REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

REGION I
DIVISION CITY SCHOOLS
LIBAS NATIONAL HIGHSCHOOL
SAN CARLOS CITY, PANGASINAN

SUGARCANE (Saccharum Officinarum) BIOFUEL AS ALTENATIVE FUEL

AIRAINE M. VIOLA

JESSICA MARIE P. MANDAPAT

MARY JANE C. GARCIA

JOHN F. GUTIERREZ

MARK BENZ LATONIO

RICA M. PARAGAS

RICHARD P. PASCUA

ERWIN C. ROSARIO

CHAPTER 1
 INTRODUCTION

Rationale

We all know that fuel is very useful to us. We use it in lamp or in everything

needed a fuel. According to A.P.J. Abdul Kalam “We must get rid of fossil fuels by

developing injection systems for automobiles, which can run on bio-fuel”. It means that

we have to use alternative fuels which is bio-fuel (from sugarcane). But we will use lamp

first before engine because it will take a long process of time.

A fuel made reaction with other substances so that it releases chemical or nuclear

energy as least or to be used for work. The heat energy released by reactions of fuels is

converted into mechanical energy via a heat engine. Other times the heat itself is

valued for warmth, cooking, or industrial processes, as well as the illumination that

comes with combustion. Fuels are also used in the cells of organisms in a process

known as cellular respiration where organic molecules are oxidized to released usable

energy. Fuels are contrasted with other substances or devices storing potential energy

such as those that directly release electrical energy (such as flywheels, springs,

compressed air or water in a reservoir) (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane).

A fuel is helpful but there are some that has a harmful effect for us, in our health and

even to our environment. Especially when uses in transportations that causes pollution.

And human will be the most affected, not just human but everything in the Earth.

It’s important to use bio-fuel because in the present and in the future, fossil fuel

resources are running out. We have to make solution for this before it happen, So that

we have to find alternative for fossil fuels. Because fossil fuels are non-renewable
resources. As they run out, the price will rise. However, fossil fuel create negative

externalities or pollution. And we, the consumer will suffer. Also our economy will down.

Using bio-fuel is important because this will help us to reduce less greenhouse

emissions and mitigate the effects of global warming produce by fossil fuel. This can

help our environment because bio-fuel still releases greenhouse gases like carbon

dioxide but do so at reduced levels. According to a report by the National Renewable

Energy Laboratory Bio-fuel produce 70.5 percent fewer carbon dioxide emissions than

petroleum diesel.

Bio-fuel are made mostly from plants that have been harvested. This designed to

replace gasoline, diesel fuel and coal which are called “fossil fuel”. Are bio-fuels better

for air quality? For the most part, yes. Bio-fuels produced less particulate like smoke

and soot. They also produce lower dangerous chemicals like sulfur, which is the leading

cause of acid rain. Bio-fuels also produce less ozone which is one of the primary

components of smog. (biofuel.org.uk/biofuels-for-kids.html)

This time we will try to make a bio-fuel, a fuel that made of sugarcane, and if this

succeed we can use it as alternative for fossil fuels.

Why sugarcane?

Because sugarcane is a tropical grass, it is a plant. And plants produces oxygen

gas from their food which is an important part of the air.

Sugarcane are several species of tall perennial true grasses of the genus Saccharum,

tribe Andropogoneae, native and Melanesia and used for sugar production. Sugarcane
plant is 2 to 6 m. (6 ft.7 inches to 19 ft. 8 inches) tall. This belongs to grass family

Poaceae, an economically important seed plant family that includes maize, wheat, rice,

and sorghum and many forage crops.

This won’t pollute because plant based fuels comes from renewable source, that can be

grown anytime and have lower carbon emissions as compared to fossil fuels.

Sugarcane bio-fuel not only help a struggling economy but also helps in reducing

greenhouse gases up to much extent by emitting pollution. We chose this topic because

we want to help as a student in the problem of our country, and we know that if this

succeed it will gives us a lot of benefit.

Conceptual Framework

In this part where a diagrammatic representation of conceptual determine the

efficiency of sugarcane (saccharum officinarum) as bio-fuel. The stalk of the sugarcane

was used in producing an extract to make bio-fuel.

 Input

Sugarcane Extract

Process

Experimentation

Fermentation

Distillation

Output

Sugarcane as Biofuel or
Alternative for fuel

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

Statement of the Problem

This is the part of the study where can determine the effectiveness of Sugarcane

(Saccharum Officinarum) extract as an alternative for fuels. This study aims to answer

the following sub-problems:

1. What is the level of effectiveness of Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum

extract as bio-fuel?

2. Is there any significance difference between Sugarcane (Saccharum

Officinarum) and the positive control?

Hypothesis

1. There is no significant difference between Sugarcane (Saccharum

Officinarum) and the positive control.

Significance of the Study

This is where the research paper discusses the important significance and the

benefits of research.

Students/Researchers- the students/researchers will be the one whose benefit

the research because students will get new knowledge, in the research

students/researchers can learn new things and it can help them.

Consumer- The research can help consumer because as the day pass by, the

product of fuel or fossil fuels will ran out. In this research of bio-fuel can help consumer

to save money and will experience less pollution.

 Farmers (sugarcane)- The research will help the farmers of sugarcane because

when this experiment succeed, they are the one who will benefit because their crops will

quickly depleted and they will earn more money.

DENR- will also benefit the research because of bio-fuel from sugarcane. And

DENR won’t get problem anymore of the trees, because in this research we will not

going to use coal from the big trees. And will not going to cut big trees from mountains

and forests anymore if the bio-fuel from sugarcane will succeed. Biotic Company- It can

help the company when fuel resources ran out. They can sell the alternative fuels which

is bio-fuel from sugarcane that can use in engines or in everything needed a fuel.

Scope and Delimitation

In this part of research paper, the researchers aimed to emanate the scope and

delimitation to set proof and legitimacy of the study in order to provide a legitimate basis

to its parameters.

Precisely, this research focused on sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) as a

source of effective bio-fuel which is specifically Ethyl alcohol (C2H6O) with a satisfying

flammability.

In this study, sugar cane is processed in order to extract ethyl alcohol an alcohol-

based fuel produced by the fermentation of sugarcane juice and molasses. Because it is

a clean, affordable and low-carbon bio-fuel, sugarcane ethanol has emerged as a

leading renewable fuel for the transportation sector. Ethanol can be used two ways

either blended with gasoline or as pure ethanol.

Ethanol, also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and drinking alcohol, is the principal

type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. It is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid

with a slight characteristic odor. Its chemical formula is (C2H6O) or (CH3-CH2-OH) and

is often abbreviated as EtOH.

Brazil is the world’s largest sugarcane ethanol producer and a pioneer in using

ethanol as a motor fuel. In 2015/16, Brazilian ethanol production reached 30.23 billion

liters (8 billion gallons). Most of this production is absorbed by the domestic market

where it is sold as either pure ethanol fuel or blended with gasoline. All gasoline sold in

Brazil includes a blend of 18 to 27.5 percent ethanol.

Definition of Terms

In order to understand the hidden meaning of the terms used in the study.

Alternative - a choice limited to one of two or more possibilities, as of things,

propositions, or courses of action, the selection of which precludes any other possibility.

Externalities - a side effect or consequence of an industrial or commercial activity that

affects other parties without this being reflected in the cost of the goods or services

involved, such as the pollination of surrounding crops by bees kept for honey.

Fossil fuel - any combustible organic material, as oil, coal, or natural gas, derived from

the remains of former life.

Saccharum - it is so called because the white pileus looks very much like loaf sugar.

Perennial - lasting or existing for a long or apparently infinite time; enduring or

continually recurring. Poaceae - is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of

monocotyledonous flowering plants known as grasses.

Sorghum-a widely cultivated cereal native to warm regions of the Old World. It is a

major source of grain and of feed for livestock.

Extract - juice from pressed sugarcane stalk.

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

RELATED STUDIES

These are the studies of both local and foreign in relation to the topic,

“Sugarcane Biofuel as alternative fuel ”. To Produce and effective, efficient and

sustainable source of biomass fuels showing the summary and conclusions of related

literature.

FOREIGN STUDIES

According to “http://biofuelsassociation.com.au/biofuels/ethanol/”, Bioethanol,

often shortened to just ‘ethanol’, is a sustainable liquid transport fuel derived from

biomass.

Ethanol is now predominantly used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form as a

replacement for gasoline, where it is blended with gasoline to improve vehicle emissions

and power.

According to “http://sugarcane.org/sugarcane-products/ethanol”. Ethanol provides clean

air. Ethanol adds oxygen to gasoline which helps reduce air pollution and harmful

emissions in tailpipe exhaust. Compared to gasoline, sugarcane ethanol cuts carbon

dioxide emissions by 90 percent on average. That’s better than any other liquid biofuel

produced today at commercial scale. Ethanol is a high-octane fuel that helps prevent

engine knocking and generates more power in higher compression engines which
means better performance. Ethanol reduces global dependence on oil. Sugarcane

ethanol is one more good option for diversifying energy supplies.

According to “http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Ethanol”, The largest

single use of ethanol is as a motor fuel and fuel additive. The largest national fuel

ethanol industries exist in Brazil (gasoline sold in Brazil contains at least 20 percent

ethanol and hydrous ethanol is also used as fuel). In order for ethanol to be suitable for

use as a replacement to petrol in its pure form, it must be distilled to at least 70-80

percent purity by volume before use. For use as an additive to petrol, almost all water

must be removed; otherwise it will separate from the mixture and settle to the bottom of

the fuel tank, causing the fuel pump to draw water into the engine, which will cause the

engine to stall.

Today almost 50 percent of Brazilian cars are able to use 100 percent ethanol as fuel,

that includes ethanol only engines and flex fuel engines. Flex fuel engines are able to

work with all ethanol, all gasoline or any mixture of both, giving the buyer a choice for a

perfect balance between price/performance issue. That was only possible due to the

capability of an efficient sugar cane production. Sugar cane not only has a greater

concentration of sucrose (about 30 percent more than corn) but is also much easier to

extract. The bagasse generated by the process is not wasted and it is utilized in power

plants becoming a surprisingly efficient source of electricity. World production of ethanol

in 2015 was 24.7 billion gallons, with 88 percent of the world supply coming from Brazil

and the United States.

One method of production is through fermentation of sugar. Ethanol creates very little

pollution when burned. Millions more acres of land are needed if ethanol is to be used to

replace gasoline. Pure ethanol has a lower energy content than gasoline (about 30

percent less energy per unit volume). At gas stations, ethanol is contained in a mix of

ethanol and gasoline, otherwise known as gasohol. In the United States, the color

yellow (symbolizing the color of corn) has become associated with the fuel and is

commonly used on fuel pumps and labels. The US uses Gasohol (max 10 percent

ethanol) and E85 (85 percent ethanol) ethanol/gasoline mixtures.

Ethanol has been used as fuel in bipropellant rocket vehicles, in conjunction with an

oxidizer. For example, the German V-2 rocket of World War 2 used ethanol fuel.

According to “The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012,

Columbia University Press.”, Ethanol is used as a fuel and gasoline additive (see

gasohol). Many U.S. automobiles manufactured since 1998 have been equipped to

enable them to run on either gasoline or E85, a mixture of 85% ethanol and 15%

gasoline. E85, however, is not yet widely available. Denatured, or industrial, alcohol is

ethanol to which poisonous or nauseating substances have been added to prevent its

use as a beverage; a beverage tax is not charged on such alcohol, so its cost is quite

low.

Ethyl alcohol, also called ethanol, grain alcohol, or alcohol, a member of a class

of organic compoundsthat are given the general name alcohols; its molecular formula is

C2H5OH. Ethyl alcohol is an important industrial chemical; it is used as a solvent, in the

synthesis of other organic chemicals, and as an additive to automotive gasoline

(forming a mixture known as a gasohol). Ethyl alcohol is also the intoxicating ingredient

of many alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, and distilled spirits.

There are two main processes for the manufacture of ethyl alcohol: the fermentation of

carbohydrates (the method used for alcoholic beverages) and the hydration of ethylene.

Fermentation involves the transformation of carbohydrates to ethyl alcohol by growing

yeast cells. The chief raw materials fermented.

 CHAPTER 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 CHAPTER 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

Using biofuel is important because this will help us to reduce less greenhouse

emissions and mitigate the effects of global warming produce by fossil fuel. This can

help our environment because biofuel still releases greenhouse gases like carbon

dioxide but do so at reduced levels. According to a report by the National Renewable

Energy Laboratory Biofuel produce 70.5 percent fewer carbon dioxide emissions than

petroleum diesel. In this study, sugar cane is processed in order to extract ethyl alcohol

an alcohol-based fuel produced by the fermentation of sugarcane juice and molasses.

Because it is a clean, affordable and low-carbon biofuel, sugarcane ethanol has

emerged as a leading renewable fuel for the transportation sector. Ethanol can be used

two ways either blended with gasoline or as pure ethanol.

Sugarcane are several species of tall perennial true grasses of the genus

Saccharum, tribe Andropogoneae, native and Melanesia and used for sugar production.

Sugarcane plant is 2 to 6 m. (6 ft.7 inches to 19 ft. 8 inches) tall. This belongs to grass

family Poaceae, an economically important seed plant family that includes maize,

wheat, rice, and sorghum and many forage crops.

Ethanol, also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and drinking alcohol, is the principal

type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. It is a ((volatile, flammable, colorless liquid

with a slight characteristic odor. Its chemical formula is (C2H6O) or (CH3-CH2-OH) and

is often abbreviated as EtOH.

Conclusion

The potential for substituting alcohol fuels for those based on petroleum is especially

significant in transportation. Gasoline engines are currently available in some countries

that may be operated efficiently on pure alcohol fuels.

A fuel is helpful but there are some that has a harmful effect for us, in our health and

even to our environment. Especially when uses in transportations that causes pollution.

And human will be the most affected, not just human but everything in the Earth.

It’s important to use biofuel because in the present and in the future, fossil fuel

resources are running out. We have to make solution for this before it happen, So that

we have to find alternative for fossil fuels. Because fossil fuels are non-renewable

resources. As they run out, the price will rise. However, fossil fuel create negative

externalities or pollution. And we, the consumer will suffer. Also our economy will down.

Conventional gasoline engines can operate satisfactorily on mixtures of alcohol and

gasoline; in most cases, this can be done without any modification of the engine or fuel
system. For diesel engines; available technology appears to permit the substitution of

part, but not all, of the petroleum-based fuel with alcohol.

Recommendation

Research on raising local biomass yields to levels approaching world averages should

also be encouraged. Consideration should be given to plant varieties better suited to

fuel production. Where monoculture is anticipated, resistance to plant pathogens must

be examined. The use of natural fertilizers, including recycling wastes from the

conversion step and similar opportunities for reducing energy consumption, must be

given research emphasis. Developing countries must develop or expand their own

capabilities to monitor and audit their energy needs, assess their biomass resources,

weigh competing requirements, define fuel markets, and evaluate the technologies

needed to convert local resources into fuel to meet local needs. These countries should

also identify and evaluate, to the extent possible, all potential impacts-economic,

environmental, and social-arising from the implementation of a biomass-based alcohol

fuel strategy.

Research on raising local biomass yields to levels approaching world averages should

also be encouraged. Consideration should be given to plant varieties better suited to

fuel production. Where monoculture is anticipated, resistance to plant pathogens must

be examined. The use of natural fertilizers, including recycling wastes from the

conversion step and similar opportunities for reducing energy consumption, must be

given research emphasis.