FROMS OF THE WORD

NOUN
1. Làm chủ ngữ (subject)
Ex: Maths in the subject I like best.
2. The / a,an + adj + NOUN
Ex: She is a good student.
3. Đứng sau tính từ sở hữu (my, his, her, our…)
Ex: My house is on Tran Hung Dao Street.
4. Đứng sau ENOUGH
Ex: He doesn’t have enough money to buy the car.
5. Đứng sau giới từ: in, on, of, with…
Ex: She has a good knowledge of science.
6. Đứng sau các từ chỉ số lượng: few/a few, little, some, many….

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VERB → NOUN Collect → collector
Study → student ADJECTIVE → NOUN
Type → typist
Tall / high → height
Cycle → cyclist
Long → length
Play → player
Deep → depth
Swim → swimmer
Wide → width
Run → runner
Heavy → weight
Cook → cooker
Old → age
Perform → performer
Write → writer
Dance → dancer
Drive → driver
Work → worker
Teach → teacher
Learn → learner
Invent → inventor
Participate→ participant

ADJECTIVE
1. Tính từ đứng trước danh từ và bổ nghĩa cho danh từ mà nó đứng
trước.
ADJ + noun
Ex : Modern society needs engineers.

The / a,an + ADJ + noun

Ex: this is a big house.

2. Tính từ đứng sau BE và LINKING VERB bổ nghĩa cho chủ từ (subject).

to be
become
get
seem
Subject + appear + ADJ
feel
taste
look

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 Ex: She seems tired now.
The soup tastes delicious.

* * keep
Make + O + ADJ
find
Ex: his bad behaviour make me angry.
she kept the children amused for hours.
Mary finds the question difficult to answer.
3. be
seem + too + ADJ
look
Ex: He is too short to play basketball.
4. be + ADJ + enough
Ex: She is tall enough volleyball.

ADVERB
1. Bổ nghĩa cho động từ (VERB):
S + ADV + V (thường)
Ex: He exactly answered these questions.

S + V (thường) + ADV
Ex: The train stopped suddenly.

S + V (thường) + O + ADV
Ex: He speaks English fluently.

S + V (trợ động từ) + ADV + V (thường)

Ex: I have recently finished my homework.

2. Bổ nghĩa cho tính từ (ADJ):

be
seem + ADV + adj
look
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 Ex: I feel completely interested in this film.

3. Bổ nghĩa cho trạng từ (ADV):

S + V + ADV + ADV
Ex: He went very quickly.

4. Bổ nghĩa cho cả câu:

ADV, S + V
Ex: Suddenly, he heard a strange voice.

5. V (thường) + too + ADV

Ex: He studied too lazily to pass his exam.
6. V(thường) + ADV + enough
Ex: He worked hard enough to succeed.

 Cách tạo thành trạng từ

- Thêm “ly” sau tính từ
Ex: safe  safely ; quick  quickly
- Tính từ tận cùng bằng (phụ âm) Y → đổi Y thành i + ly.
Ex: easy  easily ; happy  happily
- Tính từ tận cùng bằng ble, ple → bỏ e rồi thêm Y
Ex: possible  possibly ; simple  simply

Trường hợp đặc biệt

Good → well
Late → late
Early → early
Hard → hard
Fast → fast

Một số tính từ trái nghĩa:

Young ≠ old Happy ≠ sad, unhappy

New ≠ old Poor ≠ rich
Long / tall ≠ short Expensive ≠ cheap, inexpensive
Big / large ≠ small Good ≠ bad
Beautiful ≠ ugly Quick / fast ≠ slow
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Easy ≠ difficult Hot ≠ cool
Strong ≠ weak Dirty ≠ clean
Popular ≠ unpopular Polluted ≠ pure/fresh
Busy ≠ free Boring, ≠ interesting
Late ≠ early Uninteresting
Hard ≠ lazy Tired ≠ well
Heavy ≠ light
Cold ≠ warm

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ADJECTIVE → ADVERB
Skilful → skilfully
Slow → slowly
Bad → badly
Interesting → interestingly
Sudden → suddenly
Quick → quickly

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Safe → safely
Careful → carefully
Careless → carelessly

PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A SENTENCE

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1. Subject (chủ từ) : is what we speak about in a sentence.
2. Verb (động từ) : talk about actions or states of being.
 Transitive verb (Vt – ngoại động từ ) : always requires Object.
 Intransitive verb (vi – nội động từ) : can make sense without object.
3. Object (túc từ, tân ngữ) : is the receiver of the action.
(answer the question “who” or “what”)
 Indirect object (i.o) tân ngữ gián tiếp
 Direct object (d.o) tân ngữ trực tiếp

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4. Complement (bổ ngữ)
 Subject complement (bổ ngữ chủ từ) : is used to describe the subject.
 Object complement (bổ ngữ tân ngữ) : is used to tell more about the Object.

5. Adjunct: (từ bổ nghĩa) : to indicate time, place, frequency,

or manner occurs in a sentence. (adjuncts are usually adv or adverb clause,
and answer the question “when”, “where” or “how”)



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 NORMAL SENTENCE PATTERNS IN ENGLISH
1. S + Vi
2. S + Vi + S.C
3. S + Vt + O
4. S + Vt + i.O + d.O
S + Vt + i.O + d.O
5. S + Vt + O + O.C

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6. S + V + (O) + Adjunct

Pattern I: S + Vi

SUBJECT VERB
Autumn came
Dead leaves fall
The children are sleeping
Flowers die

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 Times passes

Pattern II: S + Vi + S.C

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 Subject
SUBJECT VERB
COMPLEMENT
Peter is a student. Noun
The car was mine. Pronoun
Jack is ill. Adjective
Seeing is believing. Gerund
My aim is to pass the exams this year. Infinitive
The trouble is that we are short of money. Clause
Mike and I are exactly the same height. Phrase

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 Verbs are usually: to be, appear, become, feel, look, mean, seem, smell,
sound, taste.
 Subject COMPLEMENT: noun, pronoun, adjective, gerund, infinitive,
phrase, and clause.

Pattern III: S + Vt + O

SUBJECT VERB OBJECT

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Peter collects stamps noun
I saw them Pronoun
He likes swimming Gerund
Lan needs to help Infinitive
Hung learns how to play the guitar phrase
The teacher says that she is stupid clause

 Verbs other than be and linking verbs are frequently followed by an object.
 Object: noun, pronoun, gerund, infinitive, phrase, and clause.

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Pattern IV:
a) S + Vt + i.O + d.O

INDIRECT
SUBJECT VERB DIRECT OBJECT
OBJECT
He gave me the book
Jim bought Mary a present

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 Certain verbs are frequently followed by two objects: an indirect object and a
direct object
 Verbs: bring, build, buy, cook, do, get, give, hand, leave, offer, pass, send, take,
tell, read, write, teach, buy, sell……
 A direct object is a person or a thing that receives the action of a verb. A direct
object can be a noun or an object pronoun.
 An indirect object is a person who receives the direct object. An indirect object
can be a noun or an object pronoun.

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Pattern IV:
b) S + Vt + d.O +
i.O

 Direct object may precede indirect object which must be preceded by

preposition TO or FOR.

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TO + INDIRECT OBJECT FOR + INDIRECT OBJECT

Bring Offer Send Bake Fix

Describe Owe Show Build Get
Explain Repeat Teach Buy Leave
Give Say Tell Cook Make
Mail Sell Write Do Prepare

SUBJECT VERB DIRECT Preposition INDIRECT

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 OBJECT (giới từ) OBJECT
He gave the book to me
Jim bought a present for Mary

Pattern V: S + Vt + O + O.C

object
SUBJECT VERB OBJECT
COMPLEMENT
We call them cowards (kẻ hèn nhát) noun
The boy made the teacher angry Adjective

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 She felt her heart beating
Participle
He wants this work completed
I wish you to stay Infinitive
We had seen towns destroyed by bombing Phrase
He made our company what it is now clause

Pattern IV: S + V + (O) + Adjunct

MANNER > PLACE > TIME

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 MANNER PLACE TIME
She sang that song nicely here yesterday.
He drove his car rapidly to school this morning.
They will live happily everywhere after war.
They were studying hard in class for hour.

PLACE > MANNER > (FREQUENCY) > TIME

PLACE MANNER FREQUENCY TIME
He is going to Japan by ship

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 The postman comes twice a day during Agust
I saw them at the game last Saturday.
John went to the library every night last week.
The President left here secretly on Sunday.

 When more than one modifier indicating place, manner, frequency, or

time occurs in a sentence, the regular order after the verb and after the
object.

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 When there are two or more adverbs of PLACE or of TIME, the
smaller unit generally (not always) precedes the larger ones.
However, the larger unit can precede the smaller unit when it is more
important.

Ex: 1) I will meet you at three o’clock tomorrow.

small unit larger unit

2) He lives in a small village in Vinh Long province.

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 small unit larger unit
 Adverbs of MANNER precede adjectives, participles, or other adverbs.



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THE MODIFIER
(Từ bổ nghĩa)

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 The main sentence elements are SUBJECT, VERB, OBJECT and
COMPLEMENT. Besides, other words or groups of words called modifiers are
used to tell more about the main elements.
KINDS OF MODIFIERS:
1. Subject modifier
2. Verb modifier
3. Object modifier
4. Direct object modifier

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 5. Indirect object modifier
6. Subject complement modifier
7. Object complement modifier
8. Modifier of another modifier
Note:
 Single-word modifiers of the subject, object, or
complement are ordinarily placed before the word modified.
 Clause or phrase modifiers of the subject, object, or
complement are ordinarily placed after the word modified.

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Modifiers SUBJECT Clause Modifiers VERB Modifier COMPLEMENT
(of subject) (of subject) or OBJECT
Richard is very tired
The tall man in brown hat wants that black suitcase
The blue bicycle made in china is very expensive
The old man standing under tree is a good English teacher

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 Most modifiers of verbs are regularly placed after
the verb and the complement or object.
COMPLEMENT Modifiers
SUBJECT VERB or OBJECT (of verb)
They went home
He was ill yesterday
Joe saw Bob on Tuesday

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