ESD PROJECT REPORT

Solar Water Pumps in India

Group 4
Manvi Singh (p40083)
Rohit Verma (p40096)
Suraj Gohel (p40104)
Jibraan Sadique Sheik (p40126)
Bhavin Desai (p40172) Group XX
Suraj Gp0104
Table of Contents
1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................1
2. Drivers and Impact of Implementation of Solar Water Pump.......................................................2
2.1 DRIVERS...................................................................................................................................2
Key drivers that help or hinder efforts to increase deployment of off-grid solar pumps are:...................2
2.2 IMPACTS.........................................................................................................................................3
Key impacts that might derive from increased implementation of off-grid solar pumps.........................3
3. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabiyan (PM KUSUM)......................7
4. Financial Feasibility of Water Pumps in India................................................................................9
5. Impact of Solar Pumps in Agriculture...........................................................................................10
6. Indian Pump Market.......................................................................................................................12
7. Current scenario of solar water pumps in India...........................................................................15
References................................................................................................................................................18

1
 1. Introduction

According to the Fifth Census of Minor Irrigation Schemes Report (Government of India, 2017),
which covers irrigation schemes with a cultivable command area up to 2,000 hectares, there were
21.7 million irrigation schemes in 2014/15. Out Of the 21.7 million schemes 20.2 million
schemes with a water lifting device, around72 per cent were fully or partially powered by grid
electricity and 23.7 per cent were fully or partially powered by diesel. The Fifth Census of
Minor Irrigation Schemes Report (Government of India, 2017) identified only 2,874 pumps
(0.01 per cent) fully powered by solar energy. A further10, 112 (0.05 per cent) were powered
by a mix of solar and grid electricity and 2,270 (0.01 per cent) by a mix of solar and diesel. It
is likely that implementation of solar pumps has increased considerably in recent years, driven
by government programs, high diesel prices and declining groundwater. According to the
Ministry for New and Renewable Energy, close to 150,000 solar pumps had been installed as
of end-December 2017,196,000 by end-October 2018 (MNRE, 2018; PIB, 2018a) and around
6235 solar pumps were installed alone in 2018-19 which makes total solar pump installed in
India by the end of 2019(as per MNRE) is237,120.And PM KUSUM scheme aims to install
around 17,50,000 solar pumps by the end of 2022. Which seems a tough task to achieve in just
two years.

2. Drivers and Impact of Implementation of Solar Water Pump

We will discuss about the drivers and impacts of implementation of the solar water pump in
India. 1

2.1 DRIVERS
Key drivers that help or hinder efforts to increase deployment of off-grid solar pumps are:
 Affordability of high up-front cost of solar pumps
 Energy subsidies and pricing structures of solar pumps
 Maturing solar irrigation market

1
https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/solar-irrigation-across-wef-nexus-india.pdf

2
Affordability of high up-front costs: Up-front cost (advanced fee) charged on off-grid solar
water pump is one of the reasons which restricts the implementation of these pumps. The up-
front cost of solar pump is five to fifteen times of the diesel pump, but in the ling run solar
pumps are better than the diesel one’s reason being they don’t have any recurring costs.
Pullenkav (2017) estimates that over 10 years, the net cost of a solar photovoltaic (PV) pump is
64.2 % of the net cost of a diesel pump. Agrawal and Jain (2016) estimate that solar pumps
remain more costly than grid-connected electric pumps.

Many policy interventions are focused on this driver, along with the National Solar Mission and
now the KUSUM scheme offering capital subsidies to farmers for solar pumps. In the past
MNRE has also provided the soft loans and accelerated depreciation to support the investments
in solar PV pump. These subsidies can also become barrier for these pumps in thriving reason
being failure of policy in operating the way it was meant to be.

The affordability of up-front cost of these pumps also depends up on the relative income of the
farmers. IN the case of electric pumps farmers can sell the excess electricity back to the grid
which will surely make them more interested towards electric grid pump.

Energy subsidies and pricing structures: Subsidies for conventional energy bring down the
costs paid by farmers for electric and diesel pumps, diminishing running expenses and making it
harder for solar pumps to contend. Most states in India give some level of diesel subsidies for
rural buyers, and by and large they are generous. Subsidies likewise veil the genuine expense of
irrigation, decreasing motivations for proficient water use and adding to the overdrawing of
groundwater and exhaustion of aquifers.

Solar irrigation market maturity: Sustainability of the market also depends upon the
effectiveness of the policy in promoting the new technology. If the solar market is immature it
might create problem after the implementation, particularly when after-sales services such as
maintenance and repair have not been accounted for in costs and are in low supply.

2.2 IMPACTS
Key impacts that might derive from increased implementation of off-grid solar pumps
 Agricultural productivity and farmer incomes
 Financial savings and carbon savings

3
  Impacts on energy and drinking water services

Agricultural productivity and farmer incomes: For farmers who don't as of now utilize some
type of irrigation system, the implementation of solar pumps will improve horticultural
profitability and in this way salaries. For farmers who as of now utilize some type of ordinary
pumps, there will be a successful increment in pay due to the incredibly low recurring cost of
solar pump. For instance, in Rajasthan, Gupta (2019) found that solar pumps brought about
higher profits from increased gross cropped area and the cultivation of fruit and vegetables, as
well as lower electricity consumption by those farmers who are using electric or diesel pumps in
addition to solar pumps.

Solar pumps can likewise create pay if strategy structures permit farmers to sell abundance
power back to the grid. Electricity sell-back schemes could be especially appropriate for water
stressed areas, since they make a financial value for excess energy and therefore reduce
incentives for overexploitation of water resources. In a study of three regions in Rajasthan, most
of recipients of a solar pump scheme had bigger than-normal landholdings and none was a small-
scale or marginal farmer (Kishore et al., 2014).

Financial savings and carbon savings: Solar pumps can reduce the need for government
subsidy expenditure on the electricity and diesel. The estimation of electricity subsidy for
farmers is around INR 500 billion per year. They are also capable of reducing the import bill
associated with the fuels like diesel, improving the current deficit. Replacement will also reduce
the greenhouse emission associated with grid and diesel pumps. Shah (2009) estimates that
conventional groundwater pumping was responsible for 16 million–25 million tons of carbon
emissions, equal to around 4–6 per cent of India’s total carbon emissions. Agrawal and Jain
(2016) estimate that replacing 10 million diesel pumps could reduce emissions by 26 million tons
annually, equal to 1.2 per cent of total carbon dioxide emissions in 2010.

Impacts on energy and drinking water services: If we replace the grid connections with the
solar pump it will reduce the burden on DISCOM and will reduce the grid failures and
fluctuations. In few cases farmers have also used capacitor to convert 2-phase power to 3-phase
power which affects the household supply in rural areas. Returning back excess power to the grid
or water to the local market will reduce the burden on DISCOM and that water could be utilized
for drinking and other purposes of day to day life by the rural households. Improved availability
4
of fresh water for drinking can help rural households meet their basic needs, which in some cases
is currently dependent on unreliable grid electricity (Chandel, Naik, & Chandel, 2015). Both the
schemes Kusum and National Solar Mission recognize the potential use of solar pumps.

Solar Pumps installed in India as per Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
Table 1. Number of Solar pumps installed in India from 2013 to 2017

Number of Solar Pump Installed in India
(2013-2014 to 2017-2018-upto 31.12.2017)
Years No. of Solar Pumps
2013-2014 0
2014-2015 18043
2015-2016 32165
2016-2017 53044
2017-2018-upto 31.12.20
17 32649

Table 2. State-wise Number of Solar Pumps installed in India as per Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

State-wise Number of Solar Pumps installed in India as per Ministry of New

and Renewable Energy
2019-
2016- 2017- 2018-
States/UTs 2020-upto
2017 2018 2019
31.10.2019
Andaman and Nicobar
0 0 0 0
Islands
Andhra Pradesh 4841 13925 9501 0
Arunachal Pradesh 4 0 0 0
Assam 0 0 0 0
Bihar 0 0 225 0
Chandigarh 0 0 0 0
Chhattisgarh 9585 28297 22548 0
Delhi 0 0 0 0
Goa 0 0 0 0
Gujarat 5649 3471 0 0
Haryana 0 750 0 0
Himachal Pradesh 0 0 0 0
Jammu and Kashmir 0 0 0 0
Jharkhand 3146 556 155 433

5
 Karnataka 697 1359 1507 0
Kerala 0 8 0 0
Lakshadweep 0 0 0 0
Madhya Pradesh 2007 1771 12229 0
Maharashtra 1777 1287 1000 5022
Manipur 0 0 0 0
Meghalaya 0 0 0 0
Mizoram 0 0 0 0
Nagaland 0 0 0 0
Odisha 5922 1718 530 224
Puducherry 0 0 0 0
Punjab 0 0 2000 0
Rajasthan 9867 0 6985 0
Sikkim 0 0 0 0
Tamil Nadu 849 0 221 475
Telangana 424 0 0 0
Tripura 0 0 0 0
Uttar Pradesh 5644 1223 8382 81
Uttarakhand 0 0 0 0
West Bengal 605 0 0 0
Others 0 0 609 0
NABARD 2027 1985 0 0
India 53044 56350 65892 6235
https://www.indiastat.com/table/power-data/26/solar-energy/452704/1299780/data.aspx

3. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan

Mahabiyan (PM KUSUM)

Objective: The scheme aims to add solar and other renewable capacity of 25,750 MW by 2022
with total central financial support of Rs. 34,422 Crore including service charges to the
implementing agencies. This scheme promises to install 1.75 million solar pumps by
2022.This scheme has 3 components and component B and C are solar pump centered. 2

Component B: Installation of 17.50 lakh standalone Solar Powered Agriculture Pumps of

individual pump capacity up to 7.5 HP.
 Central Financial Assistance (CFA) of 30% of the benchmark cost or the tender cost,
whichever is lower, of the stand-alone solar Agriculture pump will be provided. The State
2
https://mnre.gov.in/solar/schemes/

6
 Government will give a subsidy of 30%; and the remaining 40% will be provided by the
farmer.
 Bank finance may be made available for farmer's contribution, so that farmer has to initially
pay only 10% of the cost and remaining up to 30% of the cost as loan.
 In North Eastern States, Sikkim, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand,
Lakshadweep and A&N Islands, CFA of 50% of the benchmark cost or the tender cost,
whichever is lower, of the stand-alone solar pump will be provided. The State Government
will give a subsidy of 30%; and the remaining 20% will be provided by the farmer. Bank
finance may be made available for farmer's contribution, so that farmer has to initially pay
only 10% of the cost and remaining up to 10% of the cost as loan.
Component C: Solarisation of 10 Lakh Grid-connected Agriculture Pumps of individual pump
capacity up to 7.5 HP.
 CFA of 30% of the benchmark cost or the tender cost, whichever is lower, of the solar PV
component will be provided. The State Government will give a subsidy of 30%; and the
remaining 40% will be provided by the farmer.
 Bank finance may be made available for farmer's contribution, so that farmer has to initially
pay only 10% of the cost and remaining up to 30% of the cost as loan.
 In North Eastern States, Sikkim, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand,
Lakshadweep and A&N Islands, CFA of 50% of the benchmark cost or the tender cost,
whichever is lower, of the solar PV component will be provided. The State Government will
give a subsidy of 30%; and the remaining 20% will be provided by the farmer. Bank finance
may be made available for farmer's contribution, so that farmer has to initially pay only 10%
of the cost and remaining up to 10% of the cost as loan.

Analysis of the implementation of PM KUSUM

Pros of solar water pump:

 Zero fuel cost: Solar pumps are powered by the solar panel. So, there is no need of extra
expenditure on fossil fuel like diesel pump. This will add up cost to the farm irrigation.
 Environment friendly: Since there is no use of fossil fuel it doesn’t create any pollution in
air and soil. Since rainfall has become invariable in that case this solar pump is much more
effective.

7
 Less labour and maintenance: It reduce the need of labour for crop irrigation and
transportation of fuel

Cons of solar water pump:

 Can’t pump water when it’s dark: Since these pumps depend on solar energy to operate, if
you want to irrigate in the early morning or late evening its difficult to operate. To resolve
this problem one of the best things to do is get a water tank.
During the day time one can use solar pump to pump water to your tank. One can then have
water available via gravity feed whenever one needs to irrigate crops.
 High upfront cost: Up-front cost (advanced fee) charged on off-grid solar water pump is one
of the reasons which restricts the implementation of these pumps. The up-front cost of solar
pump is five to fifteen times of the diesel pump.
 Implementation of scheme is little restricted due to high upfront cost of the solar pump and
also due to limitation of nature that is day light. Poor implementation is due to flawed
procurement process, over emphasis on capital subsidies, lack of awareness amongst farmers
and poor implementation. Most of the researchers and economist believe that highly
subsidized and cheap power leads to ground water depletion because people over exploit it
leads to free riding which creates tragedy of common.
 Component C will require metering which seems to be a humungous task as the agricultural
sector largely relies on un-metered connections. Net-metering is yet a big challenge even in
urban areas.
 According to the guidelines, bank financing may be made available for farmers’
contribution, so that they have to initially pay only 10 per cent of the cost and remaining up
to 30 per cent of the cost as loan. This requires to develop a financial ecosystem and the
guidelines fail in suggesting on how it will be done.
 The implementation guidelines mandate the use of indigenously manufactured solar panels
with indigenous cells and modules for the installation of solar pumps (under Component B &
C). At present, the indigenous solar cell and module production is almost one-tenth and one-
third of the required capacity of 15,750 MW respectively. Numerous efforts by the MNRE
in the last year have not kick-started indigenous manufacturing in India. Therefore, this
clause may delay the whole program and adversely impact its implementation.

8
 At present, large farmers are disproportionate beneficiaries of solar pump schemes
implemented by various states. Poor farmers are not even able to pay 10 per cent of the cost
of the pumps and only few of them have installed solar pumps.3

According to the Ministry for New and Renewable Energy, close to 150,000 solar pumps had
been installed as of end-December 2017, 196,000 by end-October 2018 (MNRE, 2018; PIB,
2018a) and around 6235 solar pumps were installed alone in 2018-19 which makes total
solar pump installed in India by 31.10.2019 (as per MNRE) is 237,120. And PM
KUSUM scheme aims to install around 17,50,000 solar pumps by the end of 2022.
Which seems a tough task to achieve in just two years.

4. Financial Feasibility of Water Pumps in India

In India currently, there are more than 2,00,000 solar water pumps installed. Major part of these
water pumps is installed in northern part of country. Solar water pump cost 10 times larger than
conventional diesel pump. Due to the high cost solar water pump, currently government provides
a subsidy of 90% to farmers in order to promote non-conventional energy use around the
country.

In order to understand the financial feasibility of solar water pump, both farmers and
government’s perspective need to be taken into consideration.

Farmers: As farmers receive 90% subsidy, for them the cost of a solar pump is same as the price
of a diesel pump. Farmers only purchase it, when the subsidy is available. Though the solar
pump is more beneficial and cost effective for farmers in long run, but its break-even point is
around 8-9 years, larger than that of a diesel pump. Additional benefit of solar pump is that it
increases the crop yield further making its use feasible for farmers.

3
https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/energy/renewables-ministry-guidelines-for-pm-kusum-fail-to-address-key-
concerns-65852

9
Government: Government is currently facing the burden of subsidies as they are trying to
promote non-conventional energy use. The reason for the investment in this sector is to promote
clean energy and reduce the burden on other sources, especially electricity. Reduction in
electricity consumption will decrease the load on electric grid. Also, the decrease in diesel usage
will reduce the usage of conventional energy and carbon emission of the country.

We can say that, farmer on their will not install solar water pumps as higher input costs are not
feasible for them. Only the government subsidy makes it a feasible option for farmers. To reduce
the cost, government and other technological companies are investing heavily in the order to
revolutionize the solar energy.

In the long run, government is planning replace all the conventional water pumps with solar grid
water pump. This project has high cost but also higher return in terms of cost saving, efficient
use and environmentally friendly operations.

5. Impact of Solar Pumps in Agriculture

 Increase in the energy supply and improved access to water irrigation, as the farmers
switch to solar pumps from the traditional diesel and electric pumps, it gives farmers more
improved access to energy supply to run the water pumps which results in improved access
to water for irrigation in the fields.
 Improvement of crop yield and crop cycle, earlier due to lack of irrigation various farmers
have suffer a loss on crop yield which created a financial burden on them which often results
in cases like farmers suicide because farmers either relied on the monsoon rains in the rain
scarce regions but now solar pumps have given them access to draw groundwater with much
less cost which results in less crop loss due to lack of irrigation
 Apart from the increase in the crop yield more access to water have enabled farmers to
practice more than one crop in a year, according the study conducted by Shri Shakti
Alternative Energy ltd on evaluation and impact assessment of solar pumps in the districts of
Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh it was found that farmers have changed cropping patterns

10
 as now they have steady control in water irrigation and now are able to manage 3 crop cycles
in a year and more cash crops like chilies and cotton, etc.
 Increase in earnings of the Farmers, as solar pumps will replace the traditional electric and
diesel water pumps the cost goes down that was incurred in using these pumps for extracting
water from ground or tube wells hence it increases the profits of the farmers on their crop
yield.
 According to the assessment done by KPMG feasibility of solar pumps found out that
replacement of 1 million diesel pumps by solar pumps will result in mitigation of 9.4 billion
liters of diesel over the average life cycle of solar pumps hence saving a amount of around ₹
8,400 crores and reduce carbon emission of 25.3 million tones, the same study also showed
that use of solar pumps will ensure steady control of water to the farmers which will result in
better crop yield that can increase the agricultural output by ₹ 2000 crores ( on the same one
million replacement by solar pumps).

 Another study conducted by IRENA in solar pumping in irrigation in the area of Kutch in
Gujarat on the people who do salt harvesting earlier they used to spend 40% of their revenue
on the diesel pumps but after switching solar energy for running the pumps not only reduced
their production cost but increased their reliability and output from salt harvesting resulting
in improvement of their livelihood, their savings increased by 161% to ₹ 83,000.
 Another benefit of using solar energy is that farmers can setup a small micro grid and use the
required amount for the using the pumps and supply the excess or surplus production to the
nearby distribution plant or can use to power their houses which will reduce dependency on
normal electricity supply and can help to save cost on the household expenditure.
 Better usage of water: Since solar energy gives steady control of using water whenever
needed in different types of crops, it has been observed through case studies and surveys that
farmers have started to use more judicially and as per requirement and avoiding unnecessary
flooding of farm field which allows distribution of ground water appropriately to all the
farmers in the given geographical area resulting in replishment of groundwater accordingly.
 Additional benefits: Since the use of solar energy reduces the operation cost on crops and
increases the revenue over the time the money now can be used for supporting other areas
like better education for the children, increased expenditure on healthcare and nutrition

11
 which help the overall development of the household and can help to help them out of
poverty.

6. Indian Pump Market

Market Size of Pump Industries in India:

 The Indian pump market was worth over US$ 18 billion in 2019
 India has over 800 pump manufacturers
 India manufactures more than more than 1 million pumps every year
 Indian Pump industry offers excellent growth opportunities for international collaborations
 Indian Pumps are exported to more than 100 countries

The Agriculture is the leading industry in driving the pump industry with 27% market. This is
mainly accounted to the diesel and electric pumps. The market share of different industries in
pump market by its value is shown in table below4:

Table 3. Industry vise market share

Industries Market Share

Agriculture 27%
Building Services 19%
Water & Wastewater 17%
Management
Power Generation 12%
Oil & Gas 8%
Metal & Mining 4%
Others  13%

Pumps in Irrigation: The proportion of solar pump in total is minimal. The electricity
connected pumps are prevalent as depicted in table below. Different type of irrigation pumps in
India in millions of units is given below5 -

4
https://www.indianpumps.org.in/article_details/6
5
https://ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Indias-Vast-Potential-in-Solar-Powered-Irrigation-.pdf

12
 Table 4. Units of different types of irrigation pumps

Type Unit (mn)

Electricity Grid Connected 21
Diesel Powered 8.80
Solar Powered 0.13
Total 29.93

Benefits of Replacing Conventional Pumps with Solar Powered Pumps: There are various
benefits to farmer, Government and society by placing solar pumps. There are mainly wo types
of benefits:

Financial benefit: The initial cost of diesel and electric pump is less than that of solar pump but
with govt. subsidies, the cost paid upfront is very less. The operating cost for diesel pump is
3500 and for electric pump is 3000 per month. While the operational cost in nil in case of solar
pump. As the govt is giving subsidy in electricity used for irrigation, solar pump will reduce
electricity subsidy burden, which is around Rs 50,000 crore per annum currently.

Environmental benefit: The replacement of diesel and electric pup will reduce the burning of
diesel and coal to produce electricity. This will directly benefit the environment as reduces
emission. The table given below shows the environmental benefit by replacing conventional
pumps with solar pump accomplishing target of 175 GW renewable energy (Solar target of 100
GW) by 20226

6
https://ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Indias-Vast-Potential-in-Solar-Powered-Irrigation-.pdf

13
 Figure 2. Environmental benefit by replacing conventional pumps with solar pump

Jalgaon- A case7

Jalgaon is a small village in state of Maharashtra. In the village, Power for irrigation isn't
available during the daytime for 15 days a month. This led to prevalent use of diesel pump for
irrigation. When state launched Atal Solar Krishi Pump Yojanain 2017. With a 95 per cent
subsidy available on solar pumps, farmers are required to pay Rs 34,750 upfront. The
maintenance cost is almost nil. People started using solar pump instead of diesel pump. Now,
uninterrupted and free power is available during daytime at the push of a button farmer started
overusing the scarce water resource. In the last 10 years, Jalgaon's groundwater table has fallen
by 25 ft. The reduction is witnessed faster in recent times.Due to this, expert’s fears Ground
water loss due to overuse.Free and clean energy created problem in Jalgaon. This case clearly
justifies:

“Clean energy doesn't always mean green energy”

7
https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/in-maharashtra-village-farmers-switch-to-solar-
pumps-experts-fear-groundwater-exploitation/70637095

14
 7. Current scenario of solar water pumps in India

Over 181,000 solar water pumps had been installed across the country by October 2019.The
Indian Government has also implemented KUSUM and under that scheme, farmers are provided
solar water pumps for irrigation purposes by the means of subsidy.

Figure 3. showing the current installed solar pumps in India. Source: MNRE

Chhattisgarh holds the highest number of installations of 60,430 solar pumps, followed by
Andhra Pradesh, a distant second, with 28,267 installations. They are provided 7.5 HP pumps
and central financial assistance (CFA) of 30% of the benchmark cost or the tender cost,
depending on whichever is lower.

MNRE provides a 30% capital subsidy assistance that is coupled with state subsidy assistance
that has historically ranged between 50-60% to offer subsidized pumps to farmers at 15%-20%
of its total cost.

The input on current status and performance of these systems is quite mixed. While some of the
systems are working well and have access to quality servicing, some of the installed base has not

15
been working because of various reasons. In certain cases, lack of spare parts for DC pumps
(typically brushes) have rendered them non-functional while in certain cases, the quality of the
solar panels was not up to the mark and output has diminished significantly or stopped
altogether.

In certain cases, it has also been observed that the high value solar panels have been sold off,
thereby making profits on these subsidized panels while the farmers returned to their regular
fuels for irrigation.

Technical difficulties in the use of Solar water pumps: The solar water pumps mainly operate
on the solar energy and as a result, the limitations of solar energy as an energy source can be
considered for these solar water pumps.

 Issues of using Solar water pumps:

 Lack of access to Quality servicing – The farmers are getting the access to solar pumps but
the after service which is crucial for the effective operation and maintenance is lacking.
 There is also the lack of spare parts required for the DC pumps, and due to this the pumps
become non-operational over time. Part of the reason can be that majority of the DC pumps
in India are imported.
 The quality of Solar-panels needs to be improved for providing consisting output over their
operating period. This is very crucial parameter that needs to be solved as even if the pump is
not efficient but if the panel which is used for powering the pump is a better performing one
then the energy produced can be stored and utilized later.
 The Solar pump depends on the solar energy for electricity generation but the sunlight is only
available throughout the day. So, when the pumping is required in the night or in the early
morning the power is not available.
 The initial cost for a solar pump is usually higher than the conventional diesel pump.
Therefore, it becomes difficult to convince majority of the farmers to adopt solar pumps.

16
References

https://shaktifoundation.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/feasibility-analysis-for-solar-High-Res-
1.pdf

https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2016/IRENA_Solar_Pumping_
for_Irrigation_2016.pdf

https://wle.cgiar.org/news/%E2%80%98smart-solar-pump%E2%80%99-solution-gains-
foothold-india

https://shaktifoundation.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/feasibility-analysis-for-solar-High-Res-
1.pdfhttps://www.electronicsb2b.com/industry-buzz/indias-solar-water-pumps-market-to-grow-
at-27-per-cent-during-2018-2024/

17
https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/in-maharashtra-village-
farmers-switch-to-solar-pumps-experts-fear-groundwater-exploitation/70637095

https://ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Indias-Vast-Potential-in-Solar-Powered-
Irrigation-.pdf

https://www.indianpumps.org.in/article_details/6

https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/energy/renewables-ministry-guidelines-for-pm-kusum-
fail-to-address-key-concerns-65852

https://www.icid.org/FAO-SPIS-Report.pdf

https://www.ssael.co.in/images/Library/files/Solar-Pumps-Impact--SSAEL-Report.pdf

https://www.indiastat.com/table/power-data/26/solar-energy/452704/1299780/data.aspx

18