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com J Tradit Chin Med 2013 December 15; 33(6): 815-826

info@journaltcm.com ISSN 0255-2922
© 2013 JTCM. All rights reserved.

REVIEW
TOPIC

Parsley: a review of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and bio-

logical activities

Mohammad Hosein Farzaei, Zahra Abbasabadi, Mohammad Reza Shams Ardekani, Roja Rahimi, Fatemeh
Farzaei
aa
Mohammad Hosein Farzaei, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman- num hortence".
shah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah
6734667149, Iran; Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Fac- RESULTS: Parsley has been used as carminative,
ulty of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sci- gastro tonic, diuretic, antiseptic of urinary tract, an-
ence, Tehran 1417653761, Iran ti-urolithiasis, anti-dote and anti-inflammatory and
Zahra Abbasabadi, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah Uni-
for the treatment of amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea,
versity of Medical Science, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
Mohammad Reza Shams Ardekani, Department of Tradi-
gastrointestinal disorder, hypertension, cardiac dis-
tional Pharmacy, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tehran Uni- ease, urinary disease, otitis, sniffle, diabetes and al-
versity of Medical Science, Tehran 1417653761, Iran; Depart- so various dermal disease in traditional and folklore
ment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Uni- medicines. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids
versity of Medical Science, Tehran 1417653761, Iran particularly apigenin, apiin and 6"-Acetylapiin; es-
Roja Rahimi, Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Faculty sential oil mainly myristicin and apiol; and also cou-
of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sci- marins are the active compounds identified in
ence, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
Petroselinum crispum. Wide range of pharmacolog-
Fatemeh Farzaei, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kerman-
shah Razi University, Kermanshah 6715685414, Iran
ical activity including antioxidant, hepatoprotec-
Correspondence to: Prof. Roja Rahimi, Department of Tra- tive, brain protective, anti-diabetic, analgesic, spas-
ditional Pharmacy, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tehran molytic, immunosuppressant, anti-platelet, gastro-
University of Medical Science, Tehran 1417653761, Iran. ro- protective, cytoprotective, laxative, estrogenic, di-
jarahimi@gmail.com uretic, hypotensive, antibacterial and antifungal ac-
Telephone: +98-2166412653 tivities have been exhibited for this plant in mod-
Accepted: August 12, 2013 ern medicine.

CONCLUSION: It is expectant that this study result-

ed in improvement the tendencies toward Petrose-
Abstract linum crispum as a useful and important medicinal
OBJECTIVE: To summarize comprehensive informa- plant with wide range of proven medicinal activity.
tion concerning ethnomedicinal uses, phytochem-
istry, and pharmacological activities of parsley. © 2013 JTCM. All rights reserved.

METHODS: Databases including PubMed, Scopus, Key word: Petroselinum; Jafari; Medicine, tradition-
Google Scholar, and Web of Science were searched al; Pharmacological processes; Chemistry
for studies focusing on the ethnomedicinal use,
phytochemical compounds and biological and
pharmacological activities of parsley. Data were col-
INTRODUCTION
lected from 1966 to 2013. The search terms were: Petroselinum crispum (mill.) Nym.ex A.W. Hill and in
"Parsley" or "Petroselinum crispum" or "Petroseli- some region Petroselinum hortence Hoffm. From the

JTCM | www. journaltcm. com 815 December 15, 2013 | Volume 33 | Issue 6 |
 Farzaei MH et al. / Review

family Umbeliferae, are commonly known as parsley. icine, Petroselinum crispum seeds have been claimed to
The origin of parsley is from Mediterranean region, be antimicrobial, antiseptic, astringent, gastrotonic, an-
but today is cultivated wherever of the world. Parsley is tidote, antispasmodic, carminative, digestive and seda-
biennial and glabrous. Its height is 60 to 100 cm, nu- tive and is used for gastrointestinal disorder, inflamma-
merous stems grow from one root. Roots are thin or tion, halitosis, kidney stone, and amenorrhoea.2-6
thick fusiform to tuberous and vertical. The leaves are Leaves also are employed as food flavor and antitussive
tripinnate and ovate. Inflorescences are long pedicled, and used for gastrointestinal disorder, exanthema, der-
terminal, with yellowish umbels. The involucre possess- matitis, alphosis, macula, headcool, sniffle, vision per-
es one or two bracts. The petals are splayed with a formance, hemorrhoid, kidney stone, diuretic and oti-
curved tip. The style thickening is very developed. The tis.4-6 The leaves also possess anticoagulant and abortifa-
fruit is orbicular ovate and greenish-gray, with 2.5 mm cient activity and are useful in skin disease, hyperten-
length.1 Moreover than its widely use as a green vegeta- sion, hyperlipidemia, hepatotoxic, diabetes, cardiac
ble and garnish, it is used for different medicinal pur- disease, renal disease, lumbago, eczema, nose bleed,
poses in traditional and folklore medicine of different amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhea, kidney stones, prostati-
countries. Various compounds from different phyto- tis, halitosis, anaemia, hypertension, hyperuricaemia,
chemical categories have been identified in Parsley. Al- constipation, odontalgy, pain, baldness, urinary tract
so, different pharmacological activities have been attrib- disease, fluid retention and urinary tract infections in
uted to this plant. The present review summarizes com- ethnomedicine of other countries.7-16 The seeds showed
prehensive information concerning ethnomedicinal us- diuretic and carminative activity and are useful in gas-
es, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of tritis.17,18
parsley. For this purpose, databases including PubMed,
Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were Phytochemical constituents
searched for studies focusing on the ethnomedicinal Table 2 shows the structure and phytochemical cate-
use, phytochemical compounds and biological and gory of compounds isolated from different parts of
pharmacological activities of parsley. Data were collect- parsley.
ed from 1966 to 2013 (up to June). The search terms
were: "Parsley" or "Petroselinum crispum" or "Petroseli- Flavonoids
num hortence". There was no language restriction. The Flavonoids are dominant compounds of this plant.19
reference list from retrieved articles was also reviewed Flavonoids including Apigenin, luteolin, chrysoeriol,
for additional applicable studies. All published studies quercetin and isorhamnetin were detected in cell sus-
as well as abstracts presented at meetings were evaluat- pension cultures of Petroselinum hortence.20 Flavo-
ed. In vitro, in vivo and human studies were separated noids apigenin, cosmosiin, oxypeucedanin hydrate and
and the data from each was extracted in individual ta- apiin were detected from aqueous extract of Petroseli-
bles. num crispum leaves.21 6"-Acetylapiin, a flavone glyco-
side, and petroside, its monoterpene glucoside, were
Ethnomedicinal uses isolated for the first time from methanol extract of
Ethnomedicinal uses of parsley in different countries Petroselinum crispum aerial part. Myristicin, apiol, cni-
have been shown in Table 1. In traditional Iranian med- dilin, isoimperatorin, diosmetin, 7-O-β-D-glucopyran-
Table 1 Ethnomedicinal uses of Petroselinum crispum
Region Plant part (s) used Traditional uses and ethnobotanical reports
Antimicrobial, antiseptic, antispasmodic and sedative, gastrointestinal disorder and carminative, di-
Iran Seeds2-6
gestive, astringent, gastrotonic, inflammation, antidote, halitosis, kidney stone and amenorrhoea
Food flavor, exanthema, alphosis, macula, headcool, sniffle, otitis, antitussive, diuretic, kidney stone,
Leaf 4-6
hemorrhoid, gastrointestinal disorder, vision performance and dermatitis
Iraq Leaf 7 Skin disease
Leaf 8,9
Turkey Anticoagulant, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hepatotoxic and diabetes

Seeds17 Diuretic
China Leaf 36
Food flavor
Arterial hypertension, diabetes, cardiac disease, renal disease, lumbago, high blood pressure, eczema,
Morocco Leaf 10-13
and nose bleed
Amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhea, kidney stones
Spain Leaf 14 Prostatitis, diabetes , halitosis, abortion, anaemia , hypertension, hyperuricaemia, constipation, odon-
talgy, pain, baldness
Italy Aerial part15 Abortifacient
Peru Seeds18 Carminative and gastritis
Urinary tract disease, fluid retention and
Serbia Leaf 16

urinary tract infections

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 Farzaei MH et al. / Review

Table 2 Phytochemical constituents of parsley

Compound Chemical category Part/extract
Apigenin Flavonoid Leaf/aqueous extract21
Cell suspension cultures of Petroselinum hortense20
Leaf23
Luteolin Flavonoid Cell suspension cultures of Petroselinum hortense20
Chrysoeriol Flavonoid Cell suspension cultures of Petroselinum hortense20
Quercetin Flavonoid Cell suspension cultures of Petroselinum hortense20
Isorhamnetin Flavonoid Cell suspension cultures of Petroselinum hortense20
Apiose Hydrocarbon Cell suspension cultures of Petroselinum hortense20
Seed, stem and leaf of Petroselinum crispum24
Petroside Hydrocarbon Aerial part/methanol extract22
Cosmosiin Flavonoid glycoside leaf/aqueous extract21
Oxypeucedanin hydrate Flavonoid leaf/aqueous extract21
Apiin Flavonoid glycoside leaf/aqueous extract21
6"-Acetylapiin Flavone glycoside Aerial part/methanol extract22
Cnidilin Flavonoid Aerial part/methanol extract22
Diosmetin
Flavone glycoside Aerial part/methanol extract22
7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
Kaempferol
Flavone glycoside Aerial part/methanol extract22
3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
Kaempferol Flavonoid Leaf23
Myristicin Essential oil/ phenylpropene Aerial part/methanol extract22
Seed/essential oil26
Apiol Essential oil/ phenylpropanoid Aerial part/methanol extract22
Seed/essential oil26
Plant, callus and cell extracted volatile oil29
α-Pinene Essential oil/ sesquiterpene hydrocarbon Seed/essential oil26
Leaf/essential oil28
Sabinene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Seed/essential oil26
Leaf/essential oil28
β-Pinene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Seed/essential oil26
Leaf/essential oil28
ρ-Cymene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Seed/essential oil26
Leaf/essential oil28
Limonene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Seed/essential oil26
Leaf/essential oil28
β-Phellandrene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Seed/essential oil26
Plant, callus and cell extracted volatile oil29
Leaf/essential oil28
γ-Terpinene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Seed/essential oil26
Leaf/ essential oil28
Elemicin Essential oil/ phenylpropene Seed/essential oil26
Leaf/essential oil28
1-Allyl-2,3,4,
Essential oil/ phenylpropene Seed/essential oil26
5-tetramethoxy-benzene
Carotol Essential oil/ alcohol sesquiterpene Seed/essential oil26
Eugenol Essential oil/ phenylpropene Seed/essential oil27
β-Elemene Essential oil/ sesquiterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28
β-Caryophyllene Essential oil/ sesquiterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28

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 Farzaei MH et al. / Review

Table 2 Phytochemical constituents of parsley (continued)

Compound Chemical category Part/extract
Phenylacetaldehyde Essential oil/ aldehyde Leaf/essential oil28
γ-Elemene Essential oil/ sesquiterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28
α-Terpineol Essential oil/ Monoterpene alcohol Leaf/essential oil28
α-Thujene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28
Toluene Essential oil/ aromatic compound Leaf/essential oil28
Camphene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28
Hexanal Essential oil/ aldehyde Leaf/essential oil28
3-Carene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28
m- and/or ρ-Xylene Essential oil/ aromatic compound Leaf/essential oil28
Myrcene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28
α-Phellandrene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28
α-Terpinene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28
2-Pentylfuran Essential oil/ether Leaf/essential oil28
cis-β-Ocimene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28
trans-β-ocimene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28
α-Terpinolene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28
ρ-1,3,8-Menthatriene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28
Plant, callus and cell extracted volatile oil29
cis-Hex-3-en-l-ol Essential oil/ alcohol Leaf/essential oil28
4-isopropenyl-1-Methylbenzene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28
α-Cubebene Essential oil/ sesquiterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28
Benzaldehyde Essential oil/ aldehyde Leaf/essential oil28
α-Copaene Essential oil/ sesquiterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28
Cryptone Essential oil/ ketone compound Leaf/essential oil28
β-Bisabolene Essential oil/ sesquiterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28
α-Elemene Essential oil/ sesquiterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28
2-(ρ-Tolyl) propan-2-ol Essential oil/ monoterpene alcohol Leaf/essential oil28
δ-Cadinol Essential oil/ sesquiterpene alcohol Leaf/essential oil28
Nonanal Essential oil/ aldehyde Plant, callus and cell extracted volatile oil29
Decanal Essential oil/ monoterpene aldehyde Plant, callus and cell extracted volatile oil29
Oxypeucedanin Furanocoumarin Leaf and root30
Psoralen Furanocoumarin Leaf and root30
8-Methoxypsoralen Furanocoumarin Leaf and root30
5-Methoxypsoralen Furanocoumarin Leaf and root30
Imperatorin Furanocoumarin Leaf and root30
Isoimperatorin Furanocoumarin Aerial part/methanol extract22
Leaf and root30
β-Carotene Carotenoid leaf and stem acetone extract31
Lutein Carotenoid leaf and stem acetone extract31
Violaxanthin Carotenoid leaf and stem acetone extract31
Neoxanthin Carotenoid leaf and stem acetone extract31
Ascorbic acid Vitamin Aerial part32
Crispane Sesquiterpene Seed/Et2O extract33
Crispanone Sesquiterpene Seed/Et2O extract33
l-methyl-4-(methylethenyl)-2,3-dioxabicyclo
Oxygenated derivative of monoterpens Leaf/Et2O extract34
[2.2.2]Oct-5-ene

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 Farzaei MH et al. / Review

oside and kaempferol 3-O-β- D-glucopyranoside were Pharmacological activities

also detected in this extract.22 Moreover, Gadi et al 23 de- Table 3 shows pharmacological effects of Petroselinum
tected kaempferol and apigenin are in Petroselinum crispum in detail.
crispum leaf.
Antioxidant activity
Carbohydrates Adding Petroselinum crispum leaves to the diet of 14
D-glucose and apiose have been detected in cell suspen- people for one week caused significant increase in anti-
sion cultures of Petroselinum hortence (Kreuzaler oxidant enzymes compared with their levels in the ba-
1973). Apiose is a sugar detected in seed, stem, and sic diet received group. Apigenin was demonstrated to
leaf of Petroselinum crispum.24 These sugars mostly be the main compound responsible for this activity
contribute in the structure of flavonoid glycosides. Petroselinum crispum.35 Different extracts from Petrose-
linum crispum leaves and stems exhibited antioxidant
Essential oil components properties in various in vitro models.36-39 The essential
Seeds of Petroselinum crispum produced high amount oil from seed showed in vitro antioxidant activity. Api-
of essential oil. Root and leaf also possess the essential ol and myristicin were two components responsible for
oil.25 Myristicin and apiol are the two main compo- its antioxidant activity.26
nents of Petroselinum crispum essential oil which are
responsible for its antioxidant activity.26 α-pinene, sabi- Antidiabetic activity
nene, β-pinene, ρ-cymene, limonene, β-phellandrene, Various extract from Petroselinum crispum leaves en-
γ-terpinene, myristicin, elemicin, 1-allyl-2,3,4,5-tetra- hanced the liver and blood antioxidant function in nor-
methoxy-benzene, carotol, eugenol and apiol were iden- mal mice. On the other hand in carbon tetrachloride
tified in Petroselinum crispum seed essential oil.26,27 (CCl(4)) induced oxidative stress mice, the extracts
Leaf essential oil contained β-elemene, β-caryophyl- showed both protective and deteriorative activity on liv-
lene, phenylacetaldehyde, γ-elemene, α-terpineol, α-pi- er and blood antioxidant function.37 Petroselinum
nene, α-thujene, toluene, camphene, hexanal, β-pi- crispum leaves decreased blood glucose level and dem-
nene, sabinene, 3-carene, m- and/or ρ-xylene, myrce- onstrated hepatoprotective activity in diabetic rats via
ne, α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene, α-terpinene, limo- antioxidant activity.9,40 Yanardağ et al reported that the
nene, 2-pentylfuran, cis-β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, antihyperglycemic activity of Petroselinum crispum is
trans-β-ocimene, ρ-cymene, α-terpinolene, ρ-1,3, not due to improvement and regeneration of secretory
8-menthatriene, cis-Hex-3-en-l-ol, 4-isoprope- granules and β-cells of pancreas islets.41 Furthermore,
nyl-1-methylbenzene, α-cubebene, benzaldehyde, α-co- Petroselinum crispum improves hyperglycemia- in-
paene, cryptone, β-bisabolene, α-elemene, 2-(ρ-Tolyl) duced heart and aorta oxidative damage via its antioxi-
propan-2-ol, δ-cadinol and elemicin.28 Analysis of vola- dant activity in the heart and aorta tissue.42 However, it
tile oil from Petroselinum crispum plant, callus and did not showed significant effect on non-enzymatic gly-
cell culture showed that monoterpenes were the main cosylation of skin proteins in diabetic rats.43
constituent. ρ-1,3,8-menthatriene was high abundant
compound among monoterepenes followed by β-phel- Analgesic and spasmolytic activity
landrene and apiol. Moreover, aldehydes (nonanal and Petroselinum crispum seed hydroalcoholic extract re-
decanal) and also fatty acids (Free and bound) were vealed analgesic activity in mice.2 It also reduced
found in the volatile oil.29 KCl- and CaCl2-induced contractions on rat isolated
ileum dose dependently via blocking voltage-gated
Coumarins calcium channels.3 Different extracts from aerial parts
Oxypeucedanin is the major furocoumarin of Petroseli- demonstrated antispasmodic activity on spontaneous
num crispum and is responsible for contact photoder- and acetylcholine- induced contractions of rat isolat-
matitis induced by this plant. Psoralen, isopimpinellin, ed ileum.44
8-methoxypsoralen, 5-methoxypsoralen and imperato-
rin are other furocoumarins isolated from its leaf and Immunomodulating activity
root.30 Essential oil from Petroselinum crispum seed sup-
pressed humoral and cellular immune response via in-
Miscellaneous compounds hibiting splenocytes and macrophages function.45
Carotenoids including β-carotene, lutein, violaxanthin
and neoxanthin were detected in Petroselinum crispum Gastrointestinal activity
leaf and stem.31 Moreover, ascorbic acid is identified in Ethanol extract from Petroselinum crispum leaves exe-
Petroselinum crispum.32 Ethanol extract of Petroseli- cuted beneficial effects on different models of peptic ul-
num crispum seed have crispane and crispanone.33 cer in rats via its anti-secretory and cytoprotective activ-
Moreover, l-methyl-4-(methylethenyl)-2,3-dioxabicyclo ity.46 Aqeoues extract from Petroselinum hortence seeds
[2.2.2]oct-5-ene and 4-methyl-7-(methylethenyl)-3,8- demonstrated laxative activity in rat by significant ab-
dioxatricyclo [5.1.02-4] octane were isolated from sorption of sodium and water and also enhancing Na-
leaves.34 KCl2 transporter activity in the colon.47

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 Farzaei MH et al. / Review

Table 3 Pharmacological activities of parsley

Pharmacologi- Plant part Plant extract Method Result Active
cal activity constituent
Antioxidant- Leaf 35 Plant material Randomized crossover clinical trial on 7 ↑Erythrocyte glutathione Apigenin
clinical trial men and 7 women added leafs in their reductase (GR) and superoxide
daily diet for one week dismutase (SOD) compared with
those in the basic diet received
group
Antioxidant- Leaf and Methanol and (a) DPPH radical-scavenging activity, (a) DPPH radical-scavenging -
in vitro stem36 water extract (b) reducing power of activity, (b) significant reducing
ferric-ferricyanide complex, (c) ferrouspower, (c) higher ion- chelating
ion-chelating activities, (d) hydroxyl activity than EDTA, (d) higher
radical-scavenging activity, (e) hydroxyl radical activity than
iron-induced linoleic acid oxidation ascorbic acid of all extracts except
model all extracts except stem water
extract, (e) inhibition of lipid
peroxidation inhibition especially
by methanol extracts
Antioxidant - Leaf and Methanol (a) lipid peroxidation activity, (b) (a) Dose dependent inhibition of
in vitro root37 extract hydroxyl radical activity, (c) DPPH lipid peroxidation, (b) dose
radical scavenging activity of fractions dependently hydroxyl radical
scavenging, DPPH radical
scavenging; (c) ethyl acetate
fraction showed the highest activity
Antioxidant Leaf 38 (a) Methanol (a) Non-specific free radical scavenging (a) Dose- dependent free radical
-in vitro extract and activity via chemiluminescence method, scavenging activity, (b) inhibition
(b) water (b) determination of malondialdehyde of lipid peroxidation (membrane
extract production in isolated brains from protection activity)
young male wistar albino rats

Antioxidant Seeds26 Essential oil (a) β-carotene bleaching assay, (b) (a) EC50 of the essential oil Myristicin
-in vitro ferrous ion chelating assay, (c) DPPH dissolved in methanol in bleaching and apiol
free radical scavenging assay, (d) test was 5.12 mg/mL which was
fractionation of the essential oil and much less than the standard agents
screeninig of components with (BHT and α-tocopherol), (b) no
antioxidant activity using DPPH free inhibition on metal chelating, (c)
radical scavenging method EC50 of the essential oil in DPPH
radical scavenging activity was
80.21 mg/mL and was very less
than standards, (d) only ethyl
acetate/methanol fraction
demonstrated free radical
scavenging activity
Antioxidant Leaf 37 Aqueous, (a) Measurement of lipid peroxidation, (a) Enhancing activities on Flavonoids
and ether, glutathione peroxidase, peroxidase, measured antioxidant enzymes and
hepato chloroform, catalase, and xanthine oxidase, (b) reduced lipid peroxidation in liver
-protection ethylacetate, glutathione reductase and reduced homogenate and blood sample of
-in vivo and glutathione in liver homogenate and mice, (b) the extracts in CCl4
n-butanol blood of mice after 5 days, CCl4 received animals showed both
extract induced liver damage in mice protective and deteriorative
activity: both inducing and
suppressing of the oxidative action
of CCl4
Brain Leaf 39 Ethanol Measurement of superoxide dismutase, Significant increase of antioxidant
protective extract catalase, glutathione peroxidase and enzymes and decrease of lipid
-in vivo also lipid peroxidation in mitochondrial peroxidation level
fraction of various regions of the mouse
brain in mice brain of
D-galactose-induced oxidative stress
Antidiabetic, leaf 9 Aqueous STZ- induced diabetic rats, parsley No change in body weight; Flavonoids
hepato- extract extract at 2 g/kg administrated for 28 significant decrease in blood and ascorbic
protective days glucose level, serum ALP and ALT acid
-in vivo compared with control;
hepatocytes were improved and
degenerative changes were reduced

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 Farzaei MH et al. / Review

Table 3 Pharmacological activities of parsley (continued)

Pharmacologic Plant part Plant extract Method Result Active
al activity constituent
Antidiabetic, leaf 40 Aqueous STZ- induced diabetic rats, parsley Significant decrease in blood Flavonoids,
hepato extract extract at 2 g/kg for 28 days glucose, serum ALP, sialic acid, phenolic
-protective uric acid, potassium and sodium compounds
-in vivo levels, liver lipid peroxidation and and ascorbic
non-enzymatic glycosylation and acid
increase in liver glutathione; no
effect in body weight
Antidiabetic leaf 41 Aqueous STZ- induced diabetic rats, 2 g/kg Significant decrease in blood -
-in vivo extract parsley extract for 28 days glucose; no increase in number of
secretory granules and cells in islets
of pancreas; morphologic changes
of the pancreas tissue were not
different from control; no
regeneration of -cells occurred
by extract
Antidiabetic, leaf 42 Aqueous STZ- induced diabetic rats, 2 g/kg Significant decrease in blood Flavonoids
heart damage extract parsley extract for 28 days glucose and lipid peroxidation
-in vivo administrated, blood glucose, lipid activity in aorta and heart tissue;
peroxidation and glutathione activity of increase of glutathione level in the
aorta and heart tissue were measured. aorta and heart tissue
Antidiabetic, leaf 43 Aqueous STZ- induced diabetic rats, 2 g/kg Significant decrease in blood -
skin damage extract parsley extract for 28 days glucose; no effect on lipid
-in vivo peroxidation and non enzymatic
glycosylation of skin tissue

Analgesic Seed2 Hydroalcoholi 300, 600, 800 mg/100 g Parsley extract significant analgesic action on -
-in vivo c extract administrated in 2.5% formalin formalin induced paw licking test;
induced paw licking test and 150, 300, no significant activity on writhing
600 mg/100 g parsley extract test
administrated in 1% acetic acid
(intraperitoneal injection)-induced
writhing test on male swiss mice

Spasmolytic Aerial part44 Aqueous and Spontaneous and acetylcholine- Dose dependently reduction in -
-in vitro ethanol induced contractions on rat isolated spontaneous and acetylcholine-
extracts ileum induced ileum contraction; ethanol
extract had higher activity

Spasmolytic Seed3 80% ethanol Contraction induced by 60 mM KCl, dose dependently reduction in -
-in vitro extract parsley added before and after KCl- induced contraction;
contraction and also induced by CaCl2 inhibition of KCl contraction and
on Wistar rat isolated ileum dose dependently reduction in
CaCl2-induced contraction;
blocking of voltage-gated calcium
channels
Immunosuppr Seeds45 Essential oil Effect of parsley essential oil in different Suppression of splenocytes -
essant concentrations (0.01-100 μg/mL) on proliferation, PHA-stimulated
-in vitro proliferation of splenocytes by using splenocytes and NO by all plant
methyl tetrazolium (MTT) method; concentrations (0.01-100 μg/mL)
nitrite (NO) levels of the cells measured
using the diazotization method.

Peptic ulcer Leaf 46 Ethanol Pyloric ligation-induced hyper secretion Siginificant suppression of gastric Tannins,
protection extract and ulcer , stress induced- ulcer using secretion in concentrations of 1 flavonoids
-in vivo hypothermic restraint, and 2 g/kg; siginificant protection and
indomethacin-induced ulcer and on stress- induced ulcer and triterpenes
cytodestructive agents (80% ethanol, indomethacin- induced ulcer;
0.2 M NaOH and 25% replenishment of gastric wall
NaCl) -induced ulcer on rats mucus and non-protein sulfhydryl
contents in cytodestructive
agents-induced ulcer

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 Farzaei MH et al. / Review

Table 3 Pharmacological activities of parsley (continued)

Pharmacologic Plant part Plant extract Method Result Active
al activity constituent
Estrogenic Aerial part22 Methanol Proliferation of the estrogen-sensitive Significant proliferative activity on Flavone
function extract breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) was MCF-7 cell which was equal to glycosides
-in vitro assayed and bioassay-guided separation isoflavone glycosides from soybean; particularly,
performed for detection of the active removing the glycoside moieties of 6"-acetylapiin
compounds the components resulted in and the
increasing of Estrogenic activities: aglycones;
the EC50 values of apigenin, apigenin,
diosmetin, kaempferol were 1.0, diosmetin
2.9, and 0.56 µM, respectively that and
are equel to soybean isoflavone kaempferol
Uterine tonic Aerial part22 Methanol 7 days oral administration of the extract Significant regeneration in the Apiin, and
-in vivo extract in ovariectomized mice. uterus weight of the apigenin
ovariectomized mice
Antimicrobial Leaf 7 Hot and cold 100 ,150, 200, 250 mg/mL of parsley Antibacterial activity; higher -
-in vitro water extract extract on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, inhibition zone in hot water
Staph aureus and Staph pyogenes extract
isolated from patient with burn
infection
Antimicrobial Leaf and Methanol and Effect on bacterial cell damage and Leaf extracts showed higher cell Furocoumarin
-in vitro stem36 water extract Bacterial growth inhibition on Bacillus damage on both bacteria with s and
subtilis and Escherichia coli higher activity with methanol furanocoumar
extract; stem extracts showed ins
higher action on the inhibition of
the growth of both bacteria
Antimicrobial Leaf 53 Photoactive Antimicrobial assay on human Inhibitory activity on Escherichia Psoralen,
-in vitro furocoumarins pathogens bacteria and spoilage coli O157∶H7, DNA 8-methoxypso
extract microorganisms by media-modified repair-deficient E. coli , Listeria ralen,
method and also, DNA repair-deficient monocytogenes, and also the 5-methoxypso
Escherichia coli using photobiological spoilage microorganisms Erwinia ralen,
method carotovora, and Listeria innocua; oxypeucedani
no inhibitory activity on n and
Pseudomonas fragi isopimpinellin
Antimicrobial Leaf 52 Ethanol Antibacterial assay on Lactobacillus inhibitory activity on both -
-in vitro extract plantarum and Leuconostoc Lactobacillus plantarum and
mesenteroides using culture media assay Leuconostoc mesenteroides

Antimicrobial Aerial part54 Essential oil Effect on the growth of Listeria No antibacterial activity against -
-in vitro innocua, Serratia marcescens and Listeria innocua, Serratia
Pseudomonas fluorescens by disc marcescens and Pseudomonas
diffusion method fluorescens
Antimicrobial Leaf 55 Methanol Effect 37 µg/ml of extract on the inhibitory activity on B. subtilis, P. Coumarins
-in vitro extract growth of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia aeruginosa, S. epidermidis, S.
coli, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aureus and S. cerevisiae.
aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
epidermidis, S.aureus , Candida
albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and
Aspergillus niger using agar diffusion
method

Anti- platelet Leaf 21 Aqueous Inhibitory effect of extract and isolated No inhibitory effect on clotting Apigenin and
-in vitro extract flavonoids on clotting formation and activity, while strong antiplatelet cosmosiin
ADP- induced platelet aggregation aggregation was demonstrated

Anti-platelet Leaf 23 Aglycone Effect of pre-incubation of the parsley Decreased adhesion of human Aglycone
-in vitro flavonoids components on human platelet platelets to collagen surface and flavonoids;
adhesion to a collagen-coated surface also inhibited platelet aggregation kaempferol
under physiologic flow situation and in all models dose dependently; the and apigenin
human platelet thrombin-, ADP- and higher inhibition was
collagen- induced aggregation demonstrated in collagen induced
aggregation

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 Farzaei MH et al. / Review

Table 3 Pharmacological activities of parsley (continued)

Pharmacologic Plant part Plant extract Method Result Active
al activity constituent
Anti-platelet Leaf 51 Aqueous Effect of parsley extract on thrombin-, dose dependent inhibition on all Polyphenols
-in vitro, extract ADP-, collagen- and epinephrine- model of in vitro aggregation;
ex vivo induced aggregation (in vitro) significant inhibition on ex vivo
and in vivo subsequent to pre-incubation of platelet aggregation in rats and
platelets with the extract and also on significant delay in bleeding time
bleeding time of rat and ex vivo
aggregation after oral treatment with
extract (3 g/kg)
Cardiovascular Leaf 50 Aqueous and Effect on mean blood pressure which Aqueous extract showed less -
activity ethanol recorded from the carotid artery in activity on mean blood pressure
-in vivo extracts anaesthetized rats and concomitant than ethanol; ethanol extract
with muscarinic receptor antagonist showed stronger inhibitory action
(atropine 1 mg/kg). Effect on rate and on rate and amplitude of the
amplitude of contraction of atria on contraction, which blocked by
isolated rat atria and in pre- muscarinic antagonist agent
administration of atropine (1 mg/kg).
Laxative Seed47 Water extract (a) Effect on the activity of kidney (a) Inhibition of both kidney Essential oil
-in vitro Na+-K+ and colonocyte Na+-K+ Na+-K+ ATPase and colonocyte
and in vivo ATPase activity in homogenate of crude Na+-K+ATPase activity; (b)
rat colon and effect of 20% w/v parsley inhibition of absorption of sodium
extract on movements of rat colon and water in the luminal which
luminal water in the presence and (b) enhanced by adding furosemide
absence of sodium buffer and also
concomitant with furosemide by
perfusion method
Diuretic Seed49 Aqueous (a) Effect on urine volume of rats (a) Significant increase in urine -
-in vitro extract which received the extract 20 %w/v volume; (b) significant decreas in
and in vivo compared with control; (b) Inhibitory activity of kidney cortex and
effect of extract on kidney homogenate medulla Na+-K+ ATPase
Na+-K+ ATPase activity (in vitro); (c) compared with control; (c)
effect of extract on urine flow using significant increase in kidney urine
kidney perfusion method in following flow rate compared with control;
condition was assayed: extract with diuretic action of extract was
sodium free buffer, extract with enhanced with amiloride and
potassium free buffer, extract with furosemide and also in sodium free
amiloride and extract with furosemide condition, which was not observed
in potassium free codition
Cytotoxic Aerial part57 Hot water Effect on viability of CV1-P fibroblast No significant activity on the -
-in vitro extract cells and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells growth of fibroblast cells and
neuroblastoma cells
Protection of Seed48 Isolated oil Effect on Zearalenone (nonsteroidal improved significantly reduction in -
reproductive estrogenic mycotoxin)- induced testis testosterone level and sperm count
system toxicity assayed by determination of and sperm motility; lessoned
-in vivo testosterone level and also sperm significantly germ cells
abnormality and germ cells chromosomal aberrations induced
chromosomal analysis by Zearalenone
Note: STZ: streptozotocin; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; ADP: Adenosine diphosphate.

Effects on genitourinary system icity and significantly improved testosterone level,

Methanol extract from pseudomonas crispum aerial sperm count and sperm motility and inhibited germ
part showed proliferative activity in estrogen-sensitive cells chromosomal aberrations.48 Aqeoues extract of
breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) equal to isoflavone gly- pseudomonas hortense seeds exhibited diuretic effect
cosides from soybean. This estrogenic activity was relat- and inhibited Na +-K + ATPase activity in kidney cortex
ed to flavone glycosides; 6"-acetylapiin and also agli- and medulla.49
cones; apigenin, diosmetin, and kaempferol. Further-
more, oral administration of the extract regenerated Cardiovascular activity
the uterus weight in ovariectomized mice and apiin Pseudomonas crispum leaves decreased mean blood
and apigenin were responsible for this activity.22 seudo- pressure which recorded from the carotid artery in an-
monas crispum oil demonstrated significant protective aesthetized rats. This effect was attenuated with musca-
activity against zearalenone -induced reproductive tox- rinic receptor antagonist. It also decreased rate and am-

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 Farzaei MH et al. / Review

plitude of contraction on isolated rat atria which weak- activity of pseudomonas crispum on urinary tract dis-
ened by muscarinic antagonist. These data indicate hy- ease was proved via diuretic activity. Its antiseptic prop-
potensive and negative inotropic and chronotropic ac- erty on urinary tract could be due to antimicrobial ac-
tivity of pseudomonas crispum.50 pseudomonas tivity. Ethnomedicinal use of pseudomonas crispum on
crispum leaves demonstrated strong antiplatelet aggre- amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea can be related to its an-
gation effect. Aglycone flavonoids; keampferol, apigen- ti-platelet, anti-coagulant, spasmolytic, analgesic and al-
in and cosmosiin are responsible compounds for this so estrogenic activity. Furthermore, the abortive proper-
activity. However, it did not exert inhibition on clot- ty could be due to estrogenic and utrerine tonic activi-
ting activity in vitro.21,23,51 ty. Efficacious uses of pseudomonas crispum in cardiac
disease and hypertension were proved which may be re-
Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity lated to its hypotensive, anti-platelet and negative ino-
Pseudomonas crispum leaves and stems possess antibac- tropic and chronotropic mechanism. Useful effect on
terial activity on B. subtilis and E. coli.36 Hot and cold hemorrhoids in ethnomedicine may be due to its im-
water extract from pseudomonas crispum leaves dem- munomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant
onstrated antibacterial activity against pseudomonas ae- mechanisms. Efficacious folklore uses of pseudomonas
ruginosa, S. aureus and S. pyogenes isolated from pa- crispum on liver disease and diabetes were confirmed
tient with burn infection.7 Ethanol extract of pseudo- by several modern studies. Beneficial activity of pseudo-
monas crispum leaves inhibited the growth of Lactoba- monas crispum on Headcool, otitis, sniffle and flu may
cillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides.52 The be related to its antimicrobial and immunomodulatory
furocoumarins isolated extract from pseudomonas activity. Pharmacological studies in order to evaluation
crispum leaves demonstrated inhibitory activity against and confirmation of other unproved ethnomedicinal ef-
E. coli, L. monocytogenes, Erwinia carotovora, and Lis- fects of parsley especially antiurolithiasis and antitus-
teria innocua and no inhibition against Pseudomonas sive activity and beneficial effects on exanthema, ecze-
fragi. Psoralen, 8-methoxypsoralen, 5-methoxypso- ma and various dermal disease and also visuality are rec-
ralen, oxypeucedanin and isopimpinellin were among ommended. Because of the reports about abortive prop-
the responsible antimicrobial furocoumarins.53 Essential erties of parsley, It should not be administered during
oil from aerial part of Petroselinum crispum had no an- pregnancy.
tibacterial activity against Listeria innocua, Serratia Phenolic compounds particularly flavonoids (such as
marcescens and Pseudomonas fluorescens.54 Methanol apigenin, apiin and 6"-Acetylapiin), essential oil com-
extract of Petroselinum crispum leaves demonstrated ponents (mainly Myristicin and apiol), coumarins and
antimicrobial activity on B. subtilis, Petroselinum aeru- furocoumarins are the active components isolated and
ginosa, S. epidermidis, S.aureus and S. cerevisiae in vi- detected in Petroselinum crispum. Various bioactive
tro. Coumarins are responsible components for this compounds have been isolated and identified in
property.55 Petroselinum crispum, whereas many active com-
pounds responsible for ethnomedicinal uses or proved
Toxicity and tolerability pharmacological activities have not been completely
In ethnomedicine, it has been claimed that parsley is evaluated. Therefore, new investigations are proposed
abortificient. Acute toxicity of pseudomonas crispum to isolate, identify, and obtain the Petroselinum
was evaluated in rat and no toxicological effect was ob- crispum active compounds in order to explore novel
served.46 Photodermatitis has been reported in pigs ex- natural component for rectifying the stalemate on the
posed to pseudomonas crispum.56 Furocoumarins par- way of modern medicine. Overall, it is expectant that
ticularly oxypeucedanin are responsible for its contact this study resulted in improvement the tendencies to-
photodermatitis activity.30 ward Petroselinum crispum as a useful and important
medicinal plant with wide range of proven medicinal
activity.
CONCLUSION
Parsley is a medicinal plant with various proven phar- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
macological properties including antioxidant, hepato-
protective, neuroprotective, anti-diabeic, analgesic, This research received no specific grant from any fund-
spasmolytic, immunosuppressant, anti-coagulant, an- ing agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit
ti-ulcer, laxative, estrogenic, diuretic, hypotensive, anti- sectors.
bacterial and antifungal activities.
Beneficial effects of pseudomonas crispum on gastroin-
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