicle on Nov. last long with power failure.
� EDUSAT is specially configured � The meteorological data gathering � The Resourcesat is the most so- mental condi tions whether � 18th, 2013. To reach Mars on � Dark Matter : It is invisible mat-
for audio-visual medium, employ- with Very High Resolution phisticated Remote Sensing sat- favourable for microbial life or Sept. 24th, 2014. It was meant ter that makes up most of the
ing digital interactive classroom Radiometer (VHRR) on board ellite of the ISRO. not, investigation of water and to study that how the planet’s at- universe. It can’t be seen but can
and multimedia and multi-centric INSAT -2 series has vastly � Resourcesat has application in planetary habitability. mosphere and water happened to only be detected by its gravita-
system. improved weather forecasting. agriculture, forestry, land and be lost over time. tional effects.
� Mars 2020 Rover Mission : It
� The satellite has five Ku–band � INSAT system provides meteoro- water resources, and disaster was announced on December � The answer did come inform of � It does not interact with electro-
transporters and six C–band tran- logical services through Very management. 4th, 2012 at the meeting of solar storms being responsible magnetic force i.e. it does not
sponders. High Resolution Radiometer � CARTOSAT-1 is the heaviest Re- American Geophysical Union in which struck the planet some 4.2 emit, reflect or absorb light hence
(VHRR) and CCD cameras on mote Sensing Satellite to be or- San Francisco. to 3.7 billion years ago. The mis- making it hard to detect.
� EDUSAT provides connectivity for
some of its spacecrafts. bited by a PSLV. sion lasted for an year. � It is considered to make up about
school, college and higher levels � It is internetted to investigate an
of education and also to support � Cyclone monitoring through me- � TECSAR is the Remote Sensing astrobiologically relevant ancient � Space-X -Falcon Rocket : Fal- 27% universe. While the matter
teorological imaging and cyclone Satellite to be orbited by a PSLV- con-9 received commercial Re- in the form of stars, galaxies we
non-formal education including atmosphere of Mars, it’s surface
warning throgh disaster warning C-10. supply Service contract from use to see make up only 5% of
communicational development. geological processes, proof for the
receivers has been operationalised. NASA in 2008 to deliver cargo to universe.

OLE - 781 OLE - 782 OLE - 783

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Most distant galaxy cluster : CL J 1001 + 0220 has been discovered � GSLV is a three stage launch ve- � It offers launch services using � These satellites have nearly cir-

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

� Again in 3rd and 4th stage HTPB
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

to be the most distant galaxy cluster. It’s light has started arriving re- and (UDMH) and (N2Ou) used re- hicle. The stage 3 and 4 of PSLV India’s PSLV. Two German, one cular orbit in a pole to pole direc-
cently after a journey of 11.2 billion years. spectively. are replaced by a single, cryo- Korean and one Belgian satellites tion. They are mostly weather
� ARIES telescope : Asia’s biggest telescope is a joint collaboratory of In- � The PSLV is a 4-stage launcher genic stage in GSLV. have already been successfully forecasting.
dian, Russian and Belgian scientist it is located in Nainital, Uttarakhand measuring 44 metre height with � The first stage in GSLV is a solid launched by PSLV. � Sun Synchronous Satellites : A
at height of 2500m. a 2.8 metre diameter and weigh- propellant core motor with four � Through ANTRIX, Telemetry, satellite that always appears to
� The telescope can be operated with help of remote control from any where ing 275 tonnes. liquid propellant strapons. Tracking and Command support be in a fixed position vis-a-vis
in world to study and explore planets, stars, magnetic fields and space � The first development flight i.e., � The second stage is a liquid pro- from the Indian ground stations sun is called a ‘sun-synchronous
debris. PSLV-D1 in 1993 was unsuc- pulsion system. The cryogenic are offered. satellite.’
� GIRI Radar System : ISRO has installed GIRI Radar system (Gadanki cessful. upper stage has oxygen and liq- � Geo-stationary Satellite : Geo-
IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY
Ionospheric Radar Information) radar system at National Atmospheric � The PSLV-D2 launch in October, uid hydrogen. stationary orbit is at a high alti-
1994 successfully placed IRS-P2 � Space : The vast and limitless
Research Laboratory in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. � On April, 18, 2001 the GSLV-D1 tude of about 36000 km. It is a
in the Polar Sun-Synchronous region that exists beyond the
� It consisting of 30 MHz radar system will help improving the equatorial was successfully launched from circular and equatorial orbit.
Orbit (PSO). earth’s atmosphere.
Plasma Bubble forecasting for improved satellite based navigation/ com- the Sriharikota and placed GSAT- � Communication satellites are nor-
� The second developmental launch � Space Exploration : The collec-
munication applications. I in the GTO. mally geo-stationary satellites.
in March, 1996 successfully tion of information about the vari-
� SONAR Dome : It is the dome attached to the bottom of the ship, for placed IRS-P3 in PSO. � Rocket Propellants : Rocket
ous objects present in outer
navigational measurements. It has been designed and produced by DRDO CRYOGENIC TECHNOLOGY space is called ‘space explora- fuels or rocket propellants are
� It was in September, 1997 that
(Defence and Research Development Organisations) in Pune. special fuels which are highly
first successful operational flight � A cryo engine use liquid hydro- tion’.
� It is a structure fitted over the sonar array to make acoustically transpar- PSLV-C1 was undertaken. It gen and liquid oxygen as propel- compact, havi ng very hi gh
� Satellite : A satellite is a celes-
ent to avoid exposure of its electronic equipments and sensors. placed IRS–1D in PSO. lants. It is called cryo engine be- calorific value, burn extremely
tial object which revolves around
� The PSLV-C2 in May, 1999 lifted cause both these gases are re- a planet in circular path or ellip- rapidly, and leave no residue on
LAUNCH VEHICLES and placed three satellites–the quired to be cooled to extremely tical path. burning.
� The first Indian Satellite Launch � The first two flights of ASLV car- Indian IRS-P4, the Korean low temperatures, called Cryogen- � The satellites are of two types– � There are three types of rocket
vehicle was SLV-3. rying SROSS-1 and SROSS-2 sat- KITSAT -3 and the German ic temperature. Natural satellites and Man-made propellants, solid rocket propel-
� The first successful flight of SLV- ellites respectively, failed. TUBSAT in PSO5. � It is in GSLV that Cryogenic en- satellites. lants, liquid rocket propellants
3 took place from the Sriharikota � The first flight was in March, 1987 � The PSLV-C3 in October, 2001 gines have been used for the first � Orbit : The closed path of a sat- and hybrid propellants.
range in July 1980. and second in July, 1988. placed three satellites - the In- time. ellite around the earth is called � The solid rocket propellants are
� It carried a small Indian built sat- � The third launcher ASLV-D 3, was dian TES, the Belgian PROBA its orbit. The orbit of a satellite a mixture of solid hydrocarbon
� Cryogenic engines provide two
ellite Rohini-1 and placed it a launched in May, 1992 carrying and the German BIRD. may be circular or elliptical in and a solid oxidising agent.
important benefits i.e., greater
near-earth orbit. the SROSS-3 satellite. The satel- � India’s Space Programme reached shape. � Most of the propellants used in
thrust power and lower weight of
� Two more successful launches of lite was successfully placed in new heights with the successful rocket are liquid. However, some
propellants, due to which it is � Apogee : It is the farthest point
SLV-3 were conducted in May, lower earth orbit of 400 km. launch of the 44.4 metre tall use mixture of solid and liquid
possible to carry additional pay- from the earth on the obrit of a
1981 and April, 1983 with the � The final ASLV-D4 was launched four-stage PSLV C-6 carrying the
load. satellite. propellants.
in May, 1994 and was a success. CARTOSAT -1 and HAMSAT sat-
Rohini Satellites. � Cryogenic technology is crucial � Perigee : It is the nearest point � E.g. of Rocket Propellants : Liquid
ellite, on May, 2005.
AUGMENTED SATELLITE LAUNCH POLAR SATELLITE LAUNCH VE- for the success of the GSLV from the earth on the orbit of a Hydrogen, Synthetic Rubber,
� CARTOSAT-2, LAPAN, TUBESAT
VEHICLE (ASLV) HICLE (PSLV) and PAHUNSAT are the heaviest programme as it seeks to place satellite. Liqui d Ammoni a, Alcohol ,
Remote Sensing Sattellite to be a 2500 kg satellite in a 36000km � Inclination : The inclination of Hydrazine, Kerosene oil, Paraffin
� ASLV represents the next stage � PSLV was designated to carry much
orbited by PSLV-C7. high geostationary orbit. the orbit of a satellite is the angle Wax, Methyl Hydrazi ne with
in India’s Launch Vehicle Devel- heavier satellites of the IRS class
made by the orbit of the satellite liquid oxygen (LOX).
opment Programme. to Polar Sun-Synchronus orbits. GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE ANTRIX with the equator of the earth.
� It is a five-stage solid-fuel rocket � It works on solid and liquid pro- LAUNCH VEHICLE (GSLV) INSTITUTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH
pulsion systems alternately. In � ANTRIX, the commercial arm of � Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites SPACE RESEARCH
developed by ISRO. � GSLV represents the most ad-
first stage hydroxyl-terminated ISRO is a single window agency : These satellites are stationed at
� ASLV was an improved version of vanced generation of Indian a relatively low altitude (ranging � Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
SLV-3. polybutadience urethane-bound for marketing Indian space capa- (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram
Launch Vehicle. between 200 to 900 kms) above
(HTPB) propellant used, which bilities.
� The ASLV was derived from the � It’s height is 49 meter with a lift- the surface of the earth. They � ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore
produces thrust upto 4,800 KN. � It is playing a key role in the
SLV-3 with the addition of two off mass of 415 tonnes. have an elliptical orbit. � Space Appli cati on Centre,
boosters. � In second stage liquid propellant worldwide availability of IRS data
� GSLV is a Delta-II class medium � Polar Orbit Satellites : Such sat- Ahemdabad
unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine through Space Imaging, USA.
� ASLV was 24 metres high and its launch vehicle, with an objective ellites move from pole to pole � SHAR Centre, Sri hari kota,
as fuel and nitrogen tetroxide � ANTRIX also provides IRS spe-
capacity reached 150 kg payload of placing 2.5 metric ton pay- i.e., from North Pole to South Andhra Pradesh ( the mai n
(N2Ou) as oxidiser used, which cific data processing equipment.
in LEO. loads into GTO. Pole and vice versa. launching centre of ISRO)
produces thrust upto 800 KN.
OLE - 784 OLE - 785 OLE - 786
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, Command Network, Bangalore � Shri Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, � The station was commissioned in Maharashtra, two 1,000 MW

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Mahendragi ri ( Tamil Nadu), � Master Control Facility at Hassan Thiruvananthapuram–developing biomedical engineering and technology; 1969 and was collaborative ven- li ght water reactor ( Russain
Thiruvananthapuram and Banga- in Karnataka providing and demonstrating high standards of patient care in advanced ture with General Electric of USA. VVER) Kundankulam Atomic
lore � ISRO Inertial Systems Units, medical specialities and developing post-graduate training programme of � The PHWR programme com- Power Project in Tamil Nadu, and
� Development and Educational Thiruvananthapuram the highest quality in these fields. menced with the building of two two 220 MW PHWR each at Kaiga
Communication Unit (Ahmedabad) � Indian Association for the cultivation of Sciences, Kolkata–studies pressurised heavy water reactors ( 3&4) in Karnataka and
� Physical Research Laboratory,
� ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and on solid state physics, materi al sciences, theoretical physics, Rawatbhata (5&6) in Rajasthan,
Ahmedabad. ( PHWRs) at Rawatbhata
spectroscopy, energy research, chemistry including biochemistry polymer are under construction.
(Rajasthan).
ATOMIC RESEARCH science etc. � These are being constructed by
� These reactors built partly with
� Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and Dr. � Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC) – � Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore–research in emerging as the Nuclear Power Corporation of
Canadian collaboration, started
Homi. J. Bhabha laid the founda- Hyderabad well as interdisciplinary areas of astrophysics and heavenly bodies and India.
commercial production in 1972
tion for Nuclear Energy Pro- � Board of Radiation and Isotope development of instruments used in astrophysical studies. � These will add 3,420 MW to take
and 1980.
gramme in India. Technology (BRIT) – Mumbai � Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore– the total installed capacity of 6,680
� Later, in 1984 and 1986 two in- MW in the coming few years.
� India’s nucl ear research research in frontier areas of chemi stry, physi cs of materi al s,
Public Sector Undertakings digenous PHWRs were commis-
programme aims to develop and computational fluid dynamics, geodynamics, condensed matter theory, � To provide a parallel stream for
There are five PSUs under DAE animal behaviour genetics etc. sioned at Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu). faster growth of nuclear power,
utilise nuclear energy for peace- � With thi s, the Department
� Nuclear Power Corporation of In- � Raman Research Institute, Bangalore–research in basic sciences such India has entered into an agree-
ful purposes such as power gen- achieved comprehensive capabil-
dia Ltd, (NPCIL) – Mumbai as astronomy, astrophysics, liquid crystals etc. ment with the Russian Federation
eration, applications in agricul- ity in the design, construction and
� Uranium Corporation of India � S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata–promoting for setting up an atomic power
ture, medical sciences, industry operation of PHWRs.
Ltd. (UCIL) – Jadugoda advanced studies in selected branches of basic sciences. stati on compri si ng two
and other areas.
(Jharkhand) � Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow–research in the area � With its R & D endeavour and pressurised water reactors of
� The objectives of India’s nuclear 1,000 MW capaci ty each at
� Indian Rare Earth Ltd, (IRE) – of palaeobotany, its relevance in modern context. the support of the Indian indus-
energy programme have been de- Kudankulam (Tamil Nadu).
Mumbai � Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Mumbai–observi ng and try, DAE standarsized 220 mega-
fined in the Atomic Energy Act of � Here construction has begun with
� Electronics Corporation of India understanding some of physical processes taking place in the innermost watt PHWR design.
1948. the first pour of the reactor con-
Ltd. (ECIL) – Hyderabad crusts of the earth as well as phenomena occurring on the sun and in � The Nuclear Power Corporation
� The Department of Atomic En- � Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut crete on March 31, 2002.
near earth and interplanetary space. of India Limited (NPCIL), a pub-
ergy (DAE) was created in 1954. Nigam Limited (BHAVINI) � India has so far acquired an ex-
� Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun–basic research in ar- lic sector undertaking of DAE, is
ATOMIC RESEARCH INSTITUTES Aided Institutes eas of biostratigraphy, petrology and geochemistry, sedimentology, tec- responsible for the design, con- perience of about 200 reactor
AND OTHER ORGANISATIONS tonics and environmental geology to understand the geodynamics of the struction and operation of nuclear years of nuclear power plant op-
Research Centre � DAE financially supports seven Himalayan regions. eration.
power reactors.
autonomous national institutes. � The average capacity factor of the
� Bhabha Atomic Research Centre � International Advanced Research Centre for Power Metallurgy and New � Two such reactor units were com-
� Tata Institute of Fundamental Materials, Hyderabad–the development of high performance materials plants has also touched a new
(BARC) – Mumbai. Research (TIFR) – Mumbai mi ssi oned at Narora ( Uttar
and processes. high of 89 per cent.
� Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic � Tata Memorial Centre (TMC) –
Pradesh) in 1989 and 1991.
� DST also extends financial and administrative support to the following � DAE has an ambitious nuclear
Research (IGCAR) – Kalpakkam. Mumbai � The design of the 220 megawatt
academies and professional bodies which are engaged in the promotion power programme aiming at
� Centre for Advanced Technology � Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics atomic power reactors was fur-
of Science and Technology in the country through the involvement of achieving an installed nuclear
(CAT) – Indore (SINP) – Kolkata ther improved, and the indig- power capacity of 20,000 MWe
scientists and engineers;
� Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre � Institute of Physics (IOP) – enous technol ogy of PHWR by the year 2020.
� Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore reached commercial maturity
(VECC) – Kolkata Bhubaneswar
� Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi with the commissioning of two SECOND STAGE : FAST BREEDER
� Atomic Minerals Directorate for � Harish Chandra Research Insti-
� Indian National Academy of Engineering, New Delhi 220 megawatt power reactors at REACTOR PROGRAMME
Exploration and Research (AMD)– tute (HRI) – Allahabad
� National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad Kakrapara (Gujarat) in 1992 and � The research and development in
Hyderabad � Institute of Mathematical Sci-
ences (IMSc) – Chennai � Indian Science Congress Association, Kolkata. 1995 and two each at Kaiga the field of Fast Breeder Reactor
Industrial Organisations (Karnataka) and Rawatbhatta in (FBR) undertaken in the early six-
� The Institute for Plasma Research NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME
� Heavy Water Board (HWB)–Mumbai (IPR) – Ahmedabad 1999 and 2000. ties at Trombay, marked the be-
� The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) is following a three stage pro- � With a total installed capacity of ginning of the second stage of the
AUTONOMOUS SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS Nuclear Power Programme.
gramme which envisages building of, on a commercial scale, Pressurised 3260 MW, 15 atomi c power
� Department of Science and Tech- � Bose Institute, Kolkata is devoted Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs), Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) and Thori- reactors–2 boiling water reactors � To develop R&D capabilities in
nology provides grants-in aids to to fundamental and applied re- um based reactors. the field of fast reactors, the Re-
(BWR), 12 pressurised heavy wa-
16 autonomous scientific research search in physics and life sciences. actor Research Centre ( now
ter reactors (PHWR) and one 540
institutions engaged in frontier � Agarkar Research Institute, FIRST STAGE : PHWR PROGRAMME Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic
MW PHWR are under operation.
areas of research in basic and Pune, research in basic and � It took off in the sixties. Initially two boiling reactors were set up at Research, IGCAR) was set up in
applied aspects in the fields of � One 540 MW PHWR Tarapore
applied sciences : Tarapore in Maharashtra. 1971 at Kalpakkam.
biological sciences. Atomic Power Project — (3) in

OLE - 787 OLE - 788 OLE - 789

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� The Centre commenced work on � These reactors are being used for producing neutrons for multiple pur-

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

THIRD STAGE : THORIUM BASED
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

� 1 November, 1980 Unit-2 of � 3 September, 1992 Unit-1 of
setting up the 40MWt (13MWe) REACTORS poses such as radio pharmaceuticals, medical diagnosis, medical thera- Rajasthan atomic power station Kakrapara atomic power station
Fast Breeder Test Reactor � The third stage of the Indian Nu- py, testing materials or conducting varied research work. went commercial. attaied criticality.
(FBTR) in 1972. clear Power Programme, envisag- � Nuclear Power Reactors : These reactors are found in nuclear power
� 27 January, 1984 Unit-1 of Ma- � 8 January, 1995 Uni t-2 of
� The reactor attained criticality in ing the use of Thorium for power plants, dedicated to heat generation for producing electricity.
dras atomic power station at Kakrapara atomic power station
October, 1985. The critical com- generation, has already begun. � In smaller units there are also being used in furnishing power to ships.
ponents of the reactor were Kalpakkam started commercial attained criticality.
� The efforts have resulted in the � Nuclear reactor involved in generation of electricity, the changes in se-
manufactured in India. successful design and operation quence involve. operation. � 20 October, 1996 Kalpakkam
� Its fuel, that used mixed carbides of 30KW (normal power) reactor � Generation of heat nuclear fission �Heating of molten metal or gas� � 10 May, 1984 Research reactor mini reactor ( KAMINI), with
of Uranium and Plutonium, was Kamini, at IGCAR. Transfer of heat to water � Steam formation � steam drives turbine� PURNIMA-II, fuelled by Uranium Urani um-233 fuel , attained
developed at Trombay. � It uses Uranium– 233 fuel ob- Rotation of turbine �Production of Electricity. - 233, attained criticality. criticality at IGCAR, Kalpakkam.
� This is the first fast reactor of its tained from irradiated Thorium. � Uranium Fuelled Reactors : Uranium is the only naturally found radio � 8 August, 1985 Research reac- � 24 September, 1999 Unit-2 of
kind in the world that uses such � The reactor is being used for ir- active element used in the nuclear reactors.
tor Dhruva (100MWe) attained Kaiga atomic power stati on
a fuel core. radiation of specimens for ex- � The element occurs in two forms; U-238 and U-235. The former is not
criticality. attained criticality.
� These fast breeder systems pro- perimental/forensic purposes. fissionable hence it needs to be transformed into fissionable form.
� The technologies relating to the � The process of transforming non-fissionable uranium-238 into fissionable � 18 October, 1985 Fast Breeder � 24 December, 1999 Unit-3 of
duce more fuel than what they
consume. FBRs can increase fuel production of Uranium–233 have U-235 is called enrichment of uranium. Test Reactor (FBTR) at Rajasthan atomic power station
utilisation by about sixty times of been established. � The process carried out in atomic centres such as BARC (Bhaba Atomic Kalpakkam attained criticality. attained criticality.
what is possible with PHWRs. � Thorium fuel bundles have also Research Centre, Mumbai) in India. � 12 March, 1986 Units-2 of Ma- � 26 September, 2000 Unit-1 of
� Thus, FBRs generate electricity been successfully used in the dras atomic power station went
nuclear power programme, Reactor Types Kaiga atomic power stati on
and build up fuel inventory. commercial. attained criticality.
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Reactor Type Coolant Moderator Fuel
� The design of 500 MW sodium � 12 March 1989, Unit-1 of Narora
(BARC) has been developing the � 3 November, 2000 Unit-4
cooled Prototype Fast Breeder Pressurized water light water light water Enriched
300 MW Advanced Heavy Water atomic power station attained
Reactor (PFBR) is ready and its uranium Rajasthan atomic power station
Reactor (AHWR). criticality.
construction is underway, with Reactors (PWR, WER) light water light water Enriched attained criticality.
� The reactor, a vertical pressure � 9 November, 1990 Research re-
the Government giving its nod. tube type cooled by light water Boiling water reactor uranium � 22 December, 2009–PHWR (202
(BWR) actor PURNIMA-III, a Uranium-
� The Prototype Fast Breeder Re- and moderated by heavy water, MWe) Rajasthan atomic power
actor is being constructed by the Pressurized Heavy Heavy, water Heavy water Natural 233 fuelled reactor, attained criti-
incorporates several passive fea- station attained criticality.
Bhartiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam tures in line with the concept of water reactor (PHWE) (D 2O) uranium cality.
� 28 March, 2010–PHWR (202
Ltd. (BHAVINI). innovative advanced reactor sys- Gas-Cooled reactor Carbon Graphite Natural � 24 October, 1991 Unit-2 of
MWe) Rajasthan atomic power
� Nuclear Reactors based on Pres- tem. (Magnox, AGR, UNGG) dioxide (CO2) or enriched Narora atomic power station at-
station attained criticality.
surized Heavy Water technology � AHWR, which will use both Tho- uranium. tained criticality.
(PHWR) utilise natural uranium, rium–Uranium–233 and Thorium Light water Pressurized Graphite Enriched
in which only 0.6 per cent of it Plutonium mixed oxide as fuel, is graphite reactor boiling water uranium Currently Functional Power Plants
gets used in energy production, in development phase.
Plutonium fueled Liquid sodium Graphite Plutonium S.L. Reactor’s Name State Tyep Capacity
while in Fast Breeder Reactors, NUCLEAR REACTOR AND TYPES reactors. cadmium Power (MW)
the natural Uranium utilisation
increases to over 75 per cent. � A nuclear reactor is a device de- (Fast reactors) rods
1. Tarapur Maharastra BWR 1400
signed to maintain continuous INDIA’S NUCLEAR REACTORS
� India’s first prototype FBR has a 2. Rawatbhata Rajasthan PHWR 1,180
chain reaction by producing a
construction period of 7 years 3. Kudankulam Tamil Naidu WER-100 2,000
steady flow of neutrons produced � 4 August, 1956 Apsara – first re- � 2 October, 1969 Tarapore atomic
and after its completion, the De- by nuclear fission of heavy radio- search reactor in Asia, attained power station started commercial 4. Kaiga Karnataka PHWR 880
partment of Atomic Energy pro- active nuclei. criticality at Trombay. operation.
poses to build four more FBRs of 5. Kakrapara Gujarat PHWR 440
� These reactors can be nuclear � 10 July, 1960 CIRUS – the 40 � 18 May, 1972 Research reactor
500 MW each by the year 2020. 6. Kalpakkam Tamil Nadu PHWR 440
power reactors or research reac- MWe research reactor attained PURNIMA-1 attained critically.
� It also proposes to undertake tors. criticality. 7. Narora Uttar Pradesh PHWR 440
� 30 November, 1972 Unit-1 of
desigining and development of � Nuclear Research Reactors : � 14 January, 1961 Research re- Rajasthan atomic power station 6,780
1,000 MW FBRs. With this These reactors are operated at actor ZERLINA attained critical- at Kota began commercial opera- All these nuclear reactors are operated by NPCIL (Nuculear Power
programme, the target of 20,000 university level or research cen- ity, (It was decomissioned in tion. Corporation of India Limited).
MW by 2020, may be achieved. tres. 1983).
OLE - 790 OLE - 791 OLE - 792
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
— Recycling of fuel. � It is engaged in the design, de- dian Navy and offshore platforms

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
HEAVY WATER PLANTS
— Processing of used fuel for recycling. velopment and manufactured of for offshore oil drilling. It has its
Location in Capacity in MW/ Year sophisticated state–of the–art manufacturing units in Mumbai
— Direct disposal to a geological repository after a storage.
1. Nangal (Punjab) 14 — Aqucom reprocessing to remove only corenum and plutonium. electronics equipments for the and Nhava.
2. Tuticorin (Tamil Nadu) 49 use of defence services, para � It was established in 1934 with
3. Baroda (Gujarat) 45 military organisations and other headquarters in Mumbai. Howev-
4. Kota (Rajasthan) 85 government users l ike AIR, er now it is a public sector un-
Doordarshan, Police Wireless, dertaking of the Government of
5. Talcher (Odisha) very little
Department of Telecommunica- India.
6. Taj (Maharashtra) 100 tions.
7. Munuguru (Andhra Pradesh) 185 6. Ordinance factory Board : It is
3. The Bharat Earth Movers Lim- industrial organisation. It func-
8. Hazira (Gujarat) 100
ited (BEML) tions under the Department of
� Nuclear Energy Parks : NPCIL to have five energy parks by 2032 to raise
� It was established in May, 1964 defence production of Ministry of
the generation of nuclear energy. The selected sites are :
and commenced its operations Defence, Government of India.
1. Haripur — West Bengal
2. Mithi Virdhi — Gujarat from January, 1965. � It is engaged in research, devel-
� Government holdover 61.23 per opment, production, testing, mar-
3. Jaitapur — Maharashtra
Troublesome transuranic elements in spent fuel : cent of equity shares in BEML. keting and logistic of product
4. Kowada — Andhra Pradesh
— Neptunium (half-life, two million years) � The BEML has three manufactur- ranging in areas of land, air and
5. Kulamkulam — Tamil Nadu sea systems.
— Plutonium (half-life, 24,000 years). ing divisions located at Bangalore,
� With these India will have installed capacity of 35,000 MW by 2020 and
Kolar Gold Fields (KGF) and � It has 41 Ordinance factories. 9
60,000 MW by 2032. Of this 40,000 MW to 45,000 Mw is expected to � Deep geological repository : DEFENCE Mysore. Training institutes, 3 Regional
come from energyparks. Crystalline rock near Kalpakkam, marketing centres and 4 Region-
� Agricultural Nuclear Technology : Isotopes can be used in number of Tamil Nadu after an intrian stor- DEFENCE UNDERTAKINGS 4. Garden Research Ship–builders al controllers of safety, all spread
ways in food and agricultural sector such as in ; age of minimum of 30 years. and Engineers Limited (GRSE) across the contry.
� Eight Public sector undertakings
� Combating pests and diseases by sterlizing insect pests. NUCLEAR TESTS CONDUCTED BY currently function under the De- � The Government of India acquired � It is considered as the “Fourth
� Increasing crop production by exposing plants to small doses of radiation. INDIA partment of Defence Production. it in 1960 with its corporate of- Arm of Defence.” and ‘Force Be-
� Protecting land and resources as isotopes can help in measurement of fice at Kolkata. hind the Armed Forces’. of India.
� Pokhran I – On May 18, 1974, 1. The Hindustan Aeronautics Lim-
soil fertility, amount of fertilizer and pesticide waste in soil,etc. � The GRSE builds and repairs
India conducted its first nuclear ited (HAL) 7. The Bharat Dynamics Limited
� Storage of agronomic products for longer period of time. warships and auxiliary vessels
underground test. (BDL)
� Increasing live stock production. � HAL was set up in 1964 with its for the Navy and the Coast
� The test was conducted in corporate office at Bangalore. � It was set up in 1970 with corpo-
� Mutation breeding in development of varieties of oil seeds and pulses Guard.
Pokhran area of Jaisalmer Dis- rate office at Hyderabad for man-
such as of ground nuts, sunflower, cowpea, soyabean, etc by BARC. � It is the largest public sector un- � Its product range includes frig-
trict in Rajasthan. ufacture of guided missiles.
� ITER (International Thermo nuclear Experimental Reactor) : It is an dertaking under the Department ates carrier, oil tankers, petrol
international nuclear fusion research and engineering mega project. � Pokhran II – On May 11, 1998, of Defence Production. � The company has two units at
vessels, attack craft, high tech-
India conducted three nuclear un- � The HAL’s products range consists Kachanbagh and Medak.
� It is an experimental to Kamak nuclear fusion reactor that is being built nology ship borne equipment,
next to the Cadarache facility in Saint Paul-le’s Durance, South of France. derground tests on Pokhran range of aircraft, engines, accessories, � It possesses the capability to pro-
tubing pumps, diesel engines etc.
in Rajasthan — (1) a fission de- avionics, structures for aerospace duce advanced guided missile sys-
� It is being run and funded by seven member entities-the European Union, 5. Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL)
vice (2) a low yield device and (3) vehicles, satellites and industrial tems.
India, Japan, China, Russia, South Korea and the United States.
a thermo nuclear device. and marine gas turbine engines. � The GSL is located at Vasco–da- � The BDL is the prime production
� The EU is contributory to 45% of its cost.
� The low yield device will enable � The HAL has established joint Gama port in Goa. agency for missile weaponry sys-
� The facitity expected to be operational with deuterium-tritum fusion ex- Indian Scientists to carry forward tems.
periment in year 2020 to become the largest magnetic confine and plas- ventures BAe-HAL, Indo-Russian � It primarily builds small and me-
their research with a sound com- Aviation Ltd., with international dium size Naval vessels and re-
ma physics experiment in use, surpassing the joint European Torus. 8. Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited
puter simulation capacity, sup- participation. pair ships and vessels. (MIDHANI)
� For reactor, the source of deuterium will be sea water and for tritium, ported by subcritical experi-
lithium would be used. 2. Bharat Electronics Limited � The company has undertaken � It is located at Hyderabad and
ments. construction, repair, refit of va-
� Nuclear waste Management : Each year, nuclear power generation facil- � The three nuclear tests covered (BEL) incorporated on November 20,
ities worldwide produce about 2000,000 m3 of low and intermediate level riety of vessels for the Indian 1973 with the primary objective
the full spectrum of nuclear weap- � It was established in 1954 and Navy and the Coast Guard as
of radioactive waste and 10,000m3 i.e. 12,000 tonnes of high level waste. ons. its corporate office is in Banga- of ushering in self reliance in spe-
well as non-defence sectors. cial metals and alloys for strategic
� It is based on the calculated assumption that a typical 1000 MWe light � On May 13, 1998, two further lore. � Mazagon Dock Limited : India’s sectors like Defence, Space and
water reactor generates 200-350m3 of low and intermediate level waste undeground tests were con- � BEL has nine units in the coun-
per year along with 27 tonnes of used fuel. The only way out of managing prime shipyard that manufactures Atomic Energy as well as hi-tech
ducted. try. warships and submarines for In-
these wastes include: commercial industries in India.

OLE - 793 OLE - 794 OLE - 795

 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
� PRITHVI can carry a 500 kg

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

India’s First Defence Industrial Park � It has a launch weight of 720 kg, MISSILE AND ITS COMPONENTS
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

� Under the Union Government Flagship of ‘Make in India’ programme Ker- payload upto 250 km or a 1000 a diameter of 35 cm and a length � A missile is a self-propelled precision-guided munition system. It has four
ala Government is to set up India’s first Defence Industurial Park, at kg payload upto 150 km. of 5.8 m. systems; targeting/missile guidance, height system, engine and war head.
Ottappalam, Palakkad district in Kerala. � It can carry both conventional � It is a multi-target air defence � Type of missile include; surface-to-surface, surface-to-air, air -to-sur-
� The park is expected to be 231 crore defence component park. The park and nuclear warhead.
weapon that can target four to face, air -to-air missile.
is to reach its maximum production in two year time from the starting day � PRITHVI-I has a strike range of five enemy aircrafts of missiles at � Air-to-surface and surface-to-surface missiles include ballistic, cruise,
and time. 150 km with a one tonne war-
a time. anti-tank, anti-ship missiles.
Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) head. It has been fully inducted � IGMDP : Integrated Guided missile Development programm was the one
into the army. � It the first Indian missile system
� Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) was formed in in which the president of India, Dr. Abdul Kalam has worked prior to
� PRITHVI-II has a strike range of to use Scramjet principle for its
1958 by amalgamating Technical Development Establishments (TDEs) of becoming the president of the country.
350 km or the Air force version propulsion.
the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development and Pro- � SHAURYA : Short -range surface-to-surface ballistic missile developed
of Prithvi has undergone several � AKASH was test–fired for the first
duction (DTDP) with the Defence Science Organisation (DSO). for use by Indian Navy. It is capable of travelling at supersonic speed
successful tests. time on August 14, 1990 from
� DRDO laboratories are engaged in a variety of Defence technologies cov- carrying a payload of one-tonne conventional or nuclear war head.
ering various disciplines like aeronautics, armaments, electronics, com- � PRITHVI-III has a strike range of the Interi m Test Range,
� PRAHAAR : It a solid-fueled surface-to-surface missile. for hitting tacti-
bat vehicles, engineering systems, missiles, advanced computation, na- 350–600 km or Naval version of Chandipur. cal and strategic targets.
val systems etc. Prithvi, also called DHANUSH has � The quick reaction Air Defence
been successfully test–fired. � PRADYUMNA BALLISTIC MISSILE RUTER CEPTOR : It is Prithvi air
� Panchi, the wheeled version of the UAV Nishant, capable of taking off Missile ‘AKASH’ has undergone Defence missile, maxium inter ception of 80 km travelling at speed of
from and landing on small airstrips, made its maiden flight on 24 (C) TRISHUL several consecutive successful Mach 5.
December, 2014 at Kolar in Karnataka. flight trails in guide mode.
� TRISHUL is a surface to air mis- BRAHMOS
INDIAN MISSILE SYSTEMS sile having a short range of 500 � The AKASH missile is supported
metres to 9 km. by a multi-target and multi func- � It is a Mach-3 supersonic cruise missile, jointly developed by India and
INTEGRATED GUIDED MISSILE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME � It has a radar guided surveil- tion phased array fire control ra- Russia.
� Integrated Guided Missile Devel- � AGNI can be launched from a lance, tracking and guidnace dar called the ‘Rajendra’ with a � It is the first and only supersonic cruise missile that uses liquid ramjet
opment Programme (IGMDP) was platform and can also be mechanism for accurate intercep- range of about 80 km in search technology.
launched in 1983. mounted on road-mobile launch- tion of targets. � Brahmos-II, the land to land version of the supersonic cruise missile
and 60 km in terms of engage-
� Its objective was to design and ers. � It can be used by Army, Navy, was test–fired for the first time in the Army configuration in a desert
ment.
build missiles indigenously with � AGNI-I has a ranage of about and Airforce. range in Rajasthan on December 21, 2004.
the help of technologies already 700–1250 km. (E) NAG � It is a hypersonic cruise missile with a range of 290 km.
� TRISHUL has undergone several
available in the country. � Brahmos II-will be the first hypersonic (Mach-7) cruise missile and is
� AGNI-II is a two stage solid pro- successful test flights. � NAG India’s third generation ‘Fire-
expected to be ready by 2013-2014.
� The missile systems to be de- pellant missile with a range of � The range of the TRISHUL Mis- and-Forget’ anti-tank missile hav-
signed and developed were– 2000 to 3500 km. sile is 12 km and is filled with a ing a range of 3 to 7 km