CONSEQUENCES OF RIZAL’S ACTIVITIES Arrest and Exile
AND WRITINGS
■ On July 6, 1892 Rizal went to Malacanang to
RIZAL’S EXILE IN DAPITAN (1892 - 1896) continue his interview with Governor General
Despujol.
Arrival on Manila
■ A customs inspector reported that they found
*On June 26, 1892, Rizal arrives in Manila from
copies of pamphlet in Rizal’s luggage.
Hong Kong with his widowed sister Lucia.
■ Pobres Frailes (Poor Friars) is an anti-friar
*Rizal sought audience with Governor General
article under the authorship of Father Jacinto. It
Despujol to discuss the Borneo Colonization
is a satire against the rich Dominicans who
Project. Despujol denied the plan because it is
amassed fabulous wealth contrary to their "vow
“anti-patriotic”.
of poverty”.
*Aside from discussing his project, Rizal wanted
■ Despujol issued a decree on July 7, 1892, of
Despujol to pardon his father, brother, and
Rizal's banishment to Dapitan, Zamboanga.
brother in law who were exiled after the land
dispute against the Dominican friars. On his ■ On July 14, 1892, Rizal was shipped on board
second meeting with the governor general, from Cebu to Dapitan. He was given a good
Rizal’s father was pardoned. And after his cabin but well guarded.
fourth meeting, his brothers were pardoned.
CHARGES AGAINST RIZAL
Eulogio Despujol y Dusay
*Publication and introduction of various anti-
Governor-General monastic books.
■ “The fairest, most honorable and most liberal *Travelling through different provinces without
Viceroy the Philippines have ever known” permit from the Governor General.
■ Ruled the Philippines as a conservative but *Finding in his luggage the pamphlet Pobres
later became a liberal. Frailes which mocked the religious orders.
■ Served as governor general for 2 years only Arrival in Dapitan and Manila Lottery (1892-
from 1891 – 1893. 1896)
Ferrocarril de Manila y Dagupan ■ On July 17, 1892, a Cebu steamer brought
Rizal to Dapitan and carried a letter from Father
*June 27, 1892- At 6pm, Rizal boarded a train in
Pastells to Father Obach.
Tutuban Station and visited his friends in
Malolos, San Fernando, Tarlac, and Bacolor. ■ Rizal stayed in the house of the commandant,
Captain Carnicero and had a friendly
*June 28, 1892- Rizal returned by train to
relationship with him.
Manila on the next day at 5 o’clock in the
afternoon ■ On September 21, 1892, Carnicero, Francisco
Equilior (a local Spaniard) and Rizal learned that
*July 3, 1892- Formed La Liga Filipina in the
their Ticket No. 9736 won second prize in the
house of Doroteo Ongjunco in Ilaya Street,
lottery worth P20,000.
Tondo, Manila
■ Rizal's share is P6,200. He invested half of his *Artistic Works- He continued his artistic
money in some land by the sea and sent the pursuits. He made sketches of persons and
rest to his father. things that attracted him in Dapitan. ex. Dapitan
girl (woodcarving of Josephine).
■ Rizal is a lottery addict. He always invested
atleast three pesetas every month in lottery Community Projects for Dapitan
tickets.
1. Constructed the town's first water
The Friar’s Spy system.
2. Drained the marshes to get rid of
■ On November 3, 1893, a spy, with an
malaria that infested in Dapitan.
assumed name Pablo Mercado, visited Rizal and
3. Equipped the town with a lighting
pretended to be a relative.
system.
■ Pablo Mercado's real name is Florencio 4. Beautification of the town plaza.
Namanan. He was hired by the friars to spy on 5. Established a school.
Rizal's activities. His secret mission was not an
Josephine Bracken
assassination attempt but espionage only.
“Slender, chestnut blond, with blue eyes,
■ He is native of Cagayan de Misamis, single and
dressed with elegant simplicity, with an
about 30 years old.
atmosphere of light gaiety…”
LIFE IN DAPITAN
– Jose Rizal
*Physician- Rizal had many patients but most of
■ An Irish girl born in Hong Kong on October 3,
them were poor so he gave them free medicine.
1876.
*Teacher- In 1893, he established a school and
■ Josephine and George Taufer, her blind
taught his male students reading, writing,
adoptive father, arrived in Dapitan for a
languages, geography, history, math, etc.
checkup and she and Rizal fell in love at first
*Farmer-He introduced modern methods of sight.
agriculture which he had observed in Europe
■ They wanted to get married but the church
and America.
refused so they married themselves before the
*Businessman- He made profitable business eyes of God.
ventures in fishing, copra, and hemp industries.
■ In July 1895, the couple lived together in
*Inventor- He invented a cigarette lighter which Dapitan and had a son who was born
he called "sulpukan" and sent it to his friend prematurely and died within a few hours of
Blumentritt. birth.
*Contribution to Science- He collected ■ She was later summoned by the Spanish
specimens and sent them to a museum in Governor-General, who threatened her with
Europe. Ex. Rhacophorus rizali (rare frog), torture and imprisonment if she did not leave
Apogonia rizali (small beetle), Draco rizali (flying so she returned to Hong Kong.
dragon).
*Linguistic Studies- He learned 3 new
languages: Bisayan, Subanun, and Malay.
RIZAL AND THE KATIPUNAN November 3, 1896 and Dr. Rizal was then
transferred to Fort Santiago.
■ Pio Valenzuela - emissary to Dapitan in order
to inform Rizal of the plan of Katipunan during *The preliminary investigation started on
the meeting at a little river called Bitukang November 20, 1896, with Colonel Francisco
Manok. Olive as the Judge Advocate. Two kinds of
evidence were presented against Rizal, namely
■ To camouflage his real mission, he brought
documentary and testimonial. The investigation
with him the blind man named Raymundo
lasted for five days.
Mata.
There were a total of 15 exhibits for his
Rizal objected Bonifacio's project because:
documentary evidences which are as follows:
1. The people are not yet ready for a
1.A letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce
revolution.
2. Arms and funds must first be collected 2.A letter of Rizal to his family
before raising the cry of revolution.
3.A letter from Marcelo H. Del Pilar to Deodato
LEAVING DAPITAN Arellano
■ Rizal Volunteer as a military doctor in Cuba. 4.A poem entitled Kundiman
■ July 31, 1896 - Rizal's 4 year exile has ended. 5.A letter of Carlos Oliver to an unidentified
person
■ España - Steamer which brought Rizal to
Manila from Dapitan 6.Masonic document
■ Rizal was accompanied by Josephine, Narcisa, 7.A letter signed Dimasalang
Angelica (Narcisa's daughter), his 3 nephews,
8.A letter of Dimasalang to an unidentified
and 6 pupils.
committee
■ He stayed in Dapitan for 4 years, 13 days, and
9.An anonymous and undated letter to the
a few hours.
Editor of theHongkong Telegraph
TRIAL AND EXECUTION OF DR. JOSE RIZAL
10. A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal
*KATIPUNAN- Katipunan instigated a nation-
11. A letter of Rizal Segundo
wide uprising that led to a full-blown rebellion.
Because of being accused of his involvement, 12. A letter of Marcelo H del Pilar to Don Juan A.
Dr. Rizal was arrested on the way to Cuba via Tenluz
Spain and was imprisoned in Montjuich Prison
in Barcelona on October 6, 1896. 13. Transcript of a speech of Pingkian
*On the same day, Rizal was ordered by General 14. Transcript of speech of Tik-tik
Eulogio that he would be shipped back to 15. A poem by Laong Laan
Manila via the transport ship Colon. Dr. Jose
Rizal was ordered to be arrested for being
subversive and for his reported involvement in
the rebellion. The ship reached Manila on
Testimonial Evidences *December 11 1896- In his prison cell, Rizal was
read the charges against him: “principal
The oral testimonies came from Dr. Jose Rizal’s
organizer and the living soul of the Filipino
acquaintances. They are the following:
insurrection, the founder of societies,
1.Martin Constantino periodicals and books dedicated to fomenting
and propagating the ideas of rebellion.”
2.Aguedo del Rosario
Rizal raised no objections to these charges;
3.Jose Reyes however he pleaded not guilty to the crime of
4.Moises Salvador rebellion.
5.Jose Dizon *December 13 1896- Governor General Ramon
Blanco was replaced by Camilo de Polavieja as
6.Domingo Franco Governor General of the Philippines.
7.Deodato Arellano Dominguez, the judge advocate, submitted the
papers of the Rizal case to Malacañang Palace
8.Ambrosio Salvador on this day.
9.Pedro Serrano Laktaw *December 15 1896- Dr. Jose Rizal wrote a
manifesto in his prison cell in Fort Santiago for
10. Dr. Pio Valenzuela
the citizens of the country to stop the blood
11. Antonio Salazar shedding and achieve liberty through education
and industry. The authorities suppressed the
12. Francisco Quison
manifesto from the public.
13. Timoteo Paez
*December 17 1896- The Judge Advocate
Rizal has been accused with the following General Captain Rafael Dominguez gave the
charges: opinion that the case was ready for trial before
an ordinary court martial without the need of
1.) To be immediately brought to trial. an assessor or law member.
2.) He should be kept in prison. *December 19 1896- The case was turned over
3.) His properties must be issued with order of to Dominguez and Enrique de Alcocer
attachment, and as indemnity, Rizal had to pay (prosecuting attorney), who would handle the
one million pesos. prosecution.
4.) He should be in a court by an army officer. *On December 25, 1896, Dr. Jose Rizal
experienced his Christmas away from his friends
*November 26 1896- The records of the case and family.
were handed over to Governor General Ramon
Blanco who then appointed Captain Rafael *December 26 1896- Trial of Rizal commenced
Dominguez as special Judge Advocate. at the Cuartel de España located in Intramuros,
Manila. On the same day, the court martial
*December 08 1896- From a list submitted to found him guilty as charged and condemned
him by the authorities, he chose the brother of him to death. He was charged with rebellion,
his friend, Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade, to become sedition and illegal association.
his trial lawyer. He was only made to choose
among army officers and not a civilian lawyer.
The decision was signed by Jose Togores, 10:00 a.m
president of the court, and Braulio Rodriguez
Fathers Jose Vilaclara (Rizal’s teacher in
Nuiiez, Ricardo Muiioz, Fermin Perez Rodriguez,
Ateneo), Vicente Balaguer visited, and
Manuel Reguera, Manuel Diaz Escribano, and
Santiago Mataix
Santiago Izquierdo.
12:00 noon
*December 28 1896-Governor General
Polavieja signed the death verdict. He ordered Fathers Vilaclara and Balaguer left and
Rizal to be shot at seven o'clock in the morning Rizal was all alone with his guards
of the 30th December in the field of bodyguards. He was busy writing until
Bagumbayan. 3:00 p.m.
MARTYRDOM AT BAGUMBAYAN During the time, from noon to 3:30
p.m., when he was not strictly watched
“Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the
by his guards, Rizal wrote his last poem,
suncaress’d,
Ultimo Adios.
Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost!
4:30 p.m
Gladly now I go t give thee this jaded life’s best,
Rizal’s mother arrived. After the
And were it brighter, fresher, or more blest, mother, Rizal’s sister Trinidad enter the
room.
Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost.”
Rizal gave her an alcohol cooking stove.
-Jose Rizal
As Trinidad received it, Rizal told her
7:00 a.m., December 29 softly: “There is something in it.”
After hearing his death sentence, Rizal The something turned out to be a little
was moved to the prison chapel, where piece of paper on which was written the
he spent his last hours on earth. Ultimo Adios.
He requested that his old professors in When Trinidad left the room, Fathers
Ateneo assist him in his last moments. Vilaclara, Estanislao March, and Rosell
arrived.
His first visitors were Mr. Miguel
Saderra Mata and Fr. Luis Viza. 6:00 p.m
8:00 a.m Don Silvino Lopez Tuñon arrived, the
Dean of the Manila Cathedral. Fathers
F.r Antonio Rosell arrived and invited Balaguer and March left, leaving Father
Rizal to partake of his breakfast which Vilaclara with Rizal.
he did. Also, Lt. Taviel de Andrade
came. 8:00 p.m
9:00 a.m Father Balaguer came with Father Viza.
They talked about religious matters.
Fr. Fedierico arrived and Rizal reminded Another visitor of Rizal was Fiscal
him of the prophecy that he (Rizal) Gaspar Castaño of the Royal Audiencia.
would lose his head for writing the Noli.
10:00 p.m Acceptaión de la Muerte, and signed the
page 49 at the end of the Act of Charity.
The draft of retraction from Archbishop
Bernardino Nozaleda arrived. Rizal He confessed to Fr. Vilaclara for the
rejected it because it is too long. Fr. third time, after which he read Thomas
Balaguer showed him another draft á Kempis’ Imitacion de Cristo.
which was prepared by Fr. Pio Pi, the
3:00 a.m
superior os the Jesuit Mission in the
Philippines. Rizal wanted it, but wanted Fr. Balaguer said mass. Rizal confessed
certain changes made. again. He received communion.
11:30 p.m 6:00 a.m
Rizal wrote and signed the retraction in Rizal was ready to have his rendezvous
which he abjured masonry. with death at Bagumbayan Field.
It was witnessed by: 7:00 a.m
1. Juan del Presno (Chief of the guard He had to die by order of Governador
detail) Polavieja.
2. Eloy Moure (Adjutant of the Plaza) DEATH MARCH TO BAGUMBAYAN
After signing the retraction, Rizal confessed to About 6:30 a.m., the death march was
Fr. Vilaclara and rested. about to begin. At Fort Santiago, a
trumpet sounded. Rizal walked calmly
What Rizal retracted were his errors in
with his defender (Lt. Taviel de
religion and attacks against the Church,
Andrade) on one side is the two priest
not his political convictions. Every
(Fr. March and Vilaclara).
Catholic us free to choose his political
philosophy. He may be a monarchist, He was dressed elegantly in black- with
democrat, nationalist, liberal, or a black suit, black nectie, black hat, black
conservative. shoes, and white vest.
By retracting his religious errors and There were handful of spectators lining
returning to the fold of Catholicism, the street from Fort Santiago to the
Rizal emerged a greater man. Plaza del Palacio in front of the Manila
Cathedral.
It takes genuine moral courage for any
man to recognize his mistakes and to Everybody seems to be out at
right the wrong he has done. Bagumbayan, where a vast crowd
gathered to see how a martyr dies.
1:30 a.m., December 30, 1896
Passing the Plaza, Rizal recognized a
Rizal rose up, prayed and confessed
young lawyer friend, Eduarado
again.
Gutierrez Repide, whom he first met at
He read the Acts of Faith, Hope and Dapitan.
Charity from the Spanish book entitled
Rizal looked at the sky and said;
“How beautiful is it today, Father. What *The country would be saved from domination
morning could be more serene! How clear are only through education.
Corregidor and the mountains of Cavite! On
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
morning like this, I used to take a walk with my
sweetheart.” *A conquered country like the Philippines
should not be taken advantage of but rather
THE MARTYRDOM
should be developed, civilized, educated and
7:00 a.m trained in the science of self-government.
Rizal bade goodbye to the priests and *Rizal’s guiding political philosophy proved to
his defender by shaking their hands. be the study and application of reforms, the
One of the priest blessed him and offer extension of human rights, the training for self
a crucifix kiss. government and the arousing of spirit of
discontent over oppression, brutality,
Turning to the Spanish captain, he
inhumanity, sensitiveness and self love.
requested to be shot facing the firing
squad. But his request was denied, for *Rizal’s Concept of Government and Politics:
the captain had explicit orders to have Max Weber defines government as “monopoly
him shot in the back. of the legitimate use of physical power” in
which is UNFAIR says Rizal. Its emphasize is the
Rizal turned his back and face the sea.
corruption of the Spanish bureaucrat. Rizal
The death ruffles of the drums filled the
wrote: “In order to govern people he does not
air. Above the drum-beats, the sharp
know or understand, he ought to possess the
command “Fire!”
talent of a genius and extraordinary
Rizal’s dead body fell on the ground. knowledge.”
Rizal died on that December morning- Bitterly assailed and criticized in publications
“traitor” to Spain. But he lives the apparent backwardness of the Spanish
evermore- a martyr to Filipino ruler’s method of governing the country which
freedom.. resulted in:
RIZAL'S PHILOSOPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS IDEAS 1. The bondage and slavery of the
conquered;
EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY 2. The Spanish government’s requirement
*Rizal’s concept of the importance of education of forced labor and force military
is clearly enunciated in his work entitled "La service upon the natives;
Instruccion“ wherein he sought improvements 3. The abuse of power by means of
in the schools and in the methods of teaching. exploitation;
4. The government ruling that any
*Centers on the provision of proper motivation complaint against the authorities was
in order to bolster the great social forces to criminal.
make education a success. To create in the
youth an innate desire to cultivate his ETHICAL PHILOSOPHY
intelligence and give him life eternal. ■ The study of human behavior as to whether it
*Elevate the country to the highest seat of glory is good or bad or whether it is right or wrong is
and to develop the people’s mentality that science upon which Rizal’s ethical
philosophy was based. The fact that the Rizal’s social philosophy dealt with:
Philippines was under Spanish domination
1. Man in society
during Rizal’s time led him to subordinate his
2. Influential factors in human life
philosophy to moral problems.
3. Racial problems
■ The moral status of the Philippines during this 4. Social constant
period was one with a lack of freedom, one with 5. Social justice
predominance of foreign masters, one with an 6. Social ideal
imposition of foreign religious worship, 7. Poverty and wealth
devotion, homage and racial habits. 8. Reforms
9. Youth and greatness
Dr. Rizal had recognized not only the forces of
10. History and progress
good and evil, but also the tendencies towards
11. Future Philippines
good and evil. To support his ethical
philosophy in life, Rizal: RELIGIOUS PHILOSOPHY
1. Censured the friars for abusing the Rizal’s Religious Upbringing
advantage of their position as spiritual
*Rizal grew up nurtured by a closely-knit
leaders and the ignorance and
Catholic family. He was educated in the
fanaticism of the natives;
foremost Catholic schools in the period in the
2. Counseled the Filipinos not to resent a
elementary, secondary and college levels.
defect attributed to them but to accept
same as reasonable and just; *His concept of God could be summarized into
3. Advised the masses that the object of three (3) notions. First, he believed that God
marriage was the happiness and love of existed. Second, he believed that God was Plus
the couple and not financial gain; Supra. Lastly, he believed that God was the
4. Censured the priests who preached origin of nature; that is, nature was the
greed and wrong morality; expression of God.
5. Advised every one that love and respect
for parents must be strictly observed. ■ Rizal was not only the country’s first
nationalist but also the first protestant. He was
SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY not an atheist, a materialist, he believed in God.
*That body of knowledge relating to society ■ Rizal is only exercising the right; in charity, of
including the wisdom which man's experience in every good Catholic in exposing the foibles of
society has taught him is social philosophy. The wicked priests and their falls from grace;
subject matter of this social philosophy covers Salvation was not only for Catholics. He did not
the problems of the whole race, with every believe in the sale of such religious items as the
problem having a distinct solution to bolster the cross, medals, rosaries, and the like in order to
people’s social knowledge. propagate the faith and raise the church funds.
*He above dealt with man’s evolution and his ■ One religion was as good as another in the
environment, explaining for the most part sense that one conscience was as good as
human behavior and capacities like his will to another; all roads did not lead to Rome, but
live; his desire to possess happiness; the change they all lead to Heaven; and few lead to Hell
of his mentality. because he could not reconcile the absolute and
perfect goodness of God.
MI ULTIMO ADIOS (MY LAST FAREWELL) Asian Nationalist Leader Mohandas
Untitled, undated and unsigned last poem of Karamchand Gandhi – Indian lawyer, anti-
Jose Rizal colonial nationalist. Rabindaranath Tagore-
Bengali polymath- poet, writer, composer,
■ Rizal did not ascribe a title to his poem.
philosopher and painter. Sun Yat-Sen – A
■ Mariano Ponce titled it Mi Ultimo Chinese politician, physician, and political
Pensamiento (My Last Thought). philosopher, who served as the provisional
first president of the Republic of China and
*"On the afternoon of December 29,1896, a day the first leader of the Kuomintang (Nationalist
before his execution, Dr. Jose Rizal was visited Party of China) Ho chi minh – Vietnamese
by his mother, Teodora Alonzo, sisters Lucia, Revolutionary & Politician.
Josefa, Trinidad, Maria and Narcisa, and two
nephews. When they took their leave, Rizal told
Trinidad in English that there was something in
the small alcohol stove (cocinilla), not alcohol
lamp (lamparilla).
The stove was given to Narcisa by the guard
when the party was about to board their
carriage in the courtyard. At home, the Rizal
ladies recovered from the stove a folded paper.
On it was written an unsigned, untitled and
undated poem 14 five-like stanzas. The Rizals
reproduced copies of the poem and sent them
to Rizal's friends in the country and abroad."
*Fr. Mariano Dacanay, who received a copy of
the poem while a prisoner in Bilibid (jail),
published it in the first issue of La
Independencia on September 25, 1898 with the
title " Ultimo Adios“.
*Monica Mercado - Nagsalin sa wikang
Kapampangan noong January 1897
*Mga Nagsalin sa Tagalog: Pascual Poblete
Julian Balmaceda Andres Bonifacio
*Jose Gatmaitan -Pinakapopular na salin sa
Tagalog
*Charles Derbyshire - "My Last Farewell" –
English Translation :)
