DMK5013

BASICS OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT

IN OIL AND FAT INDUSTRY
J A B ATA N T E K N O L O G I K I M I A D A N M A K A N A N
POLITEKNIK TUN SYED NASIR SYED ISMAIL
 TOPIC 4:
CHEMICAL
MANAGEMENT
 LIST OF CONTENT

1) CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT
2) STANDARD OPERATION PROCEDURE OF
CHEMICAL AND SCHEDULE WASTE
3) CHEMICAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT (CHRA)
4) CONDUCT THE CHRA ASSESSMENT IN
INSTITUTION/INDUSTRIAL

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 Federal agencies and legislative authorities have developed
specific definitions for each of those categories; however, the
hazards can be described generally as follows:
 Carcinogens: Chemical substances/agents that cause cancer.
Cancer is caused by changes in a cell’s DNA.
 The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) is
part of the World Health Organization (WHO).
 Its major goal is to identify causes of cancer.

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The most widely used system for classifying carcinogens comes from the
IARC that over past 30 years, evaluated the cancer-causing potential of a
large number of chemical substances and placed them into one or the
other of the following groups:
 Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans
 Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans
 Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans
 Group 3: Unclassifiable as to carcinogenicity in humans
 Group 4: Probably not carcinogenic to humans

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Colours, Dyes and Pigments
 Colours, dyes and pigments are chemical substances. These
are solid, opaque particles and provide colour.
 Pigment molecules typically link together in crystalline
structures.

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Compressed Gas and Gases
 Any material that is normally a gas that is placed under
pressure or chilled and contained in a cylinder is considered to
be a compressed gas.

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Corrosive Chemical Substances
 Acids and alkalis: Chemical substances that are capable of
destroying materials on very contact as it happens to skin, or
any other biological tissues.
 Corrosive is the name given to materials that can cause severe
burns to skin and other human tissues, such as the eye or lung,
and can attack clothes and other materials including metal.

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Combustible Materials
 Combustible substances are those that ignite and burn readily. A
combustible material can be a solid or liquid.
 These materials – wood, paper, oil, and gas – can catch fire when
exposed to sufficient heat and oxygen.

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Explosive Chemical Substances
 These are chemical substances that have the potential to catch
fire rapidly and burn in the air.
 Flammables:
 The material will burn or catch fire easily at normal temperatures (below
37.8°C or 100°F).
 Fumigants:
 These are chemical substances/compounds used in the gaseous state as a pesticide or
disinfectant.
 Chemical formulations are designed to increase toxicity, reduce flammability,
release/give off warning odours, and provide a sort of absorption of the substance at
different rates.

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Irritant Chemical Substances
 These are chemical substances that are capable of irritating or
inflaming the skin, eyes, or respiratory system like dermatitis and
bronchitis.
 Mutagens:
 Mutagenic chemical substances: These are chemical substances that are
capable of causing damage to genes.
 Organic peroxides:
 An organic peroxide is any organic (carbon-containing) compound having
two oxygen atoms joined together (–O–O–).

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Oxidisers/Oxidising Agents/Materials
 Oxidisers do not usually burn themselves but they will either help
the fire by providing more oxygen or cause materials that
normally do not burn to suddenly catch fire (spontaneous
combustion).

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Pesticides
 Pesticides are chemical compounds that are used to kill pests,
including insects, rodents, fungi, and unwanted plants (weeds).
 Pesticides are used in public health to kill vectors of disease,
such as mosquitoes, and in agriculture to kill pests that damage
crops.

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 CATEGORIES OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

 Anticoagulants: Poisons that prevent the blood from clotting properly.

 Biotoxins: Poisons that come from plants or animals.
 Blister agents/vesicant: Chemicals that severely blister the eyes and skin.
 Blood agents: Poisons that affect the body by being absorbed into the blood.
 Caustics (acids): Chemicals that burn on contact or corrode the skin, eyes,
and mucous membranes.
 Choking agents: Chemicals that cause severe irritation or swelling of the
respiratory tract and lining of the nose, throat, and lungs.

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 CATEGORIES OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

 Incapacitating agent: Chemicals that make it difficult to think clearly or that

lead to semi-consciousness or unconsciousness.
 Metallic poisons: Toxic compounds made from metals like arsenic or
mercury.
 Nerve agents: Chemicals that prevent the nervous system from functioning.
 Organic solvents: Chemicals that damage the skin and other tissues by
dissolving fats and oils.
 Riot control/tear gas: Highly irritating agents normally used by law
enforcement.
 Vomiting agents: Chemical substances that cause nausea and vomiting.

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 GENERAL RULES OF CHEMICAL STORAGE
 Avoid overhead storage of hazardous liquids and dangerous solids.
 Refrigerate flammables only in approved flammable storage
refrigerators.
 Maximum separation of reactive chemicals minimizes risk.
 Therefore, don't store chemicals in alphabetical order- store by category.
 Do not store mutually-reactive chemicals near each other.
 e.g. sodium near the sink or in a sprinkled storage area
 Date ethers and other peroxide-forming compounds upon arrival.
 Respiratory assailants and "stench" compounds should be stored in
a properly vented storage cabinet.
 Store clean-up kits close to storage areas.

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 GUIDELINES FOR
PACKAGING, LABELLING
AND STORAGE OF
SCHEDULED WASTES IN
MALAYSIA
Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations, 2005
 These guidelines specify the requirements for site selection and
design criteria for storage of scheduled wastes, packaging,
labelling and management of containers containing scheduled
wastes.
 It is hoped that these guidelines will facilitate proper packaging,
labelling and storage of scheduled wastes, thus ensuring the
proper management of scheduled wastes.

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 These guidelines are prepared to facilitate proper packaging,
labelling and storage of scheduled wastes in accordance to the
requirements of Regulation 8, Regulation 9 and Regulation 10
of the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations
2005 which came into force since 15th August 2005.

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DEFINITION

 Waste generator refers to any person who generates scheduled wastes (including non-prescribed
and prescribed premise of scheduled wastes).

 Storage means the holding of scheduled waste for a temporary period prior to the waste being
transported, treated and disposed. There are two(2) types of storage:
a) On-site storage - Buildings or areas occupied to be used for the storage of any scheduled waste
which is produced on those premises.
b) Off-site storage - Premises occupied or used for the storage, collection or transfer of any
scheduled waste which is not produced on those premises.

 Container means any device which is used to store scheduled wastes.

 Labelling means the requirement to label the container containing scheduled wastes as stipulated
under Regulation 10 of the Environmental Quality Regulations (Scheduled Wastes) 2005.

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LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

 Regulation 8 of the Environmental Quality Regulations (Scheduled Wastes) 2005

 Regulation 9 of the Environmental Quality Regulations (Scheduled Wastes) 2005
 Regulation 10 of the Environmental Quality Regulations (Scheduled Wastes) 2005

Off-site storage facility:

 Prescribed activity under Activity 18(a)(v) of the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities)
(Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987.
 Section 34A, Environmental Quality Act 1974 requires an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
report to be submitted for approval by the Director General before carrying out such activity.
 The operation of the off-site storage facility will require a written permission under Section 19 of the
Environmental Quality Act 1974 and licence under Section 18 of the same Act.

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Selection Criteria for Storage Area
On-site storage:
 A proper designated area in the waste generator premises, away from the
manufacturing/processing area and area of employees activities.

 Storage area should be located away from sources of heat or fire.

 The designated area should not be located at areas that has the potential to
be flooded or close to the edge of hill or slopes.

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Off-site storage facility:
 Siting of the off-site storage facility should comply with requirement specified
in the Guidelines for the Siting and Zoning of Industrial and Residential
Areas, published by the Department of Environment.

 The facility should be within an industrial area.

 The designated facility should not be located in a flood prone area.

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Storage Design Criteria
 Prevent spillage or leakage of scheduled wastes into the environment.
 Provide adequate space to store all scheduled wastes and design capacity
should consider the following:
 Providing 25% extra storage capacity of the actual maximum amount.
 Storage duration for not more than 180 days.
 Must be fenced-in and regarded as restricted area.
 Adequate signage should be put up clearly and visible with the word
• “DANGER”
• “SCHEDULED WASTES STORAGE”

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Storage Design Criteria
 The floor of the storage area must be covered with concrete or any suitable
lining material, free of cracks and gaps.
 Sheltered or roofed or covered with suitable covering material.
 Surrounded by a concrete.
 The capacity of the containment should be 110% of the largest container
stored in the storage area.
 There should not be any opening in the dike (bank of river/water) to
prevent any leakage of waste from the storage area.
 The dike area should be graded to a sump.

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Storage Design Criteria
 Properly managed to prevent rain water or surface water from entering the
storage area.
 Any surface water run-off should be channelled to a proper drainage
system to avoid the water from entering the storage area.
 The loading and unloading area should be designed to contain any
spillage.
 The storage area should be equipped with ventilation system for volatile
wastes.

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Storage Design Criteria
 Separate compartments should be provided for different groups of
incompatible wastes.
 Storage area should be designed to provide adequate emergency escape
route.
 The storage area should be equipped with fire fighting and other
emergency response equipment as well as spill kit and comply fully with the
requirements of the Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia.

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PACKAGING AND LABELLING OF SCHEDULED WASTES CONTAINERS
Identification of Waste Characteristics

The scheduled wastes characteristics should be identified by the following

methods:

a) Sampling and analysing the scheduled wastes.

b) Identification based on process knowledge or history.

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Selection Of Containers

 An appropriate container should be selected according to the

characteristics of the scheduled wastes.
 The characteristic of scheduled wastes shall be compatible with the
type of material used for the container to prevent any reaction which
will deteriorate the container.

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Selection Of Containers
Type of containers Type of scheduled Packaging Requirement
wastes
 Bunghole drum  Inorganic or organic  No hole, no bulge, and
(steel/plastic) liquid waste free of dent and corrosion

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Selection Of Containers
Type of containers Type of scheduled Packaging Requirement
wastes
 Open top drum with cover  Solid waste  No hole, no bulge, and
and clamp (steel/plastic) free of dent and
corrosion

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Selection Of Containers
Type of containers Type of scheduled Packaging Requirement
wastes
 Intermediate bulk container  Used for a broad range  No hole or crack
of waste streams such
as oils, solvents and
acids

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Selection Of Containers
Type of containers Type of scheduled Packaging Requirement
wastes
 Jerrican / carboy  Inorganic or organic  No hole or crack
liquid waste such as
chemical wastes,
solvents, etc

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Selection Of Containers
Type of containers Type of scheduled Packaging Requirement
wastes
 Containers for clinical  Clinical wastes /  No hole or crack
waste pathogenic wastes

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Selection Of Containers
Type of containers Type of scheduled Packaging Requirement
wastes
 Corrugated box / carton box  Dry solid waste with no  No tear or hole
free-flow liquid
generated in small
quantity.

 Example: e-waste,
contaminated rags, expired
drugs, cosmetics, etc.

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Selection Of Containers
Type of containers Type of scheduled Packaging Requirement
wastes
 Flexible Intermediate Bulk  Dry solid waste with no  Preferably FIBCs made of
Containers (FIBCs)/ Jumbo free-flow liquid. high density poly ethylene
Bags (HDPE).
 Example: dust, slag, ash,  Must be doubled lining.
clinker, e-waste, dry  Bags not to be filled more
sludge, contaminated rags than 90% for secure
/ garnet, etc.
packaging.

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22/9/2020

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Labelling Of Containers

For identification and warning purposes, containers of scheduled wastes shall

be clearly labelled in accordance with the Third Schedule of the
Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005
and marked with the scheduled wastes code as specified in the
First Schedule of the Environmental Quality (Scheduled
Wastes) Regulations 2005. The characteristics labels as in the Third
Schedule of the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005.

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Labelling Of Containers

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Labelling Of Containers

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Labelling Of Containers

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Labelling Of Containers

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Labelling Of Containers

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Labelling Of Containers

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Labelling Of Containers

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Labelling Of Containers

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Labelling Of Containers

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Labelling Of Containers

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MANAGEMENT OF CONTAINERS CONTAINING SCHEDULED WASTES

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MANAGEMENT OF CONTAINERS CONTAINING SCHEDULED WASTES
Stacking of pallet without crate storage should not more than 2 tiers. The stacking with crate
storage should not be more that 3 tiers.

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MANAGEMENT OF CONTAINERS CONTAINING SCHEDULED WASTES
Example of storage area layout showing placement of containers

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MANAGEMENT OF CONTAINERS CONTAINING SCHEDULED WASTES
Containers should be stored with an ample aisle space between groups of
containers to allow for:

 The free movement of the forklift and other equipment and machinery.
 Emergency fire fighting purpose.
 Emergency escape route
 Ease of inspection of containers for leaks or spillages

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MANAGEMENT OF CONTAINERS CONTAINING SCHEDULED WASTES
Containers to be transported to other prescribed premises for recovery or
disposal shall be:

 Robust and capable to withstand transportation by lorry.

 All drums or bags must be fastened securely on a good conditioned pallet.
 The drums shall secured by appropriate plastic wrapping and/or plastic/steel
tape or band.

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MANAGEMENT OF CONTAINERS CONTAINING SCHEDULED WASTES

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CHEMICAL HEALTH RISK
ASSESSMENT (CHRA)
Department of Occupational Safety and Health Malaysia
2017
CHEMICAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT (CHRA)

 A standardised protocol for assessor to conduct a full assessment

using a method known as Chemical Health Risk Assessment
(CHRA).
 This manual has also been designed to assist employers and
occupational safety and health practitioners to understand the
scope of the assessment sufficiently in their objective review of
the report.

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CHEMICAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT (CHRA)

Purpose of conducting CHRA is to enable decisions to be made on:

 Appropriate control measures.

 Induction and training of workers..

 The necessity of exposure monitoring programme.

 The necessity of medical surveillance programme.

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CHEMICAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT (CHRA)

Objectives of CHRA are:

 To identify the hazards posed by each CHTH use within the workplace.
 To evaluate the degree of exposure of workers to the CHTH, either through
inhalation, dermal or ingestion.
 To evaluate the adequacy of existing control measures.
 To recommend further appropriate control measures and prioritise actions to
be taken to prevent or reduce risks.

*CHTH - Chemicals hazardous to health 201

 CHEMICAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT (CHRA)

CONTENT OF ASSESSMENTOF RISK TO HEALTH:

a) The potential risks to a worker as a result of exposure to CHTH;
b) The method and procedures adopted in the use of the CHTH;
c) The nature of the hazard to health;
d) The degree of exposure to such CHTH;
e) The risk to health created by the use and the release of chemicals from work processes;
f) Measures and procedures required to control the exposure of a worker to CHTH;
g) The measures, procedures, and equipment necessary to control any accidental emission of a CHTH as a result of
leakage, spillage, or process or equipment failure;
h) The necessity for worker exposure monitoring programme;
i) The necessity for medical surveillance programme; and
j) The requirement for the training and retraining of workers.

*CHTH - Chemicals hazardous to health 202

CHEMICAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT (CHRA)

ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES
There are basically two approaches to conduct the assessment of risk to health,
any one of which may be applied depending on the hazard classification of the
chemical, chemical use situation and the complexity of the work process. These
approaches are:

a) Full assessment

b) Simple assessment

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CHEMICAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT (CHRA)

Flow Chart on Approach of

Assessment of Risk to
Health

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CHEMICAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT (CHRA)

ASSESSMENT CONCEPT

Hazard

 A chemical health hazard is the potential of a chemical to cause harm or

adversely affect health of workers in the workplace.

 Adverse health effect ranges from fatality, permanent and serious health
impairment to mild skin irritation at the other end.

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CHEMICAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT (CHRA)

ASSESSMENT CONCEPT

Exposure

 A worker is exposed to a chemical if there is a possibility of the chemical

being inhaled; in contact with the eyes or skin; absorbed through the skin; or
being ingested.

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 CHEMICAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT (CHRA)

ASSESSMENT CONCEPT

Risk
 Risk is the likelihood that a chemical will cause adverse health effects or illness in the
conditions of its use.
 The risk to health usually increases with the severity of the hazard, the amount used, the
duration and frequency of exposure.
 Risk has been defined as the probability of over exposure and the consequences of that
exposure.
 This is so because a potentially toxic chemical may cause death or serious health effects if
the exposure is substantial.
 Therefore, the risk equation can be defined as: Risk = Hazard x Exposure

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CHEMICAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT (CHRA)

SELECT ASSESSOR
The assessment team is to be headed by an assessor and assisted by one or
more of the following team members where appropriate but not limited to:
a) An experienced and knowledgeable member of the safety and health
committee;
b) An occupational health doctor;
c) An engineer in related field;
d) An industrial/occupational health nurse; or
e) Supervisor of the work area.

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 CHEMICAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT (CHRA)

SELECT ASSESSOR
Competency of assessor should have the ability to:
a) Interpret the information in the SDS and labels as prescribed by the CLASS Regulations and detailed
*Industry Code of Practice on Chemical Hazard Classification *Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Labelling and Safety Data
out in the ICOP CHC; and Hazard Communication (ICOP CHC) Sheet of Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations 2013 or as amended

b) Understand the hazard classification as prescribed by the CLASS Regulations, Pesticide Act 1974 and
the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005;
c) Observe the conditions of work and anticipate potential risk to health;
d) Communicate effectively with workers, contract workers, managers, specialists and others;
e) Draw all the information together in a systematic way to form valid conclusions about exposures and
risks; and
f) Report the findings accurately to all parties concerned.

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 CHEMICAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT (CHRA)

Duties of an assessor
The appointed assessor is expected to:
a) Carry out assessment of health risks arising from the use of CHTH at the workplace;
b) Without any delay inform the respective employer of the immediate danger discovered during
the assessment process;
c) Make recommendations on the necessity to:
 Make changes or institute a programme to control exposure of workers to CHTH
 Control any accidental emission of a CHTH as a result of leakage, spillage, or process or
equipment failure
 Conduct exposure monitoring programme
 Carry out a medical surveillance programme
 Institute a training programme for workers.
d) Furnish and present his findings and recommendations to the employer within one (1) month
upon completion of the assessment report.

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 CHEMICAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT (CHRA)

Specialist advice
In certain case where advanced or specialist advice is required, the assessor may seek the
assistance of appropriate subject matter experts on occupational hygiene, occupational
medicine, toxicology, chemical exposure monitoring and specialised engineering control
equipment. The specialist who may be consulted may include, but is not limited to the following:
 An occupational/industrial hygienist – an expert on the identification of hazards, exposure evaluation
and control of health risks.
 An occupational health physician/doctor – a person who has expertise in occupational medicine and
medical surveillance programme.
 A hygiene technician – competent person on the inspection and testing of engineering control
equipment and the exposure monitoring of airborne chemicals.
 A toxicologist – an expert on chemical toxicity.

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CHEMICAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT (CHRA)

Steps in conducting
CHRA

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