7 Distant Shores
page 95
7.10 hear sth on the grapevine (expr) /hɪər
ˈsʌmθɪŋ ɒn ðə ˈɡreɪpvaɪn/
hear a piece of news from informal sources,
7.1 glow-worm (n) /ɡləʊ wɜːm/
through gossip ● I heard on the grapevine that
a kind of insect, the female of which produces
the area is to become a designated nature
a green light at the end of its tail ● At night, we
reserve, but I’m not sure if it’s true.
could see the flickering lights of glow-worms in
the bushes outside our tent. 7.11 pristine (adj) /ˈprɪstiːn/
very clean and well maintained ● The white
7.2 shimmer (v) /ˈʃɪmə(r)/
steps leading to the village church were kept in
shine brightly, esp on the surface of sth
pristine condition.
moving ● Moonlight shimmered on the ripples
of the lake. ➣ shimmer (n) 7.12 seething (adj) /ˈsiːðɪŋ/
moving energetically in a large number ● The
Reading pages 96-97
watermelon skin left on the beach was covered
by a seething swarm of wasps. ➣ seethe (v)
7.3 detox (v) /ˈdiːtɒks/ 7.13 begrudge (v) /bɪˈɡrʌdʒ/
detoxify; cleanse your body of harmful resent that sb has sth which you feel they don’t
substances by following a certain diet and deserve ● You shouldn’t begrudge him taking
routine ● After the excesses of Christmas a long holiday since he’s been working so hard
parties, Neil felt he had to detox from meats for years. ➣ begrudgingly (adv)
and sweets to get back in shape. ➣ detoxify 7.14 trappings (n) /ˈtræpɪŋz/
(v), detox (n), detoxification (n) physical signs or decoration usually associated
7.4 prosperity (n) /prɒˈsperəti/ with sth ● The resort has all the trappings
success and wealth ● The country’s prosperity of a traditional British seafront town with its
depends on the tourism sector. ➣ prosper (v), promenade and colourful beach huts.
prosperous (adj), prosperously (adv) 7.15 sensibilities (n) /ˌsensəˈbɪlətiz/
✎ Syn: affluence sensitive feelings ● Detracting from the historic
7.5 detrimental (adj) /ˌdetrɪˈmentl/ significance of the site, the tacky souvenir
damaging ● Plans for the construction of a shops offended the sensibilities of the more
hotel complex on the beach were opposed on discerning visitors. ➣ sensible (adj), sensibly
the grounds that it would be detrimental to the (adv)
environment. ➣ detriment (n), detrimentally 7.16 trickle down (phr v) /ˈtrɪkl daʊn/
(adv) move very slowly from the top to the lower
7.6 take the plunge (expr) /teɪk ðə plʌndʒ/ levels ● Little of the income generated from
decide to do sth risky despite being nervous high-end cruise ships has trickled down to the
about it ● They finally took the plunge and local ecomony. ➣ trickle (n)
signed up for the Himalayan trek. 7.17 make a dent in sth (expr) /maɪk ə dent ɪn
7.7 off the beaten track (expr) /ɒf ðə ˈbiːtən ˈsʌmθɪŋ/
træk/ make a difference by reducing the amount
in an isolated spot ● I stopped for the night a of sth ● The mild winter made a dent in the
backpackers hostel off the beaten track in the takings at the ski resort as there was no snow
Scottish Highlands. on the slopes for weeks.
7.8 answer for (phr v) /ˈɑːnsə(r) fə(r)/ 7.18 haggle (v) /ˈhæɡl/
admit responsibility for sth; make up for doing try to reach an agreement over a price ● After
sth ● When the tiny island of Spinalonga haggling over the extortionate taxi fare, the
became overrun with tourists, the locals driver finally accepted the reasonable amount
felt the TV series filmed there had a lot to we offered.
answer for. 7.19 novelty (adj) /ˈnɒvlti/
7.9 simplistic (adj) /sɪmˈplɪstɪk/ unusual or out of the ordinary ● As the
making sth appear simpler than it is ● The passengers disembarked, street sellers laden
government’s plan to tax hotels even further is with novelty items awaited at the port. ➣
far too simplistic and will reduce revenues in novelty (n), novel (adj)
the long term. ➣ simplify (v), simplification (n),
simplistically (adv)
50
7.20 measly (adj) /ˈmiːzli/ 7.32 lax (adj) /læks/
disapprovingly small or insignificant ● The not strict ● We hastily exited the smoke-filled
minimum wage was reduced to a measly three restaurant, appalled at the lax attitude to the
euros per hour. anti-smoking laws.
7.21 add insult to injury (expr) /æd ˈɪnsʌlt tə 7.33 ivory (n) /ˈaɪvəri/
ˈɪndʒəri/ the hard whitish substance that forms the
make a bad situation worse ● Our train was tusks of elephants and some other animals
delayed by six hours, and to add insult to ● Melinda refused to touch her grandma’s old
injury, the station cafe had closed, so there piano, disgusted that the keys were made of
were no refreshments available. real ivory.
7.22 put one over on sb (expr) /pʊt wʌn ˈəʊvə(r) 7.34 turn a blind eye to (expr) /tɜːn ə blaɪnd aɪ
ɒn ˈsʌmbədi/ tuː/
fool (sb); deceive ● I’m sure the taxi driver put pretend you don’t notice sth ● Unwilling to turn
one over on us by taking us by the longest a blind eye to animal abuse, Irene posted a
route to the museum. video of the cruel donkey driver on her blog
7.23 voluntourism (n) /ˌvɒlənˈtʊərɪz(ə)m/ which went viral.
a type of tourism that allows travellers to do 7.35 crackpot (adj) /ˈkrækpɒt/
voluntary work in countries they want to visit unusual or crazy ● Brian’s latest crackpot idea
● Voluntourism has attracted foreign visitors is to go swimming with whales. ➣ crackpot (n)
to assist with wildlife projects, such as the 7.36 commendable (adj) /kəˈmendəbl/
sea turtle rescue project in Greece. worthy of praise ● The hotel facilities and
➣ voluntourist (n) service were highly commendable; our stay
7.24 goodwill (n) /ˌɡʊdˈwɪl/ was worth every penny. ➣ commend (v),
helpful intentions towards others ● In a spirit commendation (n), commendably (adv)
of goodwill, Sue offered the homeless man a 7.37 implicit (adj) /ɪmˈplɪsɪt/
bottle of water and a sandwich. indirectly suggested ● Her ongoing support
7.25 exacerbate (v) /ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪt/ was implicit from the tone of her voice.
worsen a bad a situation ● That cream will ➣ imply (v), implication (n), implicitly (adv)
only exacerbate your sunburn; try some 7.38 blare (v) /bleər/
yoghurt instead. ➣ exacerbation (n) make a very loud noise ● Music blared from
7.26 secluded (adj) /sɪˈkluːdɪd/ the nearby nightclub till the small hours of the
in a place far away or sheltered from other morning. ➣ blare (n)
people ● What had formerly been a secluded 7.39 souk (n) /suːk/
beach on our previous visits had been a traditional Arab market ● We purchased an
transformed into an exclusive spa complex. assortment of spices and a colourful rug at the
➣ seclude (v), seclusion (n) souk.
7.27 spew (v) /spjuː/
emit in large amounts ● Black smoke spewed
out from the huge funnel of the ship. Places
7.28 cargo (n) /ˈkɑːɡəʊ/ brink province
things transported in a ship or plane ● The enclave souk
precious cargo of antiquities was recovered foothill
from the shipwreck.
7.29 soapbox (n) /ˈsəʊpbɒks/
a box or platform you stand on to declare your
views in public ● Vicky’s on her soapbox again
about immigration.
Vocabulary pages 98-99-100
7.30 imperialistic (adj) /ɪmˌpɪəriəˈlɪstɪk/ 7.40 oddity (n) /ˈɒdəti/
supporting the attitude that one country is sth/sb that appears strange ● If the Tower of
inferior to another ruling power ● The Inuit Pisa is ever returned to a vertical position, it
are still up against the imperialistic notion could cease to become the oddity that attracts
that they all live in igloos. ➣ imperialism (n), millions of visitors. ➣ odd (adj), oddly (adv)
imperialist (n) 7.41 rarity (n) /ˈreərəti/
7.31 discrepancy (n) /dɪsˈkrepənsi/ sth that's rare ● Asian restaurants were once
a difference between things that should be the a rarity in Greece, but now they are becoming
same ● The passenger was detained by police more commonplace. ➣ rare (adj), rarely (adv)
when the check-in staff noticed a discrepancy
on his passport.
51
7.42 deciding (adj) /dɪˈsaɪˌdɪŋ/ 7.54 unbridled (adj) /ʌnˈbraɪdld/
that affects a result more than other things uncontrolled and excessive ● The children’s
● The weather forecast will be the deciding eyes shone with unbridled enthusiasm at the
factor in their choice of destination for their prospect of visiting Disneyland.
winter beak. ➣ decide (v), decision (n), 7.55 buzz (n) /bʌz/
decisive (adj), decidedly (adv), decisively (adv) a strong and enjoyable feeling of excitement
7.43 desired (adj) /dɪˈzaɪəd/ ● Motorcycle racing gives Richard a real buzz.
wanted ● The tour operator’s advertising ➣ buzz (v)
campaign had the desired effect and bookings 7.56 out of this world (expr) /aʊt əv ðɪs wɜːld/
began to pour in. ➣ desire (v), desire (n), amazing; impressive ● The view from our
desirability (n), desirable (adj), desirous (adj), terrace at sunset was out of this world.
desirably (adv)
7.57 out of the ordinary (expr) /aʊt əv ðə ˈɔːdnri/
7.44 dim (adj) /dɪm/ strange or different ● The concept of an
vague; unclear ● Brad had a dim recollection underwater hotel is somewhat out of the
of visiting the Parthenon twenty years earlier. ordinary.
➣ dim (v), dimly (adv)
7.58 drive (sb/sth) out (phr v) /draɪvˈsʌmbədi/
7.45 educated guess (n) /ˈedʒukeɪtɪd ges/ ˈsʌmθɪŋ aʊt/
a guess likely to be correct based on existing compel sb/sth to leave a place ● The last
knowledge ● Making an educated guess, I’d remaining villagers were driven out in the
say the kittens are about two months old. 1960s when the area was designated an
7.46 narrow escape (n) /ˈnærəʊ ɪˈskeɪp/ archaeological site.
a situation where you only just avoid danger 7.59 wipe out (phr v) /waɪp aʊt/
● We had a very narrow escape when the destroy completely ● The emperor ordered the
plane almost crash landed on the trees close destruction of the temples to wipe out traces of
to the runway. the ancient polytheist religion.
7.47 prime (adj) /praɪm/ 7.60 dawn on (phr v) /dɔːn ɒn/
major; typical ● The temple was a prime finally begin to understand ● It suddenly
example of sixth-century Greek architecture. dawned on us that we had missed the last bus
➣ prime (v), prime (n) to our hotel, so we hitched a lift from a kindly
7.48 enclave (n) /ˈenkleɪv/ fellow tourist.
a small area of a city or country where the 7.61 itinerary (n) /aɪˈtɪnərəri/
community has a unique culture ● Women are a plan and schedule for a journey ● The five-
not allowed to visit the monastic enclave on day itinerary includes a tour of UNESCO sites.
the rocky peninsula.
7.62 stumble upon (phr v) /ˈstʌmbl ʌpɒn/
7.49 unsettling (adv) /ʌnˈsetlɪŋ/ find by chance ● They happened to stumble
worrying ● Seeing how the island’s economy upon the ruins of an ancient sanctuary when
had deteriorated so drastically was an hiking in the wild cross country.
unsettling experience. ➣ unsettle (v) ✎ Also: stumble across
7.50 influx (n) /ˈɪnflʌks/
the arrival of people or goods, etc. in large
numbers ● Apart from the weekly influx of Phrasal verbs
cruise passengers on their day trip, business
answer for drive (sb/sth) out
has been very quiet on the island this year.
cling on to stumble upon
7.51 injection (n) /ɪnˈdʒekʃn/ come in for trickle down
a large amount of money put in to support a dawn on wipe out
business, etc. ● Despite the injection of grants
to develop tourism, small businesses have
become unviable due to tax measures.
7.63 tranquillity (n) /træŋˈkwɪləti/
➣ inject (v)
the state of undisturbed quiet and
7.52 short-sighted (adj) /ˌʃɔːt ˈsaɪtɪd/ peacefulness ● The tranquillity of the pine
not considering the possible consequences of forest was shattered by a blast of loud music
sth ● It was a very short-sighted decision to blaring from a parked camper van.
turn up in the city without making a prior hotel ➣ tranquillise (v), tranquilliser (n), tranquil (adj)
booking. ➣ short-sightedness (n)
7.64 sparsely (adv) /ˈspɑːsli/
7.53 cautionary (adj) /ˈkɔːʃənəri/ with only small numbers or amounts of sth
giving a warning ● His travel blog gave a in a large area ● The holiday apartment was
cautionary tale explaining the hazards of sparsely furnished, offering only the basic
travelling alone in the area. ➣ caution (v), facilities. ➣ sparseness (n), sparse (adj)
caution (n), cautious (adj), cautiously (adv)
52
7.65 vaccine (n) /ˈvæksiːn/ 7.76 a riot of (sth) (expr) /ə ˈraɪət əv ˈsʌmθɪŋ/
a chemical put into the body to protect from a mass of different types of the same thing
disease ● Unfortunately, there is no vaccine to ● The trees were a riot of orange hues in late
protect against mosquito-borne diseases such autumn.
as dengue, which is prevalent in Asia 7.77 a stone’s throw (expr) /ə stəʊnz θrəʊ/
and South America. ➣ vaccinate (v), a short distance away ● Their bungalow was
vaccination (n) just a stone’s throw from a secluded beach.
7.66 phenomenal (adj) /fəˈnɒmɪnl/
very large or impressive ● A phenomenal Expressions
range of souvenirs and other local goods
were on sale in the souk. ➣ phenomenon (n), a drop in the ocean
phenomenally (adv) a riot of (sth)
a stone’s throw
7.67 devastate (v) /ˈdevəsteɪt’/ add insult to injury
destroy completely ● The tsunami had make a dent in sth
devastated the island within minutes. off the beaten track
➣ devastation (n), devastating (adj), on the spur of the moment
devastatingly (adv) out of the ordinary
7.68 wreak (v) /riːk/ out of this world
cause sth bad to happen ● Wildfires invariably play it by ear
wreak destruction across the country in the dry put one over on sb
season. take the plunge
7.69 province (n) /ˈprɒvɪns/ the tip of the iceberg
an area of a country not including the capital turn a blind eye to
city ● Life can appear idyllic in the provinces
so long as adequate facilities, such as medical 7.78 microclimate (n) /ˈmaɪkrəʊklaɪmət/
care, are close at hand. ➣ provincial (adj), a small geographic area whose climate differs
provincially (adv) from the surrounding area ● Casablanca has
7.70 wham (excl) /wæm/ its own microclimate which tends to be cooler
used to denote a loud sound or sudden event than the rest of Morocco.
● A lightning bolt struck the tower – wham! – 7.79 microcopy (n) /ˈmaɪkrəˈkɒpi/
right in front of us. the short-form text used in apps and
7.71 whim (n) /wɪm/ transactions ● Microcopy shows up in online
a spontaneous desire to do sth that may not error boxes explaining what users should do.
be necessary or practical ● They set off to 7.80 microcosm (n) /ˈmaɪkrəʊkɒzəm/
explore the underwater caves on a whim. sth that includes all the elements of sth
➣ whimsical (adj), whimsically (adv) much larger ● The island was a microcosm
7.72 play it by ear (expr) /pleɪ ɪt baɪ ɪə(r)/ of the whole country. ➣ microcosmic (adj),
decide what to do as a situation develops microcosmically (adv)
without a forward plan ● The ski slopes may 7.81 peculiar (to) (adj) /pɪˈkjuːliə/
not be open, but let’s just head for Parnassos belonging to ● This particular species of fish is
and play it by ear when we arrive. peculiar to the lake at Prespes.
7.73 the tip of the iceberg (expr) /ðə tɪp əv ðə 7.82 embark (v) /ɪmˈbɑːk/
ˈaɪsbɜːɡ/ get on a ship; start out doing sth ● We said our
the smallest visible part of a larger problem final goodbyes and left our friends to embark
● The online review represents only the tip on the ferry. ➣ embarkation (n)
of the iceberg as only a handful of people ✎ Opp: disembark
bothered to complain about the service.
7.83 embody (v) /ɪmˈbɒdi/
7.74 a drop in the ocean (expr) /ə drɒp ɪn ðə represent the concept of sth ● The Olympic
ˈəʊʃn/ Games embody the spirit of international
an insignificant amount, not large enough peace and cooperation. ➣ embodiment (n)
to change a situation ● Though the food
packages were welcome, they were just a 7.84 come in for (phr v) /kʌm ɪn fə(r/
drop in the ocean compared to the number of be subject to ● The local authority has come
starving homeless. in for a lot of criticism about the state of the
beaches.
7.75 on the spur of the moment (expr) /ɒn ðə
spɜː əv ðə ˈməʊmənt/ 7.85 cling on to (phr v) /klɪŋ ɒn tuː/
without forward planning ● On a cold winter’s be unwilling to give sth up ● Sadie clung on to
night in Aberdeen, we decided on the spur of the dream that one day she would be able to
the moment to book a holiday in New Zealand. travel to every continent.
53
7.86 brag (v) /bræɡ/
show off; boast arrogantly ● He bragged to his Grammar pages 101-102-103
gang about stealing the car. ➣ brag (n)
7.95 somewhat (adv) /ˈsʌmwɒt/
7.87 gloat (v) /ɡləʊt/ rather ● I always feel somewhat relieved when
express pleasure at sth you succeeded in my suitcase appears in the baggage reclaim
at sb else’s expense ● It’s time the new area.
government stopped gloating over their victory
7.96 utterly (adv) /ˈʌtəli/
and started putting their pre-election promises
absolutely ● Sean was utterly exhausted after
into action. ➣ gloating (adj)
the long-haul flight. ➣ utter (adj)
7.88 swagger (v) /ˈswæɡə(r)/
7.97 virtually (adv) /ˈvɜːtʃuəli/
walk in an exaggerated, overtly proud way
almost ● There were virtually no hotels
● The victor swaggered off the court, waving
operating in the low season in the area.
to his fans and brandishing his trophy.
➣ virtual (adj)
➣ swagger (n)
7.98 resilience (n) /rɪˈzɪliəns/
7.89 concurrently (adv) /kənˈkʌrəntli/
the strength and ability to withstand difficult
at the same time as sth else ● The
situations ● Their climbing equipment showed
photography and art courses run concurrently,
great resilience, having stood the tests of time.
so you can’t attend both in the same term.
➣ resilient (adj)
➣ concur (v), concurrence (n), concurrent (adj)
7.99 predator (n) /ˈpredətə(r)/
7.90 recurrently (adv) /rɪˈkɜːrəntli/
an animal that hunts and eats other animals
repeatedly ● She had the same dream
● Some species of fish have a sting to protect
recurrently for several nights in a row. ➣ recur
them from predators. ➣ predatory (adj)
(v), recurrence (n), recurrent (adj), recurring
(adj) 7.100 foothill (n) /ˈfʊthɪl/
a small hill on the lower slopes of a mountain
7.91 concurringly (adv) /kənˈkʌrɪŋli/
● The village lies in the foothills of the Alps.
with the same opinion as sth else ● The
department heads agreed concurringly to 7.101 brink (n) /brɪŋk/
close the office for two weeks during the a situation where sth exciting or dangerous
holiday season. ➣ concur (v), concurrence (n), is very close to happening ● I believe the
concurring (adj) company is on the brink of bankruptcy.
7.92 cursively (adv) /ˈkɜːsɪvli/ 7.102 poaching (n) /ˈpəʊtʃɪŋ/
in a manner with the letters joined together ● It illegal hunting ● Poaching, which all too
is a rarity to read script written cursively in our often goes unpunished, is one of the major
digital age. ➣ cursive (adj) hazards endangering elephants. ➣ poach (v),
poacher (n)
7.93 explicitly (adv) /ɪkˈsplɪsɪtli/
openly and directly ● Reception staff are 7.103 sedate (v) /sɪˈdeɪt/
explicitly instructed to be courteous to guests. use a drug to cause sth/sb to become calm or
➣ explicitness (n), explicit (adj) sleep ● The dog was so agitated that it had
to be sedated before the vet could examine
7.94 extravagantly (adv) /ɪkˈstrævəɡəntli/
it. ➣ sedation (n), sedative (n), sedate (adj),
in an excessive way ● The building was
sedative (adj), sedately (adv)
extravagantly decorated with gold-trimmed
wall paintings. ➣ extravagance (n), 7.104 inhumane (adj) /ˌɪnhjuːˈmeɪn/
extravagant (adj) extremely cruel and uncaring ●Stealing the
blanket from the homeless man was an
unforgivable inhumane act. ➣ inhumanity (n),
Nouns: states inhumanely (adv)
✎ Opp: humane
microclimate resilience
microcosm sensibilities 7.105 quack (n) /kwæk/
oddity tranquillity sb who makes false claims to have medical
paradox trappings skills or knowledge; slang term for doctor
prosperity whim ● Don’t believe everything that quack tells you;
rarity get a second opinion from a more reputable
doctor.
54
Adverbs Writing pages 106-107
abundantly extravagantly 7.111 indigenous (adj) /ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/
concurringly somewhat native to an area ● He played a musical
cursively utterly instrument similar to the didgeridoo that is
explicitly virtually peculiar to the indigenous people of Australia.
7.112 deplete (v) /dɪˈpliːt/
cause the supply of sth to reduce ● Earth’s
Listening
natural resources are fast being depleted. ➣
page 104 depletion (n)
7.113 foster (v) /ˈfɒstə(r)/
7.106 fracking (n) /ˈfrækɪŋ/
encourage the development of sth ● The
the process of using liquid at high pressure
conference aimed to foster greater cooperation
to force open natural cracks in the earth
between nations on the issue of sea pollution.
to extract oil or gas ● Conservationists are
concerned that fracking will cause irreversible 7.114 complement (v) /ˈkɒmplɪment/
damage to the environment. add sth extra to improve sth else ● They were
served several side dishes to complement
7.107 upcycling (n) /ˈʌpsaɪklɪŋ/
the main course. ➣ complement (n),
the process of treating used objects/
complementary (adj)
materials to create sth more valuable than the
original object ● The imposing statues were 7.115 abundantly (adv) /əˈbʌndəntli/
constructed by upcycling empty aluminium to a great extent; extremely ● It was
cans. ➣ upcycle (v), upcycled (adj) abundantly clear that the turtle had been
injured by a ship’s propeller. ➣ abound (v),
7.108 understatement (n) /ˈʌndəsteɪtmənt/
abundance (n), abundant (adj)
a statement that makes sth sound less serious
or important than it is ● Light rain? That is an 7.116 paradox (n) /ˈpærədɒks/
understatement; there’s thunderstorm on the sth that has strangely contrasting features
way. ➣ understate (v) ● Robin Williams was a sad paradox – the
funny man who suffered from depression.
7.109 foregone conclusion (n) /ˈfɔːɡɒn
➣ paradoxical (adj), paradoxically (adv)
kənˈkluːʒn/
a result that is certain to happen ● It’s a 7.117 sprawling (adj) /ˈsprɔːlɪŋ/
foregone conclusion that marine species spreading over a wide area ● The sprawling
will continue to die out if sea pollution is not concrete mass of the city stretches in all
stopped. directions around the Acropolis hill. ➣ sprawl
(v), sprawl (n)
7.118 overrun (v) /ˌəʊvəˈrʌn/
Nouns: actions crowd out a place in large numbers ● The
buzz influx beaches are overrun with local and foreign
discrepancy injection visitors in the summer months.
educated guess itinerary 7.119 albeit (conj) /ˌɔːlˈbiːɪt/
entanglement narrow escape although it was ● It was a fulfilling, albeit tiring,
foregone conclusion poaching hike around the mountain.
fracking understatement
7.120 by the same token (conj) /baɪ ðə seɪm
goodwill upcycling
ˈtəʊkən/
grapevine voluntourism
for the same reason; by the same logic
● There was no guarantee the hotel would
make a profit, but by the same token, the
Speaking
season had not been a complete disaster.
page 105 7.121 inasmuch as (conj) /ˌɪnəzˈmʌtʃ əz/
used to add a justification for sth already
7.110 vibrant (adj) /ˈvaɪbrənt/ mentioned ● They were utterly worn out,
energetic and lively; bright ● The carnival inasmuch as they’d just completed a 25 km
floats were decorated with colours as vibrant walk.
as the festive atmosphere. ➣ vibrantly (adv)
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7.122 notwithstanding (conj) /ˌnɒtwɪθˈstændɪŋ/ 7.125 utilise (v) /ˈjuːtəlaɪz/
despite sth ● Notwithstanding Paul’s make use of ● The hikers utilised a piece of
knowledge of Spanish, he hadn’t a clue wood to support their injured companion’s
what the villagers were trying to tell him. ➣ broken leg until they reached the refuge.
notwithstanding (adv) ➣ utilisation (n)
7.126 brutalise (v) /ˈbruːtəlaɪz/
treat sb/sth in a violent way ● The slaves were
Conjunctions brutalised and kept in appalling conditions.
albeit inasmuch as ➣ brutality (n), brutal (adj), brutally (adv)
by the same token notwithstanding 7.127 snag (v) /snæɡ/
get sth caught and torn on a sharp object
● I couldn’t avoid snagging my trousers on the
thorny bushes which we had to walk through.
Video 7: Reef Cleaner ➣ snag (n)
page 108
7.128 shears (n) /ʃɪəz/
a garden tool like large heavy scissors
7.123 entanglement (n) /ɪnˈtæŋɡlmənt/ ● Mildred was snipping away at her garden
the state of being caught or trapped in sth hedge with a pair of stainless steel shears.
● Loggerhead turtles are prone to injury ➣ shear (v)
through entanglement in fishing nets. 7.129 biodegradable (adj) /ˌbaɪəʊdɪˈɡreɪdəbl/
➣ entangle (v) that can be naturally decomposed ● It’s ironic
✎ Opp: disentanglement that many supposedly environmentally friendly
7.124 barge (n) /bɑːdʒ/ vegetables are sold wrapped in plastic which
a long, flat-bottomed boat ● Colourful is not biodegradable. ➣ biodegrade (v)
gondolas and barges were lined up along the ✎ Opp: non-biodegradable
side of the canal.
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