The cellular wireless Generation (G) generally refers to a change in the nature of the system,

speed, technology and frequency. Each generation have some standards, capacities,
techniques and new features which differentiate it from the previous one.

First Generation (1G) :The 1st commercial automated cellular network was launched by
NTT in Japan in 1979, followed by the launch of Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in
Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, in 1981.
 Year – 1970 – 1980s
 Standard – AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System).
 Services – Only Voice
 Technology – Analog
 Speed – 1kbps to 2.4 kbps
 Multiplexing – FDMA
 Switching – circuit switching
 Core Network – PSTN only
 Frequency – 800- 900 MHz
 RF Bandwidth – 30 kHz. The band can accommodate 832 duplex channels, among
which 21 are reserved for call setup, and the rest for voice communication
 Network Components of 1(G)
Second Generation (2G):-
GSM technology was the first one to facilitate digital voice & data and international roaming
and allowing customer to roam from place to another. GSM maintains end-to-end security by
retaining the confidentiality of calls using Signalling and Data Confidentiality and Mobile
station Authentication.

 Year – 1980 -1990

 Technology – Digital
 Speed – 14kbps to 64Kbps
 Frequency Band – 850 – 1900 MHZ (GSM) and 825 – 849 MHz (CDMA)
 Bandwidth/Channel – GSM divides each 200 kHz channel into eight 25 kHz time-
slots. CDMA channel is nominally 1.23 MHzwide
 Multiplexing /Access Technology – TDMA & CDMA.
 Switching – Circuit switching
 Standard – GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication), IS-95(CDMA) – used
in the Americas and parts of Asia), JDC (Japanese Digital Cellular) (TDMA-based), used in
Japan, iDEN (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by Nextel in the United States.
Network Components of 2(G)Services –  Digital Voice, SMS,  International Roaming ,
Conferencing, Call Waiting, Call Hold, Call Forwarding, Call Barring, Caller Number
Identification,  Closed User Groups (CUGs) , USSD Services, Authentication , billing based
on the services provided to their customers e.g. charges based on local calls, long distance
calls,  discounted calls, real time billing.
Temporary identification numbers are assigned to the subscriber’s number to maintain the
privacy of the user. The privacy of the communication is maintained by applying encryption
algorithms and frequency hopping that can be enabled using digital systems and signalling.
 2.5 Generation: Introduction of packet network to provide high speed data transfer &
internet.
 Year – 2000- 2003
 Standards – General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) & EDGE (Enhanced Data rates in
GSM)
 Frequency: 850 -1900 MHz
 Speed – 115kpbs (GPRS)/384kbps(EDGE)
 Switching – packet switching for data transfer
 Multiplexing – Gaussian minimum shift keying-GMSK(GPRS) & EDGE (8-PSK)
 Services – push to talk, multimedia, web based info entertainment, support WAP,
MMS, SMS mobile games, and search and directory, email access, video
conferencing. Network Components of 2.5(G)

GPRS provides packet switching protocols, short setup time for ISP connections and the
possibility to charge the subscriber according to the amount of data sent rather than
connection time. GPRS supports flexible data transmission rates and provides continuous
connection with the network.

GPRS is a packet-switched service that takes advantage of available GSM time slots for data
communications , supports both X.25 and TCP/IP packet protocols, with quality of service
(QoS) mechanisms and is considered most useful for bursty data applications such as mobile
Internet browsing, e-mail, and various push technologies

EDGE provides nearly three times faster speeds than the outdated GPRS system. To support
higher data rate EDGE adopts higher modulation schemes such as 8-PSK.

EDGE can retransmit a packet with more robust coding scheme. In EDGE re-segmentation is
possible while in GPRS re-segmentation is not possible. In EDGE packets are addressed up
to 2048 and window size to 1024 while GPRS packets were numbered from 1 to 128 and
addressing window size was 64.

Third Generation (3G)

The goal of 3G systems was to offer increased data rates. International Telecommunication
Union (ITU) has defined the demand for 3G in the International Mobile Telecommunication
(IMT)-2000 standards to facilitate growth, greater voice and data capacity, support diverse
applications, and high data transmission at low-cost. The data are sent through the technology
called Packet Switching .Voice calls are interpreted through Circuit Switching.

 Year – 2000
 Standards –
 UMTS (WCDMA)– Based on GSM (Global Systems for Mobile) 2G system
infrastructure,standardized by 3GPP.
 CDMA 2000 – Based on CDMA (IS-95 ) 2G standard, standardized
by 3GPP2.
  TD-SCDMA radio interface was commercialized in 2009 and is only offered
in China
 Speed : 384KBPS to 2MBPS
 Frequency : about 8 to 2.5GHz
 Bandwidth – 5 to 20 MHz
 Multiplexing/Access technologies
 Radio interface is called WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access)
 HSPA is an upgrades to W-CDMA offers speeds of 14.4 Mbit/s down and 5.76 Mbit/s
up.
 HSPA+ can provide theoretical peak data rates up to 168 Mbit/s in the downlink and
22 Mbit/s in the uplink, using air interface improvements & multi-carrier HSPA and MIMO.
 Cdma2000 1X: It can support both voice and data services. The max. Data rate can
reach 153 kbps, belonging to 3G mobile communications.
 Services – Wireless voice telephony, high speed internet access, fixed wireless
Internet access, video calls, chatting & conferencing, mobile TV, Video on demand,
Location-based services, Telemedicine, Web browsing, e-mail, paging, fax and navigational
maps,  Mobile gaming, mobile music, multimedia services like digital photos and movies.
Localized services for accessing traffic and weather updates, Mobile office services, like
virtual banking. Greater security features than 2G like Network Access & Domain Security,
User Domain and Application Security.
Network Components of 3(G)

Fourth Generation (4G)
Initiation year-2010.4G – In 2008, ITU-R specified the IMT-Advanced (International Mobile
Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G systems.

The fourth Generation mobile system is all IP based network system. The main goal of 4G
technology is to provide high speed, high quality, high capacity, security and low cost
services for voice and data services, multimedia and internet over IP.

To use 4G mobile network, multimode user terminals should be able to select the target
wireless system. To provide wireless services anytime and anywhere, terminal mobility is a
key factor in 4G.
4G introduced new physical radio interface known as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio
Access (E-UTRA) and new packet –switching based core network called as Evolved Packet
Core (EPC).  IP-based network architecture, allows for seamless handovers for voice and data
to GSM, UMTS or CDMA2000 technology.

 Standards – Long-Term Evolution Time-Division Duplex (LTE-TDD and LTE-

FDD) Mobile WiMAX standard (802.16m standardized by the IEEE
 Speed – 100Mbps while moving and 1Gbps while stationary ,with the help of
following features
 IP telephony
 OFDMA multi-carrier transmission and frequency-domain equalization (FDE)
schemes
 Smart antenna arrays for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications.
 New frequency bands, wider channel frequency bandwidth
 Multiplexing/Access Technologies – OFDM, MC-CDMA, LAS-CDMA and
Network-LMDS
 Bandwidth – 5–20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz
 Frequency Bands :- LTE standard covers a range of many different bands.
 In North America, 700, 750, 800, 850, 1900, 1700/2100 (AWS), 2300 (WCS) 2500
and 2600 MHz are used (bands 2, 4, 5, 7, 12, 13, 17, 25, 26, 30, 41); 2500 MHz in South
America;
 700, 800, 900, 1800, 2600 MHz in Europe (bands 3, 7, 20); 800, 1800 and 2600 MHz
in Asia (bands 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 40)
 1800 MHz and 2300 MHz in Australia & New Zealand (bands 3, 40).
 Services – Mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile
TV, video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing, manage multi broadcast
streams and handle quick-moving mobile phones , Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB),
Dynamic information access, wearable devices. smooth handovers across heterogeneous
networks and automatic roaming between different wireless networks
4G implementation variants :
The LTE standard supports only Packet Switching & is all IP Network. Voice calls in GSM,
UMTS and CDMA2000 are circuit switched, so with the adoption of LTE, carriers will have
to re-engineer their voice call network.  However since it requires lot of infrastructure
changes, three different approaches are

Voice over LTE (VoLTE) : VoLTE is based on the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
network i.e. voice service (control and media planes) being delivered as data flows within the
LTE data bearer. VoLTE has up to three times more voice and data capacity than 3G UMTS.
Furthermore, it frees up bandwidth because VoLTE’s packets headers are smaller than those
of unoptimized VoIP/LTE.
Circuit-switched fallback (CSFB : In this approach, LTE just provides data services, and
when a voice call is to be initiated or received, it will fall back to the circuit-switched
domain. When using this solution, operators just need to upgrade the MSC instead of
deploying the IMS, and therefore, can provide services quickly. However, the disadvantage is
longer call setup delay.
Simultaneous voice and LTE (SVLTE) : In this approach, the handset works
simultaneously in the LTE and circuit switched modes, with the LTE mode providing data
services and the circuit switched mode providing the voice service. This is a solution solely
based on the handset, which does not have special requirements on the network and does not
require the deployment of IMS either. The disadvantage of this solution is that the phone can
become expensive with high power consumption.
One additional approach which is not initiated by operators is the usage of over-the-top
content (OTT) services, using applications like Skype and Google Talk to provide LTE voice
services

Fifth Generation (5G)

Initiation year-2015

It will make Unified global standard. The Physical and Data Link layer defines the 5G
wireless technology indicating it as an Open Wireless Architecture(OWA).The 5G
technology also maintain virtual multi-wireless network.
 To perform this the Network layer is sub-divided into two layers; upper network layer for
mobile terminal and lower network layer for interface. Here all the routing will be based on
IP addresses which would be different in each IP network worldwide.

In 5G technology the higher bit rate loss is overcome by using Open Transport Protocol
(OTP).The OTP is supported by Transport and Session layer. The application layer is for
quality of service management over various types of networks. 5G brings forward a real
wireless world-Wireless World Wide Web (WWWW)

 Speed – 1 to 10 Gbps.
 Bandwidth – 1,000x bandwidth per unit area.
 Frequency – 3 to 300 GHz
 Multiplexing/Access Technologies – CDMA and BDMA
 Standard – IP broadband LAN/W AN/PAN & WWWW
 Features :Real time performance – Fast response, Low Jitter, latency & delay
 Very High Speed Broadband – Gigabit data rates, high quality coverage, Multi
spectrum
 Virtualized Infrastructure – Software defined network, scalable and low cost system.
 Support IoT & M2M – 100 times more connected devices, Deep Indoor Coverage &
Signalling efficiency
 About 90% reduction in network energy usage.
 Its radio technology will facilitate different version of radio technologies to share the
same spectrum efficiently.
Services : – Some of the significant applications are –

 Connected people & devices anywhere anytime. Its application will make world real
Wi Fi zone.
 Mobile IP address will be assigned as per the connected network and geographical
position.
 Radio signal at higher altitude as well.
 Parallel multiple services, such as you can know weather and location while talking
 You can control your PCs by handsets.Education will become easier. A student sitting
in any part of world can attend the class.
 Remote diagnostics is a great feature of 5G. -A doctor can treat the patient located in
remote part of the world.
 Monitoring will be easier − A governmental organization and investigating offers can
monitor any part of the world. Possible to reduce the crime rate.
 Visualizing universe, galaxies, and planets will be possible.
 Possible, natural disaster including tsunami, earthquake etc. can be detected
faster.Architecture

Sixth Generation (6G)

6G is proposed to integrate 5G with satellite networks for global coverage.
 It is considered to be a cheap and Fast Internet Technology to provide unbelievably high data
rates or very fast Internet speed access on air through wireless and mobile devices possibly
up to 11 Gbps, while travelling or in a remote location.

The satellite communication network may consist of telecommunication satellite networks,

earth imaging satellite networks and navigation satellite networks. The goal of 6G is to
integrate these kinds of satellite networks to provide network position identifier, multimedia
and internet connectivity, and weather information services to the mobile users.

Specially designed Nano Antennas will be implemented at different geographical locations or

positions along roadsides, villages, malls, airports, hospitals etc to broadcast such high speed
electromagnetic signals.

The globe will be decorated by fly sensors with the help of 6G technology. These fly sensors
will provide information to their remote observer stations; further these stations will check
any activity upon a special area such as the activity of terrorists, intruders etc.

The point to point wireless communication networks that transmit super- fast broadband
signals through the air will be assisted by high speed optical fibers lines to broadcast much
secured information from transmitters to destinations.

Features/Advantages of 6G Technology:
 Ultra fast access of Internet.
 Data rates will be up to 10-11 Gbps.
 Home automation and other related applications.
 Smart Homes, Cities and Villages.
 May be used in the production of Energy from galactic world.
 Space technology, Defense applications will be modified with 6G networks.
 Home based ATM systems.
 Satellite to Satellite Communication for the development of mankind.
 Natural Calamities will be controlled with 6G networks.
 Sea to Space Communication.
 Mind to Mind Communication may be possible
 Standards :- The Global Position System(GPS) by USA, the Galileo by Europe, the
COMPASS by China and the GLONASS by Russia. If 6G integrates with 5G with these
satellite networks, it would have four different standards. So handoff and roaming will be can
be a big issue in 6G
7G deals with space roaming.
The 7G of mobile wireless networks which aims to acquire space roaming. The world is
trying to become completely wireless, demanding uninterrupted access to information
anytime and anywhere with better quality, high speed, increased bandwidth and reduction in
cost.

Conclusion
The world is trying to become completely wireless, demanding uninterrupted access to
information anytime and anywhere with better quality, high speed, increased bandwidth and
reduction in cost. After 4G the next generation 5G aims a real wireless world with no
limitations while 6G integrates 5G with satellite networks. Due to variable technologies and
standards, with 6G handoff/roaming will be an issue. This drives the 7G of mobile wireless
networks which aims to acquire space roaming.

Write a short note on the evolution of radio mobile

communications.

 In the last few decades, Mobile Wireless Communication networks have

experienced a tremendous change.
 The cellular wireless Generation(G) generally refers to a change in the nature
of the system, speed, technology and frequency. Each generation have some
standards, capacities, techniques and new features which differentiate it from
the previous one.
 The first handheld mobile cell phone was demonstrated by Motorola
in1973.The 1st commercial automated cellular network was launched by NTT
in Japan in 1979, followed by the launch of Nordic Mobile Telephone(NMT)
system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, in 1981.After this begins
the development in generations for mobile wireless communication.
 The first generation(1G) mobile wireless communication network was analog
used for voice calls only. The second generation(2G) is a digital technology
and supports text messaging.
 After this was 3G which provided multimedia support along with higher data
transmission rates and increased capacity.
 The fourth generation(4G) integrates 3G with fixed internet to support wireless
mobile internet, which is an evolution to overcome the limitations of 3G and
also raises the QoS, increases the bandwidth and reduces the cost of
resources.
 The 5G brings forward a real wireless world-Wireless World Wide Web
(wwww) while 6G is proposed to integrate 5G with satellite networks for global
coverage. 7G deals with space roaming