English With Rashika Gupta
Chapter-3
Tenses
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English With Rashika Gupta
Chapter
Tenses
3
Dear Students, Tenses
Tense
English Direct Indirect Tenses
Tenses
Tense
Tense
(1) Present Tense
(2) Past Tense
(3) Future Tense
Tense:
Tense can be said that form of verb which shows the time of an action & its
extent of completeness.
Tense
PRESENT TENSE
Present Tense tense
State of an action Present Tense
(a) Present Indefinite (Simple Present)
(b) Present Continuous (Present Progressive)
(c) Present Perfect
(d) Present Perfect Continuous
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(a) Present Indefinite Tense
Tense (Indefinite)
Structure
For Singular: → Sub + VI + Obj. (Affirmative)
→ Sub. + does not + VI + Obj. (Negative)
→ Does + Sub. + VI + Obj. (Interrogative)
For Plural: → Sub. + VI + Obj. (Affirmative)
→ Sub. + do not + VI + Obj. (Negative)
→ Do + Sub. + VI + Obj. (Interrogative)
Note: I Plural
Uses: (1) To Show Habitual Actions
(a) He goes out for a walk every day.
(b) Usually she does not take tea in the morning.
(c) My father visits temple thrice a week.
(d) She seldom tells a lie.
Tense words
Everyday, every month, every year, daily, always, regularly, seldom,
occasionally, sometimes, usually, normally, frequently, generally,
often, never once/twice/thrice a week/month/year etc.
2. To show General truth/universal truth permanent truth
(a) The sun rises in the east.
(b) The earth moves around the sun.
(c) Delhi stands on the bank of the Yamuna.
(d) Water boils at 1000C
3. To show imperative sentences
(a) Always obey your parents.
(b) Do not play on the road.
(c) Never tell a lie.
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4. Here There exclamatory
(a) Here comes the train!
(b) Here she goes!
(c) There rings the bell!
5. To denote custom practice, repeated action.
(a) People celebrate holi every year.
(b) Politicians exploit the illiterate.
(b) Present Continuous Tense
Tense
For Singular : →Sub + is + VI ing + Obj. (Affirmative)
→Sub + is not + VI ing + Obj. (Negative)
→Is + Sub + VI ing + Obj. (Interrogative)
For Plural : →Sub + are + VI ing + Obj. (Affirmative)
→Sub + are not + VI ing + Obj. (Negative)
→Are + Sub + VI ing + Obj. (Interrogative)
Note: I ‘am’
1 To show a continuous action
(a) She is reading a book.
(b) He is playing chess.
(c) They are not driving a car.
(d) Ram is changing the bulb.
2 To show those actions
Now, these days, now-a-days, still, at this time, at this moment, at
present.
(a) She is writing a novel now-a-days.
(b) What are you doing these days?
(c) Is she still reading?
(d) My father is reading the Mahabharata now.
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3 Always, continually, constantly, forever present
continuous
(a) He is always complaining.
(b) My brother is constantly disturbing me.
(c) She is continually crying now-a-days.
4 Some verbs are static verbs. These verbs are generally not used in -ing
form.
Example-
1 Verbs of perception and thinking process .i.e. See, taste, think, know,
smell, hear, mean etc.
2 Verbs showing possession and Expressing feelings i.e. own ,like,
love, belong, possess, wish, hate, desire, contain etc.
3 Other verbs such as affect, cost, require, face, seem, appear, become
etc.
(a) Mohit is owning a house. (x) Mohit owns a house. (✓)
(b) I am hating him. (x) I hate him. (✓)
(c) This book is containing ten chapters. (x) This book contains ten
chapters. (✓)
(c) Present Perfect Tense
Tense actions
Structure
For Singular: →Sub + has + VIII + Obj. (Affirmative)
→Sub + has not + VIII + Obj. (Negative)
→Has + Sub + VIII + Obj. (Interrogative)
For Plural: →Sub + have + VIII + Obj. (Affirmative)
→Sub + have not + VIII + Obj. (Negative)
→Have + Sub. + VIII + Obj. (Interrogative)
Note: I Plural
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Uses:
1. To show that action that has just ended
(a) I have written a letter.
(b) Pooja has bought a new car.
(c) He has gone to Mumbai.
action show past
since/for
(a) She has lived in this house since 2009.
(b) Ram has taught here for ten years.
(c) I have been ill since Monday.
3.
Already, so far, as yet, yet, upto now, just, just now, recently, ever,
lately, till, of late, by the time, after.
(a) I have already taken my lunch.
(b) Have you ever been to London?
(c) She has not finished her H.W. so far.
4. sentencestructures presentperfecttense
This is the first/Second/third/best/worst
It is the first/second/third/best/worst
That is the first/second/third/best/worst
(a) This is the best book, Ihave ever read.
(b) It is the worst novel, Ihave ever read.
(c) That is the fourth apple, he has eaten so far.
(d) Present Perfect continuous Tense
Tense
Structure
For Singular:→Sub+ has been + VI ing + Obj. + since /for (Affirmative)
→Sub + has not been + VI ing + Obj. + since/for (Negative)
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English With Rashika Gupta
→Has + Sub + been + VI ing + Obj. + since / for (Interrogative)
For Plural: →Sub + have been + VI ing + Obj. + since /for (Affirmative)
→Sub + have not been + VI ing + Obj. + since /for (Negative)
→Have + Sub + been + VI ing + Obj. + since/ for (Interrogative)
Note: I Plural
Note: (a) Point of time – use since
(b) Period of time – use for
Uses:
1. continuous action
(a) Ram has been singing a song for half an hour.
(b) We have been playing cricket for two hours.
(c) He has not been reading a book since 2 p.m.
2. action past
continue
(a) He has been crying.
(b) I have been cleaning the room.
(c) She has been preparing lunch.
Note: action since/for
Note: Difference between Present continuous and present perfect
continuous Tense
present Continuous Present Perfect Continuous
(a) He is reading a book (a) He has been reading a book for 2 hrs.
(without time) (with time)
(b) It is raining (without time) (b) It has been raining since morning
(with time)
(c) I am playing chess (without (c) I have been playing chess since 2 p.m.
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time) (with time)
presentcontinuous Present
perfect continuous
PAST TENSE
Tense Past Present Tense
stateo faction Tense
(a) Past Indefinite (simple past)
(b) Past continuous (Past progressive)
(c) Past perfect
(d) Past perfect continuous
(a) Past Indefinite Tense
Tense Past
Structure: tense singular/plural structure
→Sub+ VII + Obj. (Affirmative)
→Sub + did not + VI + Obj. (Negative)
→Did + sub + VI + Obj. (Interrogative)
Uses:
1. To show a past action
(a) I wrote a letter yesterday.
(b) She came last week.
(c) I met him the day before yesterday.
Note: tense
Yesterday, last, ago, the other day, the day before, in July 2000 etc.
2. past habit
(a) I played cricket in my childhood.
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(b) She always prayed to God.
(c) I went to church on Sundays.
3. With the Phrase
It is time
It is high time. + Sub. + Past + Ind. Tense
It is about time.
(a) It is time you repainted the A/c.
(b) It is high time I finished the work.
4. Present indefinite tense Indirect speech Past Indefinite
change
(a) He said, “I want to go now”
He said that he wanted to go then.
(b) Past Continuous Tense
Tense action past
continued
Structure:
For Singular: →Sub. + was + VI ing. + Obj. (Affirmative)
→Sub + was not + VI ing. + Obj. (Negative)
→Was + Sub. + VI ing. + Obj. (Interrogative)
For Plural: →Sub + were + VI ing. + Obj. (Affirmative)
→Sub + were + not + VI ing. + Obj. (Negative)
→Were + Sub + VI ing. + Obj. (Interrogative)
Uses:
1. Past Continue action
(a) They were preparing a draft.
(b) She was washing the clothes.
(c) He was going to market.
(d) I was not writing a letter.
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2. Present continuous tense Indirect speech Past continuous
Tense Change
(a) Meena said, “I am washing the clothes.”
Meena said that she was washing the clothes.
(b) He said, “Ram is taking lunch now.”
He said that Ram was taking lunch then.
3. Past continuous
(a) While she was preparing lunch, I was taking shower.
(b) While I was reading, my wife was watching T.V.
Note: actions ‘While’
(c) Past Perfect Tense
tense actions Past
Structure:
Tense Singular/Plural Structure
→Sub + had + VIII + Obj. (Affirmative)
→Sub + had not + VIII + Obj. (Negative)
→Had + Sub. + VIII + Obj. (Interrogative)
Uses:
1. actions Past
(a) The crops had destroyed.
(b) He had left for USA.
(c) I had taken my lunch.
2. Present perfect tense Indirect speech Past perfect Change
Ram said, “I have completed this work.”
Ram said that he had completed that work.
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3. Past Past Perfect
Past indefinite tense
(a) The patient had died before the doctor came.
(b) The teacher had started a new topic before we entered the class.
(c) He came here after she had gone.
(d) We reached school after the bell had rung.
Note: action before after
4. past Past perfect
tense
(a) I had hoped that he would pass.
(b) She had expected his arrival, but he didn’t come.
Note: actions hope, expect, think, mean, intend, suppose, want
(d) Past Perfect Continuous Tense
tense Past continuous actions
Structure: tense Singular/Plural Structuresame
→Sub. + had been + VI ing. + Obj. + since/for (Affirmative)
→Sub. + had not been + VI ing. + Obj. + since/for (Negative)
→Had + Sub. + been + VI ing. + Obj. + since/for (Interrogative)
Uses:
1. Pastcontinuousaction
(a) She had been watching TV for 2 Hrs.
(b) I had been reading novel since 2 P.M.
2. Present Perfect continuous tense Indirect speech past perfect
continuous tense
(a) He said, “She hasbeen watching TV for 2 hrs.”
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He said that she hadbeen watching TV for 2 hrs.
3. Past perfect action repeat past perfect continuous
tense
(a) I have been trying to contact him.
(b) He had been trying to get a good job.
FUTURE TENSE
tense action show
tense
(a) Future Indefinite (Simple future)
(b) Future continuous (Future progressive)
(c) Future perfect
(d) Future perfect continuous
(a) Future Indefinite
tense actions
Structure: →Sub + Will + Obj. (Affirmative)
→Sub + Will not + Obj. (Negative)
→Will + Sub. + Obj. (Interrogative)
Note: will shall
shall
1. I me Interrogative shall
(a) I will help you.
(b) She will go to market tomorrow.
(c) He will visit Mumbai next month.
2. actions unless, until, when, if adverb clause,
present Ind. Tense
(a) If you run fast, you will win the race.
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(b) Unless she works hard, she will not pass.
(c) When the storm stops, the plane will take off.
(b) Future Continuous Tense
tense continuousactions
Structure: →Sub. + will be + VI ing + Obj. (Affirmative)
→Sub. + will not be + VI ing + Obj. (Negative)
→Will + Sub. + be + VI ing + Obj. (Interrogative)
(a) She will be cooking food at this time tomorrow.
(b) I will be writing a letter at this time the day after tomorrow.
(c) We will be leaving Canada at this time on coming Monday.
Note: Tense Tomorrow, next Sunday/Monday etc. ‘at this
time’
(c) Future Perfect Tense
tense actions
Structure: →Sub + will have + VIII + Obj. (Affirmative)
→Sub + will not have + VIII + Obj. (Negative)
→Will + Sub + have + VIII + Obj. (Interrogative)
1. actions show
(a) I will have finished this work by next month.
(b) She will have submitted her project by Monday.
Note: actions till by future by Monday, by
Tuesday, before Saturday, before January etc.
2. action show when before presenttense
(a) I will have completed this task before she comes.
(b) He will have reached school before the bell rings.
(d) Future Perfect Continuous Tense
tense action
Structure:
→Sub + will have been + VI ing + Obj. Since/for (Affirmative)
→Sub + will not have been + VI ing + Obj. Since/for (Negative)
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→Will + Sub. + have been + VI ing + Obj. Since/for (Interrogative)
(a) She will have been washing the clothes for 3 hrs.
(b) I will have been watching this movie since 3 P.M.
EXERCISE
Directions: Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical
error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of
that part is the answer. If there is no error, the answer is ‘4’ i.e. No error,
(Ignore the errors of punctuation, if any).
1. The question is (1)/so complicated that (2)/it could not besolved
immediately. (3)/No error (4)
2. Ragesh finished his work (1)/just before you came to see him (2)/ at his
residence. (3)/No error (4)
3. Rakesh asked me (1)/why was I angry at his remarks (2)/which he had
not made deliberately. (3)/No error (4)
4. If I would have spoken to my father (1)/as you spoke to me (2)/ he
would have beaten me. (3)/No error (4)
5. Foolishly Dhananjay threw (1)/some water on the electric heater
(2)/when it catches fire (3)/ and he got a shock. (4)/No error (5)
6. The enmity between the (1)/ two groups had reached a level (2)/where
reconciliation has (3)/ become impossible. (4)/No error (5)
7. If Deepak had been with us (1)/ from the beginning (2)/we would be
much happier. (3)/ No error (4)
8. As soon as Sujeet saw the tiger, (1)/ he run (2)/and climbed up the tree.
(3)/No error (4)
9. Rakesh has already gone (1)/ before the (2)/roof fell down to the earth.
(3)/ No error (4)
10. The film started (1)/ before we reached (2)/because we were late. (3)/
No error (4)
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When you will find out (1)/ any solution to this problem you will become able
(2)/ to finalise the project. (3)/ No error (4)
11. Whenever you are coming here, (1)/ you bring a lot of (2)/ sweets for
me.(3)/ No error (4)
12. A misogynist is a person (1)/ who is hating woman but a philogynist is a
person (2)/ who loves woman.(3)/ No error (4)
13. Now-a-days he teaches physics (1)/ because the teacher of physics (2)/
has been absenting himself for a month.(3)/ No error (4)
14. ‘It is high time (1)/ you are starting this work.’ (2)/ my friend said to
me.(3)/ No error (4)
15. Many of my friends (1)/ wished to come here today but (2)/ none of
them arrived yet.(3)/ No error (4)
16. She says that she will take (1)/ her umbrella (2)/ in case it will rain.(3)/
No error (4)
17. When I will be thirty (1)/ most of my friends (2)/ will be above thirty
five, be sure. (3)/ No error (4)
18. This is, indeed, (1)/ the first time in my life that I hear (2)/ such an
interesting story.(3)/ No error (4)
19. Before the alarm (1)/ had stopped ringing (2)/ John had pulled up the
shade. (3)/ No error (4)
20. I have been knowing (1)/ him for ten years but I don’t know (2)/ where
he lives.(3)/ No error (4)
21. If he had a few hours to spare, (1)/ he would spend (2)/ them in a public
library. (3)/ No error (4)
22. If I would have done this, (1)/ I would have done wrong and would have
disappointed (2)/ many of my friends.(3)/ No error (4)
23. I wish he saw you (1)/ when you were (2)/ living in England.(3)/ No
error (4)
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24. I lived here since 1980, (1)/ therefore I know everything (2)/ about the
city. (3)/ No error (4)
25. If we had Mohan in our team, we (1)/ would have won the match (2)/
against your team. (3)/ No error (4)
26. If I was you I would have told (1)/ the Chairman to keep (2)/ his mouth
shut. (3)/ No error (4)
27. The victim tried to tell up (1)/ what has happened (2)/ but his words
were not audible. (3)/ No error (4)
28. She was with me uptil now, (1)/ so don’t rebuke her (2)/ for getting late.
(3)/ No error (4)
29. Had he come even a moment earlier, (1)/ he would have (2)/ found me
there.(3)/ No error (4)
30. Newspapers told (1)/ us about the events that happen (2)/ all over the
world.(3)/ No error (4)
31. ‘Here is coming my friend!’, (1)/ said Manju when (2)/ she was
anxious.(3)/ No error (4)
32. By this time next year he (1)/ has had settled himself (2)/ in London.(3)/
No error (4)
33. I had hoped/ that I would see (1)/ you the other day, but (2)/
unfortunately I fell ill.(3)/ No error (4)
34. Sushma arrived here, did all the preparations (1)/ and then has called
(2)/ on one of her intimate friends.(3)/ No error (4)
35. That two and two (1)/ always made four cannot (2)/ be doubted. (3)/ No
error (4)
36. Dipu hopes to become (1)/ an officer after he will complete (2)/ his
higher education. (3)/ No error (4)
37. Meenu along with her parents (1)/ is going to Mumbai tonight (2)/
because her eldest brother is ill there.(3)/ No error (4)
38. He would not have (1)/ done all this if he had not been (2)/ instigated by
his wife.(3)/ No error (4)
39. The teacher said to us that we (1)/ should stay at home (2)/ if it rains.
(3)/ No error (4)
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40. We observed that (1)/ the policeman chased a (2)/ thief at that moment.
(3)/ No error (4)
41. The police think that (1)/Luna may be there yesterday (2)/at the time of
murder. (3)/ No error (4)
42. How much money (1)/ did you waste since the (2)/ death of your uncle?
(3)/ No error (4)
43. The labourers tired after a (1)/day’s work and (2)/ enjoying sound sleep.
(3)/ No error (4)
44. The boss satisfied to see (1)/ the neat work of (2)/ the secretary
yesterday. (3)/ No error (4)
45. While you were young, (1)/ you ought (2)/ to learn good habits. (3)/ No
error (4)
46. When I visited (1)/ my friend he (2)/ had been sweeping the floor. (3)/
No error (4)
47. I was to catch (1)/ the first train, but had (2)/ to cancel the programme.
(3)/ No error (4)
48. When I met her (1)/ last year she was married (2)/ for three years. (3)/
No error (4)
49. On next Diwali they (1)/ will live together (2)/ for ten years. (3)/ No
error (4)
SOLUTIONS
1. (3) ‘it could not be’ ‘it cannot be’ Present
could (past) can (present)
2. (1) ‘Rajesh finished his work’ ‘Rajesh had finished his work’
Past Past Perfect Tense
The patient died before the doctor came. (x)
The patient had died before the doctor came. (✓)
3. (2) ‘why was I angry’ ‘why I was angry’
4. (1) ‘If I would have’ ‘If I had’
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5. (3) ‘when it catches fire’ ‘when it caught fire’
Past time
6. (3) ‘has’ ‘had’
7. (3) ‘would be’ ‘would have been’
8. (2) ‘he run’ ‘he ran’
9. (1) ‘Rakesh has already gone’ ‘Rakesh had already gone’
10. (1) ‘The film started’ ‘The film had started’
11. (1) Use ‘you find’ in place of ‘you will find’.
12. (1) Use ‘you come’ in place of ‘you are coming’.
13. (2) Use ‘who hates’ in place of ‘who is hating’.
14. (1) Use ‘he is teaching’ in place of ‘he teaches’.
15. (2) Use ‘You started’ in place of ‘You are starting’.
16. (3) Use ‘has arrived’ in place of ‘arrived’.
17. (3) Use ‘it rains’ in place of ‘it will rain’.
18. (1) Use ‘I am thirty’ in place of ‘I will be thirty’.
19. (2) Use ‘I have heard’ in place of ‘I hear’.
20. (2) Use ‘Stopped’ in place of ‘had stopped’.
21. (1) Use ‘have known’ in place of ‘have been knowing’.
22. (4) No error.
23. (2) Use ‘had done’ in place of ‘would have done’.
24. (1) Use ‘had seen’ in place of ‘saw’.
25. (2) Use ‘have lived’ in place of ‘lived’.
26. (2) Use ‘we had had Mohan’ in place of ‘we had Mohan’.
27. (2) Use ‘were’ in place of ‘was’.
28. (1) Use ‘had’ in place of ‘has’.
29. (3) Use ‘has been’ in place of ‘was’.
30. (4) No error.
31. (2) Use ‘tell’ in place of ‘told’.
32. (1) Use ‘comes’ in place of ‘is coming’.
33. (2) Use ‘will have’ in place of ‘has had’.
34. (4) No error.
35. (2) Use ‘called’ in place of ‘has called’.
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36. (1) Use ‘makes’ in place of ‘made’.
37. (3) Use ‘has completed’ in place of ‘will complete’.
38. (4) No error.
39. (4) No error.
40. (3) Use ‘rained’ in place of ‘rains’.
41. (2) Use ‘was chasing’ in place of ‘chased’ .
42. (2) Use ‘might have been there’ in place of ‘may be there’.
43. (2) Use ‘have you wasted’ in place of ‘did you waste’.
44. (1) Use ‘are tired’ in place of ‘tired’.
45. (1) Use ‘was satisfied’ in place of ‘satisfied’.
46. (3) Use ‘have learnt’ in place of ‘learn’.
47. (3) Use ‘was sweeping’ in place of ‘had been sweeping’.
48. (1) Use ‘was to have caught’ in place of ‘was to catch’.
49. (2) Use ‘had been married’ in place of ‘was married’.
50. (2) Use ‘will have been living’ in place of ‘will live’.
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