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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

840 views372 pages

WPH04 1 PDF

Uploaded by

Shahnaz Ahmed

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 372

www.dynamicpapers.

com

Write your name here

Surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

International
Advanced Level

Physics
Advanced
Unit 4: Physics on the Move

Monday 30 October 2017 – Morning Paper Reference

Time: 1 hour 35 minutes WPH04/01

You must have: Total Marks
Ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• – usemarks
The for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• written
Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your
communication will be assessed
– you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar,
as well as the clarity of expression, on these questions.
• The list of data, formulae and relationships is printed at the end of this booklet.
• Candidates may use a scientific calculator.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over

*P50795A0124*
P50795A
©2017 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/
www.dynamicpapers.com

SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

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For questions 1–10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .

1 Which of the following are the base units of momentum?

A
kg m s–1
B
kg m s–2
C
N s
D
N s–1

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 A linac is a particle accelerator. It consists of drift tubes with potential differences (p.d.)

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applied between them.
The drift tubes increase in length. This is so that
A
a very high accelerating p.d. can be used.
B
the accelerating p.d. used can have a constant frequency.
C
the particle acquires the same amount of energy in each tube.
D
the time spent in each tube increases as the length of each tube increases.

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 A food mixer has a blade which completes 15 000 revolutions in a minute.

Which of the following is the angular velocity of the blade in rad s–1?
A
40

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B
250
C
1570
D
94 200

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

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4 The de Broglie wavelength associated with electrons used to study crystal structure
is 2.8 × 10–10 m.
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Which of the following is the speed of the electrons?

mass of electron = 9.11 × 10–31 kg
A
3.8 × 10–7 m s–1
B
7.4 × 10–4 m s–1
C
1.4 × 103 m s–1
D
2.6 × 106 m s–1

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 A square coil of side length l has N turns. Its plane is parallel to a magnetic field of
magnetic flux density B.
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Which of the following is the flux linkage with this coil?

A
0
B
B
C
NB
D
NBl 2

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

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6 A particle accelerator produces a beam of very high energy protons.

Which of the following statements describes the speed of a proton as it passes through the accelerator?
A
It increases uniformly.
B
It never reaches the speed of light.
C
It stops increasing when it reaches the speed of light.
D
It reduces as it approaches the speed of light.

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

3
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7 A particle Y has kinetic energy E and momentum p. A second particle Z of the same
mass as Y has momentum 2p.

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Which of the following is the kinetic energy of Z?
A
4E
B
2E
C
E
E
D
2
(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 A resultant force of 10 N acts on a particle of mass 0.2 kg for 30 s. The particle is initially at rest.

Which of the following expressions gives the velocity in m s–1 of this particle after 30 s?

10 × 0.2
A
30

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10 × 30
B
0.2
0.2 × 30
C
10

D
0.2 × 30 × 10

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

9 Which of the following is the name of the process by which electrons are released from a
heated filament?
A
ionisation
B
photoelectric effect
C
relativistic effect

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D
thermionic emission

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

4
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10 A car, mass m, drives over a circular humpback bridge of radius r with a constant speed v.
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When it is at the top of the bridge, the magnitude of the force exerted on the car by the
bridge is given by

A
mg

mv 2
B + mg
r
mv 2
C – mg
r
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mv 2
D
mg –
r
(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

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5
*P50795A0524* Turn over
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SECTION B

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

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11 A plane is flying at a constant velocity, as shown.

lift force

weight

The pilot banks the plane and the lift force L is now inclined at an angle θ to the vertical.

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L

weight

(a) Explain why this will result in circular motion.

(2)

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6
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(b) The plane continues to fly with a constant speed v.

The angle θ is given by
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v2
tan θ =
rg

where r is the radius of the circular path.

(i) Show that this equation is correct.
(3)

(ii) Calculate the radius of the circular path.

(2)

v = 150 m s–1
θ = 10°

Radius = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 11 = 7 marks)

7
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12 A lambda (Λ) particle is a baryon.
(a) State the structure of a baryon.

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(1)

(b) A neutral Λ particle can decay into a proton and a pion.

(i) Write this decay as a particle equation.
(1)

Λ0 →

*(ii) Explain how the laws of conservation of momentum and energy apply to this
decay process.
Assume the Λ particle is stationary.
(4)

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............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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8
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(c) Scientists studying antimatter recently observed the creation of an anti‑helium 4 nucleus,

which consists of two anti‑protons and two anti‑neutrons.
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The diagram represents the path of a proton through a magnetic field starting at point A.

A
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Add to the diagram the path of an anti‑helium 4 nucleus also starting at point A and
initially travelling with the same velocity as the proton.
Explain any differences between the paths.
(4)

(Total for Question 12 = 10 marks)

9
*P50795A0924* Turn over
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13 A student carries out an experiment to charge a capacitor through a resistor. She intends
to measure the current during this process.

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(a) (i) Draw a circuit that she could use.
(2)

(ii) Sketch a graph to indicate how the current will vary with time from when the
capacitor starts to charge.
(2)

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Current

Time

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10
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(b) Once the capacitor is fully charged, the student discharges it through a 1.0 kΩ resistor.
She measures the potential difference V across the capacitor during this process.
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The graph below shows the variation of V with time t.

4
V/ V
3

0
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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t/s

Show that the capacitance of the capacitor is about 2 mF.

(3)

11
*P50795A01124* Turn over
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Maximum energy = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) Another way of calculating the capacitance would be to use the results to plot a
straight line graph.
Explain the graph you would plot to produce a straight line and how you would use it
to calculate the capacitance of the capacitor.
(4)

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(Total for Question 13 = 13 marks)

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12
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14 The continuous electron beam accelerator facility (CEBAF) produces very high energy
electrons for particle experiments at the Jefferson Laboratory in the USA.
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(a) By the time the CEBAF has accelerated the electrons they act as if they have a mass
of about 8000 times their normal (rest) mass.
Calculate the potential difference through which the electrons must be accelerated
from rest to reach a mass 8000 times their rest mass.
(3)

Potential difference = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*(b) Electron diffraction is used to investigate the structure of nucleons.

Explain why the electrons used require very high energies.
(3)

(Total for Question 14 = 6 marks)

13
*P50795A01324* Turn over
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15 A magnet is released so that it falls through a coil. The coil is connected to a data logger
which records potential difference (p.d.).

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S
N

data logger

(a) Explain why the p.d. increases as the magnet approaches the coil.
(3)

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(b) Sketch a graph to show the variation of the p.d. with time from the moment the
magnet is released until it has fallen through the coil.
(4)

p.d.

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Time

(Total for Question 15 = 7 marks)

14
*P50795A01424*
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16 Experiments, supervised by Rutherford one hundred years ago, involved firing alpha particles
at thin gold foil.
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(a) The observations from these experiments are summarised in the table.
Complete the table with corresponding conclusions from these observations.
(3)

Observation Conclusion

The vast majority of alpha particles go

straight through without any deflection.

A tiny proportion of the alpha particles is

deflected through angles greater than 90°.
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(b) A gold nucleus has the symbol 197

79
Au.
(i) State the meaning of these numbers.
(1)

(ii) At a particular instant, in such an experiment, an alpha particle was at a distance

of 5.0 × 10–14 m from the gold nucleus.
Calculate the force on the alpha particle at this instant.
(3)
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Force = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 16 = 7 marks)

15
*P50795A01524* Turn over
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17 A student places two coins, A and B, of the same mass on a flat surface. He pushes
coin A towards coin B and observes what happens when they collide.
He repeats this several times, recording the collisions on his phone.

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A B

*(a) He analyses the recordings and notices that if coin A collides head‑on with coin B,
then after the collision coin A stops and coin B moves off in the same direction.
Assuming external forces are negligible, discuss whether the collision is elastic.
(3)

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16
*P50795A01624*
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(b) If coin A collides with coin B at an angle, both coins move off in different directions
after the collision, as shown in the diagram.
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40° 2.2 cm s–1
B
A

55°
A

before after

(i) Show that the velocity of coin A immediately after the collision is about 3 cm s–1.
(3)

(ii) Determine the initial velocity of coin A just before the collision.
(3)

Initial velocity = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 17 = 9 marks)

17
*P50795A01724* Turn over
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18 A teacher is demonstrating the properties of an electron beam using an electron
deflection tube.

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In the tube the path of a beam of electrons can be observed on a grid. The grid is
positioned between two metal plates with a potential difference (p.d.) across them.

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(a) Complete the diagram to show the electric field between the plates.
(3)

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18
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(b) The electron beam undergoes a vertical deflection of 2.0 cm, after travelling a
horizontal distance of 8.0 cm.
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Calculate the velocity with which the electrons entered the electric field.
(5)
p.d. across plates = 1.50 kV
distance between plates = 5.0 cm

Velocity = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) In another demonstration, a magnetic field of flux density B is applied to the grid. This
time the electrons enter the fields with a velocity of 2.4 × 107 m s–1. The p.d. across the
plates is changed so that the electric field is in the same direction as before, but so its
strength is now 25 000 N C–1.
B is varied until the electron beam shows no overall deflection.
(i) Deduce the direction of the magnetic field.
(1)

(ii) Calculate B when there is no overall deflection of the beam.

(2)
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B = .......................................................

(Total for Question 18 = 11 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

19
*P50795A01924*
Write your name here
Surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

International
Advanced Level

Physics
Advanced
Unit 4: Physics on the Move

Monday 20 June 2016 – Morning Paper Reference

Time: 1 hour 35 minutes WPH04/01

You do not need any other materials. Total Marks

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• – Answer the questions in the spaces provided
there may be more space than you need.
Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your
written communication will be assessed
– you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar,
as well as the clarity of expression, on these questions.
• The list of data, formulae and relationships is printed at the end of this booklet.
• Candidates may use a scientific calculator.
Advice
• Keep
Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try toananswer
eye on the time.
• Check your answers
every question.
• if you have time at the end.
Turn over

P46653A
©2016 Pearson Education Ltd.
*P46653A0132*
1/1/1/1/1/

SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

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For questions 1–10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .

1 The diagram shows the tracks from an event at point P in a bubble chamber. There is a
uniform magnetic field directed into the page.

Which of the following is the reason why the tracks shown cannot represent the
production of a proton-antiproton pair with equal kinetic energies?
A
The curvature is perpendicular to the magnetic field.

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B
The tracks curve in different directions.
C
The tracks have different curvatures.
D
There is no track before point P.

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 The table compares the mass and charge of an electron with the mass and charge of a
positron.
Select the line in the table that is correct.

Mass Type of charge

A equal same
B equal opposite
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C unequal same
D unequal opposite

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

2
*P46653A0232*
3 Which of the following is a correct statement about uniform electric fields?
A
The field strength is the same at all points.
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B
The field strength is the same in all directions.
C
The field produces no force on a stationary charged particle.
D
The force on a charged particle is perpendicular to the field.

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

4 In an electron gun, electrons are released from a heated filament.

What is this process called?
A
excitation
B
ionisation
C
photoelectric emission
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D
thermionic emission

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 The diagram shows two horizontal parallel plates separated by a distance d. There is
a potential difference V across the plates. An oil drop with charge Q is held stationary
between the plates.
0

d Q

Which of the following gives the mass m of the oil drop?

dg
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A
VQ
VQ
B
dg
V
C
Qdg
Qdg
D
V
(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

3
*P46653A0332* Turn over

6 Which of the following is an equivalent unit to the tesla?

A
NAm

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N A m–1
B
N A–1 m
C
N A–1 m–1
D

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

7 A magnetic field of flux density 4.0 × 10–3 T passes through a coil of wire, at an angle of
55° to the plane of the coil. The coil has an area of 2.5 × 10–3 m2.
Calculate the magnetic flux through the coil.

55°

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5.7 × 10–6 Wb
A
8.2 × 10–6 Wb
B
1.0 × 10–5 Wb
C
1.4 × 10–5 Wb
D

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 A proton accelerates in an electric field and gains kinetic energy, giving it a change in
momentum ∆p. An alpha particle accelerates in the same electric field and gains the
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same kinetic energy.

The magnitude of the change in momentum of the alpha particle is given by
A 2 ∆p
2∆p
B
C 8 ∆p
D 4∆p

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

4
*P46653A0432*
9 A 4.0 μF capacitor discharges through a 560 kΩ resistor.
What is the time constant of the circuit?
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2.2 × 10–3 s
A
4.5 × 10–1 s
B
2.2 × 100 s
C
4.5 × 102 s
D

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

10 A proton enters a magnetic field. It has a velocity v perpendicular to the field. The
diagram shows the path taken by the proton.
magnetic field
into plane of paper

A
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B
C

v D

An alpha particle enters the magnetic field at the same point as the proton, also with
velocity v.
At which point, A, B, C or D, is the alpha particle most likely to leave the magnetic
field?
A
B
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C
D

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

5
*P46653A0532* Turn over
SECTION B

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

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11 The International Space Station (ISS) completes 16 orbits of the Earth every 24 hours.
The ISS is 330 km above the surface of the Earth.
(a) Show that the angular velocity of the ISS around the Earth is about 1 × 10–3 rad s–1.
(2)

(b) Calculate the acceleration of the ISS in this orbit.

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radius of Earth = 6400 km

(2)

Acceleration of the ISS = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 11 = 4 marks)

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7
*P46653A0732* Turn over

12 There are two families of hadrons called mesons and baryons.
(a) State the structure of a meson.

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(1)

(b) The table shows the charge on up and down quarks.

Quark Charge / e
up +2/3
down –1/3

Use the information in the table to state the quark composition of an antiproton and
an antineutron.
(2)

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Antiproton ............................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Antineutron ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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8
*P46653A0832*
(c) A proton has kinetic energy of 158 MeV. It annihilates with a stationary antiproton
and two photons of equal energy are created.
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Calculate the wavelength of the photons.

mass of stationary proton = 938 MeV/c2
mass of stationary antiproton = 938 MeV/c2
(4)

Wavelength of the photons = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 12 = 7 marks)

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9
*P46653A0932* Turn over

13 In the game of air hockey, small identical discs move across a frictionless surface.
One disc moving with a velocity of 6.9 m s–1 collides with a stationary disc. After the

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collision the discs move apart as shown in the diagram.

before 6.9 m s–1

collision
6.0 m s–1

30°
after
collision
60°

v
(a) Calculate the velocity v.
(3)

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v = .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Explain whether the collision is elastic or inelastic.

(2)
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(Total for Question 13 = 5 marks)

10
*P46653A01032*

14 A student is investigating the laws of electromagnetic induction. She drops a bar magnet
through the centre of a coil of wire as shown.

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data logger

coil

As the bar magnet falls through the coil an e.m.f ε is induced.

The graph shows how ε varies with time t.

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ε / V

0
time / s

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12
*P46653A01232*
*(a) Explain the shape of the graph.
(5)
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(b) A data logger was used in this experiment rather than a voltmeter.
Describe experimental conditions that make a data logger most suitable for collecting
data.
(2)

(Total for Question 14 = 7 marks)

13
*P46653A01332* Turn over

15 The photograph shows part of the cycling track used in the London 2012 Olympic
Games. On the bend the track is banked so that the outside of the track is higher than the
inside of the track.

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The diagram shows the forces R and W acting on a cyclist travelling at a constant speed
around the bend.

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(a) Explain why there must be a resultant force acting on the cyclist.
(2)

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........... .............................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Explain why a banked track is an advantage to cyclists.

(2)

14
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(c) An inflatable airbag helmet for cyclists has been designed to prevent head injuries.
It is worn like a scarf around the neck. In-built sensors detect when the cyclist is
involved in a crash and inflate the airbag over the cyclist’s head in 0.1 s.
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The graph shows how the force on a cyclist’s head during a collision varies with time
when an airbag is not used.
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force

time

Add to the axes, the graph that shows how the force on a cyclist’s head during a
collision varies with time when the airbag is used.
Justify the shape of your graph.
(3)

(Total for Question 15 = 7 marks)

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16 A high‑energy gamma photon enters a bubble chamber and produces an electron‑positron
pair.

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The photograph shows the tracks of the electron and the positron. The gamma photon
enters from the top of the photograph.

A B

(a) State why the photon leaves no track.

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(1)

(b) The magnetic field acts into the page.

State with justification whether track A or track B is the track of the electron.
(1)

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16
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*(c) Explain the shape of the electron-positron tracks.
(5)
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(Total for Question 16 = 7 marks)

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17 A student is investigating capacitance. She sets up the circuit shown.
6.0 V

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(a) When the switch is closed there is a maximum current, which decreases to zero over
a period of time as the capacitor charges. Explain why.
(3)

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(b) The student discharged the capacitor. She set the variable resistor to its maximum
resistance and closed the switch. As the capacitor charged, the student decreased
the resistance of the variable resistor so that the current remained constant until the
capacitor was fully charged.
A graph of current against time is shown.
3.0 –
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2.5 –

2.0 –

current / mA 1.5 –

1.0 –

0.5 –

0–
–

0 50 100 150
time / s

18
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(i) Determine the capacitance of the capacitor.
(3)
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Capacitance = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Hence determine the energy stored by the capacitor when it is fully charged.
(2)
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Energy stored = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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19
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(c) Capacitance can also be determined by measuring the current I at regular time
intervals, as a capacitor discharges through a resistor, and plotting a graph of ln I
against time.

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ln I

time

(i) Explain how capacitance can be determined using this graph.

(3)

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20
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(ii) A capacitor was discharged through a 390 Ω resistor. The capacitance of the
capacitor was calculated as 2200 µF.
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Explain why the data for the graph for this circuit would be difficult to obtain
using an ammeter. Your answer should include a calculation.
(3)

(Total for Question 17 = 14 marks)

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21
*P46653A02132* Turn over

18 In a large-angle alpha particle scattering experiment, alpha particles were directed at thin
gold foil and their paths observed. Most of the alpha particles passed straight through
the foil or were deflected through a small angle. A very small number were deflected

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through an angle greater than 90°.
(a) State what can be deduced about the atom given that most alpha particles passed
straight through the foil.
(1)

(b) The point below represents a gold nucleus.

Add lines to show the electric field due to the gold nucleus.
(2)

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(c) An alpha particle that is moving directly towards a gold nucleus is deflected back
along its original path. The minimum separation between the alpha particle and the
gold nucleus is 3.8 × 10–14 m.
atomic number of gold = 79

(i) Calculate the electrostatic force on the alpha particle when it is at the minimum
separation from the gold nucleus.
.(2)

Force on alpha particle = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) The initial kinetic energy of the alpha particle is 6.0 MeV.
Calculate the change in momentum of the alpha particle, in N s, as it travels to its
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minimum separation from the gold nucleus.

(3)

Change in momentum = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N s

(Total for Question 18 = 8 marks)

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*P46653A02332* Turn over
19 The diagrams show two particle accelerators, the cyclotron and the linac.
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source of
protons a.c. supply
electron electron path
a.c.
supply

electron
source

high-speed proton beam

dees

(a) Describe two similarities and two differences in how the accelerators operate.
(4)

Two similarities ................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Two differences ................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) (i) Electrons in an electron beam are moving at a speed of 8.2 × 106 ms–1.
Show that the de Broglie wavelength associated with these electrons is
about 9 × 10–11 m.
(2)

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(ii) In the 1950s physicist Robert Hofstadter used electron diffraction to estimate the
diameter of the proton. He obtained a value of 5.6 × 10–25 m.

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State why electrons moving at 8.2 × 106 ms–1 would not be suitable for this.
(1)

(c) Developments in particle accelerator technology in the 1960s enabled experiments

with high-energy electrons to be carried out. At these energies, relativistic effects
occur.
The graph below, of (speed)2 against kinetic energy, shows data from one of these
experiments.

10 –

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9–

8–
(speed)2 /
1016 m2 s–2
7–

6–

5–
–

–
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0 2 4 6 8
kinetic energy / 10–13 J

(i) Explain why the graph levels out at a value close to 9 × 1016 m2 s–2.
(2)

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(ii) The non-relativistic equation for kinetic energy, Ek = ½ mv 2, does not apply for
high-energy electrons. Explain how the graph shows this.
(2)
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(Total for Question 19 = 11 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS
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27
*P46653A02732*
Write your name here
Surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

International
Advanced Level

Physics
Advanced
Unit 5: Physics from Creation to Collapse

Tuesday 28 June 2016 – Morning Paper Reference

Time: 1 hour 35 minutes WPH05/01

You do not need any other materials. Total Marks

P46654A
©2016 Pearson Education Ltd.
*P46654A0128*
1/1/1/1/

SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

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For questions 1–10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .

1 A mass is hung from a spring and set into vertical oscillation.

The resultant force on the oscillating mass always acts
A
in the same direction as the velocity.
B
towards the equilibrium position.
C
vertically downwards.
D
vertically upwards.

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

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2 Radiation beam therapy can be used to kill cancerous cells in the body. One treatment
for brain tumours directs many narrow beams of radiation from different directions onto
the cancerous cells.
What would be the most suitable radiation to use?
A
alpha radiation because it is very ionising
B
alpha radiation because it is high energy
C
gamma radiation because it is very penetrating
D
gamma radiation because it has a very short wavelength

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 Americium is a radioisotope that decays by emitting alpha particles. The difference in

mass in MeV/c2 between an americium nucleus and the products of the decay is Δm.
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The energy released in the decay is given by

Δm MeV
A
Δm MeV/c
B
Δm MeV/c2
C
Δm MJ
D

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

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4 Standard candles can not be used to determine distances to
A
nearby stars.
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B
distant stars.
C
nearby galaxies.
D
distant galaxies.

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 A suspension bridge is being driven into oscillation as cars move across it. The energy of
oscillation of the bridge doubles.
The amplitude of oscillation increases by a factor of

1
A
2
1
B
2
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C 2

D
2

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

6 A mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen is used to inflate a balloon.

On average, the nitrogen molecules in the mixture
A
are travelling at the same speed as the hydrogen molecules.
B
are travelling faster than the hydrogen molecules.
C
have the same momentum as the hydrogen molecules.
D
have a greater momentum than the hydrogen molecules.
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(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

3
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7 Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen. A nucleus of deuterium has a mass md.
It contains one proton of mass mp and one neutron of mass mn.

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Which of the following can be used to calculate the binding energy of a deuterium nucleus?
[md – (mp + mn)] × c2
A
[md – (mp + mn)] / c2
B
[(mp + mn) – md] × c2
C
[(mp + mn) – md] / c2
D

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 When two protons are placed a small distance apart, electric and gravitational forces act
on each proton.
Which statement about this situation is not correct?
A
The forces act along the line joining the centres of the two protons.

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B
The electric force is greater than the gravitational force.
C
The electric force may be attractive or repulsive.
D
The gravitational force is attractive.

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

9 The properties of a young group of stars are compared with those of an old group of
stars. Both groups contain a similar number of stars.
In the young group there will be more
A
high mass main sequence stars.
B
low mass main sequence stars.
C
red giant stars.
D
white dwarf stars.
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(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

4
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10 A Hertzsprung-Russell diagram is shown below.
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P
10,000

R
100
Luminosity/L

1 Q

0.01

0.0001
T/K
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(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

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5
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SECTION B
Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

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11 An electric heater of power 6.2 kW is used to heat the water in a shower. Water enters
the shower at a temperature of 18 °C and the flow rate is adjusted to 0.075 kg s−1.
(a) Calculate the temperature of the water leaving the shower.
specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg−1 K−1
(3)

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Temperature of water leaving the shower = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) When measured, the temperature of the water leaving the shower was not as calculated.
Explain why.
(2)

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........... .............................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 11 = 5 marks)

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12 Tides are caused by the gravitational forces exerted by the Sun and the Moon on the
water in the Earth’s oceans. The diagram below (not to scale) shows the distances from
the Earth to the Sun and from the Earth to the Moon.

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3.8 × 108 m

Earth E Moon Sun

1.5 × 1011 m

mass of Sun = 2.0 × 1030 kg

mass of Moon = 7.0 × 1022 kg

(a) Show that the gravitational force of the Sun on the Earth is about 200 times greater

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than the gravitational force of the Moon on the Earth.
(2)

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(b) The tides depend on the difference in the gravitational field strength produced by the
Sun and the Moon on opposite sides of the Earth.
GM
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Gravitational field strength at a point, due to the Sun, is given by g = 2

r
where M = mass of Sun
r = distance of the point from the centre of Sun (not to scale).
The diagram shows the Earth and the Sun.

Sun

Earth
D

x
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(i) State two expressions for the gravitational field strength at opposite sides of the
Earth, due to the Sun.
(1)

(ii) Use these expressions to explain why the Sun has a relatively small effect on the
tides.
(2)

(Total for Question 12 = 5 marks)

9
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13 Observations of supernovae were made in the 1990s by the Hubble Space Telescope.
Measurements taken from these observations gave a value for the Hubble constant of
2.365 × 10−18 s−1.

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In 2013, data from the Planck satellite gave a value for the Hubble constant of
2.171 × 10−18 s−1.
(a) State, with a reason, a conclusion about the age of the universe that can be drawn
from the change in the value of the Hubble constant.
(2)

(b) The universe is believed to consist of dark energy, dark matter and ordinary matter.

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The relative amounts of dark energy, dark matter and ordinary matter believed to
exist in the universe have changed as a result of data from the Planck satellite.

4.5% 4.9%
22.7% 26.8%

72.8% 68.3%

Before Planck After Planck

Dark energy Dark matter Ordinary matter

(i) Explain what is meant by dark matter.

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(2)

10
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(ii) Suggest how data from the Planck satellite, concerning dark matter, might change
our ideas on the future of the universe.
(2)
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(Total for Question 13 = 6 marks)

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11
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14 Some sensitive scientific equipment is being transported by road. To protect the
equipment, it is placed in a box which is mounted on springs. There are four springs, one
at each corner of the box. Each spring has a force constant of 450 N m−1.

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The total mass of the equipment and the box is 4.3 kg.
The period T of a mass m attached to a spring of force constant k and set into oscillation
is given by
m
T = 2π
k

(a) Calculate the natural frequency of oscillation of the box when it is carrying the equipment.
(3)

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Natural frequency = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) State what is meant by simple harmonic motion and why the oscillation of the box is
an example of this.
(3)

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(Total for Question 14 = 6 marks)

12
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15 Party balloons are often filled with helium so that they float in the air. The helium is
supplied from a small, metal canister containing helium gas under pressure.
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The canister contains enough helium to inflate 50 balloons, each to a volume of

8.2 × 10−3 m3. When inflated each balloon contains 2.2 × 1023 atoms of helium.
(a) Show that at a temperature of 293 K the pressure exerted by the gas in a balloon is
about 1 × 105 Pa.
(2)

(b) At a temperature of 293 K the pressure in the canister when full of helium is 2.3 × 106 Pa.
Calculate the volume of the canister.
(2)
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Volume = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) The pressure in the canister decreases as helium is used to fill the balloons. Explain
why this is the case, including ideas of momentum in your answer.
(3)

(Total for Question 15 = 7 marks)

13
*P46654A01328* Turn over
16 The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram is a plot of luminosity against temperature for a range
of stars.
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106

104
Luminosity/Lsun

102

10–2

10–4

6000
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Temperature/K

(a) Add a suitable temperature scale to the diagram.

(2)
(b) (i) Circle the area on the diagram where you would expect white dwarf stars to be
located.
(1)
*(ii) Explain, in terms of the physical processes occurring in the star, why white dwarf
stars are so named and would be located in this area.
(4)

(Total for Question 16 = 7 marks)

15
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17 A drum is played by striking a circular membrane with a drumstick. The resulting
vibration of the membrane may produce resonance.

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(a) (i) Explain what is meant by resonance.
(2)

(ii) Suggest why a larger diameter membrane would produce a lower frequency note
when the drum is struck.
(1)

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16
*P46654A01628*
(b) The sound produced when the drum is struck may persist for too long and so
damping is used. Some drummers attach strips of a gel to the drum membrane. The
gel is able to deform plastically and hence shorten the time that the drum sounds.
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gel strip

gel strip gel strip attached to drum skin

(i) State what is meant by damping.

(2)

(ii) Explain how a gel that can deform plastically is able to produce damping.
(3)

(Total for Question 17 = 8 marks)

17
*P46654A01728* Turn over

18 At the top of the Earth’s atmosphere the measured radiation flux of the Sun is 1.36 kW m−2.
(a) (i) Show that the luminosity of the Sun is about 4 × 1026 W.

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distance from Earth to the Sun = 1.50 × 108 km
(2)

(ii) The luminosity of a star depends on its surface area and temperature.

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Calculate the radius of a star that has a surface temperature of 4000 K and
luminosity 100 times that of the Sun.
(2)

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18
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(b) B030D is a supergiant star in the Andromeda galaxy. Through a telescope this star is
observed to be a yellow star.
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(i) When the spectrum of light from B030D is analysed a line, identified as the
hydrogen α line, occurs at a wavelength 654.58 nm. The wavelength of this line
in the laboratory is 656.29 nm.
State what conclusion can be made about B030D from this data. Your answer
should include a calculation.
(3)

(ii) A student states that blue stars are cooler than yellow stars. Use Wien’s law to
comment on the accuracy of this statement.
(2)

(Total for Question 18 = 9 marks)

19
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19 Carbon-12 is the stable isotope of carbon; most carbon exists in this form.
Carbon-14 is formed in the upper atmosphere. Carbon-14 is radioactive and decays

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randomly by emitting β− particles.
(a) Carbon-14 is formed when a nitrogen nucleus absorbs a neutron.
(i) Complete the nuclear equation representing the formation of carbon-14 and
identify the particle X.
(3)

n + 7N → 6C +
............. 14 14 .............

............. .............
X
X is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State what is meant by decays randomly.

(1)

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20
*P46654A02028*
(b) Carbon is taken in by living organisms throughout their lives. Whilst an organism is
alive, the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 in the organism stays the same.
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From the time that the organism dies, the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 decreases.
Hence certain ancient objects can be dated using the decay of carbon-14.
An activity-time graph for carbon-14 is shown.

250 –

200 –
Activity/Bq

150 –

100 –
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50 –

0–
–

–
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50 000
Time elapsed/years

Use the graph to show that the half-life of carbon-14 is about 6000 years.
(2)

21
*P46654A02128* Turn over

(c) A scientist is trying to determine the age of an ancient wooden object. A sample
prepared from this object gives a corrected count rate of 10.9 Bq. The corrected
count rate of a sample obtained from living wood is 29.6 Bq. The two samples have

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the same mass.
(i) State why the count rates have to be corrected.
(1)

(ii) State one procedure that would increase the accuracy obtained for the count rates
of these samples.
(1)

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(iii) Calculate the age of the ancient object.
Assume the half-life of carbon-14 is 6000 years.
(3)

Age of ancient object = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22
*P46654A02228*
(d) A news report claims that a dinosaur skull has been found, and suggests that the skull
is 68 million years old.
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Explain why carbon-14 dating could not have been used to determine the age of this
skull.
(2)

*(e) A website includes the following statement about heavy nuclei:

Particles in the nucleus are held together by a force scientists call nuclear binding
energy. It is possible to overcome the binding energy in some large atoms, such as
uranium atoms, causing the atoms to undergo fission.
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Comment on this statement.

(4)

(Total for Question 19 = 17 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

23
*P46654A02328*
SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

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For questions 1–10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .

1 The unit for capacitance is the farad.

The farad can also be written as

A A s Ví
B A síVí
C Aí síV
D Aí s V

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

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2 Which graph shows how the electric field strength E due to a negative point charge varies
with distance r from the charge?

E E E E

0 0 0 0
r r r r

A B C D

A
B
C DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

2
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3 The diagram shows a coin on a horizontal surface which is rotating at a constant angular
YHORFLW\Ȧ
Which arrow correctly shows the direction of the frictional force on the coin?
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Ȧ
B
A

C
D

A
B
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C
D

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

4 Two charges +Q and –Q are located as shown on the diagram. × is the point halfway
between the two charges.
+Q íQ
×
A small positive charge moves from +Q to –Q.
Which statement about the resultant force on this charge, as it passes through ×, is
correct?
A The magnitude of the resultant force is a maximum.
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B The magnitude of the resultant force is a minimum.

C The resultant force changes direction.
D The resultant force is zero.

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

3
*P46954A0328* Turn over
5 7ZRSDUDOOHOSODWHVKDYHDSRWHQWLDOGLIIHUHQFHRI9DFURVVWKHPDQGDUHVHSDUDWHGE\D
GLVWDQFHRIîí m.

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What is the magnitude of the electric field strength halfway between the plates?
A 6000 Vmí
B 9Pí
C 9Pí
D 9Pí

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

6 The Large Hadron Collider is designed to accelerate protons to very high energies for
particle physics experiments. Very high energies are required to
A annihilate hadrons.
B collide hadrons.
C create particles with large mass.

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D produce individual quarks.

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

7 $QHOHFWURQKDVDPRPHQWXPRI×í kg m sí.
The kinetic energy of the electron is
A îí J
B îí J
C îí J
D î6 J

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

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4
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8 A particle of mass m and charge Q moves in a circle, perpendicular to a magnetic field of
magnetic flux density B.
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The graph shows the relationship between the radius of the orbit r and velocity v of the
particle.
r

0
v

The gradient of the graph is given by

m
A
BQ
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BQ
B
m

C
BQm

D BQm

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

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5
*P46954A0528* Turn over
Questions 9 and 10 refer to the diagram which shows tracks from a particle detector.

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Y
O

Two particles X and Y were created by the decay of a lambda particle at O.

The diagram shows the tracks of particles X and Y.
9 Which of the following is a valid conclusion from the information given?
A X is a negatively charged particle.
B Y is a positively charged particle.
C The lambda particle is neutral.

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D The magnetic field is acting into the paper.

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

10 Which of the following is a correct statement about momentum?

A The momentum of X is equal to that of Y.
B The total momentum of the system is zero.
C The vector sum of the momenta of X and Y must equal that of the lambda particle.
D The vector sum of the momenta of X and Y must equal zero.

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

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6
*P46954A0628*
SECTION B

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

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11 %HWZHHQDQG5XWKHUIRUG¶VDOSKDSDUWLFOHVFDWWHULQJH[SHULPHQWSURYLGHG
evidence for the nuclear model of the atom. Alpha particles were fired at a thin gold foil
and their paths observed.
(a) Describe the observations from the alpha particle scattering experiment.
(3)

E $QDOSKDSDUWLFOHDSSURDFKHVDJROGQXFOHXV,WUHDFKHVDGLVWDQFHRIî í m
from the gold nucleus. Calculate the force between the alpha particle and the gold
nucleus.
SURWRQQXPEHUIRUJROG
(3)

Force = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 11 = 6 marks)

7
*P46954A0728* Turn over
12 Regenerative braking is used in electric cars. When the driver applies the brakes the
motor acts as an electric generator, making use of the rotation of the wheels as they slow
down. This enables the battery to be charged whilst the car is braking.

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The diagram shows a coil in a magnetic field which when rotating can be used as an
electric generator.

coil

magnet magnet

N S

to battery
circuit

*(a) The coil rotates.

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Explain how this produces a current in the coil.
(3)

. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(b) State why the current produced in the coil cannot be used directly to charge a battery.
(1)

8
*P46954A0828*
(c) When regenerative braking is being used, explain how the magnitude of the generated
e.m.f. changes as the driver brakes steadily.
(3)
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(Total for Question 12 = 7 marks)

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9
*P46954A0928* Turn over
13 Some lights are designed to dim gradually after being switched off. This can be done
using a capacitor in a timer circuit.

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The circuit diagram shows how a potential difference (p.d.) can be supplied across a
resistor for a limited time.

ȝ)
A

(a) When the switch is at position A, the capacitor charges.

(i) In terms of the movement of electrons, explain what happens to the capacitor as it

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becomes fully charged.
(2)

(ii) Calculate the energy stored in the charged capacitor.

(2)

. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

Energy = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10
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(b) The switch is moved to position B and the capacitor discharges through the resistor.
(i) Describe what happens to the current through the resistor.
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(2)

LL )RUWKHFLUFXLWVKRZQWKHSGDFURVVWKHFDSDFLWRUIDOOVWRRIWKHVXSSO\SG
DIWHUV
Calculate the resistance of the resistor in the circuit.
(3)

Resistance = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 13 = 9 marks)

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11
*P46954A01128* Turn over
14 A mass spectrometer is a device used to identify atoms by measuring the mass-charge
m
ratio of their ions.
Q

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Ionised atoms in a vacuum are accelerated from rest through a potential difference V and
then enter an evacuated tube.

evacuated
tube
electromagnet
ions

detector

(a) An ion of mass m is accelerated to a velocity v.

Show that the mass-charge ratio of the ion is given by

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m V
=
Q v
(2)

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12
*P46954A01228*
*(b) The electromagnet shown in the diagram provides a magnetic field which is used to
deflect the ion along the tube of the spectrometer.
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Explain how a magnetic field can be used to deflect the ion into a circular path.
(3)

(c) An atom of bromine is ionised by the removal of one electron. It is accelerated

through a potential difference of 3.0 kV and then enters the tube. The ionised atom is
GHIOHFWHGE\DPDJQHWLFILHOGRIPDJQHWLFIOX[GHQVLW\7
Calculate the radius of curvature r of the tube.
PDVVRIEURPLQHLRQ X
(4)

r = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 14 = 9 marks)

13
*P46954A01328* Turn over
15 In a bowling game, a player rolls a small ball along the ground. The diagram shows the
action of the player as he starts to swing his arm forward at A, to the point when the ball
is rolling along the ground at C.
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The player exerts a forward force on the ball between A and B.

A B C

(a) (i) State how the motion of the ball at C differs from that at B.
(2)
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LL 7KHSOD\HUDSSOLHVDIRUZDUGIRUFHIRUVDQGWKHEDOOOHDYHVWKHSOD\HU¶VKDQG
at a speed of 3.0 m sí.
Calculate the average forward force that the player applies to the ball.
mass of ball, m NJ
(2)

Average forward force = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15
*P46954A01528* Turn over
E 7KHEDOOUROOVDORQJWKHJURXQGXQWLOLWFROOLGHVZLWKDVWDWLRQDU\EDOORIPDVVNJ
After the collision both balls roll off at an angle to the original direction of the moving
ball as shown in the diagrams.

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Ȟ
Before:
m NJ m NJ

Ȟ = PVí

m NJ

After:

Ȟ = 0.7 m sí

m NJ

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After the collision:
• WKHNJEDOOWUDYHOVDWPVíDWDQDQJOHRIWRLWVRULJLQDOGLUHFWLRQ
• WKHNJEDOOWUDYHOVDWPVíDWDQDQJOHRIWRWKHRULJLQDOGLUHFWLRQ
of the moving ball.
(i) Show that the velocity v of the first ball as it collides with the second ball is about
PVí.
(3)

16
*P46954A01628*
(ii) By means of a suitable calculation, show that the collision is inelastic.
(2)
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(Total for Question 15 = 9 marks)

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17
*P46954A01728* Turn over
16 7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO6SDFH6WDWLRQ,66LVLQRUELWDWDKHLJKWRINPDERYHWKH(DUWK¶V
VXUIDFH7KH,66FRPSOHWHVRUELWVLQKRXUV

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(a) Calculate the angular velocity of the ISS in radians per second.
(2)

Angular velocity = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rad sí

*(b) A student suggests:
“The ISS is travelling at a constant speed, so, according to Newton’s laws, there will
be no resultant force acting on it.”
Criticise this suggestion.

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(3)

(c) Calculate the magnitude of the centripetal force acting on the ISS.
PDVVRI,66 î5 kg
UDGLXVRI(DUWK NP
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(2)

Force = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 16 = 7 marks)

18
*P46954A01828*
17 A student set up an experiment to determine the magnetic flux density between two
magnadur magnets. A magnadur magnet has its north and south poles on opposite large
rectangular faces. The two magnets were attached to a yoke, with opposite poles facing,
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as shown in the diagram.

magnet magnet
S

yoke

The student zeroed the balance and then placed the magnets and yoke on it. The reading
LQFUHDVHGWRJ
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A conducting rod connected to a d.c. power supply was held stationary between the
magnets as shown. An ammeter was used to measure the current through the conducting
rod.
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19
*P46954A01928* Turn over
The circuit diagram shows the arrangement when viewed from above.

d.c.

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power
supply

I A

magnadur
magnets
conducting
rod
magnetic field

The power supply was switched on. The student increased the current through the
conducting rod and the corresponding reading on the balance was recorded.
The following results were obtained.

Current / A Reading on balance / g

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0
0.5

(a) Add an arrow to the circuit diagram to indicate the direction of the magnetic field
between the magnets. Justify your answer.
(4)

20
*P46954A02028*
(b) Describe how the results can be used to determine the magnetic flux density by a
graphical method. You are not expected to do the calculations.
(6)
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(Total for Question 17 = 10 marks)

21
*P46954A02128* Turn over
18 7KHHTXDWLRQIRUȕ+ decay is
pĺn + e+ + ve

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(a) Using information in the table, describe how a proton changes into a neutron.

Type of quark Charge / e

u
d í

(2)

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(b) With reference to the charges of the particles, show that this decay is possible.
(2)

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22
*P46954A02228*
F 7KHNLQHWLFHQHUJ\RIWKHSRVLWURQLV0H9,WDQQLKLODWHVZLWKDVWDWLRQDU\
electron and two photons of equal energy are emitted.
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Calculate the wavelength of the emitted photons.

PDVVRIVWDWLRQDU\HOHFWURQ 0H9F
PDVVRIVWDWLRQDU\SRVLWURQ 0H9F
(4)

Wavelength = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

G /LQHDUDFFHOHUDWRUVOLQDFVFDQSURGXFHHOHFWURQVZLWKHQHUJLHVXSWR*H9

L &DOFXODWHWKHGH%URJOLHZDYHOHQJWKDVVRFLDWHGZLWK*H9HOHFWURQV
At these energies, the energy and momentum of a particle are connected by the
relativistic equation E = pc.
(3)

Wavelength = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23
*P46954A02328* Turn over
LL ([SHULPHQWVKDYHEHHQFDUULHGRXWZKHUHWKHVH*H9HOHFWURQVDUHDLPHGDWD
hydrogen target which consists of protons. Suggest, with reasons, what happens
to the path of the electrons.

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(2)

(Total for Question 18 = 13 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

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24
*P46954A02428*
Write your name here
Surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

International
Advanced Level

Physics
Advanced
Unit 4: Physics on the Move

Monday 9 January 2017 – Afternoon Paper Reference

Time: 1 hour 35 minutes WPH04/01

You must have: Total Marks
Ruler and protractor

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• written
Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your
communication will be assessed
– you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar,
as well as the clarity of expression, on these questions.
• The list of data, formulae and relationships is printed at the end of this booklet.
• Candidates may use a scientific calculator.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over

*P48363A0124*
P48363A
©2017 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/1/

SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

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For questions 1–10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .

1 Which of the following is not a fundamental particle?

A
electron
B
neutrino
C
pion
D
quark

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 Which of the following could be a correct unit for magnetic flux density?

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A
N C –1
B
N kg –1
C
N A–1 m–1
D
N C m s–1

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

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2
*P48363A0224*

Questions 3 and 4 refer to the following situation.

A toy aeroplane is being spun around on the end of a piece of string.

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3 Which of the following changes would require an increase in the tension in the string?
A
decreasing the angular velocity of the toy aeroplane
B
decreasing the mass of the toy aeroplane
C
decreasing the period of rotation of the toy aeroplane
D
decreasing the speed of the toy aeroplane

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

4 The toy aeroplane makes 14 full revolutions in 6 s.

Which of the following gives the angular velocity of the toy aeroplane in rad s–1?
14 × π
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A
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6
14 × 2π
B
6
6×π
C
14
6 × 2π
D
14

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 In the early 20th century experiments were carried out to measure the scattering of alpha
particles after striking thin gold foil.
Which of the following could not be concluded from the results of these experiments?
A The nucleus contains most of the mass of the atom.
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B The nucleus is made of protons and neutrons.

C The nucleus is charged.
D The nucleus has a much smaller radius than the radius of the atom.

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

3
*P48363A0324* Turn over

6 A kaon decays into a pion and two leptons.
Which of the following decays is possible?

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A
K0 → π – + µ+ + vµ
B
K– → π – + e – + ve
C
K+ → π 0 + µ+ + ve
D
K– → π 0 + e – + vµ

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

7 14
6
C is an isotope of carbon.
Which row of the table correctly shows the number of neutrons and the number of
protons in a nucleus of 146 C?

Number of neutrons Number of protons

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6 8

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B 14 8
C 8 6
D 14 6

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 In a linear accelerator, successive drift tubes increase in length.

Which of the following is the correct reason for the increase in length?
A
The time spent by the particles in successive tubes increases.
B
The time spent by the particles in successive tubes stays the same.
C
The particles gain more energy in successive tubes.

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D
The frequency of the accelerating voltage can be increased.

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

4
*P48363A0424*

9 A ball of mass m with velocity v strikes a wall perpendicularly and bounces off with the
same speed in the opposite direction. The collision takes time t.
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Which of the following is the mean force acting on the ball during the collision?
A
mv/t
B
2mv/t
C
–mv/t
D
–2mv/t

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

10 A proton p and an electron e, with the same velocity, enter a magnetic field which is
perpendicular to the direction of their motion. The field acts into the page.
Which of the following diagrams best represents the motion of the particles?

e
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p
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p e

A B

p e
e p

C D
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(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

5
*P48363A0524* Turn over

SECTION B

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

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11 A teacher states ‘the repulsive force between 1 C of charge on the ground and 1 C of charge
on a 1000 kg mass is large enough to support the mass when it is 1 km above the ground’.
Determine whether the teacher is correct.
(4)

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(Total for Question 11 = 4 marks)

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6
*P48363A0624*

12 The wavelength associated with a moving particle, known as the de Broglie wavelength,
depends on the momentum of the particle.
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(a) Show that momentum and kinetic energy are related by the equation Ek = p2/2m
(2)

(b) Hence determine the de Broglie wavelength for a proton with kinetic energy 18.8 keV.
(4)
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de Broglie wavelength = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(Total for Question 12 = 6 marks)

7
*P48363A0724* Turn over

13 Many electrical devices may be charged using induction chargers. The photograph shows
a watch that is charged in this way and its charger.

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watch
charger

Induction charging does not require a metal connection between the charger and the device.
The battery in the watch is charged by placing the watch on top of the charger.
The charger contains a coil. When the charger is plugged into the electrical supply, there
is a current in this coil.
The watch also contains a coil in a circuit that includes the battery.
*(a) Explain how this arrangement produces a current in the watch circuit.
(4)

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(b) To charge the battery, the watch circuit must contain a diode between the coil and the battery.
State why the diode is necessary.
(1)

(Total for Question 13 = 5 marks)

8
*P48363A0824*

14 A current‑carrying wire is placed between the poles of a U‑shaped magnet as shown in

the diagram.
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3.2 cm

(a) Determine the magnitude of the force on the wire due to the magnetic field. You may
assume the field is uniform.
current in wire = 820 mA
length of wire in field = 6.9 cm
magnetic flux density = 0.074 T
(3)

Magnitude of force = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Explain the direction of this force on the wire.

(2)

(Total for Question 14 = 5 marks)

9
*P48363A0924* Turn over

15 In 2015, scientists at CERN announced the discovery of a particle known as a pentaquark.
At this time the pentaquark structure had not been determined. It was suggested that it

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might be five quarks tightly bound as a single particle, or a ‘meson‑baryon molecule’.
The diagram illustrates the single particle model.

c
u
u
c
d

(a) The table shows the charges of the six types of quark.

Quark Charge

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u c t ⅔ e

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d s b –⅓ e

Complete the following diagram to show how the five quarks shown in the single
particle model could be arranged in a ‘meson‑baryon molecule’. The meson should
have charge zero and the baryon should have charge +e.
(3)

baryon meson

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(b) The pentaquark has a mass of 4.38 GeV/c2.

Calculate the mass of the pentaquark in kg.
(3)

Mass = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg

10
*P48363A01024*

(c) The pentaquark was produced in the decay of a lambda‑zero particle which was
created after a collision between high energy protons.
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(i) In the experiment at CERN a lambda‑zero particle was determined to have

travelled 3.9 cm after its creation before decaying. The lambda‑zero particle
existed for 1.48 × 10–12 s.
Use these results to calculate a value of speed and comment on your answer.
(3)

*(ii) The experiment at CERN involved colliding protons.

Explain why very high energies were required for the experiment.
(4)

(Total for Question 15 = 13 marks)

11
*P48363A01124* Turn over

16 A timer circuit includes a capacitor and a variable resistor in series.
(a) The graph shows how the current in the timer circuit varies with time when the

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capacitor discharges through the variable resistor. The resistance of the variable
resistor is 8.2 kΩ.

2.5 –

2.0 –

1.5 –
current / mA

1.0 –

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0.5 –

0 –
–

–
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
time / s

(i) Show that the capacitance of the capacitor is about 0.02 F.

(3)

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12
*P48363A01224*

(ii) Calculate the initial charge on the capacitor.

(3)
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Initial charge = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Calculate the energy initially stored in the capacitor.

(2)
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Energy = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) In another timer circuit the capacitance of the capacitor is 470 µF. The circuit
switches off when the potential difference falls to 15% of its initial value. The
variable resistor is adjusted so that the timer circuit switches off after 3.5 minutes.
Calculate the resistance of the variable resistor.
(3)
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Resistance = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Total for Question 16 = 11 marks)

13
*P48363A01324* Turn over

17 The diagram shows the parts of an electron deflection tube.

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electron beam hitting

fluorescent screen

12 V plates
2.1 kV
electron gun
vacuum
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(a) The electron gun consists of a hot metal filament and a positively charged anode.
Explain how this produces a beam of electrons.
(2)

15
*P48363A01524* Turn over

(b) The potential difference between the hot metal filament and the anode is 2.1 kV.
Calculate the velocity of the electrons as they leave the electron gun.

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(3)

Velocity = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(c) The electron beam passes between plates across which a potential difference has been
applied. The electron beam is deflected, as shown in the photograph.

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On the diagram below, sketch the electric field between the plates.
(2)

16
*P48363A01624*

(d) A potential difference of 550 V is applied across the plates of another deflection tube.
The vertical separation of the plates is 5.0 cm.
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(i) Show that the electrostatic force on an electron between the plates is about
2 × 10–15 N.
(3)

(ii) The electrons in the beam enter the region between the plates with a horizontal
velocity of 2.2 × 107 m s–1.
Determine the vertical deflection of the beam after travelling 10 cm horizontally
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between the plates.

(4)

Vertical deflection = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 17 = 14 marks)

17
*P48363A01724* Turn over

18 A student read the following extract from a textbook.
‘In an elastic collision between objects of equal mass, where one is initially stationary,

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the objects move off at 90° to each other after the collision.’
The student investigated this using a collision between two identical steel balls, each of
mass 66 g.
(a) The diagrams illustrate the collision between the balls.

ball 2

u1 ball 1

Before collision

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φ
θ

After collision

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18
*P48363A01824*

In one experiment u1 was 0.72 m s–1 and θ was 29°. For such a collision it can be
shown that, if the balls are to separate at 90°, then
v1 = 0.63 m s–1
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φ = 61°
v2 = 0.35 m s–1

(i) Show that these values satisfy the conditions for conservation of momentum in
the initial direction of ball 1.
(4)

(ii) Show that these values satisfy the condition for elastic collisions.
(3)

19
*P48363A01924* Turn over

(b) The photograph shows the student’s actual results for this experiment. The positions
of the colliding balls at successive time intervals have been overlaid on a single image.

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ball 2

ball 1

(i) State the additional information that the student needs in order to determine the
speeds of the balls.
(2)

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20
*P48363A02024*

(ii) The student looked at the photograph and noticed that the angle between the paths
of the two balls after the collision was not 90°. He modelled the collision on a
computer.
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He used the same initial conditions for ball 1 and the same value of θ. The
computer calculated the total kinetic energy after the collision for a range of
angles φ. The following graph was produced.

0.030
total kinetic energy after collision / J

0.025

0.020

0.015

0.010

0.005

0.000
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
φ/°

Measure φ from the photograph and use the graph to suggest why the angle
between the paths is not 90°.
(3)

(Total for Question 18 = 12 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

21
*P48363A02124*
Write your name here
Surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

International
Advanced Level

Physics
Advanced
Unit 4: Physics on the Move

Thursday 15 June 2017 – Morning Paper Reference

Time: 1 hour 35 minutes WPH04/01

You must have: Total Marks
Ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• – Answer the questions in the spaces provided
there may be more space than you need.
Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your
written communication will be assessed
– you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar,
as well as the clarity of expression, on these questions.
• The list of data, formulae and relationships is printed at the end of this booklet.
• Candidates may use a scientific calculator.
Advice
• Try
Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Checkto answer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

*P48427A0128*
P48427A
©2017 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/

SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

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For questions 1–10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .

1 Which of the following particles is a lepton?

A muon
B neutron
C pion
D proton
(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 A beam of electrons is made to travel in a circular path by applying a magnetic field

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across the path of the beam.

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beam of electrons

Which of the following is the direction of the magnetic field required to maintain this
circular path for the electron beam?
A out of the page
B into the page
C left to right

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D right to left
(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

2
*P48427A0228*

3 A toy car rolls down a slope. A graph is plotted of momentum against time.
Which of the following is represented by the gradient of the graph?
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A acceleration
B kinetic energy
C resultant force
D speed
(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

4 A beam of electrons is produced to investigate the wave properties of particles.

The beam is obtained by accelerating the electrons across a potential difference.

anode
cathode +
_
electron
beam
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Which of the following would decrease the wavelength associated with the electrons?
A applying a smaller potential difference between the cathode and the anode
B decreasing the momentum of the electrons
C increasing the distance between the cathode and the anode
D increasing the velocity of the electrons
(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 Accelerators are used to collide high energy particles so that their interactions can be studied.
Which of the following quantities is not always conserved in an interaction between particles?

A charge
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B energy
C momentum
D rest mass
(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

3
*P48427A0328* Turn over

6 A potential difference of 0.2 V is applied across parallel plates with a separation of 4 cm.
What is the electric field strength halfway between the plates?

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A 0.05 V m−1
B 0.1 V m−1
C 5 V m−1
D 10 V m−1

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

7 Which row of the table shows a possible arrangement of quarks in a baryon and a meson?

baryon meson

A dds cd
B ddu du

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C duu cs
D uss dd

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 Which of the following is a vector quantity?

A kinetic energy
B magnetic flux density
C permittivity of free space
D work done

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

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4
*P48427A0428*

9 The diagram shows the paths of two charged particles, X and Y, moving through the
same uniform magnetic field.
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X
Y

Which row of the table describes the properties of Y compared to those of X?

Charge of Y Mass of Y Speed of Y

A the same greater the same

B greater smaller the same
C smaller the same greater
D the same greater greater
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(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

10 A non-relativistic particle of mass m has momentum p and kinetic energy Ek.

p
Another non-relativistic particle of mass 2m has momentum .
2
What is the kinetic energy of the second particle?
Ek
A
8
Ek
B
2
C Ek
D 2 Ek

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

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TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

5
*P48427A0528* Turn over

SECTION B

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

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11 The photograph shows the drum inside a washing machine.

The drum is a hollow metal cylinder with a series of holes through its surface.
During the spin cycle the drum rotates at 1400 revolutions per minute to separate the

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water from the wet clothes.

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(a) (i) Show that the speed of the point X on the rotating drum is about 35 m s−1.
diameter of drum = 0.480 m
(2)

(ii) A shirt button remains at a single point on the drum as the drum spins.
Calculate the centripetal force acting on the shirt button.

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mass of shirt button = 1.4 g
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(2)

Centripetal force = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6
*P48427A0628*

(b) Explain how the drum spinning separates water from the wet clothes.
(2)
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(Total for Question 11 = 6 marks)

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7
*P48427A0728* Turn over

12 It is thought that an asteroid on a collision course with Earth could be deflected by
making a fast moving spacecraft collide with it when it is still very far away.

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To test this idea, there are plans to send a spacecraft, DART, to collide with a small
asteroid. After the collision, DART and the asteroid will stick together.
DART will have a relative speed of 6250 m s−1 when it collides with the asteroid. This is
expected to cause a change in the asteroid’s velocity of 0.40 mm s–1.
(a) Show that the mass of the asteroid is about 5 × 109 kg.
mass of DART = 300 kg
(3)

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(b) Suppose that DART will collide at 90° to the direction of the asteroid’s velocity.
The asteroid is orbiting at a speed of 0.16 m s–1 about a larger partner.
Calculate the angle through which the velocity of the asteroid is deflected.
(2)

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Angle = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 12 = 5 marks)

8
*P48427A0828*

13 (a) Two point charges of 3.1 × 10−9 C and −2.4 × 10−8 C are placed a distance of 0.043 m
apart in a vacuum.
Calculate the magnitude of the force between the charges.
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(2)

Force = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The diagram represents the electric field around two point charges of equal
magnitude. A is a positive charge and B is a negative charge.

A B
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(i) State the meaning of electric field strength.

(1)

(ii) By considering the electric field at X due to A and due to B separately, explain
the direction of the electric field at X.
(4)
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(Total for Question 13 = 7 marks)

9
*P48427A0928* Turn over

14 The photograph shows a digital coulombmeter which measures electric charge.

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The charge the coulombmeter is measuring is stored on a capacitor inside the meter. A
voltmeter inside the coulombmeter measures the potential difference across the capacitor.
This value is converted so that the display shows the charge in nanocoulomb.
(a) State why the voltmeter must have a very high resistance.
(1)

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(b) A coulombmeter is charged. A resistor with resistance 4.6 MΩ is placed across the
terminals and the capacitor discharges through the resistor. The charge shown on the
display is recorded and a graph of charge against time is produced.

60 –

50 –

40 –
charge / nC

30 –

20 –

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10 –

0 –
–

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
time / s

10
*P48427A01028*

(i) Use the graph to determine the capacitance of the capacitor in the coulombmeter.
(3)
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Capacitance = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Calculate the energy initially stored by the capacitor.
(2)

Energy = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) The notes with the coulombmeter state:

The coulombmeter has a much higher capacitance than the charged objects it
is being used with, so effectively all of the charge is transferred to the meter.

Explain why the charge will be transferred to the capacitor with a much higher capacitance.
(2)
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11
*P48427A01128* Turn over

(d) The data for the graph was obtained by using a video camera to record the
coulombmeter display and replaying this frame by frame.
State an advantage of using this method.

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(1)

(Total for Question 14 = 9 marks)

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12
*P48427A01228*

15 The photograph shows a torch with batteries that are recharged by shaking the torch.

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magnet
coil

Inside the torch is a coil of wire and a magnet that can move freely through the coil in
alternate directions when the torch is shaken. The coil is connected to a rechargeable
battery.

(a) Explain how shaking the torch produces an electric current.

(3)

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(b) Explain, with reference to Lenz’s law, how the magnet does work as it enters the coil.
(4)

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14
*P48427A01428*

(c) The circuit in the torch contains a diode between the coil and the battery.
Explain why the diode is needed if the battery is to charge.
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(2)

(Total for Question 15 = 9 marks)

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15
*P48427A01528* Turn over

16 According to Einstein's theory of relativity, the total energy E of a particle with rest mass m
and momentum p is given by the equation
E 2 = m2c4 + p2c2
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where c is the speed of light in a vacuum.
(a) Show that the base units on both sides of the equation are the same.
(3)
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Simplify the equation for particles with zero velocity.

(2)
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(c) For particles with relativistic velocities, m2c4 is negligible compared to E 2 so the
equation simplifies to
E = pc
Show that this is correct and that the simplification is justified for an electron of
energy 45 GeV.
(4)
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(Total for Question 16 = 9 marks)

17
*P48427A01728* Turn over

17 In the early 1900s Geiger and Marsden carried out experiments in which a beam of high
speed alpha particles was directed at thin gold foil.
The apparatus used is represented in the diagram.

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vacuum detector
alpha particle
source

lead
gold
box
foil

(a) Explain why the alpha source was placed in a lead box with a single small hole.
(2)

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*(b) The following conclusions about atoms were made after the experiments.
1. The atom is mostly empty space.
2. The atom contains a small region of highly concentrated charge.
3. Most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in a very small space relative to the
size of the atom.
Explain how the observations from the experiments led to these conclusions.
(6)
............................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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18
*P48427A01828*

(c) The source of alpha particles in some experiments was radium.

Complete the nuclear equation to show alpha decay for radium.

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(2)
226
Ra → α + Rn
................. .................

88 ................. .................

(d) An alpha particle has a speed of 1.50 × 107 m s−1.

Determine the potential difference that would be required to bring it to rest. You may
ignore relativistic effects at this speed.
mass of alpha particle = 4.00 u
(3)

Potential difference = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 17 = 13 marks)

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19
*P48427A01928* Turn over

18 The photograph shows an electric motor made by placing strong, circular, metallic
magnets, with like poles facing each other, at either end of a dry cell.

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When the motor is placed on an aluminium sheet, the motor begins to roll.
The magnets produce a magnetic field directly below the cell as shown.

N S S N

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– +

aluminium sheet
field lines

*(a) Explain why the motor starts to roll when it is placed on the aluminium sheet.
(4)

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20
*P48427A02028*

(b) To determine the magnitude of the force acting on the motor, the aluminium sheet is
placed at an angle to the horizontal as shown. The motor is positioned to roll in the
direction AB. The angle is varied until the motor does not roll up or down.
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The motor remains stationary when B has been raised by 2.1 cm. The length of the
sheet is 79.0 cm.
(i) Both measurements are made using a ruler marked in mm.
Compare this method of determining the angle, of about 1.5°, to measuring the
angle with a protractor.
(3)

21
*P48427A02128* Turn over

(ii) Show that the force exerted on the motor is about 0.02 N.
mass of motor = 69.4 g

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(3)

(iii) Determine the magnitude of the magnetic flux density through the aluminium sheet.
Assume the magnetic field is uniform along the length of the aluminium sheet
between the magnets.

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distance between magnets = 7.4 cm
current = 3.4 A
(2)

Magnetic flux density = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 18 = 12 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS

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TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS
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22
*P48427A02228*
Write your name here
Surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level

Physics
Advanced
Unit 4: Physics on the Move

Monday 8 January 2018 – Afternoon Paper Reference

Time: 1 hour 35 minutes WPH04/01

You must have: Total Marks
Ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your
written communication will be assessed
– you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar,
as well as the clarity of expression, on these questions.
• The list of data, formulae and relationships is printed at the end of this booklet.
• Candidates may use a scientific calculator.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over

P51948RA
©2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/1/e2/1/
*P51948RA0128*
SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

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For questions 1–10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .

1 Some of Rutherford’s alpha scattering experiments used radium as a source of alpha particles.
Which of the following nuclei would be produced by alpha emission from 226
88
Ra?
228
A U
92

230
B Th
90

222
C Rn
86

224
D Po
84

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

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2 Which of the following is not a lepton?
A electron
B neutrino
C pion
D positron

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 A capacitor of capacitance C stores a charge Q when the potential difference across it is V.

Which of the following expressions is the energy stored on the capacitor?

1
A CV
2
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1 C2
B
2 Q
1 2
C CV
2
1 Q2
D
2 C
(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

2
*P51948RA0228*
4 The photograph shows the track of a positron in a particle detector. There is a magnetic field
perpendicular to the plane of the track.
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Which of the following is not a correct statement?

A The energy of the positron is decreasing.

B The magnetic field acts into the page.
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C The positron is gaining mass.

D The speed of the positron is decreasing.

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 The potential difference across a charged capacitor is V0. The capacitor discharges through
a fixed resistor. After a time equal to the time constant, the potential difference has
reduced to V.
Which of the following is a correct expression for V?
V0
A V=
2
V0
B V=
e
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V
C V= 0
ln 2
V0
D V=
ln e
(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

3
*P51948RA0328* Turn over
6 Baryons and mesons are types of particles that consist of quarks.
Which row of the table shows a possible quark composition for a baryon and for a meson?

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Baryon Meson
A FX
ࡄ XF
ࡄG
B ucd cu
C FX
ࡄ ucd
D ucd FX
ࡄ

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

7 :KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJLVDXQLWRIWKHSHUPLWWLYLW\RIIUHHVSDFHİ0?

A C2 m2 Ní
B C2 mí Ní

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C Cí m2 Ní
D Cí mí N

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

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4
*P51948RA0428*
8 The following circuit is used to charge a capacitor.
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Which of the following pairs of graphs shows the variation of the current I in the resistor
with time t and the variation of charge Q stored on the capacitor with t?

A I Q
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t t

B I Q

t t

C I Q
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t t

D I Q

t t

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

5
*P51948RA0528* Turn over
9 Two charged spheres of equal mass are suspended with insulating threads of equal length.
2QHVSKHUHKDVDFKDUJHRI4DQGWKHRWKHUKDVDFKDUJHRI4

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Which of the following shows the arrangement of these spheres when they are in equilibrium?

4
4

+Q +Q

A B

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+Q
+Q 4
4

C D
A
B
C
D

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark) DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

6
*P51948RA0628*
10 A student is investigating how the magnetic flux through a coil varies with its angle,
in radians, to a magnetic field.
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Which of the following gives the equivalent angle in radians for an angle of 40°?

40 × π
A
360

40 × 2π
B
360

40 × 360
C
2π

40 × 360
D
π
(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)
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TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

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7
*P51948RA0728* Turn over
SECTION B

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

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11 (a) A K0 particle decays producing a pion, a muon and a neutrino.
Complete the nuclear equation to show the charges on the particles.
(1)
K o ʌ + μ + Ȟ–ȝ
0

(b) Ordinary matter is made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. At the time they were
discovered, these particles were not thought to be made up of any other particles.
Explain how the proton, neutron and electron are described in the current standard
model of matter.
(3)

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(Total for Question 11 = 4 marks)

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8
*P51948RA0828*
12 The diagrams below represent the path of an electron in a vacuum.
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path of path of
electron electron

Diagram 1 Diagram 2
No magnetic field Magnetic field into page
Potential difference across plates No electric field

Using both fields at the same time, it is possible to balance the forces so that the path of
the electron is not deviated.
For such an electron, its velocity v is given by the equation
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V
v=
dB

where V is the potential difference across the plates, d is the separation of the plates and
B is the magnetic flux density.
Show that this equation is correct.
(4)

(Total for Question 12 = 4 marks)

9
*P51948RA0928* Turn over
13 ,QWKHV3DWULFN%ODFNHWWLQYHVWLJDWHGWKHLQWHUDFWLRQRIDOSKDSDUWLFOHVZLWKGLIIHUHQW
atomic nuclei. The diagram shows an alpha particle interacting with a stationary nitrogen nucleus.

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The alpha particle rebounded off the nitrogen nucleus. The nitrogen nucleus recoiled in
the other direction.
The directions of the paths are shown in the diagram.

alpha

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30.0°

alpha
nitrogen

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10
*P51948RA01028*
7KHLQLWLDOVSHHGRIWKHDOSKDSDUWLFOHZDVî7 m sí and the speed of the alpha particle
DIWHUWKHLQWHUDFWLRQZDVî6 m sí.
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mass of alpha particle = 4.00 u

PDVVRIQLWURJHQQXFOHXV u
D 6KRZWKDWWKHVSHHGRIWKHQLWURJHQQXFOHXVDIWHUWKHLQWHUDFWLRQZDVDERXWî6 m sí.
(4)

(b) Determine whether this interaction was elastic.

(3)

(Total for Question 13 = 7 marks)

11
*P51948RA01128* Turn over
14 When an X-ray photon interacts with an atomic nucleus, pair production can occur.
In pair production the photon energy produces an electron and a positron.
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For this to occur, the wavelength of the X-ray photon must be less than a certain value.
D 6KRZWKDWWKHPD[LPXPZDYHOHQJWKRIWKH;UD\SKRWRQLVDERXWîí m.
(4)

(b) State why two electrons cannot be produced by pair production.

(1)

(c) After production, the positron and the electron move off in different directions.
Suggest what happens to the electron and the positron after this.
(2)
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(Total for Question 14 = 7 marks)

13
*P51948RA01328* Turn over
15 The diagram represents a toy aeroplane on the end of a string.

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The toy aeroplane follows a horizontal path of radius r and the string is at an angle ș to
the vertical.
(a) (i) Complete a free-body force diagram for the toy aeroplane. Ignore any forces due
to the air.

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(2)

(ii) The toy aeroplane completes 36 revolutions in one minute. DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

Calculate the speed of the toy aeroplane.

(2)
r = 40 cm

Speed = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14
*P51948RA01428*
(iii) By considering the vertical and horizontal components of tension, show that the
angle ș is independent of the mass of the toy aeroplane.
(3)
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(b) Suggest how a value for ș can be determined experimentally.

(2)

(Total for Question 15 = 9 marks)

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15
*P51948RA01528* Turn over
16 A cyclotron at the TRIUMF national laboratory in Canada produces beams of protons
with energies from 20 MeV up to 520 MeV.

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A simplified diagram of a cyclotron is shown.

source of
protons a.c. supply

dees
high-speed proton beam

*(a) Explain how the cyclotron accelerates the protons to follow the path shown.
(5)

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. . . . . . . . . . ..................................................... ....................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . ..................................................... ....................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16
*P51948RA01628*
(b) (i) Calculate the momentum, in N s, of protons with a kinetic energy of 20 MeV.
You may ignore any relativistic effects.
(3)
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Momentum = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N s
(ii) The TRIUMF cyclotron can produce beams of protons of different energies. This is
done by extracting protons at different distances from the centre of the cyclotron.
Calculate the radius used to extract protons with a kinetic energy of 20 MeV.
(2)
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PDJQHWLFIOX[GHQVLW\ 7

Radius = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Beams of protons can be used to probe the structure of matter.
Determine whether the wavelength of 20 MeV protons is suitable for investigating
QXFOHLRIGLDPHWHUîí m.
(3)
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(Total for Question 16 = 13 marks)

17
*P51948RA01728* Turn over
17 The photograph shows a Van de Graaff generator used in a school.
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dome

In the Van de Graaff generator, charge is transferred to a hollow metal dome which is
insulated from the ground.
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(a) The dome may be treated as a positively charged sphere with the charge distributed
evenly on its outside surface.
The electric field outside the sphere is the same as if all the charge were concentrated at
the centre of the sphere. The diagram shows the electric field for a positively charged
conducting sphere.
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(i) Suggest why there are no field lines inside the sphere.
(1)

19
*P51948RA01928* Turn over
(ii) Sketch a graph to show how the electric field strength varies with distance from
the centre of the sphere.
(2)

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Electric field
strength

0 radius of
Distance from centre
sphere

(b) (i) The capacitance of a conducting sphere of radius r is given by

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C ʌİ0r

The dome of the Van de Graaff generator behaves as a conducting sphere of

UDGLXVFP7KHFKDUJHRQWKHGRPHLVîí௘&
Calculate the potential difference between the dome and the Earth.
(3)

Potential difference = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20
*P51948RA02028*
(ii) The dome of the Van de Graaff generator is connected to Earth through a resistor
of resistance R.
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Calculate the time taken for the Van de Graaff generator to lose 70 % of its charge.
(3)
R î

Time taken = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 17 = 9 marks)

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21
*P51948RA02128* Turn over
18 The photograph shows a demonstration electric motor.

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coil of wire magnets

axle

A coil of wire is mounted on an axle so that it can rotate freely. Magnets are placed
either side of the coil to provide a magnetic field.
When there is a current in the coil, the coil rotates.
The diagrams represent the coil and magnets viewed from the end and from above.

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A B
view from end S N S N

coil

C D

view from above S N S N

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A B

coil

Number of turns on coil = 32

Length AC of the coil = 4.8 cm
Magnetic flux density = 0.074 T

22
*P51948RA02228*
(a) The coil rotates clockwise as seen from the end AB in the diagram.
Explain the direction of the current in the coil.
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(2)

(b) Calculate the maximum force on the side AC when the current in the coil is 0.29 A.
(2)

Maximum force = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) When the coil is rotating the average current in the coil is less than the current in the
coil if it is held stationary. This is because of the production of a back e.m.f..
*(i) Explain how the back e.m.f. is produced by the motion of the coil.
(3)

23
*P51948RA02328* Turn over
(ii) A wire of length l is moving at speed v through a magnetic field of magnetic flux
density B, as shown.

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B into page
v

Show that the e.m.f. İ produced is given by

İ = Blv
(3)

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(iii) The coil of the motor rotates at 9.0 rotations per second.
Calculate the maximum e.m.f. produced across the side AC of the coil.
(3)
width AB of coil = 2.4 cm
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Maximum e.m.f. = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24
*P51948RA02428*
(iv) The current in the coil varies as the coil rotates because the back e.m.f. is not constant.
Suggest why the back e.m.f. is not constant.
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(2)

(d) The average current in the coil can be measured with an ammeter.
Suggest a method for measuring how the current varies over time.
(2)

(Total for Question 18 = 17 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS
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25
*P51948RA02528*
Write your name here
Surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level

Physics
Advanced
Unit 4: Physics on the Move

Monday 4 June 2018 – Afternoon Paper Reference

Time: 1 hour 35 minutes WPH04/01

You must have: Total Marks
Ruler

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over

P51940A
©2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/
*P51940A0128*
SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

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For questions 1–10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .

1 The isotope 209

84
Po decays by emitting an alpha particle.
Which of the following correctly shows the nucleons in the isotope produced?

A 123 neutrons, 82 protons

B 129 neutrons, 80 protons
C 205 neutrons, 82 protons
D 207 neutrons, 80 protons

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

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2 Two objects collide and rebound.
Select the row of the table that is correct for the total momentum and total kinetic energy
of the objects in an inelastic collision.

Total momentum Total kinetic energy

A conserved conserved
B conserved not conserved
C not conserved conserved
D not conserved not conserved

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 A potential difference V is applied across two identical capacitors of capacitance C

connected in parallel.
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Which of the following expressions gives the total energy stored on the capacitors?
1
A CV 2
4
1
B CV 2
2

C CV 2

D 2CV 2

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

2
*P51940A0228*
Questions 4 and 5 refer to the following situation.

The diagram shows an electron deflection tube.

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filament anode

electron gun

Electrons are released by a filament and accelerated towards the anode, producing a beam.
A magnetic field is applied, deflecting the beam as shown.
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4 Which of the following causes electrons to be released from the filament?

A beta decay
B ionisation
C photoelectric effect
D thermionic emission

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 In which direction is the magnetic field applied to result in the deflection shown?
A from the bottom of the tube to the top of the tube
B from the top of the tube to the bottom of the tube
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C into the page

D out of the page

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

3
*P51940A0328* Turn over
6 Which of the following decays for a pion would not be possible?
A ʌ0 oȖ

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B ʌ+ o e+ + Ȟe
C ʌ0 o e+ + ve
D ʌ0 o e+ + eíȖ

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

7 The table shows the six types of quark and their relative charges.

Quark Charge / e
2
u c t
3
1
d s b í
3

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:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJVKRZVDSRVVLEOHTXDUNFRPSRVLWLRQIRUDEDU\RQZLWKFKDUJHíe?
A ccs
B dss
C uud
D uub

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 Two identical point charges Q1 and Q2 are placed a small distance apart.
The force acting on Q1 has magnitude F.
The charge Q1 and the distance between the charges are both doubled. The charge Q2
is unchanged. DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

What is the magnitude of the new force on Q1?

A 2F

B F

F
C
2
F
D
4
(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

4
*P51940A0428*
9 A magnet is pushed through a coil of wire at a steady speed, inducing an e.m.f. İ in the coil.
The following graph shows how İ varies with time t.
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The magnet is then pushed through in the same direction at a higher speed.
Which of the following shows the graph of İ against t for the higher speed?

İ İ
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t t

A B

İ İ

t t
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C D

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

5
*P51940A0528* Turn over
10 Two conducting plates are 5 cm apart. The potential difference between the plates is 10 V
as shown.

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+10 V

Which diagram correctly shows the electric field between the plates?

2 N Cí 2 N Cí

A B

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200 N Cí 200 N Cí

C D

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

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6
*P51940A0628*
SECTION B

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

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11 An electron travels through a uniform electric field for a time of 4.3 q 10í s. It is
deviated from its original path as shown.

Calculate the deflection y of the electron.

(4)
electric field strength = 1.3 q 104 N Cí
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y = .......................................................

(Total for Question 11 = 4 marks)

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7
*P51940A0728* Turn over
12 In the early 20th century, experiments were carried out in which high-speed alpha particles
were directed at thin gold foil.

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A simplified version of the apparatus used is shown.

vacuum detector

alpha particle
source

lead box

gold foil

(a) State two observations and corresponding conclusions made from the alpha particle
scattering experiment.
(4)

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8
*P51940A0828*
(b) (i) Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of the alpha particles.
(4)
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kinetic energy of alpha particles = 5.00 MeV

mass of alpha particle = 6.64 q 10í kg

de Broglie wavelength = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Justify whether you would expect these alpha particles to be substantially
diffracted by the gold foil.
(1)
separation of gold atoms = 2.88 q 10í m

(Total for Question 12 = 9 marks)

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9
*P51940A0928* Turn over
13 The muon was identified in 1936 from the tracks of cosmic rays passing through a
particle detector. The tracks for the muon were seen to be different from those of
electrons and protons.

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The diagram represents particle tracks for an electron, a muon and a proton passing
through a uniform magnetic field. The particles have the same initial kinetic energy.

proton
muon

electron

(a) Explain what can be deduced from the tracks about the mass and the charge of the muon.
(3)

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(b) The muon has a mass of 106 MeV/c2.

Calculate the mass of the muon in kg.
(3)

. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mass = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . kg

10
*P51940A01028*
(c) The muon was originally called a mu meson. When other mesons were discovered, it
was realised that the muon was not the same type of particle as other mesons.
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Describe the differences between muons and mesons.

(2)

(Total for Question 13 = 8 marks)

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11
*P51940A01128* Turn over
14 The diagram shows an investigation of circular motion.

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plastic tube
rubber bung

string M

A small movement of the hand causes the rubber bung on the end of the string to move in
a circular path of radius r. The rubber bung and the string may be assumed to rotate in a
horizontal plane.
(a) For a particular experiment, r is 59 cm.

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Calculate the speed of the rubber bung.
(3)
mass of M = 250 g
mass of rubber bung = 80 g

Speed = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12
*P51940A01228*
(b) The speed of the rubber bung is increased.
Explain why M now moves to a higher position.
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(3)

(c) In order to calculate the speed of the rubber bung, the time for one rotation must be determined.
Student A suggests the number of rotations in a fixed time should be counted.
Student B suggests measuring the time for a fixed number of rotations.
Explain which method will produce more accurate results for the time of one rotation.
(2)

(Total for Question 14 = 8 marks)

13
*P51940A01328* Turn over
15 The diagram shows a cyclotron.

source of

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a.c. supply
protons

dees high-speed proton beam

A magnetic field of uniform magnetic flux density B acts vertically upwards through
the plane of the cyclotron. Protons travel along paths of increasing radius as their speed
increases.
(a) (i) A proton of mass m and charge Q is travelling at a non-relativistic speed in the cyclotron.

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Show that the time t for which a proton is in one of the dees is given by

πm
t=
BQ
(2)

14
*P51940A01428*
(ii) Explain why an alternating potential difference of constant frequency is applied to
the dees.
(3)
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*(b) In a cyclotron, high-energy protons are directed towards a stationary target.

In the Large Hadron Collider, beams of high-energy protons circulating in opposite
directions cross, so that protons moving in opposite directions collide.
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For the same initial total energy, the colliding proton beams allow the creation of
particles of greater mass than the use of a stationary target.
Explain why, using the principle of conservation of momentum.
(4)

(Total for Question 15 = 9 marks)

15
*P51940A01528* Turn over
16 The diagram and photograph show a moving coil loudspeaker.

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cone

coil
magnet

(a) The loudspeaker contains a coil connected to a cone that is free to move. The coil is in a
radial magnetic field. When there is a varying current in the coil, the magnetic force on
it varies. This varying force causes the coil and cone to vibrate, producing sound waves.
The diagram below shows the magnet and the coil in the magnetic field.

N
S

coil

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(i) Explain why, even though the wire is not straight, the force F on a single turn of
the coil can be calculated using
F = BIl
where l is the length of a single turn.
(2)

(ii) Calculate the force acting on a coil of 120 turns.

(2)
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I = 0.11 A
B = 0.80 T
diameter of coil = 4.5 cm

Force = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16
*P51940A01628*
*(b) An amplifier unit can be used to amplify music from devices with small speakers,
such as smartphones. In the amplifier unit there is a coil connected to an amplifier
and a loudspeaker as shown.
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amplifier loudspeaker amplifier unit

coil in amplifier unit

A smartphone is placed on the amplifier unit so that the coil in the smartphone
speaker is above the coil in the amplifier unit.

coil in smartphone speaker

smartphone

amplifier loudspeaker amplifier unit

coil in amplifier unit

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Explain how the music played by the smartphone is also played through the
loudspeaker in the amplifier unit.
(4)

(Total for Question 16 = 8 marks)

17
*P51940A01728* Turn over
17 A student attempts to measure the speed of air leaving a hairdryer by measuring the force
exerted by the air on an electronic balance.
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(a) The diagram shows the path of an object of mass m colliding with a surface at speed
v at an angle ș.
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ș ș

The collision takes a time t.

Explain why the force F exerted on the surface by a single collision is given by

2mv sin θ
F=
t
(4)

19
*P51940A01928* Turn over
(b) The student varies the angle ș at which he holds the hairdryer. A graph of the
force FB acting on the electronic balance against sin ș is plotted.

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0.40

0.35

0.30

0.25
FB / N

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00

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0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

sin ș

The average mass of air striking the electronic balance per unit time is given by Y$ȡ,
where A is the area of the hairdryer nozzle and ȡ is the density of air.
(i) The student assumes that the air behaves as in part (a).
Show that, in this case, the gradient of the graph is 2v2$ȡ.
(3)

20
*P51940A02028*
(ii) Calculate the speed of the air.
(3)
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area of hairdryer nozzle = 2.0 q 10í m2

density of air = 1.2 kg mí

Speed of the air = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(2)

(Total for Question 17 = 12 marks)

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21
*P51940A02128* Turn over
18 A student investigating capacitors uses the circuit shown.

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The capacitor is initially uncharged. When the switch is closed, there is a current in the
circuit and the capacitor charges.
The resistance of the variable resistor is adjusted as the capacitor charges in order to
maintain a constant current in the circuit.
After a time of 132 s the capacitor is fully charged.
(a) Show that the capacitance of the capacitor is about 5000 μF.
(4)

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LQLWLDOUHVLVWDQFH Nȍ
applied potential difference = 6.00 V

(b) Explain whether the resistance of the variable resistor is steadily increased or steadily
decreased in order to maintain a constant current.
(3)
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22
*P51940A02228*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level

Monday 29 October 2018

Morning (Time: 1 hour 35 minutes) Paper Reference WPH04/01

Physics
Advanced
Unit 4: Physics on the Move

You do not need any other materials. Total Marks

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over

P55452A
©2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/1/1/
*P55452A0128*
6 In the early 20th century, Rutherford carried out investigations into the scattering of alpha particles
by thin gold foil.

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Which of the following conclusions could not be made from the results of these investigations?
A Most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in one place.
B The atom is mostly empty space.
C The nucleus contains positively charged protons.
D There is a concentration of charge at one place in the atom.

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

7 The diagram shows a current-carrying wire passing between north and south magnetic poles.

$
North
28°

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South

The magnetic flux density between the poles is 0.09 T. The length of wire within the
magnetic field is 4.5 cm.
Which of the following gives the force F on the wire in newtons?
A F = 0.09 u u 0.045 into the page
B F = 0.09 u u 0.045 u sin 62° into the page
C F = 0.09 u u 0.045 out of the page
D F = 0.09 u u 0.045 u sin 62° out of the page

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

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8 A particle has mass 4.8 MeV/c2.

What is the mass of the particle in kilograms?
A 8.5 uí
B 8.5 uí
C 2.6 uí
D uí

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

4
*P55452A0428*
9 C is an isotope of carbon. It is formed in the Earth’s atmosphere when a nucleus of

6
element X absorbs a neutron and emits a proton.
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Which row of the table correctly shows the proton number and nucleon number of this
nucleus of element X?

Proton number Nucleon number

A 5
B 6
C 7
D 7

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

10 7KHȁ0 particle is a baryon.

Which of the following products could notEHSURGXFHGE\WKHGHFD\RIDȁ0 particle?
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A Sʌ0
B Qʌ0
C p + eí + Ȟe
D p + μ í + Ȟμ

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

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5
*P55452A0528* Turn over
SECTION B
Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

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11 :KLOHVWXG\LQJFRVPLFUD\VLQWKHV&OLIIRUG&KDUOHV%XWOHUGLVFRYHUHGWZRQHZ
classes of heavy particles. These classes were named hyperons and mesons.
(a) Baryons are combinations of quarks or of antiquarks. Hyperons are baryons that
contain at least one strange quark but no charm, bottom or top quarks.
Explain why there are six possible quark combinations for hyperons.
(2)

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(b) Charm, bottom and top quarks were all proposed by theoretical physicists before
being identified by experimental physicists. The existence of the charm quark was
FRQILUPHGH[SHULPHQWDOO\LQWKHERWWRPTXDUNLQDQGWKHWRSTXDUN
LQ
Explain how the standard model led to the prediction of the bottom and top quarks.
(2)

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6
*P55452A0628*
(b) Polar molecules have their own electric fields that can interact with external electric fields.
Point X is 8.98 uí m from each charge, as shown.
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X Diagram not
to scale

8.98 uí m 8.98 uí m

45° 45°

+2.85 uí C í uí C

uí m

Determine the magnitude of the resultant electric field strength at point X due to the
polar molecule.
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(4)

Magnitude of resultant electric field strength = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(Total for Question 12 = 6 marks)

9
*P55452A0928* Turn over
13 The Linear Collider Collaboration is a multinational group planning to build the next
generation of linear accelerators. These will achieve higher energies than exisiting
linear accelerators.

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*(a) The diagram represents the first section of a linear accelerator (linac) being used to
accelerate electrons.

electron
a.c.supply A B C D path
electron drift tube
source

At the start of the linac the drift tubes steadily increase in length along the path of
the electrons.
Explain why the drift tubes have a constant length at the other end of the linac.
(3)

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. . . . . . . . . . . .................................................... ....................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

10
*P55452A01028*
*(b) Many linacs collide beams of particles with stationary targets.
The Linear Collider Collaboration would use two linacs aligned in opposite directions
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so that the beams of accelerated particles collide with each other.

Explain why this would allow the creation of a greater range of particles.
(4)

(Total for Question 13 = 7 marks)

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11
*P55452A01128* Turn over
14 A student investigated the properties of capacitors. The diagram shows the circuit used
by the student.

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input data logger
and computer

A potential difference (p.d.) alternating between zero and 4.0 V was applied to the input.
The variation of p.d. across the capacitor with time was displayed on the computer as
shown below.
The input is shown by the dashed line.

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p.d. / V 2

0
0 2
time / s

(a) Explain the shape of the graph.

(2)

12
*P55452A01228*
E L 6KRZWKDWWKHFDSDFLWDQFHRIWKHFDSDFLWRUZDVDERXW uí F.
UHVLVWDQFHRIUHVLVWRU Nȍ
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(3)

(ii) Determine the maximum energy stored in the capacitor.

(3)
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Maximum energy = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*(c) Explain why this graph could not have been obtained using a voltmeter and stopwatch.
(3)

(Total for Question 14 = 11 marks)

13
*P55452A01328* Turn over
15 A student wondered whether a small buzzer could be powered using the Earth’s magnetic field.
The student attached a buzzer to one end of a wire. He held the other end of the wire and

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whirled the buzzer in a vertical circle as shown.

buzzer

wire

front view

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(a) Explain how an e.m.f. was produced between the ends of the wire.
(2)

E 7KHUDGLXVRIWKHYHUWLFDOFLUFOHZDVFP7KHEX]]HUFRPSOHWHGUHYROXWLRQVLQV
Assume that the speed of the buzzer was constant.
(i) Calculate the centripetal force acting on the buzzer.
PDVVRIEX]]HU J
(3)
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Centripetal force = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
*P55452A01428*
(ii) The tension in the wire varied as the buzzer moved around the circle.
Sketch a graph to show the variation in the magnitude of the tension during one
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full revolution.

Q S

You should calculate the maximum and minimum values of tension and add them
to your sketch.
(4)

tension / N
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P Q R S P position

15
*P55452A01528* Turn over
(iii) Determine the size of the e.m.f. produced.
The magnitude of the horizontal component of the magnetic flux density of the

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Earth’s magnetic field was 2.2 uí T.
(4)

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e.m.f. = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) The student used a second wire to complete the circuit to the buzzer and whirled the
buzzer around in a vertical circle.
Explain why there was no current in the circuit.
(2)

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................................... ....................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . .................................................... ....................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 15 = 15 marks)

16
*P55452A01628*
16 The diagram shows a simplified representation of a cathode ray tube in an oscilloscope.

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electron gun path of electrons
cathode anode bright spot on
screen where
heater electrons hit

fluorescent
screen
vertically
deflecting plates

(a) The electron gun produces electrons that are accelerated by the anode.
Explain how the cathode produces electrons.
(2)

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(b) The beam passes between deflecting plates then hits the fluorescent screen, causing a
bright spot. The beam is deflected when a potential difference (p.d.) is applied across
the plates. The amount of deflection is determined by the magnitude of the p.d.
7KHHOHFWURQVOHDYHWKHDQRGHZLWKDVSHHGRI u7 m sí.
(i) Calculate the p.d. required between the cathode and the anode for the electrons to
reach this speed.
(3)

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................................... ....................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

p.d. required = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18
*P55452A01828*
LL 7KHHOHFWURQEHDPOHDYHVWKHSODWHVDWDQDQJOHWRWKHKRUL]RQWDORI
Show that the vertical component of the velocity of the electrons is about
7 u6 m sí.
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(2)

(iii) Calculate the p.d. V that must be applied across the deflecting plates so that the
HOHFWURQEHDPOHDYHVWKHSODWHVDWDQDQJOHWRWKHKRUL]RQWDORI
7KHGHIOHFWLQJSODWHVDUHFPORQJDQGPPDSDUW
(6)

V = .......................................................

(Total for Question 16 = 13 marks)

19
*P55452A01928* Turn over
17 The photograph shows the particle detector track for the process of pair production.
In this process, a gamma photon becomes an electron and its antiparticle, a positron.

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(a) (i) State why the gamma photon has no track.
(1)

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(ii) Explain why the electron and positron tracks in the photograph show a decreasing radius.
(2)

20
*P55452A02028*
(b) Calculate the minimum frequency of the gamma photon for pair production to be possible.
(4)
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Minimum frequency = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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21
*P55452A02128* Turn over
(c) Photons do not have mass but they have momentum.
(i) Show that the energy and momentum of a photon are related by the formula

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E = pc
(2)

(ii) Pair production occurs as a result of an interaction of a photon with another

particle. It cannot occur for a photon in a vacuum because it is impossible to
satisfy all the necessary conservation laws.
$SKRWRQKDVDQHQHUJ\RI uí J. An electron and positron produced in a

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vacuum by this photon would each have kinetic energy 2.22 uí J.
Show that these particles could not satisfy the conservation of momentum.
(5)

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................................... ....................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . .................................................... ....................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 17 = 14 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

22
*P55452A02228*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

International
Advanced Level

Monday 7 January 2019

Afternoon (Time: 1 hour 35 minutes) Paper Reference WPH04/01

Physics
Advanced
Unit 4: Physics on the Move

You do not need any other materials. Total Marks

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over

*P52326A0128*
P52326A
©2019 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/

SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

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For questions 1–10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .

1 Which of the following units is equivalent to the farad?

A
C J–1
B
C V–1
C
J C–1
D
V C–1

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 A potential difference V is applied across two identical capacitors of capacitance C

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connected in series.
Which of the following expressions is the total energy stored on the capacitors?
1
A CV 2
4
1
B CV 2
2

C
CV 2
D
2 CV 2

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

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2
*P52326A0228*

3 Two parallel conducting plates are separated by a distance d. A potential difference V is

applied between the plates and a charge Q is placed halfway between them, as shown.
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V Q d

Which of the following gives the magnitude of the force acting on the charge?
A
VQd

VQ
B
2d
Vd
C
Q
VQ
D
d
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(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

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4 A current‑carrying wire is placed perpendicular to a magnetic field of magnetic flux density 0.05 T.
The length of the wire in the field is 10 cm and the force on the wire is 2 × 10–3 N.
Which of the following is the current in the wire?
A
1 × 10–5 A
B
1 × 10–3 A
C
4 × 10–3 A
D
4 × 10–1 A

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 Which row of the table shows the quark structures of a meson and its anti‑meson?
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meson anti‑meson

A ud ud
B ud du
C uud uud
D uud uud

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

3
*P52326A0328* Turn over

6 A particle has mass 3.4 GeV/c2.
Which of the following gives the mass of the particle in kg?

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A
3.4 × 109 × 1.6 × 10–19 / 3 × 108
B
3.4 × 109 / 1.6 × 10–19 × (3 × 108)2
C
3.4 × 109 × 1.6 × 10–19 × (3 × 108)2
D
3.4 × 109 × 1.6 × 10–19 / (3 × 108)2

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

7 The diagram shows the tracks of two particles, P and Q, created from an original particle
at point X.

P Q

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Which of the following can be concluded from this diagram?
A
P and Q have equal and opposite momentum.
B
The original particle had no charge.
C
The original particle was stationary.
D
There is a magnetic field acting into the page.

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

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8 The drum of a washing machine rotates at a rate of 1200 rotations per minute.
What is its angular velocity in radians per second?
A
20
B
63
C
126
D
191

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

4
*P52326A0428*

SECTION B

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

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11 The photograph shows an aeroplane which is powered by two engines.

When the aeroplane is cruising, air enters the engines at a speed of 252 m s–1 and is

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ejected at a higher speed, providing the thrust for the aeroplane. The mass of air ejected
by one of the engines in 1 minute is 34 600 kg.
The total thrust provided by the engines is 138 kN.
Calculate the speed, relative to the aeroplane, at which the air is ejected by the engines.
(4)

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Speed of air = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 11 = 4 marks)

6
*P52326A0628*

12 In a science fiction film, a spaceship has engines that use antimatter. Helium and
anti‑helium are collided in the engines.
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(a) Describe the particles making up the helium atoms in terms of the standard
quark‑lepton model.
(3)

(b) Calculate the energy released when an atom of helium annihilates an atom of
anti‑helium.
mass of helium atom = 6.64 × 10–27 kg
(2)

Energy = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 12 = 5 marks)

7
*P52326A0728* Turn over

13 The Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights) are colourful visual displays seen above the North Pole
of the Earth. They are created by interactions between air molecules in the upper atmosphere
and charged particles from the solar wind captured by the Earth’s magnetic field.

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(a) The Aurora also produces radio waves. Charges following a circular path emit
electromagnetic radiation at the frequency of their circular motion.
Show that an electron with a speed of 400 km s–1 will emit radiation with a frequency
of about 200 kHz if it is moving perpendicular to a magnetic field with magnetic flux
density 6.8 µT.
(4)

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8
*P52326A0828*

(b) Cosmic ray particles entering the Earth’s magnetic field follow spiral paths through
the atmosphere.
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In the region of the North Pole, the magnetic field is vertically downwards.
The diagram shows an electron entering a section of uniform magnetic field.

electron path

Earth’s magnetic field

Explain why the electron follows a clockwise spiral path downwards, as seen from above.
(3)
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(Total for Question 13 = 7 marks)

9
*P52326A0928* Turn over

14 In the UK, the maximum legal speed for a pellet fired from an airgun is 184 m s–1.
The diagram shows a suspended block of wood used in a school laboratory to determine
the speed of an airgun pellet.

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pellet
airgun

block of wood

A pellet is fired from the airgun into the block of wood, as shown above.

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maximum
path height

The pellet stays in the block of wood. The block of wood and pellet together then move
along the path shown. The maximum height reached is measured.
In a particular experiment, the maximum height reached is 6.0 cm.
mass of pellet = 0.93 g
mass of pellet and block of wood together = 150 g

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10
*P52326A01028*

(a) Show that the speed of the block of wood immediately after it is struck by the pellet
is about 1 m s–1.
(3)
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(b) Determine whether the pellet is fired at a speed below the maximum legal speed of 184 m s–1.
(3)

(c) Determine whether the interaction between the pellet and the block of wood is an
elastic collision. Your answer should include suitable calculations.
(2)

(Total for Question 14 = 8 marks)

11
*P52326A01128* Turn over

15 The photograph shows a spark coil, a device used in early experiments on electricity.

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The diagram shows the parts of the spark coil.

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G
S
P

iron core

A coil of wire P is wound around an iron core. A second coil S is wound around P.
The ends of S are connected to two thin metal rods with a gap G between them, known
as the spark gap.
With the switch closed there is a current in P. When the switch is opened, a large

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potential difference is produced across S and a spark is observed across G.

12
*P52326A01228*

*(a) Explain how a potential difference is produced across the ends of S.

(3)
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(b) The potential difference across G is 110 kV.

Calculate the time taken for the magnetic flux in the core to decrease to zero when
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the switch is opened.

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number of turns in S = 42 000

cross sectional area of iron core = 1.4 × 10–3 m2
maximum magnetic flux density = 7.4 T
(3)

Time taken = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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13
*P52326A01328* Turn over

(c) Sparks form when the electric field strength in the gap exceeds 3 × 106 V m–1 so the
air becomes conducting for a short time.

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Different spark coils produce different potential differences.
The maximum sizes of gap for which a spark is formed for different potential
differences are shown in the table.

Maximum gap for which

Potential difference / kV
a spark is formed / cm

110 10

150 20

190 30

230 40

(i) Explain how the data in the table show that the field in the gap is non‑uniform.

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(2)

(ii) Sketch the electric field in the gap.

(2)

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+ –

(Total for Question 15 = 10 marks)

14
*P52326A01428*

16 The structure of the atom was investigated in the early 1900s by directing alpha particles
at thin metal foil and measuring the angles through which the particles were deflected.

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(a) Explain why these experiments were carried out in a vacuum.
(2)

(b) In one series of experiments, about 1 in 8000 alpha particles directed at thin gold foil
were deflected through angles greater than 90°.
Explain how this provided evidence for atoms having a concentration of charge in a
central nucleus.
(2)

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*(c) The angle at which the greatest number of alpha particles was detected for gold was 2.1°.
The experiment was repeated for other metal foils. The results are shown in the table.

Metal Proton number Angle / °

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Gold 79 2.1

Silver 47 1.5

Copper 29 1.1

Aluminium 13 0.6

16
*P52326A01628*

Explain the pattern of results in the table.

(3)
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(d) These experiments provided evidence for a nuclear atom. Bohr suggested that
electrons can only orbit the nucleus at specific distances from the nucleus.
De Broglie developed this idea by stating that the lowest possible orbit is where the
circumference of the orbit is equal to the de Broglie wavelength for the electron.
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Show, by considering the force keeping the electron in orbit around a hydrogen nucleus,
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that this statement is true.

radius of orbit = 5.29 × 10–11 m
(5)

(Total for Question 16 = 12 marks)

17
*P52326A01728* Turn over

17 The circuit shown is designed to test reaction time.

1 S1 2

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6.0 V V

The following instructions will test the reaction time of a student.

● Hide switch S1 from the student.
● Move S1 to position 1 and wait until the voltmeter reads 6.0 V.
● Close switch S2.

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● At a random time, move S1 to position 2 so the buzzer sounds.
● As soon as the buzzer sounds, the student should open S2.
● Use the new voltmeter reading to calculate the student’s reaction time.

*(a) Explain how the circuit works to test reaction time.

(3)

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18
*P52326A01828*

(iii) Explain how to make the circuit more sensitive for a reaction time of 0.2 s.
You should refer to the shape of your graph in (ii).
(4)

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(Total for Question 17 = 11 marks)

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20
*P52326A02028*

18 The Moscow Meson Factory linear accelerator (linac) is used in the production of
particular isotopes for medical use.

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(a) Strontium‑82 is created by bombarding rubidium‑85 with protons.
Complete the nuclear equation to show this process.
(2)
85 82
p+ Rb Sr + n
..... .....
×
..........
→
..... ..... 37 .......... .......... ..........

(b) The Moscow Meson Factory accelerates protons up to energies of 160 MeV before
colliding them into rubidium.
The first 100 MeV is supplied using a linac with drift tubes, as shown.

proton path

a.c. supply

proton

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source

(i) Explain how the linac accelerates the protons.

(4)

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22
*P52326A02228*

(ii) The diagram shows part of the path of a proton in the linac. Point A and point B
are at the centres of two successive gaps between drift tubes.
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A B

The a.c. supply has a frequency of 198 MHz. The average kinetic energy of the
proton as it moves from A to B is 2.0 MeV.
Calculate the distance from A to B. You may assume that the proton speed is
non‑relativistic.
(5)

Distance = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) When the first linacs were made, the maximum frequency for the a.c. supply was
about 7 MHz.
Suggest why it is an advantage to use a much higher frequency than this.
(2)
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(Total for Question 18 = 13 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

23
*P52326A02328*
Write your name here
Surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level

Physics
Advanced
Unit 5: Physics from Creation to Collapse

Thursday 21 January 2016 – Afternoon Paper Reference

Time: 1 hour 35 minutes WPH05/01

You do not need any other materials. Total Marks

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• written communication
Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your
will be assessed
– you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar,
as well as the clarity of expression, on these questions.
• The list of data, formulae and relationships is printed at the end of this booklet.
• Candidates may use a scientific calculator.

Advice
• Keep
Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try toananswer
eye on the time.
• Check your answers
every question.
• if you have time at the end.
Turn over

P46955A
©2016 Pearson Education Ltd.
*P46955A0128*
1/1/1/
SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

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For questions 1–10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .

1 The brightness of a star depends upon its luminosity and

A core temperature.
B distance from the observer.
C initial mass.
D surface temperature.

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 A mass is hung from a spring and set into vertical oscillation. The amplitude of
oscillation halves after 10 cycles.

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The ratio of the total energy of the system at the start to the total energy of the system
after 10 cycles is
A ¼
B ½
C 2
D 4

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 A sample of radioactive material has a known half life. Radioactive decay is a random
process. This means that we can predict
A when a given nucleus will decay. DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

B the time for the whole sample to decay.

C the next nucleus that will decay.
D the fraction of a sample that will decay in a second.

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

2
*P46955A0228*
4 The average density of the universe is unknown. Scientists believe that there is a critical
value for this density.
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If the density of the universe is less than this critical density the universe will
A eventually reach a maximum size.
B keep expanding forever.
C maintain its present size.
D reach a maximum size and then contract.

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 Energy is supplied to a fixed mass of gas in a container and the mean squared speed of
the gas molecules doubles.
The absolute temperature of the gas
A remains constant
B increases by a factor of
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2
C increases by a factor of 2
D increases by a factor of 4

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

6 A radioactive sample is a beta-emitter. Beta particles are able to pass through

A air only.
B thick card.
C 1 cm of aluminium.
D 1 mm of lead.

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

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3
*P46955A0328* Turn over
7 The figure shows our Sun, S, plotted on a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.

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A
Luminosity B

D C

20 000 K 10 000 K 5 000 K 2 500 K

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Once hydrogen fusion has ceased in its core the Sun will move to a new position on the
diagram.
The new position of the Sun will be
A
B
C
D

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

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4
*P46955A0428*
8 A piece of chocolate is heated at a constant rate.
The graph shows how the temperature of the chocolate varies with time.
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50 –

45 –
Temperature / °C

40 –
X Y
35 –

30 –

25 –

20 –
–

–
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time / minutes
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Select the correct statement for the time between X and Y.

A The internal energy of the chocolate increases.
B The internal energy of the chocolate stays constant.
C The kinetic energy of the molecules in the chocolate increases.
D The potential energy between the molecules in the chocolate stays constant.

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

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5
*P46955A0528* Turn over
Questions 9 and 10 refer to the graph below.

The graph shows how the acceleration a varies with time t for an object undergoing simple harmonic

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motion.
a

0 t

The following graphs show how other quantities for the object may vary over the same time period.

0 t 0 t 0 t 0 t

A B C D

9 Choose the graph that shows the variation of displacement with time.
A

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B
C
D

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

10 Choose the graph that shows the variation of velocity with time.
A
B
C
D

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

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TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

6
*P46955A0628*
SECTION B

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

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11 The graph shows how the binding energy per nucleon varies with nucleon number for a
range of isotopes.

8
Binding energy per nucleon / MeV

He4 U235
7

6
Li7
5 Li6

3 H3
He3
2

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1 H2

H1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
Nucleon number

(a) Explain why an alpha particle (He4) is more likely than any other small nucleus to be
emitted from a large unstable nucleus.
(2)

. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

8
*P46955A0828*
(b) Explain why fission reactors use isotopes such as U-235 as fuel.
Your answer should include reference to the graph.
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(3)

(Total for Question 11 = 5 marks)

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9
*P46955A0928* Turn over
12 The maximum recommended temperature at which meat should be maintained when it is
being transported is 4°C.

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275 kg of meat is being transported to a supermarket. The meat is cooled from 18.5°C
to 1.5°C before it is loaded onto the van ready for transportation.
Specific heat capacity of the meat = 3.59 × 103 J kg–1 K–1
(a) Calculate the amount of thermal energy that has been removed from the meat.
(2)

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Thermal energy removed = .....................................................

(b) When the meat is unpacked at the supermarket it is initially left in a warm
environment. The meat warms up uniformly from 1.5°C as energy is transferred to
the meat from the surroundings at a rate of 720 W.
Show that there may be a risk in eating the meat if it is left out for longer than an
hour.
(3)

. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(Total for Question 12 = 5 marks)

10
*P46955A01028*
13 The photograph shows the Millennium Bridge in Salford. The bridge which is 91 m long
straddles the Manchester Ship Canal.
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When large numbers of people cross the bridge at the same time, the bridge begins to
oscillate with large amplitude simple harmonic motion.
(a) Explain why there is large amplitude oscillation of the bridge under these conditions.
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(3)

(b) The bridge oscillates with a frequency of 0.55 Hz. The amplitude of oscillation is
greatest at the mid-point and falls gradually to zero at the ends.
Calculate the speed of transverse waves along the bridge.
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(3)

Wave speed = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 13 = 6 marks)

11
*P46955A01128* Turn over
14 In the early 20th century Edwin Hubble carried out research on objects known as
extra-galactic nebulae. The light spectra emitted by these nebulae were found to be
shifted from the wavelengths measured for corresponding sources in the laboratory. We

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now recognise that these nebulae are galaxies and that the wavelength shifts are evidence
for an expanding universe.
(a) Hubble used standard candles to determine the distances to these nebulae.
(i) Explain how a standard candle can be used to determine distance.
(3)

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(ii) Suggest why some standard candles can only be used to determine distances to
relatively close galaxies.
(1)

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12
*P46955A01228*
*(b) Once the distances to the nebulae had been determined, Hubble used the values of
the wavelength shifts to conclude that there was a roughly linear relationship between
velocities and distances for these nebulae.
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Describe how Hubble was able to determine the velocities of the nebulae and explain
how his conclusion provides evidence for an expanding universe.
(4)

(Total for Question 14 = 8 marks)

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13
*P46955A01328* Turn over
15 The photograph shows an inflatable globe. This is a flexible plastic sphere on which a
map of the world is printed. It is inflated by blowing into it like a balloon.

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When fully inflated the globe has a volume of 6.55 × 10–2 m3. At a temperature of 22°C
the pressure exerted by the air in the globe is 1.05 × 105 Pa.
(a) On average there are 1.25 × 1022 molecules in each breath of air that we take.
Show that the number of breaths needed to fully inflate the globe is about 140.

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(3)

(b) The fully inflated globe is left outside and its temperature rises from 22°C to 30°C.
The volume of the globe remains constant.
Calculate the new pressure exerted by the air in the globe.
(2)
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New pressure = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14
*P46955A01428*
*(c) Including ideas of momentum, explain why the pressure exerted by the air in the
globe increases.
(4)
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(Total for Question 15 = 9 marks)

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15
*P46955A01528* Turn over
16 The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) was placed in orbit in 1990 with the aim of
producing high resolution images of astronomical objects.

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HST is in a low Earth orbit at a height of 569 km above the Earth’s surface. The orbit is
nearly circular and its plane is inclined at an angle of 28.5° to the equatorial plane.
radius of the Earth = 6.36 × 103 km
(a) Show that the strength of the Earth’s gravitational field at the height of HST is about
8 N kg–1.
(3)

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(b) By considering the gravitational force acting on HST, calculate the time it takes for
HST to make one complete orbit of the Earth.
(4)

. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Orbital time = ....................................................

16
*P46955A01628*
(c) Communications satellites stay above the same place on the Earth’s surface at all times.
State and explain two changes to the orbit of HST for it to remain above the same
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place on the Earth’s surface at all times.

(2)

(Total for Question 16 = 9 marks)

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17
*P46955A01728* Turn over
17 Curves A, B and C show the radiation spectra of stars with three different surface
temperatures.

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A
Emissive power

400 700 Wavelength / nm

(a) (i) Curve B represents radiation from the Sun. State what evidence from the graphs
suggests that this might be so.
(1)

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(ii) State with a reason which curve represents a star with a greater surface
temperature than the Sun.
(1)

(iii) Use the graphs to explain how the radiation from the star identified in (ii) differs
from the radiation from the Sun.
(2)
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. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18
*P46955A01828*
(b) Stars other than the Sun are too far away from the Earth for us to make a direct
measurement of their diameter.
Explain how we can deduce that some are giant stars and some are dwarf stars.
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(3)

(c) For stars which are relatively close to the Earth, describe how parallax measurements
can be used to determine their distances from the Earth.
(4)
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(Total for Question 17 = 11 marks)

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19
*P46955A01928* Turn over
18 In the early part of the 20th century the Nobel Prize winner George de Hevesy made the
first use of a radioactive tracer. He studied the transportation of a small sample of the
isotope lead-212 in a broad bean plant.

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(a) Complete the nuclear equation for the decay of Pb-212.
(2)

212
3Eĺ Bi + ȕ–
................. .................

82 ................. .................

(b) The half life of 212Pb is 3.83 × 104 s.

(i) State what is meant by the term half life.
(1)

(ii) Show that the decay constant of 212Pb is about 2 × 10í sí and hence calculate the

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fraction of the original sample that will remain after a time of 1 day (86 400 s).
(4)

Fraction remaining = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20
*P46955A02028*
(iii) The energy released in this decay is 9.12 × 10í J.
Calculate the decrease in mass in kg that occurs in the decay of one Pb-212 atom.
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(2)

Decrease in mass = ................................................. kg

(c) The isotope of bismuth produced by the decay of Pb-212 is itself radioactive. It
produces both alpha and beta particles with an overall half life which is much shorter
than that of the lead.
Discuss how the decay of the bismuth isotope could affect the measurements made on
the activity of the broad bean plant.
(2)
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(d) George de Hevesy also discovered the element hafnium, which is a good absorber
of neutrons. Hafnium is sometimes used to control the rate of fission in a nuclear
fission reactor.
Suggest why a material which is a good absorber of neutrons would enable the rate of
fission to be controlled.
(1)

21
*P46955A02128* Turn over
(e) Fusion reactors could become a better alternative to fission reactors.
Explain why this is the case and give reasons why practical fusion reactors are still

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only at the experimental stage.
(5)

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(Total for Question 18 = 17 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

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22
*P46955A02228*
Write your name here
Surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level

Physics
Advanced
Unit 5: Physics from Creation to Collapse

Wednesday 18 January 2017 – Afternoon Paper Reference

Time: 1 hour 35 minutes WPH05/01

You do not need any other materials. Total Marks

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over

P48364A
©2017 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/
*P48364A0132*
SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

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For questions 1–10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .
1 Police use radar speed guns to determine vehicle speeds. The speed gun sends out radio
waves towards the vehicle which reflects them back to the speed gun.
If the vehicle is moving towards the speed gun the radio waves experience an increase in
A amplitude.
B frequency.
C speed.
D wavelength.

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

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2 An ideal gas is maintained at a constant temperature in a sealed container and the volume
of the container is varied.
Which of the following is the correct statement about the pressure exerted by the gas?
A The pressure is directly proportional to the volume.
B The pressure is independent of the volume.
C The pressure is inversely proportional to the volume.
D The pressure is proportional to the square of the volume.

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 When compared to the Sun, red giant stars are

A cooler and brighter.

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B cooler and dimmer.

C hotter and brighter.
D hotter and dimmer.

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

2
*P48364A0232*
4 Dark matter is known to exist because it
A emits high energy X-rays.
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B exerts gravitational forces on matter.

C is predicted by the Standard Model.
D obscures distant galaxies.

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram shows a range of main sequence stars.

Luminosity
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Temperature

Moving along the sequence in the direction shown, the stars follow a trend of
A decreasing mass and increasing temperature.
B decreasing mass and decreasing luminosity.
C increasing mass and increasing temperature.
D increasing mass and decreasing luminosity.

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

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3
*P48364A0332* Turn over
6 When a liquid is heated at its boiling point, the temperature remains constant until all the
liquid has turned to vapour.

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Select the row in the table which correctly shows what happens to the molecular kinetic
energy and molecular potential energy.

Molecular kinetic energy Molecular potential energy

A increases stays the same

B increases decreases
C stays the same increases
D stays the same decreases

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

7 The average molecular kinetic energy of a sample of nitrogen gas is Ek. The gas is
heated and its temperature changes from 200 K to 400 K.

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Which of the following is the new average molecular kinetic energy?
Ek
A
4
Ek
B
2

C 2Ek

D 4Ek

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 In an incandescent light bulb a metal filament is heated to a high temperature by passing

an electric current through it until the filament glows. The wavelength Ȝmax at which peak
energy emission occurs and the rate at which radiation energy is emitted P both depend
upon the filament temperature.
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What happens to Ȝmax and P when the current through the filament is increased?

A Ȝmax and P both decrease

B Ȝmax and P both increase
C Ȝmax decreases and P increases
D Ȝmax increases and P decreases

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

4
*P48364A0432*
Questions 9 and 10 relate to the graphs below.
y y
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0 x 0 x
A B

y y

0 x 0 x
C D
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9 A mass moves with simple harmonic motion.

Which graph correctly shows how the total energy y of the mass varies with distance x
from the equilibrium position?
A
B
C
D

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

10 A mass moves with simple harmonic motion.

Which graph correctly shows how the time taken for one oscillation y varies with the
frequency x of the oscillation?
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A
B
C
D

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

5
*P48364A0532* Turn over
SECTION B

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

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11 A series of observations are made of nearby stars over a number of years. The stars
are seen to undergo a very small oscillatory motion, appearing to “wobble” against the
background of more distant stars.
Describe how astronomers use this “wobble” to calculate the distance to a nearby star.
(3)

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(Total for Question 11 = 3 marks)

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6
*P48364A0632*
12 A student carried out an experiment to investigate the amount of energy stored in potato
crisps. He placed 22.5 cm3 of water into a test-tube and recorded the temperature. He
then placed a crisp of mass 1 gram in a holder and set light to the crisp and placed it

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under the test-tube.

thermometer

test-tube

water
burning crisp

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Once the crisp had finished burning, the student recorded the final temperature of the
water. The experiment was carried out three times using a crisp of the same mass.

Initial water temperature / °C Final water temperature / °C

21.5 52.1
21.5 52.8
21.5 52.6

(a) Use the student’s data to show that the energy released by burning a crisp is about
2900 J.
density of water = 1.00 g cmí
specific heat capacity of water = 4190 J kg–1 K–1
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8
*P48364A0832*
(b) Explain one precaution that the student should take when carrying out the experiment
to make the energy calculated as accurate as possible.
(2)
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(c) It states on the crisp packet that the energy per gram for the crisps is 21.9 kJ.
Compare this value with the value calculated from the student’s data and suggest a
reason for the difference.
(2)

(Total for Question 12 = 7 marks)

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9
*P48364A0932* Turn over
13 The International Space Station (ISS) is an artificial satellite in a low Earth orbit.
The ISS has a mass of 4.19 × 105 kg and orbits at a height of 4.10 × 105 m above the

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surface of the Earth in a circular orbit.
radius of Earth = 6.37 × 106 m
mass of Earth = 5.98 × 1024 kg
(a) Calculate the time taken for the ISS to complete one orbit of the Earth.
(3)

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Time taken = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Calculate the gravitational field strength exerted by the Earth at the height of the ISS.
(2)

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Gravitational field strength = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(c) Astronauts on board the ISS experience apparent weightless conditions.
Explain why the gravitational force exerted on the astronauts by the Earth appears to
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be absent.
(2)

(Total for Question 13 = 7 marks)

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11
*P48364A01132* Turn over
14 Low-activity, sealed radioactive sources are used in schools to demonstrate the properties
of ionising radiations. Three sources have been mixed up.

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The sources and the radiations that they emit are shown in the table.

Source Radiation emitted

Americium Į
Radium ĮȕȖ
Strontium ȕȖ

(a) State what is meant by the activity of a radioactive source.

(1)

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*(b) Describe an experiment using absorbers of different materials that could be carried
out to identify the sources.
You must explain how the data collected could be used to distinguish between the
three sources.
(6)

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. . . . . . . . . . ..................................................... ....................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12
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F 7KHVFKRRODOVRKDVDȖVRXUFHZLWKDVWDWHGDFWLYLW\RI N%T7KHFXUUHQWDFWLYLW\
RIWKHVRXUFHLVGHWHUPLQHGWREH N%T
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Calculate the time elapsed since the source was produced.

half-life of source = 5.26 years
(3)

Time elapsed = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 14 = 10 marks)

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13
*P48364A01332* Turn over
15 In a nuclear power station, nuclear reactions release energy which is used to produce
steam which drives the turbines that generate the electricity.
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(a) In 1939, Lise Meitner discovered that the uranium isotope U-235 undergoes fission
when struck by a slow neutron. Nuclei of barium and krypton were emitted along
with three neutrons.
This reaction releases about 200 MeV of energy, most of which appears as kinetic
energy of the products.
(i) Complete the nuclear equation which represents this reaction.
(1)

235 141
U + n o %D36 Kr + 3 × 10n
.................
1
92 0 .................

(ii) Explain why energy is released in this reaction.

(2)

(iii) Explain why the fragments must move away from each other after the fission
takes place.
(2)

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(b) The diagram represents a nuclear fusion reaction.

2
H 4
He

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1
n
3
H

(i) Write a nuclear equation, in the space below, for this fusion reaction.
(2)

(ii) Calculate the energy released, in joules, when this fusion reaction occurs.

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(3)

Mass / MeV/c2
1
n 939.6
2
H 1875.1
3
H 2807.9
4
He 3726.4

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................................... ....................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . .................................................... ........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Energy released = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J

16
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(iii) Explain why extremely high temperatures are required for this reaction to take place.
(2)
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(Total for Question 15 = 14 marks)

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17
*P48364A01732* Turn over
16 The diagram shows a loudspeaker unit. The unit contains two different loudspeakers, a
woofer and a tweeter. Each loudspeaker contains a cone.

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tweeter

woofer

cone

A signal applied to a coil attached to the centre of each cone causes the cone to vibrate
and set the air into vibration.

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The tweeter is used to produce high frequency sounds and the woofer is used to produce
low frequency sounds.
(a) A sinusoidal signal is applied to the woofer. The woofer cone moves with simple
harmonic motion and emits a sound of frequency 100 Hz. The centre of the cone
moves with an amplitude of 2.5 mm.
(i) State the conditions for an object to move with simple harmonic motion.
(2)

(ii) Calculate the maximum velocity of the centre of the woofer cone.
(3)

Maximum velocity = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18
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(iii) The graph shows how the displacement x of the cone varies with time t.
Add a line to the graph to show how the velocity of the cone varies over the same
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time interval.
x (2)

0
t

(b) At a particular frequency the sound produced is distorted as the loudspeaker unit
starts to oscillate with increasing amplitude.
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*(i) Explain why the loudspeaker unit starts to oscillate with increasing amplitude.
(3)

(ii) Explain how the effect described may be reduced.

(2)
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19
*P48364A01932* Turn over
(c) Suggest why the woofer and the tweeter are different sizes.
(2)

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(Total for Question 16 = 14 marks)

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20
*P48364A02032*
17 In the early 20th century, Edwin Hubble analysed the light from the stars in distant
clusters of galaxies and deduced that these clusters of galaxies are receding.

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(a) Explain how Hubble was able to deduce that the distant clusters of galaxies are receding.
(2)

(b) The table shows some of Hubble’s original data on the distances to some clusters of
galaxies and the speed with which these clusters are receding.

Distance from Earth Speed

Cluster of galaxies
/ 1023 m / 105 m sí
Virgo 0.6 9

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Pisces 2.3 47
Perseus 3.4 52
Ursa Major 6.8 120
Leo 9.9 190

Another cluster, Pegasus, was calculated to have a distance from Earth

of 2.2 × 1023 m and to be receding with a speed of 39 × 105 m sí.
(i) Comment on these values in relation to the data provided in the table.
(2)

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(ii) The cluster Pegasus is too far away from the Earth for parallax to be used to
determine its distance from the Earth.
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Explain how the distance to Pegasus could be determined.

(3)

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*P48364A02332* Turn over
(c) Hubble’s data has been used to plot a graph of speed v against distance d from the Earth.

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200 –

150 –
v / 105 m sí

100 –

50 –

0–
–

–
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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d / 10 m
23

(i) Use the graph to show that Hubble’s data suggests that the age of the universe is
about 5 × 1016 s.
(3)

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(ii) The currently accepted value of the age of the universe is 4.3 × 1017 s.
Suggest why Hubble’s original data led to a value almost 10 times smaller.
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(2)

(iii) Hubble’s law is generally accepted as an indication that the universe is expanding.
However, the idea of an expanding universe has been challenged by some
scientists.
These scientists suggest that the mass of electrons in the atom increases over time
causing the photons emitted by the atoms to be more energetic.
Use this suggestion to explain how scientists might conclude that the universe is
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not expanding.
(3)

(Total for Question 17 = 15 marks)

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TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

25
*P48364A02532*
Write your name here
Surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

International
Advanced Level

Physics
Advanced
Unit 5: Physics from Creation to Collapse

Wednesday 21 June 2017 – Morning Paper Reference

Time: 1 hour 35 minutes WPH05/01

You do not need any other materials. Total Marks

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• written
Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your
communication will be assessed
– you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar,
as well as the clarity of expression, on these questions.
• The list of data, formulae and relationships is printed at the end of this booklet.
• Candidates may use a scientific calculator.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over

*P48425A0128*
P48425A
©2017 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/

SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

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For questions 1–10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .

1 Astronomers use standard candles to make measurements of distances to star clusters.

A standard candle is an object of known
A brightness.
B distance.
C luminosity.
D size.

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

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2 Some mobile phones may be set to vibrate rather than ring. A mobile phone is placed on a
wooden table and sets the table into oscillation as it vibrates. The vibration now sounds louder.
This is an example of
A free oscillation.
B forced oscillation.
C resonance.
D standing waves.

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

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2
*P48425A0228*

3 Radioactive decay is a random process.

‘Random’ means that we cannot know
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A how much energy will be released.

B the probability that a nucleus will decay per unit time.
C what type of radiation will be emitted.
D which nucleus will decay next.

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

4 If hot liquid wax is left to cool, it will start to solidify at 45 °C. The temperature of the
wax will remain constant until all the wax has solidified.
Select the row in the table that correctly describes how molecular energy will change as
the wax solidifies.

Molecular kinetic energy Molecular potential energy

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A decreases decreases

B decreases stays constant

C stays constant decreases

D stays constant stays constant

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 In a damped oscillation, a force acts to change the amplitude of oscillation.

Which of the following statements about the direction of this force is correct?
A The force is in the opposite direction to the displacement.
B The force is in the opposite direction to the velocity.
C The force is in the same direction as the displacement.
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D The force is in the same direction as the velocity.

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

3
*P48425A0328* Turn over

6 The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram is a scatter graph of luminosity against temperature for stars.

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Luminosity

Temperature

A star is located near to the top end of the main sequence.

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Select the row in the table that correctly compares the mass and temperature of the star to
those of the Sun.

Mass Temperature
A larger higher
B larger lower
C smaller higher
D smaller lower

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

7 Stellar parallax is used by astronomers to determine the distances to stars.

Why can this method only be used for some stars?

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A The effect is too small for nearby stars.

B The effect is too large for nearby stars.
C The effect is too small for distant stars.
D The effect is too large for distant stars.

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

4
*P48425A0428*

8 Nuclear fusion requires extreme conditions for the hydrogen fuel.

In order for any nuclei to fuse, which of the following is essential?
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A very high density

B very high pressure
C very high temperature
D very large mass

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

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5
*P48425A0528* Turn over

Questions 9 and 10 relate to the graph below.
The graph shows how the velocity v varies with time t for an object undergoing simple

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harmonic motion.
v

0
t

The following graphs show how other quantities for the object may vary with t over the
same time period.

y y

0 0
t t

A B

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y y

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0 0
t t

C D

9 Select the graph which shows the variation of displacement from the equilibrium position
with time.
A
B
C
D

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

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10 Select the graph which shows the variation of acceleration with time.
A
B
C
D

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

6
*P48425A0628*

SECTION B

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

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11 The two images show a small part of the spectrum produced by helium. One image is a
spectrum produced in a laboratory and the other is a spectrum produced by the light from
a star.
Both images contain a bright yellow line. In the spectrum produced by light from the star,
the yellow line is shifted in wavelength.

spectrum produced in a laboratory spectrum produced by light from a star

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Calculate the magnitude of the velocity of the star relative to the Earth.
(3)

Velocity of star = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 11 = 3 marks)

7
*P48425A0728* Turn over

12 Some light bulbs consist of a metal filament inside a glass bulb. The bulb may be filled
with a mixture of gases to reduce vaporisation of the filament.

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filament

glass bulb

(a) The glass bulb contains a mixture of krypton gas and xenon gas at room temperature.
The mean squared speed of the krypton molecules is 8.72 × 104 m2 s−2.
Calculate the mean squared speed of the xenon molecules.
mass of 1 molecule of krypton = 1.39 × 10−25 kg

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mass of 1 molecule of xenon = 2.18 × 10−25 kg
(2)

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Mean squared speed = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m2 s−2

8
*P48425A0828*

*(b) When a current flows through the filament, the gas in the bulb heats up and the
pressure exerted by the gas increases.
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Explain, including ideas of momentum, why the pressure exerted by the gas increases.
(4)

(Total for Question 12 = 6 marks)

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9
*P48425A0928* Turn over

13 The Sun is one of about 1011 stars in the Milky Way galaxy. The vast majority of stars in
the Milky Way are observed to be within its nucleus. The Sun lies on the Sagittarius arm
of the Milky Way, about 27 000 light years from the centre of the galaxy, as shown.

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Face-on view Side-on view

location of Sun

nucleus

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(a) The galaxy is rotating about its centre and astronomers estimate that the Sun makes
one complete revolution every 240 million years.
(i) Show that the angular velocity of the Sun ωSun, about the centre of the galaxy, is
about 8 × 10−16 rad s−1.
1 year = 3.15 × 107 s
(2)

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10
*P48425A01028*

(ii) Use Newton’s law of gravitation to show that, for any star outside the nucleus,
ω2 ∝ 1/r3 where r is the distance between the star and the centre of the galaxy.
(2)
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(iii) Use the expression from (ii), together with the value of ωSun from (i), to calculate
a value for the angular velocity ωstar of a star similar to the Sun, but located at the
edge of the Milky Way.
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diameter of galaxy ≈ 100 000 light years

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(2)

ωstar = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) In fact, stars similar to the Sun, but further away from the centre of the galaxy, are
observed to have angular velocities that are all approximately the same.
Explain what astronomers can conclude from these observations.
(2)
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(Total for Question 13 = 8 marks)

11
*P48425A01128* Turn over

14 The photograph shows a dancing “hula girl” toy. The toy uses energy from the Sun to
make the girl dance. When the solar cell is illuminated the girl’s arms move with
simple harmonic motion.

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(a) State the conditions for an object to move with simple harmonic motion.
(2)

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(b) (i) The time t for 50 oscillations of the arms is measured three times and the values
obtained are recorded in the table.

t1 /s t2 /s t3 /s

18.9 19.2 19.1

Show that the arms oscillate with a frequency of about 2.6 Hz.
(3)

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12
*P48425A01228*

(ii) From the top to the bottom of the movement, the hands travel a distance of 0.75 cm.
Calculate the maximum speed of the hands.
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(3)

Maximum speed of hands = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 14 = 8 marks)

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13
*P48425A01328* Turn over

15 Basketballs are usually made from a leather composite and are filled with air. A standard
basketball has a total mass of 0.620 kg and a volume of 8.18 × 10−3 m3.

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(a) A basketball is filled with air at a pressure of 1.55 × 105 Pa and at a temperature of 20 °C.
Calculate the number of air molecules inside the basketball.
(3)

Number of air molecules = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b) A standard basketball rebounds to a height of between 1.40 m and 1.60 m when
dropped onto a hard surface from a height of 1.80 m.
(i) Show that the maximum allowable decrease in kinetic energy during the bounce is
about 2.4 J.
(3)

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14
*P48425A01428*

(ii) The specific heat capacity of the basketball can be taken to be 1170 J kg−1 K−1.
Calculate the number of times a standard basketball must be dropped from 1.80 m
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to increase the temperature of the basketball and the air inside by 0.5°C.
(3)

Number of times basketball must be dropped = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(iii) State one assumption that you had to make to calculate the number of times that
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the basketball had to be dropped.

(1)

(Total for Question 15 = 10 marks)

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15
*P48425A01528* Turn over

16 One method for sterilising metallic surgical instruments is irradiating them. The instruments are
sealed in plastic packages and then passed in front of a radioactive isotope.

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*(a) By considering relevant properties of each type of radiation, determine whether α, β,
or γ radiation would be most appropriate for this method.
(4)

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(b) A radioactive isotope commonly used as a source for the radiation has a half-life of
5.27 years. A sample of this isotope contains 5.02 × 1013 unstable nuclei when it is new.
(i) Show that the activity of the sample when it is new is about 2 × 105 Bq.
1 year = 3.15 × 107 s
(3)

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16
*P48425A01628*

(ii) The activity of the sample decreases over time.

Calculate the time, in years, until the activity of the sample decreases to 8.0 kBq.
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(3)

Time = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . years

(c) A technician is checking the activity of a radioactive source.

Describe how the technician should safely handle the source.
(2)

(Total for Question 16 = 12 marks)

17
*P48425A01728* Turn over

17 Americium-241(Am) is an artificially produced radioactive isotope which was commonly
used in smoke detectors. It decays through emission of an α-particle to neptunium (Np).

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(a) (i) Complete the nuclear equation which represents the decay of americium.
(2)

241
Am → Np + α
................. .................

95 ................. .................

*(ii) Explain why most of the energy released in the decay becomes kinetic energy of
the α-particle.
(3)

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18
*P48425A01828*

(b) The table gives masses of an americium nucleus and its constituent particles.
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Mass / u

1
p 1.00728

1
n 1.00866

241
Am 241.00471

Calculate the binding energy per nucleon, in J, of americium-241.

(4)

Binding energy per nucleon = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J

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19
*P48425A01928* Turn over

(c) The graph shows how the binding energy per nucleon varies with nucleon number for
a range of nuclides.

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10 –

9–

8–
Binding energy per nucleon / MeV

7–

6–

5–

4–

3–

2–

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1–

0–
–

–
0 50 100 150 200 250
Nucleon number

Use the graph to explain why the fission of nuclei with large numbers of nucleons
releases large amounts of energy.
(3)

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(Total for Question 17 = 12 marks)

20
*P48425A02028*

18 A black body of surface area A has luminosity L. The graph shows how the radiated
flux L/A varies with temperature T.

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400 –

300 –
L/A / MWm–2

200 –

100 –

0–

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–

–
2000 4000 6000 8000
T/K

(a) (i) Using data from the graph show that the luminosity of the Sun is about 4 × 1026 W.
surface temperature of the Sun = 5900 K
radius of the Sun = 6.96 × 108 m
(3)

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22
*P48425A02228*

(ii) Calculate the radiation flux F from the Sun at the top of the Earth’s atmosphere.
distance from Sun to Earth = 1.50 × 1011 m
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(2)

F = .........................................

(iii) Suggest why the total rate at which energy from the Sun arrives at the top of the
Earth’s atmosphere is much less than F × A, where A is the area of the spherical
surface representing the top of the atmosphere.
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(2)
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23
*P48425A02328* Turn over

(b) The Sun is often referred to as a yellow star.
(i) Show that the wavelength λmax at which peak energy emission occurs for the Sun

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is about 5 × 10−7 m.
(2)

(ii) The visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum extends from a wavelength of
about 400 nm to a wavelength of about 700 nm.
Suggest why light from the Sun is white rather than yellow.
(2)

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(Total for Question 18 = 11 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

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24
*P48425A02428*
Write your name here
Surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level

Physics
Advanced
Unit 5: Physics from Creation to Collapse

Monday 6 November 2017 – Morning Paper Reference

Time: 1 hour 35 minutes WPH05/01

You do not need any other materials. Total Marks

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• – use this asfora guide
The marks each question are shown in brackets
as to how much time to spend on each question.
• written
Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your
communication will be assessed
– you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar,
as well as the clarity of expression, on these questions.
• The list of data, formulae and relationships is printed at the end of this booklet.
• Candidates may use a scientific calculator.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over

1/1/1/1/
*P50796A0124*
SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

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For questions 1–10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .

1 A Geiger counter is used to determine the count rate from a radioactive source. The count
rate is unchanged when a 5 mm thickness of aluminium is placed between the counter
and the source. The count rate reduces significantly when a thin sheet of lead is placed
between the counter and the source.
Which of the following is the radiation emitted by the source?
A Į-particles
B ȕ-particles
C ȕ-particles and Ȗ-radiation
D Ȗ-radiation

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(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 Protactinium has a half-life of 70 s.

Which of the following is the time taken for 75% of a sample of protactinium to decay?
A 35 s
B 70 s
C 140 s
D 210 s

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 Two containers are filled with two gases, A and B. The gases have the same temperature,
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but the mean squared speed of the molecules in A is twice the mean squared speed of the
molecules in B.
Which of the following is the ratio of the mass of a molecule in A to the mass of a
molecule in B?
A 0.25
B 0.5
C 2
D 4

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

2
*P50796A0224*
4 The temperature of a sample of helium gas is increased.
Which row of the table shows changes that could maintain the pressure of the sample at a
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constant value?

Volume of the container Number of helium molecules

A decrease remain constant

B decrease increase
C increase decrease
D remain constant increase

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 Two identical stars each of mass M are orbiting about point O in a binary system, as shown.

O
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x x

Which of the following is the gravitational field strength at O?

A 0

GM
B
2x2
GM
C
x2
2GM
D
x2
(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)
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6 A guitar string is set into vibration by plucking it at its centre.

Which of the following quantities, if altered, would change the wavelength of the vibration of
the string?
A density of the string
B diameter of the string
C length of the string
D tension of the string

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

3
*P50796A0324* Turn over
7 Electromagnetic radiation of frequency 1.42 GHz is emitted by a stellar source.
The radiation is received by an observer on Earth who measures the frequency as 1.44 GHz.

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The difference in the two frequency values is because
A the source is approaching the Earth.
B the source is receding from the Earth.
C the Earth is receding from the source.
D the Earth is rotating about its axis.

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 The graphs show how the pressure p exerted by a fixed mass of gas varies with the
volume V of the gas, for two different temperatures.
The gas is made to expand and then contract in the cycle WXYZW, as shown.

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W X

Z Y

Select the stage of the cycle during which the temperature of the gas increases.
A WoX
B XoY
C YoZ
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D ZoW

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

4
*P50796A0424*
Questions 9 and 10 relate to the Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams below.

A star cluster is a group of stars which were all formed at about the same time.
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The diagrams are drawn for a star cluster at different stages of its evolution.

L L

T T
A B

L L
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T T
C D

9 Select the diagram for the star cluster when it is closest to the beginning of its evolution.
A
B
C
D

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

10 Select the diagram for the star cluster when its first red giants have run out of fuel and
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collapsed.
A
B
C
D

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

5
*P50796A0524* Turn over
SECTION B

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

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11 A student is carrying out an experiment to determine the time period of vertical oscillations
of a mass attached to a spring.

spring
stand

marker

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The student places a marker at the centre of the oscillation.
Explain why the centre of the oscillation is the best place to use as a reference point.
(3)

. . . . . . . . . . ..................................................... ....................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(Total for Question 11 = 3 marks)

6
*P50796A0624*
12 The Ancient Greeks believed that all stars were the same distance from the Earth.
(a) Describe how astronomers today are able to determine the distance to nearby stars.
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(3)

(b) Explain how two stars which appear to be equally bright might not be the same
distance from the observer.
(3)

(Total for Question 12 = 6 marks)

7
*P50796A0724* Turn over
13 A hot drinks dispenser fills a cup with 0.25 kg of water at a temperature of 85 qC in 9.4 s.
(a) The water enters the dispenser at a temperature of 22 qC.

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Calculate the electrical power of the heater in the dispenser.
(3)
specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1

Electrical power of heater = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b) Suggest why the actual power of the heater may differ from the value calculated in (a).
(2)

(Total for Question 13 = 5 marks)

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8
*P50796A0824*
*14 A partially inflated balloon is placed under a bell jar, as shown in Diagram 1.
An airtight seal is made at the base of the bell jar and a vacuum pump is turned on.
After several minutes, the volume of the balloon has increased, as shown in Diagram 2.
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bell jar

balloon

to vacuum pump to vacuum pump

Diagram 1 Diagram 2

Explain, using ideas of molecular momentum, why the volume occupied by the balloon
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increases.
(5)

(Total for Question 14 = 5 marks)

9
*P50796A0924* Turn over
15 The binding energy per nucleon varies over the range of known nuclei.
(a) The table shows the masses of a nucleus of hydrogen-3 and its nucleons.

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mass / 10–27 kg

hydrogen-3 5.008 75

neutron 1.675 40

proton 1.673 09

(i) Show that the binding energy of a nucleus of hydrogen-3 is about 8.5 MeV.
(4)

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(ii) The binding energy of a nucleus of helium-3 is 7.7 MeV.

Explain whether the hydrogen-3 nucleus or the helium-3 nucleus should be more stable.
(2)
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10
*P50796A01024*
(b) The graph of binding energy per nucleon for a range of nuclei is shown.

10
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8
Binding energy per nucleon / MeV

2
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0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Nucleon number

Explain, with reference to the graph, how the fission of uranium-235 nuclei can lead
to a large output of energy.
(3)

(Total for Question 15 = 9 marks)

11
*P50796A01124* Turn over
16 The Sun is a typical star which emits electromagnetic radiation in a spectrum with a peak
at a wavelength of 0.50 × 10–6 m.

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(a) Show that the surface temperature of the Sun is about 6000 K.
(2)

(b) A textbook states “the extreme conditions in its core enable the Sun to fuse hydrogen”.
State the extreme conditions necessary for fusion in the core of the Sun.
(2)

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(c) When the Sun nears the end of its life it will become a red giant star. When it has depleted
the hydrogen in its core its surface temperature will decrease and its radius will increase.
Its luminosity L1 will change to a new value L2.
L2
Calculate the ratio .
L1
(3)
initial surface temperature = 5700 qC initial radius = 6.96 × 108 m
final surface temperature = 2700 qC final radius = 1.26 × 1011 m

L2
= .........................................
L1

12
*P50796A01224*
*(d) The Sun is a relatively low-mass main sequence star. Some main sequence giant
stars are much more massive.
A student states “A star with fifty times the mass of the Sun contains much more
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hydrogen than the Sun. Such a star should therefore spend longer than the Sun on the
main sequence.”
Discuss the validity of this statement.
(4)

(Total for Question 16 = 11 marks)

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13
*P50796A01324* Turn over
17 A fuel rod in a nuclear reactor contains uranium-238. When a nucleus of uranium-238
absorbs a neutron, the nucleus decays to neptunium-239 which then decays to plutonium.

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(a) Complete the nuclear equation for the decay of the neptunium.
(2)

239
1Sĺ Pu + ȕ–
...... ...... ...... ......

93 ...... ...... ...... ......

(b) Neptunium-239 nuclei are produced at a constant rate in the fuel rod.
Eventually, the number of neptunium-239 nuclei in the fuel rod will reach a maximum.
(i) Explain how the rate of decay of neptunium-239 initially varies with time.
(2)

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(ii) Give a reason why the number of neptunium-239 nuclei in the fuel rod will
eventually reach a maximum.
(1)

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14
*P50796A01424*
(iii) The rate at which neptunium-239 nuclei are produced in the fuel rod is 1.85 × 107 s–1.
Calculate the maximum number of neptunium-239 nuclei in the fuel rod.
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(3)
half-life of neptunium-239 = 2.04 × 105 s

Maximum number of neptunium-239 nuclei = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 17 = 10 marks)

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15
*P50796A01524* Turn over
18 Almost fifty years ago, a physicist found evidence for the existence of dark matter from
her observations of the Andromeda Galaxy. The rotation of this spiral galaxy seemed to
contradict Newton’s laws.

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(a) Show that the velocity v of a star of mass m, in an orbit of radius r about a larger
mass M, is given by
GM
v=
r (2)

(b) The stars in the Andromeda Galaxy are in orbit about the centre of the galaxy.
Most of the visible mass of the galaxy is concentrated at its centre. The graph shows
how the velocity v of stars varies with distance r from the centre of the galaxy.

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v
observed

predicted

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16
*P50796A01624*
Explain how dark matter may account for the difference between the observed
velocity and the predicted velocity of stars far away from the centre of the galaxy.
You may assume that, for a star orbiting at radius r, all the matter inside the sphere of
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radius r acts like a point mass at the centre.

(3)

(c) The exact amount of dark matter in the Universe is unknown.

Explain how the amount of dark matter might be expected to determine the ultimate
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fate of the Universe.

(3)

(Total for Question 18 = 8 marks)

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17
*P50796A01724* Turn over
19 A loudspeaker is designed to produce the low frequency notes in a music system. The
loudspeaker contains a cone that oscillates when it is supplied with an electrical signal.
A signal of frequency 120 Hz is supplied to the loudspeaker and the cone moves with

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simple harmonic motion.
(a) State what is meant by simple harmonic motion.
(2)

(b) When it is producing the loudest sound, the cone has a maximum displacement of
3.0 mm from the equilibrium position.
Calculate the maximum acceleration of the cone.
(3)

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Maximum acceleration of cone = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) The graph shows how acceleration a varies with time t for two cycles of oscillation of
the cone.
Draw a graph, on the same axes, to show how velocity varies with time for the same
two cycles.
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(2)
a

0
t

18
*P50796A01824*
(d) The loudspeaker is inside a casing.
The casing is designed so that its natural frequency of oscillation is much greater than 120 Hz.
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Explain an advantage of this.

(3)

(e) Loudspeaker casings often contain pieces of absorbent material at positions within the
casing where the oscillations are greatest. This dampens the oscillations of the casing.
Explain why this damping is necessary.
(3)

(Total for Question 19 = 13 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

19
*P50796A01924*
Write your name here
Surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level

Physics
Advanced
Unit 5: Physics from Creation to Collapse

Wednesday 17 January 2018 – Afternoon Paper Reference

Time: 1 hour 35 minutes WPH05/01

You must have: Total Marks
Ruler

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over

1/1/1/1/1/
*P51944A0128*
SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

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For questions 1–10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .

1 Which of the following statements about the absolute zero of temperature is correct?
A It is the temperature of deep space.
B It is the temperature at which water becomes ice.
C It is the lowest temperature yet reached in a laboratory.
D It is the temperature at which the internal energy of an ideal gas would be least.

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 A gas consists of a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen molecules. Oxygen molecules are

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more massive than nitrogen molecules.
Which of the following statements is correct?
A On average all the molecules have the same speed.
B On average all the molecules have the same kinetic energy.
C On average a nitrogen molecule has more kinetic energy than an oxygen molecule.
D On average the speed of the nitrogen molecules is less than the speed of the oxygen
molecules.

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 A mass is hung from a spring and set into vertical oscillation of amplitude x0. The total
energy of oscillation is E0.

Which of the following expressions gives the total energy of oscillation E when the
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amplitude has reduced to 1 x0?

2
A E = 4 E0
B E = 2 E0

1
C E= E
2 0
1
D E= E
4 0
(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

2
*P51944A0228*
4 A brass ring and a gold ring are supplied with the same amount of thermal energy.
The brass ring is half the mass of the gold ring, and the specific heat capacity of brass is
3 times that of gold.
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temperature rise of brass ring

Which of the following is the ratio ?
temperature rise of gold ringg
1
A
6
2
B
3
3
C
2

D 6

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 A technician is planning to use a radioactive source to check the calibration of a radiation

counter. The source should have a large rate of decay.
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Select the row in the table which would result in the largest rate of decay.

Number of unstable nuclei in source Half-life of source

A small short
B small long
C large short
D large long

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

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3
*P51944A0328* Turn over
6 The distances to two stars are being determined using trigonometric parallax.
The radiation flux from star P is greater than that from star Q, and the parallax angle for
star P is greater than that of star Q.

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Which of the following is a correct deduction about the stars?
A Star P has a greater luminosity than star Q.
B Star P has the same luminosity as star Q.
C Star P is closer than star Q.
D Star P is the same distance from the Earth as star Q.

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

7 The diagram shows three light pendulums X, Y and Z being driven into oscillation by a
heavy pendulum P. The time period of a pendulum increases with the pendulum length.

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P Y

Which of the following statements is correct?

A X has the largest amplitude.
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B Y has the largest amplitude.

C Z has the largest amplitude.
D X, Y and Z have the same amplitude.

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

4
*P51944A0428*
8 Astrophysicists have determined a value for the age of the universe using

A the cosmic background radiation.

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B the gravitational constant.

C a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.
D the Hubble constant.

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

9 The temperature scale on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram shown below is not complete.

L / LSun
106

103

1
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10–3

X 6000 Y

Select the row in the table which gives possible values for X and Y.

X/K Y/K

A 3000 9000
B 3000 12 000
C 9000 3000
D 12 000 3000
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(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

5
*P51944A0528* Turn over
10 Some buildings are designed to withstand earthquakes. The energy from the earthquake
waves is dissipated by deforming some parts of the building.

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For this to be effective, these parts of the building must be
A able to undergo elastic deformation.
B able to undergo plastic deformation.
C stiff under compressive forces.
D strong under compressive forces.

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

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6
*P51944A0628*
SECTION B

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

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11 A line in the hydrogen spectrum from a laboratory source has a wavelength of 486 nm.
In the spectrum of light received from a distant galaxy this line appears at a wavelength
of 507 nm.
Determine the velocity of the galaxy.
(3)

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Velocity of galaxy = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 11 = 3 marks)

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8
*P51944A0828*
12 While underwater a diver releases an air bubble of volume 6.50 q 10–8 m3. At the point
of release the pressure is 8.55 q 105 Pa and the temperature of the sea is 5.0 °C.
The bubble rises to the surface where the temperature of the sea is 20.0 °C.
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(a) As the bubble rises, the mass of air in the bubble remains constant.
Calculate the volume of the bubble as it reaches the surface of the sea. Assume the
air behaves as an ideal gas.
(3)
atmospheric pressure = 1.02 × 105 Pa

Volume of bubble as it reaches the surface = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Explain why the actual volume of the bubble as it reaches the surface would be less
than the volume calculated.
(2)

(Total for Question 12 = 5 marks)

9
*P51944A0928* Turn over
13 In an experimental nuclear fusion reactor, magnetic fields are used to confine a hot plasma.
This is to sustain a controlled nuclear fusion reaction.

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*(a) Explain why it is difficult to sustain a controlled nuclear fusion reaction.
(4)

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10
*P51944A01028*
(b) The graph shows how the mass per nucleon varies for a range of nuclei.
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Mass per nucleon

He
C
O
Fe
50 100 150 200 250
Nucleon number
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(i) Explain, using the graph, how a fusion process is able to release energy.
(2)

(ii) Explain, using the graph, a limitation to the elements suitable for fusion.
(2)

(Total for Question 13 = 8 marks)

11
*P51944A01128* Turn over
14 Cepheid variable stars can be used as standard candles.
(a) State what is meant by a standard candle.

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(1)

(b) The graph shows how the luminosity L of one type of Cepheid variable star depends
upon the period T of variation in its luminosity.

5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
Log10 (L / LSun)

3.0

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2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1 10 100
T / days

(i) A Cepheid variable star is identified in the Andromeda galaxy with a period of 3.0 days.
Use the graph to show that the luminosity of this star is about 2 × 1029 W.
(3)
LSun = 3.85 q 1026 W
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12
*P51944A01228*
(ii) The radiation flux of the Cepheid star at the Earth is measured to be 3.36 × 10–17 W mí.
Calculate the distance to the Andromeda galaxy.
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(2)

Distance to Andromeda galaxy = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*(c) Standard candles can only be used to determine distances to relatively close galaxies.
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Outline the method used by astronomers to determine distances to more distant

galaxies in our universe.
(4)

(Total for Question 14 = 10 marks)

13
*P51944A01328* Turn over
15 The photograph and diagram show a “nodding donkey” used to pump oil from the ground.

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beam
head

motor

rod

The motor raises and lowers one end of the beam, causing the head of the beam to move
with simple harmonic motion. The head is attached to a metal rod that moves up and
down, operating a pump deep in an oil well.
(a) State what is meant by simple harmonic motion.

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(2)

(b) The motor takes 7.4 s for one complete cycle.

(i) Show that the angular velocity of the motor is about 0.8 rad s–1.
(2)
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. . . . . . . . . . ..................................................... ....................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14
*P51944A01428*
(ii) The head of the beam moves with an amplitude of 22 cm.
Calculate the maximum velocity of the head.
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(2)

Maximum velocity of head = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) The graph shows how the displacement varies with time for two complete cycles.
Add a line to the graph to show the corresponding variation of velocity with time.
(2)
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Displacement

0 Time

(Total for Question 15 = 8 marks)

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15
*P51944A01528* Turn over
16 Sirius is a binary star system 8.1 q 1016 m from Earth. Sirius A is a main sequence star
and the brightest star in the night sky. Sirius B is a white dwarf star.
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(a) State what is meant by a main sequence star.

(1)

(b) Explain why it is appropriate for stars such as Sirius B to be called white dwarf stars.
(2)

(c) The two stars in the binary system were formed at roughly the same time.
Explain how we can deduce that Sirius B was initially much more massive than Sirius A.
(5)

(Total for Question 16 = 8 marks)

17
*P51944A01728* Turn over
17 Jupiter is the most massive planet in the solar system. In 2016 the spacecraft Juno
completed a five-year mission to Jupiter. Juno is currently orbiting Jupiter with a period
of 14 days.

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(a) Calculate the radius of Juno’s orbit about Jupiter.
(3)
mass of Jupiter = 1.9 q 1027 kg
1 day = 86 400 s

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Radius of orbit = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The diagram shows Jupiter and the Sun. A point where the gravitational field strength of
the Sun is equal and opposite to the gravitational field strength of Jupiter is labelled P.

Jupiter
P Sun

r R
Diagram not
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to scale

The mass of the Sun is MS. The mass of Jupiter is MJ. The gravitational constant is G.
(i) State expressions for the gravitational field strength of the Sun gs at point P and
the gravitational field strength of Jupiter gJ at point P.
(2)

gs = ............................... ........................

gJ = ............................... ........................

18
*P51944A01828*
R
(ii) Show that the ratio is about 30.
r (2)
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MS = 2.0 q 1030 kg

(iii) Hence calculate r.

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The distance from the centre of Jupiter to the centre of the Sun is 7.8 × 108 km.
(2)

r = .......................................................
(c) One function of Juno is to monitor the temperature of Jupiter’s atmosphere. At the
top of the atmosphere the temperature can reach 725 °C.
Determine the type of electromagnetic radiation that the instruments in Juno must be
sensitive to. Your answer should include a calculation.
(3)
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(Total for Question 17 = 12 marks)

19
*P51944A01928* Turn over
18 Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas, mainly produced in areas rich in granite.
In the open air radon causes no problems, but it can seep into buildings from the ground
and reach dangerous concentrations.

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D 5DGRQGHFD\VWRSRORQLXPE\HPLWWLQJĮSDUWLFOHV
(i) Complete the nuclear equation for the decay of a radon-222 nucleus.
(2)
222
Rn o Po +
............ ............

............
84 ............
Į

(ii) Give two reasons why radon gas is particularly dangerous.

(2)

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E 7KHWRWDONLQHWLFHQHUJ\RIWKHĮSDUWLFOHDQGWKHSRORQLXPQXFOHXVLV0H9
Calculate the mass difference in kg between a nucleus of radon-222 and its products
in the decay.
(3)

. . . . . . . . . . ..................................................... ....................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

Mass difference = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg

20
*P51944A02028*
(c) In some homes the activity from the decaying radon can be as high as 1000 Bq for
each cubic metre of air.
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Radon-222 has a half-life of 3.30 q 105 s.

(i) Calculate the number of radon-222 nuclei in a cubic metre of air with an activity
of 950 Bq.
(3)

Number of radon-222 nuclei = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) It is recommended that radon levels should be reduced in homes where the
average activity per cubic metre of air is greater than 200 Bq.
Calculate the time taken for the activity of radon in a sample to decrease from
950 Bq to 200 Bq.
(3)

Time taken for the activity to decrease = .......................................................

21
*P51944A02128* Turn over
(iii) The risk to people increases as the concentration of radon gas in the home
increases. However, about 90 per cent of deaths caused from exposure to radon
gas occur in homes where the activity per cubic metre of air is less than 200 Bq.

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Suggest why this is the case.
(1)

(d) A sample of radon gas is placed in a sealed container and its initial activity is measured.
A student calculates a value for the activity inside the container after a time equal to two
half-lives. However, a measurement of the activity inside the container gives a value
considerably higher than this.
Explain why the student’s calculation does not agree with the measurement.

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(2)

(Total for Question 18 = 16 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

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22
*P51944A02228*
Write your name here
Surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level

Physics
Advanced
Unit 5: Physics from Creation to Collapse

Friday 8 June 2018 – Morning Paper Reference

Time: 1 hour 35 minutes WPH05/01

You do not need any other materials. Total Marks

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over

1/1/1/1/1/1/
*P51945A0128*
SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

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For questions 1–10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .

1 Current theories give a number of alternatives for the future evolution of our universe.
Which of the following is a correct statement for an open universe?
A It eventually reaches a maximum size.
B It has a future that cannot be predicted.
C It will eventually collapse in on itself.
D It keeps expanding forever.

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

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2 A system is oscillating with simple harmonic motion. The energy of oscillation of the
system doubles.
The amplitude of oscillation increases by a factor of

1
A
2
1
B
2

C 2

D 2

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

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3 About 25% of the mass of the universe is thought to consist of dark matter.
Which of the following is a correct statement about dark matter?
A It absorbs all electromagnetic radiation.
B It emits no electromagnetic radiation.
C It exerts no gravitational force.
D It provides direct evidence for the Big Bang.

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

2
*P51945A0228*
4 A mixture of helium He and hydrogen H2 gases is maintained at a temperature of 300 K.
The average kinetic energy of the He molecules is Ek and their average speed is v.
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Which of the following is a correct statement?

A The average kinetic energy of the H2 molecules is less than Ek.
B The average kinetic energy of the H2 molecules is the same as Ek.
C The average speed of the H2 molecules is less than v.
D The average speed of the H2 molecules is the same as v.

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 A source of alpha radiation is dangerous if taken into the body.

This is because alpha particles are
A positively charged.
B massive particles.
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C very ionising.
D very penetrating.

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

6 A protostar is a young star, the temperature of which is still increasing.

The surface temperature of a protostar increases from 2800 K to 3100 K.
As a result, the rate at which energy is radiated away from a 1 m2 surface area of the
protostar changes by a factor of
A 0.9
B 1.1
C 1.2
D 1.5
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(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

3
*P51945A0328* Turn over
7 Two stars are being observed. Star X is twice as far away as star Y and the radiation flux
received from star X is half that from star Y.

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Which of the following statements is correct?
A Star X has half the luminosity of star Y.
B Star X has the same luminosity as star Y.
C Star X has twice the luminosity of star Y.
D Star X has eight times the luminosity of star Y.

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 The gravitational field strength at the surface of the Earth is 9.81 N kgí. A satellite is
orbiting at a height above the surface of the Earth equal to twice the radius of the Earth.
What is the gravitational field strength at this height?
A 1.1 N kgí
B 2.5 N kgí

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C 3.3 N kgí
D 4.9 N kgí

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

9 When a solid is heated at its melting point, the temperature remains constant until all the
solid has turned to liquid.
Select the row in the table that correctly gives the change in the mean molecular kinetic
and potential energies.

Mean molecular kinetic energy Mean molecular potential energy

A increases stays the same
B increases increases
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C stays the same increases

D stays the same decreases

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

4
*P51945A0428*
10 Stellar parallax can be used to determine the distances to stars which are relatively close
to the Earth.
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Why is this method unsuitable for more distant stars?

A The radiation flux from these stars is too low.
B The luminosity of these stars is too low.
C The parallax angle is too large.
D The parallax angle is too small.

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

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5
*P51945A0528* Turn over
SECTION B

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

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11 A microwave oven uses electromagnetic waves to transfer energy to certain substances
such as water.
(a) The frequency of the electromagnetic waves generated in a microwave oven is 2.45 GHz.
Calculate the wavelength of the microwaves produced by the oven.
(2)

Wavelength = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) A teacher determines the efficiency of a microwave oven. She places a glass beaker
containing 225 g of water in the microwave oven. The microwave oven has an input
power of 550 W.

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The microwave oven is switched on for 120 s and the temperature of the water
increases from 15.0 °C to 67.5 °C.
(i) Calculate the efficiency of the microwave oven.
(3)
specific heat capacity of water = 4190 J kgí Kí

Efficiency = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) State a reason why the efficiency is less than 100%.
(1)

(Total for Question 11 = 6 marks)

6
*P51945A0628*
12 A student was investigating the penetrating power of nuclear radiations. He placed a
radioactive source close to a Geiger-Müller (GM) tube and placed different absorbers
between the source and the GM tube.
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GM tube absorber source

The student’s readings are shown below.

Count recorded for 2 minutes

Absorber
with absorber in place
air 225
paper 224
aluminium sheet of thickness 1 mm 194
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aluminium sheet of thickness 5 mm 110

lead sheet of thickness 5 mm 52

(a) Criticise the student’s results.

(2)

(b) Explain which radiations were emitted from the source.

(3)
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(Total for Question 12 = 5 marks)

7
*P51945A0728* Turn over
13 A Hertzsprung-Russell diagram shows how luminosity varies with surface temperature
for a range of stars. The Sun is a yellow main sequence star. The position of the Sun in
the diagram is marked with S.

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106
Luminosity / LSun

1
S

10−6
6000

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T/K

(a) Complete the temperature scale on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.

(2)

(b) Compared with the Sun, white dwarf stars have a lower luminosity and produce
whiter light. It is not possible to directly measure the size of these stars, due to their
large distance from the Earth.
Explain how astronomers have deduced that these stars have a relatively small
surface area compared to that of the Sun.
(3)

(Total for Question 13 = 5 marks)

8
*P51945A0828*
14 A Bluetooth speaker enables music to be played from a phone or other mobile device
without the need for wire connections. The speaker rests on three rubber feet as shown.
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Top of speaker Bottom of speaker

rubber feet

(a) The rubber feet maintain contact between the speaker and the surface it is on.
Explain why the sound is loud when the speaker is on a hard wooden surface.
(2)
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(b) For certain frequencies of sound there is a much larger increase in the loudness of the
sound produced.
Explain why this increase in sound occurs for certain frequencies.
(3)

(Total for Question 14 = 5 marks)

9
*P51945A0928* Turn over
15 An exoplanet is a planet orbiting a star other than the Sun. One of the first exoplanets to
be found is Tau Boötis b in the Tau Boötis star system. Both the star and the exoplanet
are in orbit about a point just outside of the star. The exoplanet was detected by changes

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in the wavelength of the light received from the star.

Not to scale

star

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exoplanet

(a) Because of the circular path of the star, the wavelength of light detected from the star
changes.
(i) Explain why the wavelength of the light detected from the star would change.
(3)

10
*P51945A01028*
(ii) For a spectral line of wavelength 622 nm, the maximum change in wavelength
observed was ± 9.73 × 10í nm.
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Calculate the speed of the star.

(2)

Speed of the star = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*(b) Tau Boötis is a main sequence star that is more massive than the Sun.
Explain how the temperature of Tau Boötis would compare with the temperature of
the Sun.
(3)
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(c) The exoplanet has a mass more than four times the mass of Jupiter.
Suggest why much less massive exoplanets are much harder to detect by measuring
changes in the wavelength of the light received from the star.
(2)
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(Total for Question 15 = 10 marks)

11
*P51945A01128* Turn over
16 In an incandescent lamp, a metal filament is heated to a high temperature so that it emits
light. The filament is enclosed in a glass bulb filled with an inert gas.

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inert gas metal filament

glass bulb

(a) In one type of lamp the filament is heated to a temperature of 2630 K.

(i) Show that the wavelength Ȝmax of peak power emission from the filament is
approximately 1 × 10í m.
(2)

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(ii) Suggest, using the value of Ȝmax, why the lamp is inefficient as a light source.
(2)

12
*P51945A01228*
(iii) The pressure of the inert gas inside the bulb is 58.5 kPa at a temperature of 18.0 °C.
When the lamp is on, the temperature of the gas is 165 °C.
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Calculate the pressure of the gas when the lamp is on.

(3)

Pressure of gas = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) A student uses a lamp to estimate the luminosity L of the Sun.
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She places a small drop of cooking oil at the centre of a sheet of card and spreads it out
to form a small circle. She holds the card between the lamp and the Sun. Light from
the Sun passes through the oil spot and light from the lamp is scattered off the card.

card
Sun

light from the Sun passing

through the oil spot

light from the lamp

scattered from the card
card
lamp
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She adjusts the position of the card until the brightness of the scattered light is the
same as the brightness of the light passing through the card. She measures the
distance between the card and the lamp.

13
*P51945A01328* Turn over
(i) Calculate a value for L.
(2)

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distance from the Earth to the Sun = 1.50 × 1011 m
distance from card to lamp = 0.125 m
power of lamp = 200 W

L = ......................................................

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(ii) Suggest reasons why this method is likely to result in a poor estimate of the Sun’s luminosity.
(2)

(Total for Question 16 = 11 marks)

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14
*P51945A01428*
17 The graph shows how the binding energy per nucleon varies with nucleon number for a
range of nuclides.
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Binding energy per nucleon / MeV

0
0 50 100 150 200 250

Nucleon number
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(a) (i) State what is meant by the binding energy of a nucleus.

(1)

(ii) Use the graph to explain why nuclear fission is only possible as an energy source
using massive nuclei.
(2)

15
*P51945A01528* Turn over
(b) In a nuclear reactor, a uranium-235 nucleus absorbs a neutron and then undergoes
fission into two nuclei and some neutrons.

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(i) Complete the nuclear reaction.
(2)

235 111
U + n o Ru + Cd + 3 n
.................
1 1
92 0 ................. 48 0

(ii) The fission of one uranium-235 nucleus in this reaction releases 3.2 × 10í J of energy.
&DOFXODWHWKHFKDQJHLQPDVVǻm that occurs in this fission.
(2)

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ǻm = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*(iii) The neutrons and product nuclei move away from each other after the fission.
A student suggests that this is because of electrostatic repulsion.
Comment on this suggestion.
(3)

. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

16
*P51945A01628*
(c) Plutonium-241 is a possible product from a fission reactor. It is a beta emitter with a
half-life of 14 years.
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Calculate the time for 95% of the plutonium-241 in a sample to decay.

(3)

Time = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 17 = 13 marks)

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17
*P51945A01728* Turn over
18 When a ship is sailing on a rough sea, the waves can set the ship into simple harmonic
motion. This can result in passengers becoming seasick.

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(a) State what is meant by simple harmonic motion.
(2)

(b) At one position on a ship, passengers experience a vertical oscillation of amplitude

0.85 m with a period of 6.0 s.
(i) Calculate the maximum acceleration of the passengers.
(3)

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Maximum acceleration = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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18
*P51945A01828*
(ii) Passengers on a ship may suffer from seasickness as the ship rises and falls on the
waves. The graph shows the limits of passengers’ tolerance to the oscillatory motion.
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0.5
intolerable
0.4

Acceleration uncomfortable
0.3
Acceleration due to gravity
0.2

0.1 tolerable

not noticeable
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Period of motion / s
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Determine whether the passengers are likely to feel seasick as a result of the
ship’s motion.
You should use your value from (b)(i) and show how you have used the graph.
(2)

19
*P51945A01928* Turn over
(c) The graph shows how the vertical displacement x of a passenger varies with time t.
Add to the graph to show how the acceleration of the passenger varies over the same

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time interval.
(2)

0
t

(d) A passenger on the ship stands on weighing scales. When the sea is calm the reading

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on the weighing scales is 75 kg.
(i) Draw a free-body force diagram for this passenger.
(1)

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20
*P51945A02028*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level

Monday 5 November 2018

Morning (Time: 1 hour 35 minutes) Paper Reference WPH05/01

Physics
Advanced
Unit 5: Physics from Creation to Collapse

You do not need any other materials. Total Marks

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• written
Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your
communication will be assessed
– you should take particular care on these questions with your spelling, punctuation
and grammar, as well as the clarity of expression.
• The list of data, formulae and relationships is printed at the end of this booklet.
• Candidates may use a scientific calculator.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over

1/1/1/1/1/1/
*P55454RA0128*
SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

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For questions 1–10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .

1 The initial count rate recorded by a detector placed close to a radioactive sample is
4800 Bq. After 12 hours the count rate has fallen to 300 Bq.
Which of the following is the half-life of the sample?
A 2.4 hours
B 3.0 hours
C 4.0 hours
D 12 hours

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

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2 Which of the following can be used to determine the age of the universe?

A standard candles
B the Hubble constant
C the Planck constant
D the temperature of deep space

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 The activity of a radioactive source depends on the number of unstable nuclei in the
source and the half-life of the source.
Which row in the table corresponds to a source with the greatest activity?
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Number of unstable nuclei in source Half-life of source

A small small
B small large
C large small
D large large

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

2
*P55454RA0228*
4 Trigonometric parallax is used to determine the distances to two stars, P and Q.
The radiation flux from P is greater than that from Q. The parallax angle for P is smaller
than that for Q.
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Which of the following is a correct deduction about these stars?

A P has a greater luminosity than Q.
B P has the same luminosity as Q.
C P is closer to the Earth than Q.
D P is the same distance from the Earth as Q.

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 The release of energy from uranium fuel in a nuclear reactor arises from the process of nuclear

A decay.
B emission.
C fission.
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D fusion.

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

6 Which of the following statements about the absolute zero of temperature is correct?

A It is the temperature of deep space.

B It is the temperature at which nitrogen gas liquefies.
C It is the lowest temperature reached so far in an experiment.
D It is the temperature at which the internal energy of an ideal gas is a minimum.

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

7 On which of the following does the ultimate fate of the universe depend?
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A the density of the universe

B the mass of the universe
C the time since the Big Bang
D the temperature of space

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

3
*P55454RA0328* Turn over
8 Some buildings contain materials that can dissipate the energy from earthquakes.
These materials deform as the ground shakes.

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Which of the following properties of the material is necessary for the energy dissipation
to be effective?
A elastic
B plastic
C stiff
D strong

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

9 On the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram shown, the temperature scale is incomplete.

106

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103

L / LSun
1

10í

X 6000 Y

Temperature / K

Select the row in the table with possible values for X and Y.

X/K Y/K
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A 2000 10 000
B 3000 12 000
C 12 000 3000
D 10 000 2000

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

4
*P55454RA0428*
10 A fixed mass of gas is kept at a constant temperature.
Which of the following graphs represents the pressure p exerted by the gas as its
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volume V is varied?

p p

V V
A B

p p
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V V
C D

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

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5
*P55454RA0528* Turn over
SECTION B

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

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11 The distance to the galaxy Messier 33 has been determined by means of a standard candle.
(a) State what is meant by a standard candle.
(1)

*(b) Describe how the distance of Messier 33 from the Earth can be determined by means
of a standard candle.
(3)

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(Total for Question 11 = 5 marks)

6
*P55454RA0628*
12 In a dishwasher water at 16 °C is heated to a temperature of 50 °C before being used to
wash the dishes.
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(a) Show that the energy that must be supplied to the water to bring it to the correct
temperature is about 3 u 106 J.
mass of water used = 18 kg
specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kgí Kí
(2)

(b) The power of the heater in the dishwasher is 1800 W.

Calculate the time it takes for the water to be brought to the correct temperature.
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(2)

Time = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) State the assumption necessary to perform the calculation in (b).
(1)

(Total for Question 12 = 5 marks)

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7
*P55454RA0728* Turn over
13 The Sun is one of billions of stars in the Milky Way galaxy. The nearest galaxy to the
Milky Way is the Andromeda galaxy. The Andromeda galaxy has spiral arms around its
centre as shown.

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spiral arms

centre

www.space-facts.com

(a) The spiral arms of the Andromeda galaxy are rotating about its centre with a large

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velocity. The centre of Andromeda is approaching the Milky Way at a velocity of
about 120 km sí.
(i) Light of wavelength 486.0 nm is emitted from atoms in the centre of Andromeda.
Calculate the wavelength of this light when measured by an observer on the Earth.
(2)

Wavelength = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) Explain why this wavelength would not be obtained when measuring the
wavelength of light from atoms in the outer part of the spiral arms of Andromeda.
(2)

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(b) Analysis of the light emitted by Andromeda enables a value for the mass of
Andromeda to be calculated.
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Calculations based on the rate of rotation of the spiral arms produce a much greater
value for the mass of the galaxy.
Explain what scientists have concluded from this difference in values.
(2)

(Total for Question 13 = 6 marks)

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*P55454RA0928* Turn over
14 A volleyball contains air at a temperature of 22.5 °C and a pressure of 1.32 u 105 Pa.
The volleyball is left in direct sunlight, and the temperature of the air inside it increases
to 38.5 °C.

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(a) (i) Show that the new pressure exerted by the air inside the volleyball is about 1.4 u 105 Pa.
Assume air behaves as an ideal gas.
(2)

(ii) State another assumption you have made in your calculation.

(1)

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(b) Air is released from the volleyball until the pressure returns to its original value.
The temperature of the air remains constant.
Calculate the number of molecules of air that escape from the volleyball.
diameter of volleyball 21.4 cm
(3)

Number of molecules escaping = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 14 = 6 marks)

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15 The following equation relates to molecular kinetic theory.

1 3

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N× m〈c 2 〉 = NkT
2 2

where N is the number of molecules in a sample of an ideal gas.

(a) State what physical quantity is given by the following expressions:
1
(i) P࣠ F࣠2
2 ௘ ௘ (1)

3
(ii) NkT
2 (1)

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(b) Calculate the mean square speed ௘F࣠2௘ of hydrogen molecules at 25 °C.
mass of a hydrogen molecule = 3.3 u 10í kg
(2)

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௘F࣠ ௘ = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2

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*(c) The volume of a closed container of hydrogen gas is reduced at constant temperature.
Explain, using ideas of momentum, what happens to the pressure exerted by the
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hydrogen gas.
(4)

(Total for Question 15 = 8 marks)

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13
*P55454RA01328* Turn over
16 A set of scales used to weigh vegetables in a shop is shown.

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pointer

pan

When vegetables are added to the pan, the weight of the vegetables causes a spring to
extend, moving the pointer on the scale.
(a) The graph shows how the elastic strain energy stored in the spring varies for

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extensions up to 10 cm.

0.60

0.50

0.40

Elastic strain energy / J

0.30
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0.20

0.10

0.00
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10

Extension, x / m

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(i) Show that the force constant of the spring system is about 100 N mí.
(3)
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(ii) A potato is placed in the pan. The total mass of the potato and pan is 0.45 kg.
When the pan is pulled down and released, it begins to oscillate.
Calculate the frequency of oscillation of the pan.
(3)

Frequency of oscillation of pan = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b) The system is an example of a damped oscillator.
(i) Explain what would be observed when a potato is dropped into the pan.

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(2)

(ii) Sketch a graph to show how the displacement of the pan from its final
equilibrium position varies with time.
(2)

displacement

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time

(Total for Question 16 = 10 marks)

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17 The planet Venus is sometimes described as Earth’s twin, because its radius and mass are
very similar to those of the Earth.

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(a) (i) Show that the gravitational field strength g at a distance r from a point mass M is
given by

GM
g =
r2
(2)

(ii) Calculate the gravitational field strength gv at the surface of Venus.

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radius of Venus = 6050 km
mass of Venus = 4.9 u 1024 kg
(2)

gv = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) At the top of the Earth’s atmosphere, the radiation flux FEIURPWKH6XQLV:Pí.
Calculate the radiation flux Fv from the Sun at the top of Venus’ atmosphere.
UDGLXVRI9HQXV¶RUELWDERXWWKH6XQ u radius of Earth’s orbit about the Sun
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Fv = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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F 9HQXVFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGWREHDEODFNERG\UDGLDWRUDWDWHPSHUDWXUHRI.
(i) Calculate the total power radiated from Venus.
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(2)

Total power radiated = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Calculate the wavelength of peak energy radiation for Venus.
(2)

Wavelength of peak energy radiation = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) State the region of the electromagnetic spectrum in which this wavelength is found.
(1)

Region of electromagnetic spectrum = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 17 = 12 marks)

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*P55454RA01928* Turn over
18 The isotope most widely used in medicine is technetium-99m.
(a) Technetium-99m is produced in a technetium generator containing molybdenum-99.

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Molybdenum-99 decays to technetium-99m with a half-life of 66.0 hours.
The generator contains 1.25 u 1016 atoms of molybdenum-99 when it is new.
(i) Show that the initial activity of the molybdenum-99 is about 3.6 u 1010 Bq.
(3)

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(ii) Calculate the time taken for the activity of the molybdenum-99 to decrease to
2.6 u 1010 Bq.
(2)

Time taken = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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*(b) The isotope technetium-99m has a half-life of six hours and decays by emitting
gamma rays.
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The isotope thallium-201 is another gamma emitter used in medical applications.

Thallium-201 has a half-life of just over 3 days.
Assess the suitability of these two isotopes for use in hospitals to produce an image
of the inside of a patient.
(4)

(Total for Question 18 = 9 marks)

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21
*P55454RA02128* Turn over
19 More than a century ago the alpha particle was shown by Rutherford to be the same as a
nucleus of helium.

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The graph shows the binding energy per nucleon for a range of isotopes.

10 16
O
8 56
26
Fe 120
Sn
50
8 238
92
U
4
2
He
6
Average binding energy
per nucleon / MeV
4
3
2
He
2
2
1
H
0
0 50 100 150 200 250

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Nucleon number

(a) Explain what is meant by isotopes.

Your answer should include reference to information from the graph.
(2)

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(b) When a nucleus forms, its mass is less than the total mass of its constituent nucleons.
This decrease in mass is known as the mass defect.
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Use data from the graph to determine the mass defect in kg of a 42He nucleus.
(5)

Mass defect = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg
(c) Some large unstable nuclei emit 42He nuclei to achieve stability.
Explain, using data from the graph, why a large unstable nucleus is more likely to
emit a 42He nucleus than a 32He nucleus.
(2)

(Total for Question 19 = 9 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

23
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Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level

Wednesday 16 January 2019

Afternoon (Time: 1 hour 35 minutes) Paper Reference WPH05/01

Physics
Advanced
Unit 5: Physics from Creation to Collapse

You must have: Total Marks

Ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centrethe
Fill in boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• – there may
Answer the questions in the spaces provided
be more space than you need.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Check
Turn over

1/1/1/1/1/
*P54561A0128*
SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

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For questions 1–10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
mark your new answer with a cross .

1 A standard candle is a stellar object of known

A distance.
B luminosity.
C radiation flux.
D surface temperature.

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

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2 Pb-214 is a radioactive isotope of lead. This isotope decays by emitting a particle X
shown by the equation
214 214
82
Pb o 83
Bi + X

Particle X is
A an alpha particle.
B an electron.
C a neutron.
D a positron.

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 Which of the following statements is a correct description of the binding energy of a nucleus?
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A The energy released when the nucleus forms from individual nucleons. DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
B The energy released when radiation is emitted from the nucleus.
C The energy required to overcome the force between nuclei.
D The energy required to remove a nucleon from the nucleus.

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

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4 Two simple harmonic oscillators have the same frequency.

The first has a mass of 0.50 kg and an amplitude of 30 cm. Its energy of oscillation is E0.
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The second has a mass of 0.25 kg and an amplitude of 60 cm.

What is the energy of oscillation of the second oscillator?

A E0 /4
B E0 /2
C E0
D 2E0

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 The half-life of protactinium is 70 s.

After which of the times below would the activity of a sample of protactinium have
decreased to less than 2% of its initial value?
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A 70 s
B 210 s
C 350 s
D 420 s

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

6 Quasars are thought to be discs of matter moving around black holes. Light received
from all quasars shows large red shifts.
Which of the following can be concluded from this?
A Quasars are accelerating away from the Earth at a large rate.
B Quasars are accelerating towards the Earth at a large rate.
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C Quasars are moving away from the Earth very quickly.

D Quasars are moving towards the Earth very quickly.

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

3
*P54561A0328* Turn over
7 The gravitational field strength on the surface of Mars is g. The Moon has about the
same density as Mars but only half the radius.

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What is the gravitational field strength on the surface of the Moon?
A g/4
B g/2
C 2g
D 4g

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 The Hubble constant has been determined to be 2.2 × 10–18 s–1, although there is a large
uncertainty in this value. Astronomers have used this value to calculate the age of the universe.
Previous data gave a value for the Hubble constant of 2.0 × 10–18 s–1.
The age of the universe calculated from this value would be
A 20% smaller.

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B 10% smaller.
C 10% bigger.
D 20% bigger.

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

9 Cosmologists predict a number of alternatives for the future evolution of the universe.
Which of the following statements describes an open universe?
A The density of the universe equals the critical density.
B The universe eventually reaches a maximum size.
C The universe will keep on expanding forever.
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D We cannot predict the eventual fate of the universe.

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

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10 A star has a surface temperature of 5700 K. The surface temperature increases to 6000 K
and the surface area stays constant.
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By what factor would the luminosity of the star change?

A 0.8
B 0.9
C 1.0
D 1.2

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

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5
*P54561A0528* Turn over
SECTION B

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

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11 Iodine-131 is a radioactive isotope used in a range of medical procedures. The activity of
a sample of iodine-131 is 1860 MBq.
Calculate the number of atoms of iodine-131 in the sample.
half-life of iodine-131 = 8.02 days
(3)

Number of atoms in the sample = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(Total for Question 11 = 3 marks)

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12 Air can be considered to be an ideal gas.
(a) A sample of air is contained in a volume of 2.00 × 10–3 m3. The pressure of the air is
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1.35 × 105 Pa and its temperature is 295 K.

Calculate the number of molecules in the sample of air.
(2)

Number of molecules = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) A fixed mass of air has an initial temperature of 12 qC. The internal energy of the
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air doubles.
Calculate the final temperature of the air.
(3)

Final temperature of air = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(Total for Question 12 = 5 marks)

7
*P54561A0728* Turn over
13 A new hairdryer is advertised as being one of the fastest hairdryers available.

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(a) The heater in the hairdryer draws a current of 6.75 A when connected to a 230 V supply.
Show that the power of the heater is about 1.5 kW.
(2)

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(b) (i) Air enters the hairdryer at a temperature of 18 °C. The fan in the hairdryer blows
the air across the heater at a rate of 0.048 kg s–1.
Calculate the temperature of the air as it leaves the hairdryer.
specific heat capacity of air = 1.01 × 103 J kg–1 K–1
(2)

Temperature of air as it leaves the hairdryer = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(ii) State why the actual temperature of the air as it leaves the hairdryer will be less
than the value calculated in (b)(i).
(1)

(Total for Question 13 = 5 marks)

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14 A student investigated the relationship between the pressure exerted by a fixed mass of
air and its volume.

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The air was maintained at a constant temperature during the investigation.
(a) The student’s results are shown in the table.

p / kPa V / cm3 1/V / cm–3

50 18.0 0.056

85 11.0

100 9.3 0.11

168 6.3 0.16

250 4.4

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Complete the table and draw a graph of p against 1/V on the grid.
(6)

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0
0

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(b) Boyle’s law states that, under certain conditions, the pressure exerted by a fixed mass
of gas is inversely proportional to the volume occupied by the gas.
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Use your graph to explain whether the data in (a) supports Boyle’s law.
(2)

(Total for Question 14 = 8 marks)

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11
*P54561A01128* Turn over
15 The water level in a harbour varies with simple harmonic motion.

(a) Explain what is meant by simple harmonic motion.

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(2)

(b) The graph shows the variation in water level in a harbour on a particular day.

Water 9 m
level
8m
7m

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6m
5m
4m
3m
2m
1m
0000 0600 1200 1800 0000
20-Dec-02 Time of day
Liverpool (Alfred Dock), England. From midnight local time (+0000 GMT)
on 20-Dec-02. Times do NOT take Daylight Saving Time into account –
© Crown Copyright 2002. All rights reserved.
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(i) Determine the amplitude and the time period of the variation in water level.
(2)
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Amplitude = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Time period = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Show that the maximum rate of change of water level in the harbour is about 2 m hour–1.
(3)

(iii) Add a curve to the graph to show the rate of change of water level in the harbour
over the 24-hour time period.
Use the middle of the grid as your time axis, no vertical scale is required.
(2)

(Total for Question 15 = 9 marks)

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13
*P54561A01328* Turn over
*16 The energy source for a main sequence star is the fusion of hydrogen to helium in the core.
Scientists have been unable to develop this process to produce a viable source of energy on Earth.

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Explain why fusion is a viable source of energy for stars, but has yet to be developed as a
viable source of energy on Earth.
In your answer you should refer to the conditions necessary for fusion to occur.
(5)

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14
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17 A student determined the count rate near a radioactive source. She used an americium
source, which is an alpha emitter.
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The student connected a detector to a counter.

(a) Explain why the detector should be positioned a small, fixed distance from the source.
(2)

(b) The student measures the count for 2 minutes and divides this count by 120 to
determine the count rate.
Explain two modifications to the student’s method that would improve her value for
the count rate from the source.
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(4)

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(Total for Question 17 = 6 marks)

15
*P54561A01528* Turn over
18 In 1967 Jocelyn Bell discovered the first radio pulsars while she was a research student at
the University of Cambridge. These astronomical objects emit pulses of radio waves at
regular intervals.

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The graph shows the variation in intensity of the radio waves received from the pulsar.
Intensity

0 5 10 15
Time / s

(a) Use the graph to show that the frequency of pulsing of radio waves from the source is
between 0.7 Hz and 0.8 Hz.
(3)

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16
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(b) The pulsing frequency was thought to be too high to have been produced by anything
as large as a star like the Sun.
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Consider the Sun to be rotating with a frequency of 0.80 Hz about an axis through its
centre, as shown.

(i) Calculate the speed of a point on the Sun’s equator if it rotates at this frequency.
diameter of Sun = 1.4 × 109 m
(3)
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Speed = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State why the Sun could not be rotating at this frequency.
(1)
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17
*P54561A01728* Turn over
19 The Hipparcos satellite was the first satellite used to determine accurately the position of stars.
Data for more than 100 000 stars was collected by Hipparcos using a parallax method.

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(a) State what is meant by parallax.
(1)

(b) Star A is twice as far away from the Earth as star B.

Describe what would be observed when trigonometric parallax is used to determine
the distances of these stars from the Earth.
(2)

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20
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(c) It was intended that Hipparcos would orbit the Earth, directly above the equator, with
a period of 24 hours.
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(i) Explain why this orbit was used.

(2)

(ii) Calculate the height of the satellite above the equator when in this orbit.
mass of Earth = 6.0 × 1024 kg
radius of Earth = 6.4 × 106 m
(4)

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Height of satellite = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21
*P54561A02128* Turn over
(d) A Hertzsprung-Russell diagram for a star cluster in our galaxy is shown.
The star cluster consists of main sequence stars and a group of red giant stars.

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Luminosity / W

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5 × 103
Temperature / K

(i) Complete the scale on the temperature axis.

(2)
(ii) Explain how we know that red giant stars are large in size.
(3)

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22
*P54561A02228*
*(iii) Explain how this diagram shows that the star cluster is neither very young, nor
very old.
(4)
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(Total for Question 19 = 18 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS
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23
*P54561A02328*

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