UNIVERSITY OF WAH

WAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Department of Chemical Engineering

Assignment # 03

Semester: 3rd
Course Title: Mechanical Separation
Course Teacher: Mr. Muhammad Umar Mushtaq Total Marks: 30

Time: 11/11/2020 Course Code: Ch. E-221

Student Name: Muhammad Reg No.UW-19-CHE-BSC-025_
Usama Zubair
Assignment Title: Floatation

Course Learning Outcome Program Learning Outcome Learning Domain

CLO-1 PLO-1 Cognitive 2

Answer these Question:

a) Enlist the equipment’s which are used to clean wastewater and also write about the source
of wastewater?

b) Enlist the equipment’s which are used to purify water and also write about the source of
water?

c) Explain De-inking flotation machines ?

Contents
VACUUM EVAPORATION AND DISTILLATION: .................................................................. 4

Non-Domestic waste: ...................................................................................................................... 4

Industrial waste: .............................................................................................................................. 4

Agricultural Waste: ......................................................................................................................... 5

ULTRAFILTRATION SYSTEMS: ................................................................................................ 5

REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEMS: ................................................................................................ 6

SOLID BOWL CENTRIFUGES: ................................................................................................... 7

SURFACE WATER: ...................................................................................................................... 8

RIVER, STREAM AND LAKES: .................................................................................................. 9

TANKS AND PONDS: ................................................................................................................ 10

Impounding reservoir: ................................................................................................................... 10

F I L O X: ...................................................................................................................................... 10

A C I D W A T E R F I L T E R S: ............................................................................................... 11

C A R B O N F I L T E R S: ........................................................................................................ 11

C H L O R I N A T O R: ............................................................................................................... 11

SOURCES OF WATER: .............................................................................................................. 11

GROUNDWATER: ...................................................................................................................... 11

Rivers, canals and low land reservoirs: ......................................................................................... 12

Atmospheric water generation: ..................................................................................................... 12

Ground Water:............................................................................................................................... 12

Shallow well/Shallow groundwater: ............................................................................................. 13

Deep wells/ Deep groundwater: .................................................................................................... 14

Springs: ......................................................................................................................................... 15

Infiltration galleries: ...................................................................................................................... 16

Rain water: .................................................................................................................................... 16

Equipments used for water purification: ....................................................................................... 17

Filox: ............................................................................................................................................. 18

Acid water filter: ........................................................................................................................... 18

DE-INKING FLOATATION MACHINE: ................................................................................... 19

Construction: ................................................................................................................................. 20

ADVANTAGES: .......................................................................................................................... 23

Predominant plan of injectors and buoyancy cells: ...................................................................... 23

Productive froth breaking : ........................................................................................................... 24

Buoyancy of de-circulated air through suspension ....................................................................... 24

Review and support neighborly development ............................................................................... 24

Basic and stable control idea ......................................................................................................... 24

REFERENCES: ............................................................................................................................ 24
 QNO:01 Enlist the equipment’s which are used to clean wastewater
and also write about the source of wastewater?
VACUUM EVAPORATION AND DISTILLATION:

Dissipation is a characteristic wonder and a perfect partition innovation perceived as a best

accessible procedure in a few wastewater treatment measures. Since it eliminates the water from
the pollutants, as opposed to sifting the toxins from the water, it is unmistakable from other
partition measures. No other innovation can achieve such high water-recuperation and fixation
rates as vacuum evaporators, which quicken the characteristic dissipation cycle to treat and distil
mechanical wastewater sums from 1 to 120 tons for every day. The three primary vacuum
evaporators are:

 Heat pumps – Flexible and versatile with low electrical energy consumption and superior
reliability
 Hot water/cold water – Reduce operating costs by utilizing existing excess hot water/steam and
cooling water

Non-Domestic waste:
 These include water from floods (stormwater), runoff (rainwater running through cracks
in the ground and into gutters), water from swimming pools, water from car garages and
cleaning centers. They also include laundromats, beauty salons, commercial kitchens, energy
generation plants and so on. Wastewater is also generated from agricultural facilities. Water
used for cleaning in animal farms, washing harvested produce and cleaning farm equipment.

Industrial waste:
 Industry is a huge source of water pollution, it produces pollutants that are extremely
harmful to people and the environment. Many industrial facilities use freshwater to carry away
waste from the plant and into rivers, lakes and oceans. Industrial waste is defined as waste
generated by manufacturing or industrial processes. The types of industrial waste generated
include cafeteria garbage, dirt and gravel, masonry and concrete, scrap metals, trash, oil,
solvents, chemicals, weed grass and trees, wood and scrap lumber, and similar wastes. Industrial
solid waste - which may be solid, liquid or gases held in containers - is divided into hazardous
and non-hazardous waste. Hazardous waste may result from manufacturing or other industrial
processes. Certain commercial products such as cleaning fluids, paints or pesticides discarded
by commercial establishments or individuals can also be defined as hazardous waste.
Nonhazardous industrial wastes are those that do not meet the EPA's definition of hazardous
waste and are not municipal waste. Industrial waste has been a problem since the industrial
revolution. Industrial waste may be toxic, ignitable, corrosive or reactive. If improperly
managed, this waste can pose dangerous health and environmental consequences.
Agricultural Waste:
 Agricultural waste is waste produced as a result of various agricultural operations. It
includes manure and other wastes from farms, poultry houses and slaughterhouses; harvest
waste; fertilizer run- off from fields; pesticides that enter into water, air or soils; and salt and
silt drained from fields.



 Figure 1:Sources of wastewater

ULTRAFILTRATION SYSTEMS:

Ultrafiltration (UF) is a pressure-driven process that uses a membrane to remove emulsified oils,
metal hydroxides, emulsions, dispersed material, suspended solids and other large molecular
weight materials from wastewater, coolant and other solutions. UF excels at the clarification of
solutions containing suspended solids, bacteria and high concentrations of macromolecules,
including oil and water.UF systems are designed to reduce oily water volumes by as much as 98
percent without the use of chemical additives. These systems are also capable of removing small
fines in deburring and tumbling operations, which allows the water and soap solution to be recycled
and reused.

REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEMS:

Invert assimilation (RO) innovation eliminates disintegrated solids and contaminations from water
by utilizing a semipermeable layer, which permits the section of water yet leaves most of broke
down solids/salts and different impurities behind. The RO films require a more prominent
thanosmotic weight and high-constrain water to accomplish the ideal outcome. The water that goes
through the RO film is known as the penetrate, and the disintegrated salts that are dismissed by the
RO layer are known as the concentrate. An appropriately planned and worked RO framework can
eliminate up to 99.5 percent of approaching broke up salts and pollutants, just as for all intents and
purposes all colloidal and suspended issue from the most testing waste and feed water applications.
Normally for mechanical, metalworking and surface treatment applications, RO innovation is the
last cycle after UF or the synthetic treatment of waste and feed water.
PAPER BED FILTERS:

These kinds of channels work by gravity and use dispensable paper media or lasting channel media
to deliver a positive obstruction, which eliminates solids from all free-streaming modern cycle
fluids. Paper bed channels are appropriate for applications that include low-to medium-stock
expulsion of ferrous and nonferrous metals, just as natural and inorganic foreign substances, for
example, glass, elastic and plastic. Paper bed channels can expand coolant and apparatus life by a
normal of 27 percent, notwithstanding expanding surface completion quality. Standard paper bed
filtration units are accessible with or without attractive division and can deal with stream paces of
up to 130 gallons for every moment (gpm). Various classes of channel media take into account
changes of micron lucidity. A drum-type model, which can measure up to 500 gpm of liquid,
involves 33% the floor space of a paper bed channel.

SOLID BOWL CENTRIFUGES:

These units enhance divergent power (rather than consumable media) to isolate solids from fluids
in metal preparing applications where evacuation of fines is significant for reuse and reuse
objectives. Cycle fluid is either siphoned or gravity-took care of to the rotator channel. Cycle solids
are then divergently isolated from the fluid stage and gathered in an effectively removable rotor,
otherwise called a liner. Explained fluid floods the rotor into the external case and is returned by
gravity to the cycle, which limits the expense of pulling waste coolants and water away from the
office.

QNO:02 Enlist the equipment’s which are used to purify water and
also write about the source of water?
SURFACE WATER:
Surface water is the water that runs (watercourse) or collects on land surface (water bodies).
There are sea, lake, river, swamp and other types of water. Surface water is just what the name
implies; it is water found in a river, lake or other surface cavity. This water is usually not very
high in mineral content, and is often called “soft water” even though it is probably not. Surface
water is exposed to many different contaminants, such as animal wastes, pesticides, insecticides,
industrial wastes, algae and many other organic materials. Even surface water found in what
seems like pristine mountain streams can be contaminated by wild animal waste, dead animals
upstream or other decay. Surface water is confined in surface water bodies on a permanent or
temporary basis. Surface water is any body of water above ground, including streams, rivers,
lakes, wetlands, reservoirs, and creeks. The ocean, despite being saltwater, is also considered
surface water. Surface water participates in the hydrologic cycle, or water cycle, which involves
the movement of water to and from the Earth’s surface. Precipitation and water runoff feed
bodies of surface water. There are three types of surface water: perennial, ephemeral, and man-
made. Perennial, or permanent, surface water persists throughout the year and is replenished with
groundwater when there is little precipitation. Ephemeral, or semi-permanent, surface water
exists for only part of the year. Ephemeral surface water includes small creeks, lagoons, and
water holes. Man-made surface water is found in artificial structures, such as dams and
constructed wetlands. Since surface water is more easily accessible than groundwater, it is relied
on for many human uses. It is an important source of drinking water and is used for the irrigation
of farmland.
 Figure 9:Surface Water

RIVER, STREAM AND LAKES:

Rivers are a major type of surface water. Rivers are part of the hydrological cycle. Water
generally collects in a river from precipitation through a drainage basin from surface runoff .
Stream is a small channel along which water is continually flowing down a slope; and made of
small gullies. River is a large channel along which water is continually flowing down a slope;
and made of many streams that come together. All rivers and streams start at some high point.
The high point can be a mountain, hill or another elevated area. Water from some source a lake
starts at the high point beings to flow down to lower points. As the water flows down, it may
pick up more water from other small streams. These streams may slowly join together to
become larger river. Lakes and rivers provide much water to wild animals and if cleaned and
filtered properly it could become clean enough to drink for humans. Rivers and streams, unlike
lakes, consist of flowing water. Perennial rivers and streams flow continuously, although the
volume may vary with runoff conditions. Intermittent, or ephemeral, rivers and streams stop
flowing for some period, usually because of dry conditions. Both large and small rivers and
streams are an important part of the hydrologic cycle. Most countries with access to lakes and
rivers use their water for human consumption. Melting snow is another natural source of water
when melted in great amounts can yield clean drinking water especially once boiled.This source
of water supply is usually regularly replenished by various weather events.
TANKS AND PONDS:
Ponds are inland bodies of standing or slowly moving water. Although ponds cover only 2
percent of the world's land surface, they contain most of the world's fresh water. ponds are
formed through a variety of events, including tectonic, and volcanic activity. Ponds also provide
a water supply to agricultural, domestic, and industrial uses. Freshwater sources are best to use
for drinking water. The water from lakes and ponds is treated and purified and then distributed
to local residents and businesses. A pond is a body of standing water, either natural or man-
made. water tank is a container for storing water.

Water tanks are used to provide storage of water for use in many applications, drinking water,
irrigation agriculture, fire suppression, agricultural farming, both for plants and livestock,
chemical manufacturing, food preparation as well as many other uses. Water tank parameters
include the general design of the tank, and choice of construction materials, linings.
Water tanks are an efficient way to help developing countries to store clean water.

Impounding reservoir:

A reservoir is an enlarged natural or artificial lake, storage pond or impoundment created using a
dam or lock to store water. It is also known as storage reservoir and also called embankment
pond, is made by building an embankment or earth fill across a narrow valley so that, while
excavated reservoirs usually consist of improving an existing situation (natural ponds), the
impounded reservoirs create a completely new surface water storage structure. Excavated
reservoirs are preferably located at the lower end of small and closed watersheds which may be
part of longer catchment basins cut in several isolated sub-basins by natural weirs usually made
of ancient fixed dunes. On the contrary, the impounded reservoirs are intended to intercept runoff
from open watersheds. This important difference has the following consequences for the
impounded reservoirs. The volume of runoff water is often bigger than the capacity of the
reservoir itself so that it is usually necessary to provide a spillway to bypass surface runoff after
the pond is filled.

F I L O X:
These water channels are uncommonly intended to help lessen undesirable degrees of iron,
hydrogen sulfide and manganese that are found in well water. With a high level of manganese
in these channels, they are viewed as the best water channels for eliminating iron and
manganese from well water.
A C I D W A T E R F I L T E R S:
When the pH of standard water dips below seven, it becomes acidic. This can cause damage to
plumbing fixtures and can even cause staining on bathtubs. Generally speaking, acid water is
not considered unsafe, just unbalanced with its pH levels. An acid water filter uses a unique
filtering method to balance the pH level in water and to normalize it.

C A R B O N F I L T E R S:
The purpose of carbon filters are to remove all impurities, particularly toxins, chemicals and
heavy metals found in water. A carbon water filter is designed to remove more than 100 of the
129 toxins that the EPA says is found in standard tap drinking water. The filter also balances the
taste and eliminates any odors from the water.

C H L O R I N A T O R:
A chlorinator is used to kill bacteria and pathogens in water when all other efforts will not suffice.
It introduces small amounts of the chemical into the water to cleanse it from any pathogens. A
carbon filter is often piggybacked with this filter to remove the chlorine after the chlorinator has
treated the water.

SOURCES OF WATER:

GROUNDWATER:
The water arising out of some profound ground water may have fallen as downpour a huge
number, hundreds, or thousands of years prior. Soil and rock layers normally channel the ground
water to a serious level of lucidity and regularly, it doesn't need extra treatment other than adding
chlorine or chloramines as optional disinfectants. Such water may arise as springs, artesian
springs, or might be removed from boreholes or wells. Profound ground water is for the most part
of exceptionally high bacteriological quality (i.e., pathogenic microorganisms or the pathogenic
protozoa are normally missing), yet the water might be wealthy in disintegrated solids,
particularly carbonates and sulfates of calcium and magnesium. Contingent upon the layers
through which the water has streamed, different particles may likewise be available including
chloride, and bicarbonate. There might be a prerequisite to decrease the iron or manganese
substance of this water to make it worthy for drinking, cooking, and clothing use.
Rivers, canals and low land reservoirs:
Low land surface waters will have a significant bacterial load and may also contain algae,
suspended solids and a variety of dissolved constituents.

Atmospheric water generation:

It is a new technology that can provide high quality drinking water by extracting water from the
air by cooling the air and thus condensing water vapor.

Ground Water:
Groundwater is water that is found underground within rocks. Its presence depends primarily
on the type of rock. Permeable rocks have tiny spaces between the solid rock particles that allow
water and other fluids to pass through and to be held within the rock structure. The layers of
rock that hold groundwater are called aquifers.Groundwater in an aquifer is replenished by rain
and other forms of precipitation (any form of water, such as rain, snow, sleet or hail that falls
to the Earth’s surface. The level of water below ground is called the water table. Groundwater
can be extracted from wells or collected from springs. Groundwater is located underground in
large aquifers and must be pumped out of the ground after drilling a deep well. Groundwater is
water contained in or by a subsurface layer of soil or rock. There are many sources recharging
the supply of groundwater, including rain that soaks into the ground, rivers that disappear
underground and melting snow. Because of the many sources of recharge, groundwater may
contain any or all of the contaminants found in surface water as well as the dissolved minerals
it picks up underground. Ground water is that part of precipitation that infiltrates through the
soil to the water table. The unsaturated material above the water table contains air and water in
the spaces between the rock particles and supports vegetation. In the saturated zone below the
water table, ground water fills in the spaces between rock particles and within bedrock
fractures.However, groundwater commonly contains less contamination than surface water
because the rock tends to act as a filter to remove some contaminants. Imagine that rain falls
and the rainwater soaks into the ground. The plants use as many nutrients as they can and then
the water continues to filter down through clay, sand and porous rock filtering the water much
like a charcoal filter might clean your drinking water at home. Eventually this groundwater
finds a home in an aquifer or trapped between levels of rock creating a water table. This is the
water you most often drink from your well. Due to the minerals picked up while filtering
through the rocks, groundwater is typically considered to be
“hard” water. Groundwater is an important source of irrigation water, especially for small-scale
irrigation projects. Because groundwater is only available below ground level, it must be lifted,
or pumped before it can be used. Pumping groundwater from wells is a well known method of
utilizing groundwater the world over. Groundwater may be found close to the surface or at
profound depths. In coastal plains the groundwater is often brackish or saline due to the
proximity of the sea. Inland groundwater may also be brackish in places where the soil contains
many soluble salts. Such water cannot be used for irrigation.

Figure 10:Groundwater

Shallow well/Shallow groundwater:

The most common "dry well" problem has been with dug wells. Most dug wells are shallow
and excavated in poorly permeable material ; consequently they are readily affected by drought
or by seasonal declines in the water table. The following figure shows the effect of declining
water levels on two adjacent wells that are drilled to different depths on either side of a
watertable pond. If the depth to water in the well on the left were, say, 10 feet during spring, it
might decline to 15 feet during late summer or during a severe drought. If the pump normally
causes the water level in the well to decline 5 feet or more during a pumping cycle, pumping
during the drought would cause the water to decline to or below the pump intake. Excavating
this well deeper to match the well on the right would solve this problem. Dug wells should be
constructed during seasonal or climatically low water level periods. Many dug wells extend
only to the bedrock surface and tap the perched water (unconfined ground water separated from
an underlying main body of ground water (aquifer) by an unsaturated (impermeable) zone) on
top of the bedrock. These wells cannot be easily deepened. In such cases a new drilled well is
the only long-term solution. Some drilled wells that tap shallow bedrock will yield only 1 or 2
gallons of water per minute. These wells are not deep enough to provide adequate storage of
water for short-term pumping cycles. Such a well may contain only 50 feet of water above the
pump intake. As an example, when the water table declines 10 feet because of drought
conditions, only 40 feet of water is available in the well for one pumping cycle, and the well
seems to "go dry." In that situation, deepening the well may solve the problem as long as the
deeper water is of good quality. If usable water is not available at a greater depth, the pumping
rate must be reduced so that less water is pumped during each cycle. When the groundwater
lies within a few metres of the surface, exploitation is possible with shallow wells which are
mostly dug by hand. These wells normally have a diameter of 1 metre or more. Water is pumped
from these wells, often using human or animal power but, increasingly, with small diesel-
powered pumps The amount of water that can be abstracted from shallow wells is limited, and,
as a result, the areas which are irrigated from these water sources will also be limited.

Deep wells/ Deep groundwater:

A well to extract groundwater consists of a hole, with or without a supporting casing, extending
from the ground surface to or into water-bearing earth materials. When properly constructed
and developed, it will permit extraction of groundwater. If the aquifer is artesian, pumping
requirements are less or precluded if sufficient flow is at the ground surface.A well in which
the water level is at a depth exceeding 22 feet beyond which the ordinary suction pump does
not operate satisfactorily. A deep well system consists of an array of bored wells pumped by
submersible pumps. Pumping from each well lowers the groundwater level and creates a cone
of depression or drawdown around itself. Several wells acting in combination can lower
groundwater level over a wide area beneath an excavation. Because the technique does not
operate on a suction principle, large drawdowns can be achieved, limited only by the depth of
the wells, and the hydrogeological conditions. The wells are generally sited just outside the area
of proposed excavation, and are pumped by electric submersible pumps near the base of each
well. Water collection pipes, power supply generators, electrical controls and monitoring
systems are located at the surface. These are wells that have been sunk with drilling machines
designed for constructing water extraction boreholes. These machines are able to penetrate
through harder material that cannot be tackled by hand digging and can therefore pass through
at least one impermeable layer of rock to a productive aquifer underneath.

Springs:
Springs can develop where either unconfined or artesian aquifers crop out at the surface.
Springs develop where streams have incised so deeply that the aquifer is exposed along the
valley walls where spring lines develop. A spring is groundwater becoming surface water.
Springs typically are present where the water table intersects the land surface. • Springs can
discharge fresh ground water either onto the ground surface, directly into the beds of rivers or
streams, or directly into the oceans below sea level. A spring or seep is a place where water
from an aquifer discharges naturally into a surface water body or onto the land surface. Such
flow is controlled by either gravity or hydraulic pressure (artesian). Spring flows may vary
considerably throughout the year, especially when originating from an unconfined aquifer.
Spring flow variations are due to the rise and fall of water in a water table aquifer, rate of
recharge, or the variation of pressure in an artesian aquifer. Gravity springs result where water
moves from the water table aquifer through permeable materials to the land surface, or where
the land surface intersects the water table. Gravity springs are normally low-yielding sources
of groundwater. However, they may supply enough water for individual household or livestock
needs. Artesian springs occur when a water bearing bed is confined between relatively
impervious strata and water is introduced from a higher elevation, the confined water is said to
be under artesian pressure. Artesian springs occur where these confined permeable strata are
exposed near the surface. Springs may also occur where the confining formation over the
artesian aquifer is ruptured by a fault or where the aquifer discharges to a lower topographic
area. The flow from these springs depends on the difference in the recharge and discharge
elevations of the aquifer and the size of the openings transmitting the water. Artesian springs
can be sensitive to the pumping of wells located nearby.

Infiltration galleries:
Infiltration is defined as the flow of water from above ground into subsurface. An infiltration
gallery is a horizontal drain made from open jointed or perforated pipes or a block drain which
is laid below the water table and collects groundwater. Infiltration galleries need soils that are
permeable to allow sufficient water to be collected. The gallery should be surrounded with a
gravel pack to improve flow towards it and to filter any large particles that might block its
perforations. Infiltration galleries can be used to collect sub-surface flows from rivers. Water is
taken to a collection well, or sump, and then either withdrawn directly or pumped to a storage
tank. Galleries are often used in conjunction with other water supplies as a means of increasing
the quantity of water quality intake in areas of poor water yield. Sometimes, one or more
galleries are built which drain into a central point. These are called collector wells. An
infiltration gallery is protected from contamination by locating it uphill and at a safe distance
from any latrines. A distance of 30 m has been suggested. The gallery should be constructed to
ensure that unfiltered surface water cannot enter. Infiltration galleries vary in size from a few
meters to several kilometres forming an integral part of an urban water supply. These are
constructed in water bearing strata. The gallery obtains its water from water bearing strata by
various porous drain pipes. A collecting well at the downstream end of the gallery serves as the
sump from where the infiltrated supply is pumped out. The gallery laid perpendicular to the
flow of sub-surface water yields maximum quantity. Quality of water is normally reasonably
good and only disinfection may be required.

Rain water:
Rain water is the source of water that comes from above the clouds, this water is very pure.
Until it encounter something on it way down. However if it is stored properly it may relinquish
clean drinking water.In regions where rainfall is abundant and frequent, rainwater can be a good
source of water supply for individual, families and some communities. The storage of rainwater
is particularly important in areas with a long dry season, or where spring water is difficult to
obtain.The term rainwater harvesting is sometimes used. It simply means collecting, or
harvesting, rainwater as it runs off from hard surfaces and storing it in a tank or
cistern.Rainwater has several advantages. It is free, relatively clean and usually reliable, even
if it rains only once or twice a year, a rainwater harvesting system can be easily constructed and
maintained at low cost. Although mainly found in rural areas.Apparently, if rainwater is used
for water supply, it is important to ensure that it is not contaminated by improper methods of
storage, or by bird droppings and leaves from the roof that it is collected from.Rainwater may
also be contaminated by pollution in the air, dust, dirt, paint and other material on the roof or
in roofing materials. All of these contaminants can be washed into the storage tank or cistern.
Desalination:
Desalination is an artificial process by which saline water (generally sea water) is converted to
fresh water. The most common desalination processes are distillation and reverse osmosis.
Desalination is currently expensive compared to most alternative sources of water, and only a
very small fraction of total human use is satisfied by desalination. It is usually only
economically practical for high-valued uses (such as household and industrial uses) in arid
areas. However, there is growth in desalination for agricultural use In other word, desalination
is a process that takes away mineral components from saline water. More generally, desalination
refers to the removal of salts and minerals from a target substance, as in soil desalination, which
is an issue for agriculture. Saltwater is desalinated to produce water suitable for human
consumption or irrigation. The by-product of the desalination process is brine. Desalination is
used on many seagoing ships and submarines. Most of the modern interest in desalination is
focused on cost-effective provision of fresh water for human use.
Along with recycled wastewater, it is one of the few rainfall-independent water sources.

Equipments used for water purification:

Equipment used for water purification and distillation includes deionized (DI) water systems,
water distillers, reagent-grade water systems, and laboratory filters. Distilled water are the most
common types of purified water used in the lab, but techniques also used to produce high-purity
water include:

Filox:
These water filters are specially designed to help reduce unwanted levels of iron, hydrogen
sulphide and manganese that are found in well water. With a high percentage of manganese in
these filters, they are considered the best water filters for removing iron and manganese from
well water. As the water flows through the filter tank containing Filox media, a reaction occurs
where the dissolved oxygen and the dissolved ferrous iron compounds form an insoluble ferric
hydroxide.water containing iron flows through the media, if there is enough oxygen in the
water, the Filox causes the iron to form rust, or solid iron particles. After these rust particles get
trapped in the filter media, once or twice a week they are automatically backwashed out to drain,
and the filter media is ready to filter again.

Figure 11:Filox

Acid water filter:

Carbon filtering is a method of filtering that uses a bed of activated carbon to remove impurities
from a fluid using adsorption. When the pH of standard water dips below seven, it becomes
acidic. This can cause damage to plumbing fixtures and can even cause staining on bathtubs.
Generally speaking, acid water is not considered unsafe, just unbalanced with its pH levels. An
acid water filter uses a unique filtering method to balance the pH level in water and to normalize
it.

QNO:03 Explain De-inking flotation machines ?

DE-INKING FLOATATION MACHINE:

Flotation deinking machine for paper recycling line is a whole sealed equipment used for waste
paper deinking and pulping. Flotation deinking machine is mainly applied to deink recycled pulp.
The diffusion deinking flotation machine is of small size so that it won't take much space. In
addition, the liquid level is adjustable. This deinking machine is mainly used in the waste paper
recycling and paper making industries. Deinking is the industrial process of removing printing
ink from paper fibers of recycled paper to make deinked pulp. This is achieved by a combination
of mechanical action and chemical means. In the deinking stage the goal is to release and remove
the hydrophobic contaminants from the recycled paper. The contaminants are mostly printing ink
and stickies. Several processes are used, most commonly flotation or washing. Flotation deinking
is very effective in removing ink particles larger than about 10 µm. Wash deinking consists of a
washing stage where dispersants are added to wash out the printing inks. This stage is much
more efficient than normal washing / dewatering stages. Flotation Deinking Machine can
effectively remove the ink, light impurities and stickies, etc.The Flotation Deinking Machine has
higher requirements on paper, in the ipment, through the special structure of the inter-stage
separation device, a multi-level flotation with different levels is formed, which prevents the
mixing of the slurry between different flotation stages.The dispersion of air and the mixing of the
slurry is accomplished by a specially developed nonblocking jet system. This unique device
structure allows the pulp to be internally circulated, and the air is used multiple times in the pulp
to greatly improve air utilization. And ink removal efficiency.The Flotation Deinking Machine
has high deinking efficiency, high whiteness after deinking, good brightness, large concentration
of excluded ink (up to 3% or more), minimal fiber loss, small floor space, simple operation
control, and Significant advantages such as low consumption.Used for removing in the waste
paper pulp the hydrophobic impurity, like ink particle, gummy, plastic, padding and so on. This
equipment has around the flotation process to enhance the able to be remarkable: 4-9ISO, the
textile fiber drains low ≤0.5%, the power consumption for the traditional flotation process 1/2 or
1/3. Can remove the ink particle the size range to be big, about 5-550 microns. The integral
aeration part, is advantageous to the craft gas return route seal. Between the trough body
combines reasonably, the fluid position control is simple, the movement is reliable, the output
scope is big. Two section of flotation process systems(section of +two sections) guaranteed that
maximum limit removes impurity and so on printing ink at the same time, guaranteed that the
textile fiber outflow is smallest.

Construction:
De-inking floatation machine consists of

 Liquid level box

 Ink fountain
 Ash pulp chest
 Pulper
 Stock tank
 Diaphragm pump

Figure 21:Construction of de-inking flotation machine Working

principle:
Pulping for all flotation de-inking was carried out under identical conditions to produce the
same degree of dispersion prior to flotation. It should be noted that this is not necessarily the
conditions for optimal ink removal. The pulped wastepaper was diluted in a four liter flotation
cell to a consistency of 1 % and conditioned for 2 minutes in the presence of the collector
LIONSURF 768 (0.4 pounds/ton of dry paper) as provided by Lion Industries. Lionsurf 768 is
a non ionic surfactant/fatty acid blend. The flotation was then carried out for 15 minutes at a
stirring speed of 1400 rpm. Subsequently, the float (toner particles) and non-float (cellulose
fibers) product were carefully filtered, dried and stored for analysis. The inefficient ink removal
for the alkaline pulping case can not only be related to the larger toner particle size but also to
their surface properties. Recently, contact angle measurements have been reported for laser
printed toner films treated with caustic solution at high temperature (Drelich et. al., 1996). On
the basis of these measurements, it is known that both elevated temperature and alkaline
conditions significantly change the wettability of the toner particles. The alkalinity promotes a
drastic decrease in the contact angle from 105-115 degrees to 75-80 degrees. Therefore, the
caustic pulping environment not only promotes the release of larger toner particles but also
reduces their hydrophobicity.

Independent of the pulping conditions the toner removal increases for flotation under acid
conditions. The reason for the improvement is uncertain. There is no reversibility of the toner
surface charge with pH (PZC ~2). Of course under acid conditions the collector (fatty acid)
species is no longer dissociated, but rather is present in the acid form and may even precipitate
as colloidal droplets. It appears that adsorption of the acid form may account for the increase in
the hydrophobicity of the toner surface and consequently enhance its removal by flotation.
However such explanation does not account for the decrease in flotation below pH 4.5 under
alkaline pulping conditions. Acid pulping not only increases the removal of toner but also the
removal of the mineral fillers. The explanation for improved removal of mineral filler can be
related to the fact that acid conditions may contribute to release by breakage of bonds between
cellulose fiber, starch and mineral fillers. Starch is the third most important paper furnish being
the most significant components cellulose fiber and clay the first two. Starch is added to the
paper in various forms for different purpose. For example cationic starch is added as a retention
aid for mineral fillers. When cationic starch is adsorbed on the cellulose fiber, the adsorption is
irreversible. Over 85% of the adsorbed cationic starch remains on the fiber in hot water; and
only redissolves under acid conditions. Therefore, acid pulping may promote the breakage of
bonds between cellulose fibers, fillers and starch and thus release more mineral fillers particles
for flotation.The removal of mineral fillers by flotation is not very satisfactory at alkaline
conditions, This is a well known fact in de-inking plants. It is the usual practice in recycle mills
to have a washing stage after alkaline flotation in order to remove residual mineral fillers from
the furnish.In the case of acid conditions, as found in this research program, the enhanced
removal of mineral fillers can be related to the reversibility of the mineral filler surface charge
with respect to pH. Anatase has a PZC that varies between pH values of 4.7 and 7.0 depending
upon the mineral source and method of preparation. The same is true for kaolinite in which case
the PZC values varies from 4.0 to 5.0 depending upon the mineral source and method of
preparation. The optimum flotation pH of 6.3 for mineral fillers may be related to collector
(fatty acid) adsorption. Drelich and others have noted that oleate adsorbs at the titanium dioxide
surface. However, the adsorption is only significant at pH values of 7.0 to 7.5. From our
deinking flotation results, the removal of anatase starts to drop at pH values of less than pH 6.3.
It is probable that other factors, as well, account for the pH dependence of mineral fillers during
de-inking flotation.The success of flotation of toner particles and mineral fillers under acid
flotation conditions might also be related to the stability of the froth. It was observed
experimentally that for acid flotation conditions the froth stability increases considerably
compared to the froth behaviour for alkaline flotation conditions. According to the results
presented, de-inking flotation of laser printed waste is more effective if it is operated under acid
pulping conditions because the overall enhancement in the removal of toner and mineral filler
particles. Another advantage of acid pulping and flotation is to reduce the chemical cost and the
treatment cost of the water circuit due to low COD (chemical oxygen demand) and BOD
(biological oxygen demand) levels. It appears the caustic pulping reduces the abrasion action
and/or cause fibre swelling both of which result in the release of larger toner particle size.
Independent of the pulping conditions, the flotation de-inking response is strongly effected by
changes in pH. It was showed that the removal of both toner and mineral fillers is significantly
improved under acid flotation conditions as compared to the results for conventional alkaline
flotation de-inking. Good flotation of both toner and mineral fillers from MOW can be achieved
under the same conditions at pH 6.3 for both acid and alkaline pulping conditions. However,
the results are significantly improved for the acid pulping case.
 Figure 22:De-inking floatation machines

ADVANTAGES:
 Simple and stable cycle control limits varieties in conclusive mash quality
 Minimum costs for activity and support
 Flexible design, arrangements can be adjusted to any factory format
 High reject consistency saves money on dewatering and removal costs

Predominant plan of injectors and buoyancy cells:

The mash suspension is siphoned through the multi-injectors into the buoyancy cells. These
recently created multi-injectors of the cutting edge limit the weight drop in the injector, thus
lessening the energy interest. Inside the protected injectors, the weight energy is utilized to suck
air into the feed stock. The perfect measure of air, along with the enhanced injector calculation
lead to ideal air pocket size conveyance the way to phenomenal deinking execution. Prevalent
stream conditions inside the cell empower best outcomes in soil bit expulsion and expanded
brilliance at most reduced fiber misfortune.
Productive froth breaking :

The froth produced in the essential cells is gathered in the froth plate and released into the froth tank. The
Foam Ex froth breaker is situated on top of the froth tank and obliterates the froth precisely by making a
fractional vacuum through revolution of the narrowly formed rotor. The condensed froth, which is intensely
load-ed with ink and earth, is released at the highest point of the cone. The Foam Ex offers hearty activity
with the most minimal energy utilization available.

Buoyancy of de-circulated air through suspension

In the auxiliary stage, the plan of the multi-injectors vary altogether from that of the essential cells to
represent the higher debris content just as higher ink and soil fixations.

Review and support neighborly development

Select a Float buoyancy joins both essential and auxiliary buoyancy in one conservative unit, bringing about
favorable circumstances for review and support. To spare floor space, various designs and cell game plans
are accessible, for example, two layer or piggy-back.

Basic and stable control idea

The yield from the buoyancy framework is constrained by the level in the froth tank, which gives the most
precise and solid estimations. A consistent degree of de-circulated air through fluid dispenses with the
danger of breakdowns by the level transmitter. Exact control of the feed streams to the buoyancy cells and
the acknowledge stream from the optional stage permits stable activity with no unwanted varieties in
execution.

REFERENCES:

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ell%20in%20which%20the,pump%20does%20not%20operate%20satisfactorily