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REVIEW ARTICLE
Orthodontic intrusion: A contemporary
review
Nabil M. Al-Zubair
Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen

ABSTRACT
Orthodontic intrusion is a common treatment approach in managing orthodontic esthetic and functional problems,
including gummy smile and deep bite. This review presents contemporary reports related to the intrusion, types of dental
intrusion, clinical observations, and the tissue reactions after the application of intrusive force, as well as indications and
contraindications for intrusion. This paper concisely describes the fixed and removable appliances used for intrusion
accomplishment.

Key words: Biomechanics, intrusion arch, orthodontic intrusion

Contemporary Reports Related Dental intrusion often constitutes an integral part of

orthodontic treatment in order to improve sagittal and
to the Intrusion vertical incisor relationships, to correct interincisal angle
and consequently, the gingival line and restore the esthetics
of smiling.[3]

In general, intrusion as an orthodontic therapeutic

manipulation may mean: Orthopedic intrusion, surgical
superior maxillary displacement, and intrusion of a single
tooth or groups of teeth [Box 1].[4]

For many years, dental intrusion was considered

impossible or problematic and was associated with
numerous side-effects from the periodontium and
Intrusion is defined by Nikolai[1] as “a translational form cementum (root resorption). However, in recent years
of the tooth movement directed apically and parallel to successful orthodontic intrusion is clinically documented
the long axis”, whereas Burstone[2] defined it as “apical and is considered a safe procedure, provided that
movement of the geometric center of the root in respect the magnitude and direction of forces are carefully
to the occlusal plane or a plane based on the long axis of monitored.[5] Intrusion at the initial stages of treatment with
the tooth.” Labial tipping of an incisor mound its center or without auxiliary means is proposed independently of
the therapeutic technique followed, such as Begg, tip-edge,
of resistance produces pseudointrusion, which can also
or bioprogressive.[6-8]
correct the deep bite.

Access this article online Box 1: Intrusion may mean

Quick Response Code: a. Orthopedic intrusion referring to superior displacement or,
Website:
even better, to inhibition of inferior movement of the maxillary
www.jorthodr.org
complex, and it is achieved with the use of functional appliances
or high pull headgear with or without a functional appliance
DOI:
b. Surgical superior maxillary displacement in cases of vertical
10.4103/2321-3825.140625 maxillary excess and
c. Intrusion of a single tooth or groups of teeth.

Address for correspondence: Dr. Nabil M. Al-Zubair, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen.
E-mail: dr.nabilzubair7@gmail.com

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Al-Zubair: Orthodontic intrusion

Types of Intrusion[9]
Rela ve intrusion Absolute intrusion
It is achieved by preventing eruption of the incisors while growth There is pure intrusion of the incisors without extrusion of the posterior
provides vertical space into which the posterior teeth erupt teeth
Can be achieved with continuous archwires by placing a reverse curve Requests the teeth being apically pushed into supporting bone, it
of Spee in the mandibular arch wire, and an exaggerated curve of Spee requires a mechanical arrangement other than a continuous archwire
in the maxillary arch wire attached to each tooth. Light continuous force directed toward the tooth
apex is the key to successful intrusion
Relative intrusion of the incisors is accomplished by labial tipping of Incisors being intruded, using the molars as anchorage as the diagram
the incisors and extrusion of other teeth in the arch, without any actual shows. There is an equal and opposite extruding force occurring on the
intrusion, as the diagram shows. Therefore, in the leveling phase any molars, as with every force in orthodontics. Pure absolute intrusion is
wire can relatively intrude teeth. However, an intrusion wire, is used preferable accomplished with the use of mini-implants
when there is a necessity for absolute intrusion of teeth, where tipping
and extrusion of other teeth is not in demand

Methods of relative intrusion include: Methods of absolute intrusion include:

Anterior bite plates contacting the anterior dentition while allowing J-Hook headgear
posterior eruption
Twin-blocks, where differential molar eruption can occur by trimming Bypass and segmental mechanics
the posterior blocks
Anterior bite turbos Temporary skeletal anchorage (micro-implants)
Reverse curve of Spee

Clinical Observations and the Tissue

Reactions after the Application of
Different Orthodontic Forces
Intrusion of the tooth involves resorption of the bone,
particularly around the apex of the tooth [Figure 1]. In this
movement, the whole of supporting structures are under
pressure with virtually no areas of tension.

Unlike extruded teeth, intruded teeth in young patients

undergo only minor positional changes after treatment.
Relapse usually does not occur, partly because the free
Figure 1: Intrusion of the tooth involves resorption of the bone,
gingival fiber bundles become slightly relaxed. Stretch particularly around the apex of the tooth
is exerted primarily on the principal fibers. An intruding
movement may therefore cause the formation of new bone occasionally become slightly curved as a result of the tension
spicules in the marginal region. These new bone layers exerted by stretched fiber bundles. Such tension also occurs in

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Al-Zubair: Orthodontic intrusion

the middle third of the roots. Rearrangement of the principal Higher loading at the apical area is related to intrusion,
fibers occurs after a retention period of a few months.[10] extrusion and rotation forces, whereas tooth translation and
movement with tipping, apply the load along the whole length
Intrusion requires careful control of force magnitude. Light of the root or toward the cervical area.[17]
force is required because the force is concentrated in a small
area at the tooth apex. A light contentious force, such as that An important factor for successful incisor intrusion is the
obtained in the light wire technique, has proved favorable for anatomical position of tooth roots in relation to the cortical
intrusion in young patients. In other cases, the alveolar bone plate. Maintaining roots in a proper position within spongeous
may be closer to the apex, increasing the risk for apical root bone and avoiding their displacement in cortical bone are
resorption. If the bone of the apical region is fairly compact as considered to increase treatment effectiveness and limit the
it is in some adults, a light interrupted force may be preferable risk for root resorption.[18] However, it is generally accepted
to provide time for cell proliferation to start, and direct bone that certain techniques, such as the bioprogressive one, use
resorption may prevail when the arch is reactivated after the root positioning of posterior teeth within cortical bone to
rest period. Intrusion may also cause changes in the pulp tissue increase anchorage and limit mesial molar movement. This
such vascularization of the odontoblast and pulpal edema.[11] hypothesis is not supported by research data.

Biomechanical Methods of Intrusion Arch

Orthodontic Intrusion
Two major orthodontic intrusion techniques for the anterior
In the literature, intrusive force values vary among authors from dentition have been developed: The segmented arch and the
15 to 200 g.[12] This variation may be explained by the difficulty bioprogressive techniques.[2,8,19-21] Both use intrusion arches
in measuring the force applied by complex biomechanical with anchorage on posterior teeth, but have fundamental
systems using continuous straight archwires, [12,13] as biomechanical differences in their construction/use and
well as by differences among various techniques. consequently in their mode of action.[22]

Begg technique[6] Bioprogressive technique[8] Indications and Contraindications

Accomplished more rapidly Using the segmented rectangular
due to the cervically located utility arch, made of cobalt-
bracket-wire point contact in chromium alloy, which is not as
combination with the use of hard as stainless steel, incorporates
special pins for wire ligation intrusion with low forces in the
in the Begg bracket, leading to initial treatment stages, taking
lower friction when compared advantage of the force systems
to the edgewise technique developed by the activated wire
With the Begg technique, there Correction includes incisor
is less relaxation of the stress intrusion in combination with
applied by the ligating means, tipping or extrusion of the molars; Intrusion of Anterior Teeth in Gummy Smile
that is, the pin, on the bracket therefore, the force system is not
compared with the elastomeric predictable One of the major challenges of orthodontic treatment is
modules that present 50% force
the correction of deep overbite. In most instances, this
reduction during the first 24 hours
Intrusion in the Begg technique correction is produced by the extrusion of posterior teeth,
is relative, because deep bite or a combination of anterior intrusion along with posterior
correction is accomplished through extrusion, which is undesirable in vertical growers.[2] In
eruption of posterior teeth. Thus,
the applied stress is maintained for such cases, absolute intrusion or true intrusion of the
a longer time period anteriors is desired, especially when there is excessive
incisal display with extruded incisors.
However, continuous light forces of 15-30 g per tooth seem
to be ideal. In general, heavier forces should be avoided More specifically, in cases where bite opening with
given the fact that in this type of movement, the force is orthodontic eruption of posterior teeth using biteplates
distributed over a small area around the apex.[14] Related or cervical headgear is contraindicated or unsuccessful,
studies have determined that forces exceeding 50 g lead deep bite correction may only be achieved with intrusion
to apical displacement of about 40 um resulting in vessel of the anterior teeth. In order to improve esthetics, Class
torsion or distortion.[15] Other studies have shown that force II, division 1 malocclusion patients with increased overjet
increase from 0.5 to 2 N results in reversible 20% reduction and lower facial height, showing at the same time a gummy
of blood circulation in the pulp.[16] smile and incisor exposure at lip rest [Figure 2], considered

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Al-Zubair: Orthodontic intrusion

Burstone intrusion arch[19,20] Ricke s u lity ach[8,21]

The arch is not inserted into the anterior brackets The rectangular arch is inserted into the posterior tubes and the anterior
brackets
A large tip back moment is felt at molar, with a small extrusive force A large tip back moment is felt at molar, but also a large extrusive force
The single anterior point contact allows for precise calculation of the A large buccal root torque moment is felt at the incisors, and depends on
force delivery and it can be applied at the desired level relative to the the wire/bracket relationship (careful for root resorption)
position of the center of resistance of the anterior segment

Side-effects: Molar tip back Side-effects: Molar extrusion and tip back, anterior palatal crown
torque

posterior orthodontic eruption with the use of an anterior

biteplate is recommended and hence that part of the
correction is achieved without intrusion.

Deep Bite and Increased Lower Facial Height

In the rare cases, where the dental deep bite is combined
with a skeletal background of increased vertical growth
and clinical “open bite tendency”, posterior orthodontic
eruption should be avoided due to an increase of the
mandibular plane angle.[25]
Figure 2: Gummy smile at lip rest
Incisor intrusion is also necessary in cases of extrusion of
as perfect candidates for such intrusion.[23] Since, it has maxillary but, especially, mandibular incisors often observed
been suggested that attractive smiles have zero gingival in Class II, division 2 malocclusion. In these cases, esthetic
exposure, whereas gingival exposure of more than 2 mm improvement is important mainly due to restoration of the
gingival line. During intrusion of lower incisors with lingual
results in significant esthetic,[24] deep bite correction with
tipping, using a utility arch without tie back, the incisor crown
orthodontic eruption of posterior teeth does not contribute
follows an arch and moves labially, while being vertically
towards esthetic improvement.
displaced. This horizontal crown displacement contributes
Deep Bite and Reduced Lower Facial Height towards correcting part of the over jet.[8] Similar movement
with the same biomechanical principles takes place in the Begg
The outcome of orthodontic eruption is not stable,
technique, where once again the tie back is not recommended
especially in adult patients with a small mandibular plane so as to avoid side-effects, such as root resorption.[6]
angle and strong masticatory system as shown clinically by
the presence of strong masseter muscles and a rectangular Intrusion of Periodontally Involved Teeth
face, due to the increased vertical component of the biting The most common pathologic cause of extrusion is
force that affects the stability of posterior eruption.[5] On periodontal disease, which in advanced stages results in
the other hand, in patients with severe deep bite and clinical crown lengthening and spacing of the teeth, thus,
minimal exposure of incisors at smiling, correction should further compromising the esthetics of smiling.[26]
include careful intrusion of lower incisors in order to avoid
further concealment of upper anterior teeth at smiling. In general, orthodontic treatment in periodontal patients is
Alternatively, and depending on the degree of deep bite, a contradictory issue. Many authors dispute the benefits of

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Al-Zubair: Orthodontic intrusion

such an approach and claim that it has negative effects on is essential in this therapy. Vertical position, the arch
the periodontium,[27] whereas others support the view that form, the tooth axes, the inclination of the occlusal
orthodontic treatment inhibits the progression of osseous plane and the posterior torque should be the treatment
loss.[28] More recent studies conclude that a combination objectives. [39] The use of orthodontic mini-implants
of periodontal treatment and orthodontic intrusion may simplified the treatment plan and allowed maximum
improve periodontal status, given that the mechanics conservation of tooth structures.
used and oral hygiene are carefully controlled.[29,30] More
specifically, use of light orthodontic forces is recommended The Fixed and Removable
because, as bone loss progresses, periodontal support is
reduced and the same force now induces greater stress
Appliances Used for Intrusion
on the periodontal ligament when compared to a tooth Accomplishment
with normal tissue support.[31] Further documentation
In general, intrusion may be divided into two wide
is necessary before these results and the hypothesis of
categories on the basis of the group of teeth on which it
re-attachment are applied in the clinical situation.
is applied:
Intrusion of periodontally involved teeth still controversial, a. Incisor intrusion and
however, some authors pointed out that if the inflammation b. Intrusion of posterior teeth.
would be well monitored, the loss of the marginal bone
level would not result.[32-37] The scope of orthodontics is expanding. Temporary
anchorage devices have allowed the orthodontist to
Intrusion of Posterior Teeth overcome anchorage limitations and perform difficult
tooth movements predictably and with minimal patient
Overeruption of maxillary molars because of the loss of
opposite teeth creates occlusal interferes and functional compliance.[40]
disturbances [Figure 3]. To restore proper occlusion,
Acrylic intrusion splint with occlusal and incisal coverage
intrusion of the overerupted molars becomes essential
in combination with very high, almost vertical pull
before multidisciplinary reconstructive dental approaches
headgear [Figure 4] has been also proposed for the intrusion
can be initiated.[35]
of anterior teeth.[23] This method corrects the position of
In general, the extent of intrusion depends on anchorage anterior teeth sagitally and vertically and is indicated in
and may include absolute or relative intrusion, depending Class II, division 1 cases where both incisor intrusion and
on the severity of the occlusal and esthetic problem. reduction of increased overjet are required.

Posterior intrusion is one of the most difficult tooth The use of magnets, as an alternative to conventional
movements in orthodontics, because of the multiple molar methods, has become popular after the introduction of
roots. Intrusion requires more alveolar bone reaction new small, powerful and permanent rare earth magnets.
as well as a longer treatment time.[38] Therefore, using Studies have shown that, when magnets are placed in the
conventional orthodontic treatment for this movement oral environment, saliva acts as an electrolyte creating
is a big challenge. Three-dimensional movement control small currents that stimulate tissues.[41] It has also been

Figure 3: Intrusion of posterior teeth Figure 4: Intrusion splint combined with high pull headgear

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Al-Zubair: Orthodontic intrusion

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