Introduction
Today, Muslims are becoming more aware of their interests
mastery of science and technology to preserve Islamic civilization.
Muslims are also aware of the importance of making a living
revive the spirit and values of Islamic science as ever
is rooted in the excellence of Islamic civilization in the East
such as Medina, Baghdad, Damascus, Cairo and so on
West of Andalusia (Spain) (Haque, Sulaiman, Soualhi &
Arif, 2010). All of these cities are cities of knowledge and centers
Islamic civilization that has produced many scientists and
leading scientists.
The glory of Islamic civilization in Andalusia and in
other places like Medina, Baghdad, Damascus, Cairo
is to reject the supremacy of Islam as an al-
also (al-Hashimi, 2007). The excellence and excellence of Civilization
Islam in Andalusia is one of the manifestations of its roots
rooted in excellence that has been instilled in the ages
Rasulullah SAW is where the Arab community begins
the process of social and cultural transformation that is undergoing
monotheistic and Islamic worldviews
as conveyed by His Messenger of Allah
The Culture of Science in Andalusia
Andalusia is an Islamic Civilization growing up in
around the Iberian Peninsula from 711 to 1492 AD
(al-Hamawi, 1968). Before the advent of Islam, Andalusia had
ruled by European powers such as Rome, Vandal and
Christians from Visigoth (Barry, 2008). The pattern of government
cruel and inhumane as well as inner conflict
government officials who are fighting for the throne
causing the country's administration system to fail
stable and the people suffer.
Establishment and development of Islamic Civilization in Andalusia
began in the year 711 AD when the Muslim army was at
under the leadership of a famous warlord named Tariq
bin Ziyad bin Abdullah al-Zanati or known as Tariq Ibn
Ziyad has successfully conquered territories in Spain (Torro, 2012;
Mahayudin, 1990). The emergence of Islam in Andalusia is not
aggressive or permissive, but demanding
the province of Ceuta (Spain is located in Africa
North) named Count Julian for the purpose of revenge
against King Don Roderic who has committed atrocities and
oppression in Andalusia. Count Julian's invitation is
seeks to restore justice in the land of Andalusia because
he believes in justice practiced in society
Islam (al-Baladhuri, 1959).
Since then, the Islamic government in Andalusia has
lasted almost 800 years (711-1492 AD) and was
forging excellence that not only benefits
not only to Muslims but also to contribute
from the brilliance of such knowledge to the community at large
world. The presence of Islam in Andalusia has made the city
as the best civilized model of the world. Activity
ingenuity and sophistication in Andalusia
making it the center of knowledge that is the focus of society
worldwide (Bennison, 2007). Accordingly, according to
Trend (1963), at that time Arabic became a language
primary language, intermediate language and language of knowledge replace Language
Latin was the second language at that time.
Society in Islamic Civilization in Andalusia has
makes a great contribution and is an example to
European society especially in terms of mastery of science and
technology. When Andalusians embarked on an era of excellence,
all of Europe was in the Dark Ages of the 4th century
until the 12th century AD. It was called the Age
The darkness is due to the blindness of the mind and the absence of any
a high level of scientific activity that can illuminate thinking
European society (Ahmad, 1991). Back then, people
Europe is surrounded by traditions and superstitions and
superstition (al-Hashimi, 2007). Andalusian prosperity
causing many European people to migrate to Andalusia
to explore various fields of knowledge.
The culture of knowledge as described by Wan Mohd
Nor (2007) that the concept refers to the existence of circumstances
that all members of his community are involved with
direct or indirect in scientific activities for
every opportunity is very much in keeping with the situation
excellence and culture of knowledge in Andalusia. Because of that,
high cultural and scientific values are among the factors
making the Andalusian Islamic Civilization an example
in terms of wisdom, intelligence, civilization, civility
and progress. They are an example of a society that has
a high culture of living that is rooted in teaching
Islam which emphasizes the appreciation of the culture of deep knowledge
the whole living space.
The excellence of the culture of knowledge in Andalusia on
is basically a denial of government protection against
scientific activity. In the 10th century AD, the founder of the Kingdom
A Muslim in Cordova, Abdul Rahman III (891 - 961 AD)
engage directly in creating the atmosphere
the culture of science in Andalusia is inspiring
the brilliance of successful science created in the city of science
Baghdad (De Gayangos, 1843; Torro, 2012). His son
called al-Hakam II (915 - 976 AD) also continued
support for the scientific tradition in Andalusia. The government has
paying close attention to the development of knowledge and
science in Andalusia by providing good infrastructure with
established 17 education centers and 70 libraries
public. He has ordered books from Damascus, Baghdad,
Constantinople, Cairo, Makkah, Medina, Kufah, and Basrah.
The only library in Cordova is said to have a collection
a total of 400 thousand volumes of books (as-Siba'ie, 2005) while
The royal library was built at the behest of al-Hakam II
There are 40 rooms in each room
a total of 18 thousand books. al-Hakam II also ordered
construction of a large mosque in Cordova (Stanley, 1967). All collections
it was a handwriting result because at the time
there is no such printing technique today. If the caliph does not
to buy the original, he ordered the people
to copy it. The whole collection of books is said to have been
read by the caliph. During his reign, activity
translation has been done extensively. Lots of books
Latin and Greek have been translated into Arabic
such as some works in mathematics such as Element
authored by Euclid and also by the title Almagest and
Planisphaerium in Ptolemy's essay (Lorch, 2001).
Because of the caliph's protection against cultural activities
knowledge, Cordova at that time had a total of 600
mosque, 900 public baths, 50 hospitals, and several
business place. Furthermore, various educational centers such as
schools and colleges are also set up in other major cities such as
in Granada, Seville and Toledo (as-Siba'ie, 2005). So
Thus, Al-Hakam II was considered the first government
who directed the construction of universities in Andalusia and
he is also a patron in the field of science
scholars and scientists in Andalusia.
Obviously, the golden age of Andalusians was very prominent around
the 11th and 12th centuries AD, at which the figures appeared
great scholars, religious scholars, hadiths, philosophers, scholars
science, chemistry, physics, mathematics, engineering, botanists, experts
medicine, astronomy, economics, agriculture and more (Jose,
2005; Torro, 2012). There are many examples of excellence and
the cultivation of knowledge among the leading figures in
Andalusia was able to make a big contribution to
a world that can be taught. Among them is the story of a character -
such scholars as al-Zahrawi, Abu Marwan Ibn Zuhr, al-Gafiqi,
Ibn al-Baytar, Abul Qasim al-Majriti, al-Zarqali, Abbas Ibn Firnas,
Ibn Rushd, Ibn Tufail, Ibn Bajjah and many others.
For example, Abu al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis)
(936-1013 AD) from Cordova is a figure
Muslim scholars of Andalusia are renowned for their knowledge
medicine. His Book of Surgery is entitled al-Tasrif
The 'Ajiza' an at-Ta'lif is a medical encyclopedia
in Arabic. The book is thirty volumes and
makes a number of important discoveries in the field of science
medicine until he was nicknamed the father of science
medicine (al-Majali, 2017; Ahmed, Ahsani & Siddiqui (ed.) 2005,
Ahmad, 1991). The power of the knowledge of the book of his essay
is recognized by the people of the East and the West until the book
is translated into several languages such as Latin, Hebrew
( Hebrew ) and Spanish ( Castilian ).
Also, Abu Marwan Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) (1094–1162
AD) is a descendant of the Arabian Banu Zuhr
settled in Seville, Andalusia is also one of the leading scientists
who is an expert in medical science. His area of expertise
is about medical science and surgery. Between the books
his most famous book is Al-Taysīr fil-Mudāwāt wal-
Governance is about therapeutic science and diet (Azar, 2008). He is
has also streamlined medical science in particular
surgery by presenting several types of germs
the cause of the disease and the appropriate method of treatment (Ahmad,
1991).
Meanwhile, Andalusian scholars are no less remarkable
in terms of contribution to the field of secularism is Abu Ishaq
Ibrahim Ibn Yahya al-Zarqali (Arzachel) (1029-1087 AD)
