Phycology and bryology

Name usama shafiq

Roll number Bsf1801722

Submitted to Mam amama sehar

Session 2018-22

Assignment characteristics and

classification of algae

Department BS botany (morning)

Semester 5th
UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION LAHORE FSD CAMPUS
EUGLENA Domain:Eukaryota Euglena are characterized by an
elongated cell (15–500
Phylum: Euglenozoa micrometres [1 micrometre =
Class: Euglenoidea 10−6 metre], or 0.0006–0.02
inch) with one nucleus,
Order: Euglenida numerous chlorophyll-containing
chloroplasts (cell organelles that
Family: Euglenaceae
are the site of photosynthesis), a
Genus: Euglena contractile vacuole (organelle
that regulates the cytoplasm), an
eyespot, and one or two flagella.
Certain species (e.g., E. rubra)
appear red in sunlight because
they contain a large amount of
carotenoid pigments. Unlike
plant cells, Euglena lack a rigid
cellulose wall and have a flexible
pellicle (envelope) that allows
them to change shape.

VOLVOX Scientific classification Characteristics

Phylum: Chlorophyta  The Volvox cell is single,

ovoid or spherical in
Class: Chlorophyceae
shape which contains
Order: Chlamydomonadales two flagella and it
appears like a minute
Family: Volvocaceae floating ball of a pinhead
size.
Genus: Volvox
 The base of the flagella
bears single cup-shaped
chloroplasts.
 Each individual cell is
attached to each other
with cytoplasmic
strands.
 Each individual cell
possesses a red eyespot
 on its surface.
 Anterior cells of the
particular colony of
Volvox possess
phototactic abilities
while the posterior cells
perform reproduction.
 The size of the Volvox
colony ranges from 100-
6000 µm.
 We cannot see the
Volvox species with the
naked eye due to their
microscopic size but few
colonies are easily visible
because of their big size
with 1 mm in diameter.
 Volvox prefers to live in
nutrient-rich water
bodies such as lakes,
pools, canals, ditches,
etc.

CHARA Scientific classification Characteristics

Kingdom: Plantae Foul, musty – almost garlic-like

odor
Division: Charophyta
1. Gray-green branched
Class: Charophyceae multi-cellular algae that
Order: Charales is often confused with
submerged flowering
Family: Characeae plants
2. Has no flower
Genus: Chara L.
3. Will not extend above
the water surface
4. Often has a “grainy” or
“crunchy” texture
5. Has cylindrical, whorled
branches with 6 to 16
branchlets around each
node .
NOSTOC Scientific classification Characteristics

Domain: Bacteria Nostoc, genus of blue-green

algae with cells arranged in
Phylum: Cyanobacteria beadlike chains that are grouped
Class: Cyanophyceae together in a gelatinous mass.
Ranging from microscopic to
Order: Nostocales walnut-sized, masses of Nostoc
may be found on soil and
Family: Nostocaceae
floating in quiet water.
Genus: Nostoc Reproduction is by
fragmentation. A special thick-
walled cell (akinete) has the
ability to withstand desiccation
for long periods of time. After 70
years of dry storage, the akinete
of one species germinates into a
filament when moistened. Like
most blue-green algae, Nostoc
contains two pigments, blue
phycocyanin and red
phycoerythrin, as well as
chlorophyll, and has the ability
to fix nitrogen in specialized cells
called heterocysts. A terrestrial
species has been used as a
supplementary food source in
Asia.

VOUCHERIA Scientific classification Characteristics

Clade: SAR Vaucheria species are

characterized by multinucleate
Phylum: Ochrophyta tubular branches that lack cross
Class: Xanthophyceae walls except when associated
with reproductive organs or
Order: Vaucheriales when injured. Food is stored as
oil globules. Asexual
Family: Vaucheriaceae
reproduction is by motile
Genus: Vaucheria multiflagellate zoospores and
nonmotile aplanospores. Sexual
reproduction also occurs. The
spherical female sex organ
 (oogonium) and the slender
hook-shaped male sex organ
(antheridium) are usually
produced on branches close to
each other. After the nonmotile
egg is fertilized by a biflagellate
sperm, the zygote may enter a
resting phase for several weeks
before germinating into a new
alga.

The unusual photosynthetic

ability of the emerald green sea
slug (Elysia chlorotica) appears
to come from the temporary
incorporation of chloroplasts
from the alga V. litorea into the
cells that surround its digestive
tract.

OEDOGONIUM Scientific classification Characteristics

Phylum: Chlorophyta Oedogonium, genus of

filamentous green algae (family
Class: Chlorophyceae Oedogoniaceae), commonly
Order: Oedogoniales found in quiet bodies of fresh
water. They often are attached
Family: Oedogoniaceae to other plants or exist as a free-
floating mass. Oedogonium
Genus: Oedogonium
filaments are typically
unbranched and only one cell
thick. Each cylindrical cell of the
filament, with the exception of
the basal cell that serves as a
rootlike holdfast, contains a
netlike chloroplast and a large
central vacuole.

CYANOBACTERIA Scientific classification Characteristics

Domain: Bacteria Blue-green algae, also called

cyanobacteria, any of a large,
(unranked): Terrabacteria heterogeneous group of
 (unranked): Cyanobacteria- prokaryotic, principally
Melainabacteria group photosynthetic organisms.
Cyanobacteria resemble the
Phylum: Cyanobacteria eukaryotic algae in many ways,
Class: Cyanophyceae including morphological
characteristics and ecological
niches, and were at one time
treated as algae, hence the
common name of blue-green
algae. Algae have since been
reclassified as protists, and the
prokaryotic nature of the blue-
green algae has caused them to
be classified with bacteria in the
prokaryotic kingdom Monera.

SPIROGYRA Scientific classification Characteristics

Kingdom: Plantae They have a multicellular

filamentous body with a
Division: Charophyta mucilaginous sheath.
Class: Zygnematophyceae
 They bear 2-10 spiral
Order: Zygnematales and ribbon-shaped
chloroplasts with many
Family: Zygnemataceae pyrenoids.
 The cell wall is
Genus: Spirogyra
composed of pectin and
cellulose.
 It reproduces
vegetatively and
sexually.
 Under lower
temperature, vegetative
reproduction occurs.
 It inhabits slow running
water bodies and shows
the mass of long shining
silky filaments in running
water; hence, it is known
as pond silk.

FUCUS Scientific classification Characteristics

 Clade: SAR

Phylum: Ochrophyta Fucus, also called rockweed,

genus of brown algae, common
Class: Phaeophyceae on rocky seacoasts and in salt
Order: Fucales marshes of northern temperate
regions. Fucus species, along
Family: Fucaceae with other kelp, are an
important source of alginates—
Genus:Fucus L.
colloidal extracts with many
industrial uses similar to those of
agar. Bladder wrack (F.
vesiculosus) was one of the
original sources of iodine.

Chlamydomonas Scientific classification Characteristics

Phylum:Chlorophyta Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

features are ovate in shape,
Class:Chlorophyceae about 10 um, unicellular with a
Order: Chlamydomonadales distinct cell wall, and a single
chloroplast in close proximity to
Family:Chlamydomonadaceae the nucleus. The nucleus is
typically located in the center
Genus: Chlamydomonas Ehrenb
and with a distinct nucleolus.
There is an eyespot and one or
several contractile vacuoles.

Chlamydomonas is used as a
model organism for molecular
biology, especially studies of
flagellar motility and chloroplast
dynamics, biogenesis, and
genetics. One of the many
striking features of
Chlamydomonas is that it
contains ion channels
(channelrhodopsins) that are
directly activated by light.Most
of the Chlamydomonas species
are isogamous in nature. In
isogamous reproduction the
fusion of gametes, which are
similar in size, shape and
structure, take place. These
gametes are morphologically
similar but physiologically
dissimilar. The thalli shed their
walls and function as gametes.