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DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECHTURE
ME 510
Air-Conditioning Design
25 TR Packaged Type Centralized Air-
Conditioning System of BPSU Balanga
Campus Multi-Purpose Building
Presented by:
Custudio, Joshua
Datu, Jonathan
Lingad, Ver Alvin
Table of Contents
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Letter of Transmittal.....................................................................................................1
Dedication.....................................................................................................................2
Preface...........................................................................................................................3
Acknowledgement........................................................................................................4
Chapter 1 Problem and its Background........................................................................5
Introduction...................................................................................................................6
Statement of the Problem............................................................................................7
Objectives of the Problem...........................................................................................8
Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature........................................................................9
Chapter 3 Methodology.................................................................................................13
Methodology...............................................................................................................14
Air-Conditioning Design............................................................................................14
Heat, Ventilating Air-Conditioning............................................................................14
Ventilation System.....................................................................................................16
Chapter 4 Design and Layouts.....................................................................................17
Type of AC Design.....................................................................................................18
Installation and Location of Air Conditioners.........................................................18
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Maintenance................................................................................................................20
Topographical View...................................................................................................23
Floor Plan....................................................................................................................24
Ducting System Layout.............................................................................................25
Gantt Chart..................................................................................................................26
Chapter 5 Design Computations..................................................................................27
Design Computation of Heat Load...........................................................................28
Design Computation of Duct System.......................................................................42
Bill of materials...........................................................................................................59
Chapter 6 Conclusion, Recommendation and References.......................................68
Conclusion..................................................................................................................69
Recommendation.......................................................................................................69
Reference....................................................................................................................70
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DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECHTURE
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
To: Engr. Ramon Christopher Lucas
Department of Engineering and Architechture
Bataan Heroes College
Dear Sir Lucas:
In adherence to your requisition for the subject - ME 515, Air-Conditioning
Design, now we present to you this thesis, Design of Air-Conditioning in Lamao Sports
Complex. This work contains important information on Air-conditioning and technical
specification for the proposed project base on the actual data we have gathered.
The Thesis is made to the best of our knowledge with passion, inspiration and
determination. We hope that all the time and efforts we have devoted in this work
surpass your standard.
Yours Sincerely,
Custodio, Joshua
Datu, Jonathan
Lingad, Ver Alvin
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DEDICATION
The researcher, Joshua Custodio, dedicates this work to all engineering students
especially in Mechanical Engineering Department and hoping this will benefit the
Mechanical Engineering community especially in Bataan Heroes Memorial College to
be a good reference to the provide procedures encountered, in the Air-Conditioning
Design.
The researcher, Jonathan Datu, dedicate this project to God Almighty our
creator, the strong pillar, the source of his inspiration, wisdom, knowledge and
understanding. That he has been the source of his strength throughout this program
and on his wings only have I soared. he also dedicates this work to his Father; Nolly
Datu who has encouraged the author all the way and whose encouragement has made
sure that gives it all it takes to finish that which have started.
The researcher, Ver Alvin Lingad would like to dedicate this study to the creator of all,
the God Almighty, for giving them the strength and knowledge to properly apply the things that
is needed in the study. The researcher would like to also dedicate this to their parents who
support them from the beginning through the success of this study. To their beloved institution,
Bataan Heroes College, for giving them the opportunity to contribute with this humble research
for the benefit of the community and would serve as a reference to the future student who would
take in part of such study. The researcher would like to dedicate this study to their instructors
who became big part of this thesis and to all their friends who helped them in terms of research.
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PREFACE
This research is the result of the hard work and knowledge of the authors,
based from the references from hand books, internet, and classroom lectures in
order to understand what it means to have an Centralized Air-Conditioning System
that is safe, money efficient and can give replenishment to all individuals in a huge
closed structure.
Error may inevitably create into even work as it do. So any constructive
critics by the readers will be highly appreciated. Further guidance and correction
is to be taken care of by my instructor.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to own instructor,
Engineer Ramon Christopher Lucas as well as my Classmates, Friends,
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning and other reference book for all the information
imparted to us and any means of support we have gained. And gave us this
opportunity to prove our-selves to have enough strength to finish this research in
Air-conditioning Design
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Chapter 1
PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
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INTRODUCTION
In maintaining productivity, air quality is an essential consideration to the
comfort and health of the occupants. It can have a real effect on the well-being,
and the benefits of air conditioning can help make a real difference. Air
conditioning refers to the sudden control of motion, humidity, temperature and
cleanliness of air to cope with the requirements of confined space. During summer,
the process acquires to cool the environment to meet the desire temperature.
However, on winter it helps in making the temperature warm and manageable to
occupants.
The human beings produce heat inside the room which leads to increase
in temperature inside the room and creation of uncomfortable conditions. As the
number of human beings inside the room increase, the total heat generated by the
human beings also increases. Comfort applications aim to offer a building indoor
environment that remains fairly constant in a variety favored by human
notwithstanding changes in external weather conditions or in internal heat loads.
Air-conditioning makes deep plan buildings possible for otherwise they ‘d have to
be built narrower or with light wells so that inner space receives sufficient outdoor
air via natural ventilation.
Due to climate change happening, the temperature in our country is
almost unpredictable and affects the human behavior. Research also directs that
many schools suffer from “sick building syndrome” which affects the absence and
performance of all students. Moreover, bacteria and viruses contribute to childhood
disease are commonly found in schools with poor ventilation systems. Indoor
pollutants are also emitted from office equipment, flooring materials paints,
adhesives, cleaning products, pesticides, and insects. All of these environmental
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hazards can negatively affect students, particularly in schools with poor ventilation
systems.
An example is the Lamao Sports Complex having occupied by numerous
students especially with events all-year happening. The Lamao Sports Complex
has basketball court and used in many gatherings like graduations, meetings and
general assembly. HVAC, or heating, ventilation and air conditioning, is a vital
factor of sports venue construction. The structure needs air-conditioning to bring
ease to students and other occupants to meet the comfort they need.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Achieving personal thermal comfort for everyone is a difficult issue
especially in Lamao Sports Complex. A space may be within the normal
temperature comfort band, but high humidity in Barangay Lamao makes the
occupants feel thermally uncomfortable. Thermal comfort also depends on such
factors as personal metabolism and the amount of physical activity of students
especially during activities occurring on the structure.
Specifically, the researchers sought to answer the following questions:
1. How important is air-conditioning design in Lamao Sports Complex?
2. What are the factors to be considered in designing a centralized air-
conditioning system of Lamao Sports Complex?
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3. What are the benefits that users will partake in designing air-conditioning
system to the Lamao Sports Complex?
OBJECTIVES OF THE PROBLEM
This study aims to Design Centralized Air-Conditioning System within
Lamao Sports Complex in Barangay Lamao,Limay, Bataan.
The above aim will be accomplished by fulfilling the following objectives:
To determine the importance of air-conditioning design to a Sports
Complex.
To learn the design and installation needs in a Centralized Air-
Conditioning System and to identify the material that must be considered
in the design.
To identify the benefits of the users in designing Air-Conditioning System
in a Sports Complex.
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Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
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Natural ventilation—uncontrolled air movement into a building through
cracks and small holes (infiltration) and through vents such as windows and
doors—is the traditional method of allowing fresh outdoor air to replace indoor
air. Nowadays, because of central heating and cooling, as well as the desire for
privacy, people tend to make little use of windows for ventilation, so infiltration
has become the principal mode of natural ventilation in homes. Unfortunately, a
home‘s natural infiltration rate is unpredictable and uncontrollable because it
depends on the home‘s air tightness, outdoor temperatures, wind, and other
factors. During mild weather, some homes may lack sufficient ventilation for
pollutant removal. Tightly built homes may have insufficient ventilation at most
times. Energy experts often quote the axiom, ―seal tight, ventilate right‖ as their
recommended approach to house ventilation.
Buildings, as they are designed and used today, contribute to serious
environmental problems because of excessive consumption of energy and other
natural resources. The close connection between energy use in buildings and
environmental damage arises because energy-intensive solutions sought to
construct a building and meet its demands for heating, cooling, ventilation, and
lighting cause severe depletion of invaluable environmental resources. However,
buildings can be designed to meet the occupant‘s need for thermal and visual
comfort at reduced levels of energy and resources consumption. Energy resource
efficiency in new constructions can be affected by adopting an integrated approach
to building design. Thus, in brief, an energy-efficient building balances all aspects
of energy use in a building – lighting, space-conditioning,
and ventilation – by providing an optimized mix of passive solar design
strategies, energy efficient equipment, and renewable sources of energy.
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The research paper presents guidelines for evaluation and design of
natural ventilation for Sub urban houses in Thailand which is a part of building
energy code development for residential buildings. The initial studies find that it is
possible for natural ventilation to achieve thermal comfort conditions in place of
mechanical air-conditioning systems, especially in winter. The experimental
research is divided into two parts: environmental arrangement and building
opening. By measuring air conditions flowing through different generic types of
environment, it is found that the best environment is that covered with large
trees. Computational fluid dynamics studies on generic houses discover that
cross ventilation is more effective than two-side ventilation, and is much more
effective than one-side ventilation. In general, increasing the size of openings
improves the effectiveness of natural ventilation.
This axiom implies that houses should be tightly sealed to reduce
infiltration, and a whole-house ventilation system installed to provide fresh air and
remove pollutants when and where needed, in a controlled manner (i.e., in
amounts needed) that does not negatively impact indoor air quality, building
components, or heating and cooling bills.
The sport hall in Goldbach (Germany), is a typical dual-purpose hall with a
narrow spectator area. The supporting structure consists of wooden trusses,
making the installation of ducting impossible. The operators therefore chose a
decentralised ventilation system comprising one unit per court, each with energy
recovery and an air flow rate of 5500 m³/h. These units also supply the heating
for the hall. The integrated Air-Injector air outlets with high induction represent an
extremely effective solution. In the occupied area of the courts, they provide
intensive, draught-free air distribution which automatically ensures an even
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distribution of temperature. And with a measured stratification of only 0.15 K/m,
they save energy because of the low temperature difference between floor and
ceiling.
The indoor sports hall has become one of the favorite venues for sport
activities. Traditionally, sports in Australia has been an outdoor pastime. But in
recent times, an increased awareness of skin cancers and other health risks,
coupled with a broadening of the range of sports being played, has seen an
upsurge in indoor recreational pursuits and a trend towards multi-purpose
facilities. The growing desire for better indoor environmental quality in the indoor
sports centers has resulted in a marked increase in energy consumption in this
building sector. While current research on indoor environmental quality mainly
focuses on residences and offices, few studies are concerned with the indoor
environment of large enclosures. Studies regarding sports centers mainly deal
with ventilation issues in terms of energy cost and saving, while indoor air quality
is not directly addressed .Indoor air pollution profiles were assessed during three
concerts and one ice hockey game carried out in three different halls for
recreational activities in Switzerland. Sharp increases in pollution concentrations
were observed when visitors enter the halls and an exponential decrease in
concentration after the event has ended (Junker et. al., 2000). Studies conducted
by Chow et al. (2002) illustrated that many mechanical ventilation and air
conditioning systems in big halls were not designed properly, leading to lots of
complaints on poor ventilation performance. The amount of fresh air supplied to a
space was observed to be sufficient, but distribution of air was not considered
carefully. As a result, it was difficult to provide a comfortable thermal environment
with good indoor air quality,
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Chapter 3
Methodology
METHODOLOGY
The method or system that we used for this study is a Centralized Air
Conditioning System. To use Centralized Air Conditioning System for its
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effectiveness in large-scale structures, cheaper cost for air conditioning a large
scale structure and its ability to properly filter the air within the structure. Central
Air Conditioning System is a great choice for general comfort and energy
efficiency. Multiple window units are definitely less efficient than a single, central
system that controls the entire building.
AIR CONDITIONING DESIGN
The Air Conditioning System that we used is Central Air Conditioners. This
type of air conditioning system circulate cool air through a system of supply and
return ducts. Supply ducts and registers (i.e., openings in the walls, floors, or
ceilings covered by grills) carry cooled air from the air conditioner to the home.
This cooled air becomes warmer as it circulates through the home; then it flows
back to the central air conditioner through return ducts and registers. To learn
how central air conditioners compare to other cooling system
HEATING VENTILATING AIR CONDITIONING
Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC systems) account for 39%
of the energy used in commercial buildings in the United States. Consequently,
almost any business or government agency has the potential to realize significant
savings by improving its control of HVAC operations and improving the efficiency
of the system it uses.
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The use of high performance HVAC equipment can result in considerable
energy, emissions, and cost savings (10%–40%). Whole building design coupled
with an "extended comfort zone" can produce much greater savings (40%–70%).
Extended comfort includes employing concepts such as providing warmer, but
drier air using desiccant dehumidification in summer, or cooler air with warmer
windows and warmer walls in winter. In addition, high-performance HVAC can
provide increased user thermal comfort, and contribute to improved indoor
environmental quality (IEQ).
Heating can be accomplished by heating the air within a space (e.g.
supply air systems, perimeter fin-tube "radiators"), or by heating the occupants
directly by radiation (e.g. floor/ceiling/wall radiation or radiant panels).
Ventilating maintains an adequate mixture of gases in the air we breath
(e.g. not too much CO2), controls odors, and removes contaminants from
occupied spaces. "Clean" air helps keep occupants healthy and productive.
Ventilation can be accomplished passively through natural ventilation, or actively
through mechanical distribution systems powered by fans.
Air-conditioning refers to the sensible and latent cooling of air. Sensible
cooling involves the control of air temperature while latent cooling involves the
control of air humidity. Room air is cooled by transferring heat between spaces,
such as with a water loop heat pump system, or by rejecting it to the outside air
via air-cooled or water-cooled equipment. Heat can also be rejected to the
ground using geothermal exchange. Cool air is not comfortable if it is too humid.
Air is dehumidified by condensing its moisture on a cold surface, such as part of
mechanical cooling), or by removing the moisture through absorption (desiccant
dehumidification). In dry climates, humidification may be required for comfort
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instead of dehumidification. Evaporative humidification also cools the air. Further,
in such climates it is possible to use radiant cooling systems, similar to the
radiant heating systems mentioned above.
Controls ensure occupant comfort, provide safe operation of the
equipment, and in a modern HVAC control system enable judicious use of
energy resources. HVAC systems are sized to meet heating and cooling loads
that historically occur only 1% to 2.5% of the time. It is the function of the controls
to ensure that the HVAC systems perform properly, reliably, and efficiently during
those conditions that occur 97.5% to 99% of the time.
VENTILATION SYSTEM
Variable Air Volume System
A system that vary the amount of air supplied to a zone while holding the
supply air temperature constant. This strategy saves fan energy and uses less
reheat than in a CAV system. VAV systems, however, can have problems assuring
uniform space temperature at low airflow rates. At times, the minimum airflow
required for ventilation or for proper temperature control may be higher than is
required to meet the space load. When this occurs reheat may be required.
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Chapter 4
Design and Layouts
TYPE OF AC DESIGN
Packaged Central Air Conditioner
Packaged central air conditioner, the evaporator, condenser, and
compressor are all located in one cabinet, which usually is placed on a roof or on
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a concrete slab next to the house's foundation. This type of air conditioner also is
used in small commercial buildings. Air supply and return ducts come from
indoors through the home's exterior wall or roof to connect with the packaged air
conditioner, which is usually located outdoors. Packaged air conditioners often
include electric heating coils or a natural gas furnace. This combination of air
conditioner and central heater eliminates the need for a separate furnace
indoors.
Installation and Location of Air Conditioners
If your air conditioner is installed correctly, or if major installation problems
are found and fixed, it will perform efficiently for years with only minor routine
maintenance. However, many air conditioners are not installed correctly. As an
unfortunate result, modern energy-efficient air conditioners can perform almost
as poorly as older inefficient models.
When installing a new central air conditioning system, be sure that your
contractor:
Allows adequate indoor space for the installation, maintenance, and
repair of the new system, and installs an access door in the furnace
or duct to provide a way to clean the evaporator coil
Uses a duct-sizing methodology such as the Air Conditioning
Contractors of America (ACCA) Manual D
Ensures there are enough supply registers to deliver cool air and
enough return air registers to carry warm house air back to the air
conditioner
Installs duct work within the conditioned space, not in the attic,
wherever possible
Seals all ducts with duct mastic and heavily insulates attic ducts
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Locates the condensing unit where its noise will not keep you or
your neighbors awake at night, if possible
Locates the condensing unit where no nearby objects will block
airflow to it
Verifies that the newly installed air conditioner has the exact
refrigerant charge and airflow rate specified by the manufacturer
Locates the thermostat away from heat sources, such as windows
or supply registers.
If you are replacing an older or failed split system, be sure that the
evaporator coil is replaced with a new one that exactly matches the condenser
coil in the new condensing unit
OPERATION
Central air conditioners circulate cool air through a system of supply and
return ducts. Supply ducts and registers (i.e., openings in the walls, floors, or
ceilings covered by grills) carry cooled air from the air conditioner to the home.
This cooled air becomes warmer as it circulates through the home; then it flows
back to the central air conditioner through return ducts and registers.
Air conditioners help to dehumidify the incoming air, but in extremely
humid climates or in cases where the air conditioner is oversized, it may not
achieve a low humidity. Running a dehumidifier in your air conditioned home will
increase your energy use, both for the dehumidifier itself and because the air
conditioner will require more energy to cool your house. A preferable alternative
is a dehumidifying heat pipe, which can be added as a retrofit to most existing
systems
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MAINTENANCE
An air conditioner's filters, coils, and fins require regular maintenance for
the unit to function effectively and efficiently throughout its years of service.
Neglecting necessary maintenance ensures a steady decline in air conditioning
performance while energy use steadily increases.
Air Conditioner Filters
The most important maintenance task that will ensure the efficiency of
your air conditioner is to routinely replace or clean its filters. Clogged, dirty filters
block normal airflow and reduce a system's efficiency significantly. With normal
airflow obstructed, air that bypasses the filter may carry dirt directly into the
evaporator coil and impair the coil's heat-absorbing capacity. Replacing a dirty,
clogged filter with a clean one can lower your air conditioner's energy
consumption by 5% to 15%.
For central air conditioners, filters are generally located somewhere along
the return duct's length. Common filter locations are in walls, ceilings, furnaces,
or in the air conditioner itself. Room air conditioners have a filter mounted in the
grill that faces into the room.
Some types of filters are reusable; others must be replaced. They are
available in a variety of types and efficiencies. Clean or replace your air
conditioning system's filter or filters every month or two during the cooling
season. Filters may need more frequent attention if the air conditioner is in
constant use, is subjected to dusty conditions, or you have fur-bearing pets in the
house.
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Air Conditioner Coils
The air conditioner's evaporator coil and condenser coil collect dirt over
their months and years of service. A clean filter prevents the evaporator coil from
soiling quickly. In time, however, the evaporator coil will still collect dirt. This dirt
reduces airflow and insulates the coil, reducing its ability to absorb heat. To avoid
this problem, check your evaporator coil every year and clean it as necessary.
Outdoor condenser coils can also become very dirty if the outdoor
environment is dusty or if there is foliage nearby. You can easily see the
condenser coil and notice if dirt is collecting on its fins.
You should minimize dirt and debris near the condenser unit. Your dryer
vents, falling leaves, and lawn mower are all potential sources of dirt and debris.
Cleaning the area around the coil, removing any debris, and trimming foliage
back at least 2 feet (0.6 meters) allow for adequate airflow around the condenser.
Coil Fins
The aluminum fins on evaporator and condenser coils are easily bent and
can block airflow through the coil. Air conditioning wholesalers sell a tool called a
"fin comb" that will comb these fins back into nearly original condition.
Condensate Drains
Occasionally pass a stiff wire through the unit's drain channels. Clogged
drain channels prevent a unit from reducing humidity, and the resulting excess
moisture may discolor walls or carpet.
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Window Seals for Room Air Conditioners
At the start of each cooling season, inspect the seal between the air
conditioner and the window frame to ensure it makes contact with the unit's metal
case. Moisture can damage this seal, allowing cool air to escape from your
house.
Hiring a Professional
When your air conditioner needs more than regular maintenance, hire a
professional service technician. A well-trained technician will find and fix
problems in your air conditioning system.
The technician should:
Check for correct amount of refrigerant
Test for refrigerant leaks using a leak detector
Capture any refrigerant that must be evacuated from the system, instead
of illegally releasing it to the atmosphere
Check for and seal duct leakage in central systems
Measure airflow through the evaporator coil
Verify the correct electric control sequence and make sure that the
heating system and cooling system cannot operate simultaneously
Inspect electric terminals, clean and tighten connections, and apply a
non-conductive coating if necessary
Oil motors and check belts for tightness and wear
Check the accuracy of the thermostat.
Design of 25 TR Centralized Air Conditioning System of Lamao Sports Complex 17
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE
Roman Super Highway, Province of Bataan, City of Balanga 2100
Tel.No (047)237-2383 Fax No. (047)237-2383 Email@bhmc.edu.ph
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECHTURE
TOPOGRAPHICAL VIEW
Front Building Back Buiding
Indoor View
Design of 25 TR Centralized Air Conditioning System of Lamao Sports Complex 17
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE
Roman Super Highway, Province of Bataan, City of Balanga 2100
Tel.No (047)237-2383 Fax No. (047)237-2383 Email@bhmc.edu.ph
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECHTURE
FLOOR PLAN
Design of 25 TR Centralized Air Conditioning System of Lamao Sports Complex 17
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE
Roman Super Highway, Province of Bataan, City of Balanga 2100
Tel.No (047)237-2383 Fax No. (047)237-2383 Email@bhmc.edu.ph
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECHTURE
DUCTING SYSTEM LAY-OUT
Design of 25 TR Centralized Air Conditioning System of Lamao Sports Complex 17
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE
Roman Super Highway, Province of Bataan, City of Balanga 2100
Tel.No (047)237-2383 Fax No. (047)237-2383 Email@bhmc.edu.ph
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECHTURE
GANTT CHART
Canvassing of Material
Ordering and receipt of Unit
Time of Delivery
Preparing for Installation
Installation
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
No. of Weeks
Design of 25 TR Centralized Air Conditioning System of Lamao Sports Complex 17
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE
Roman Super Highway, Province of Bataan, City of Balanga 2100
Tel.No (047)237-2383 Fax No. (047)237-2383 Email@bhmc.edu.ph
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECHTURE
Design of 25 TR Centralized Air Conditioning System of Lamao Sports Complex 17
