IMMACULATE CONCEPTION I-
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY
TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT SERVICES DEPARTMENT
Transportation Management
2nd Semester A.Y. 2020-2021
Prepared by:
Ronald John A. Cristobal
Instructor, TOHMS Department
ICI-College of Arts and Technology
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COLLEGE OF ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY
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COURSE GUIDE
I. Course Title: Transportation Management
II. TPC7
III. Course Overview
A. Introduction
Transportation Management is about the different modes of transportation
and its importance as well as how it operates, the safety protocols and the
history.
B. Module and Topics
Module 1: Introduction to Transportation Management
Module 2: Air Transportation
Module 3: Land Transportation
Module 4: Water transportation.
C. Course Learning Outcomes
After completing this course, you are expected to be knowledgeable on
the different modes of transportation, industry operation, safety measures
and the different leading air, land and water transportation.
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IV. Course Study Guide
1. Manage your time well. In order to accomplish and finish this module,
have yourself a planner. Plot your schedule accordingly. Remember that
you have other modules to finish.
2. Focus. Do things one at a time. Stick to your plan. Always remember that
I am here to assist you if you have any questions. Do not forget.
3. Give your best. Push yourself to your limits. This will help you to
accomplish a lot of things. Do not settle for less. Be competitive as you
are. I know you can do it!
4. Motivate yourself. Smile and do it with your heart and everything will be
smooth.
5. Submit on Time. Do not procrastinate. Do your assignment right away.
Submission of your requirements will be announced ahead of time. Once
you submitted, I will inform you.
6. Work with Integrity. Integrity is working with honesty with or without
looking at you. This quality will help you to be successful. Be confident
with what you are doing.
7. Contact me. If you need assistance or clarifications with the topics. Do
not hesitate to message me through e-mail or messenger so I can address
it immediately.
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V. Study Schedule
Week Course Content Activities
Week 1 Orientation Assignment
Week 2 Module 1: Introduction to Recitation and Online
Transportation Management Discussion
Week 3 Module 2 Assignment
Week 4 Recitation and Online
Discussion
Week 5 Preliminary Examination
Week 6 Asynchronous Online Discussion and
Assignment
Week 7 Module 2 (Continuation) Assignment
Week 8 Synchronous Recitation, Online
Discussion and
Second Graded Quiz
Week 9 Midterm Examination
Week 10 Asynchronous Online Discussion
Week 11 Module 3 Assignment
Week 12 Synchronous Online Discussion
Recitation
Week 13 Synchronous Third Quiz
Week 14 Semi-final Examination
Week 15 Asynchronous Online Discussion
Week 16 Module 4 Online Discussion and
Recitation
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COLLEGE OF ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY
TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT SERVICES DEPARTMENT
Week 17 Requirement Completion Final Quiz
Week 18 Final Examination
VI. Evaluation
To pass this course, you must:
1. Read all the readings in this module and answer the module exercises.
2. Submit all the requirements needed for this course.
3. Accomplish the four examination.
VII. Technological Tools
For you to be able to accomplish the activities, you will be needing the
following applications such as MS Word and MS PowerPoint. To participate in
the online discussions, you may access the following: Moodle, Google
Classroom, Zoom and Microsoft Teams App.
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Module 1: Introduction to Transportation Management
Learning Objectives:
After this lesson, you will be able:
➢ To define transportation management
➢ To understand the importance of transportation management in tourism industry.
➢ To identify the different types of transportation.
➢ To know the negative effects of transportation in the environment and how to
solve it.
The transport industry has gained a vital place in the global network system and is
one of the most important components of the tourism infrastructure. It now becomes
easier for people to travel from one place to another because of the various modes of
transportation available.
The earliest forms of transportation in the ancient times were animals on land and
sails on the sea. Travel development from the need to survive, to expand and develop
trade to the far-off countries, and the hunger to capture new lands and territories. This
was followed by the use of steams and electricity in the nineteenth century followed by
internal combustion engines.
Aircraft with the jet engines were introduced in the 1950s. With the development
of technology, travel became faster and more and people could travel around the globe.
Since tourism involves the movement of people from their places of residence to
the places of tourist attractions, every tourist has to travel to reach the places of interest.
Transport is, thus, one of the major components of the tourism industry. To develop any
place of tourist attraction there, have to be proper, efficient, and safe modes of
transportation.
Transportation is vital to tourism. Studies have shown that tourists spend almost
30 to 40 percent of their total holiday expenditure on transportation and the remaining on
food, accommodation, and other activities. This aspect once again highlights the
importance of transportation.
A tourist can travel by a variety of means. The tourism professional, as well as
tourist, should be aware of the various modes of transport available to reach the
destination and at the destination.
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The various mode of transport can be broadly divided into the following three
categories:
1. Air transport
2. Land transport
3. Water transport
Air Transport
Due to the growth of air transport in recent years, long-distance travel has become
much simpler and affordable. Distance is now measured in hours and not in kilometers.
The world has indeed shrunk and becomes a small village.
The development of air transport mostly occurred after World War I and II.
Commercial airlines were created for travelers. Because of increasing air traffic, the
commercial sector grows rapidly. Before the World War II, Swissair already was carrying
around 14-16 passenger between Zurich to London.
The first commercial service was introduced by KLM, the Dutch Airlines, in 1920
between Amsterdam and London. Commercial air travel grew mostly after World War II.
More facilities were introduced and there was more comfort in travel.
Jet flights were inaugurated by Great Britain in the year 1952. In the year 1958
Pan American introduced the Boeing 707 services between Paris and New York. Due to
the introduction of jet flights, the year 1959 onward saw a tremendous increase in air
traffic. The concept of chartered flights was also introduced during this year.
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Jumbo jets have revolutionized travel. A large number of people travel by air
because of the speed, comfort, and economy in terms of time saved.
The modern era, thus, is the era of mass air travel. After road transport, air travel
is the most popular mode of travel, particularly for international travel. For the business
travelers, air transport is more convenient as it saves their precious time and offers a
luxurious and hassle-free travel. Many airlines nowadays offer special facilities to the
business tourist such as Internet on board.
Land Transport
Road Transport
Humans travel place to place in search of food in the primitive era. They tamed
animals such as the dog, ox, horse, camel, reindeer, elephants, etc. for carrying the load
and traveling. After the discovery of the wheel, humans developed the cart, the chariot,
and the carriage.
Until the seventeenth century, horses were used for traveling. Later on better roads
were constructed and some of these roads developed into trade routes, which linked
many countries. One of them is the Silk Route which was used for transporting silk from
China to Persia and the Blue Gem road from Iran to Afghanistan and India.
Today, the most popular and widely used mode of road travel is the automobile or
the car. Road transport is dominated by the automobile, which provides views of the
landscape and the freedom to travel. Tourist often travels with their entire family for
holidays.
To promote tourism, the vehicle required are coaches and tourist cars. Tourist
coaches or buses are preferred for large tourist groups traveling together on a specified
tour itinerary. Many tourists prefer to travel in comfort and privacy and hire cars. Cars of
various makes and standards are available on a rental basis.
Tourist also uses their own motorcar when holidaying. Cars and coaches carried
long distance by train facility is also available in some countries.
The car rental segment of the tourism industry is in a very advanced stage in
foreign countries. The client can book a car, himself or through agents, and make it wait
at the desired place at the destination. The client can then drive the car himself /herself
on reaching the destination.
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COLLEGE OF ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY
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Rail Transport
The railway is the most economical, convenient, and popular mode of travel
especially for long distance travel all over the world. The railroad was invented in the
seventeenth century in Germany with wooden tracks. The first steel rail was developed
in the USA during the early 1800s. The railways revolutionized transportation and mass
movement of people seen in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
The broad-gauge lines account for more than 55 percent of the total network and
carry 85 percent of total traffic. The steam engines have been replaced by diesel and
electric engines which have helped in increasing the speed. Railways have promoted
tourism by introducing a special tourist train.
Water Transport
Humans have been traveling through water since time immemorial and carried
good and people from one place to another. The boats progressed from the simple raft
with some modifications and improvement and were first used around 6000 BC.
Travel by ship was the only means for traveling overseas until the middle of the
twentieth century. The Cunard Steamship Company was formed in 1838 with regular
steamship services operating on the North Atlantic. During the World War I, in 1914 the
operations of the steamship company had to be suspended. After the World War I, the
steamship luxury liners were back to business till World War II.
After the World War II, the large luxury liners again started their operations all over
the world and carried passengers and holidaymakers. Some of the linear were very large
accommodating up to 1000 passengers and had facilities like swimming pools, cinema
halls, shops, casino, etc.
The cruise lines are the new attraction among the tourists. The cruises are booked
several months in advance for trips into the tropical and sub-tropical waters of the Hawaii,
Caribbean, Mediterranean, etc. Water transport today plays two main roles in travel and
tourism namely ferrying and cruising.
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TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT SERVICES DEPARTMENT
Advantages and Disadvantages of Modes of Transportation
Advantages Disadvantages
Air Transport Direct root, high speed, High cost, jet lag,
quick service, social and unsuitable for heavy bulk
political significance, cargo, accidents always
luxurious travel are the fatal, international rule to
advantages of air be observed are the
transportation. disadvantages of air
transportation.
Road Transport Flexibility, reliable, door to Slow speed, carrying
door service, economical, capacity limited, accidents,
supplements other modes none- AC coaches not so
of transport, quick transit comfortable, comfort
for short distances are the depends upon the
advantages of road conditions of roads are the
transport. disadvantages of road
transport.
Railways Long distance travel Inflexible, unfit to hilly
cheaper, carrying capacity regions, difficulties in rural
large, dependable service, areas, dining car facilities
quicker than road not always available are
transportation, ability to the disadvantage of
view scenery en route is railways.
the advantage of railways.
Water Transport Economical, carrying
capacity enormously,
develops international and
coastal trades are the
advantages of water
transport.
Transportation and the Environment
Transportation systems, from infrastructures to vehicle operations, have
environmental impacts ranging from noise, the emission of pollutants to climate change.
The Issue of Transport and the Environment
The issue of transportation and the environment is paradoxical since transportation
conveys substantial socioeconomic benefits, but at the same time, transportation is
impacting environmental systems. From one side, transportation activities support
increasing mobility demands for passengers and freight, while on the other, transport
activities are associated with environmental impacts. Further, environmental conditions
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COLLEGE OF ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY
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impact transportation systems in terms of operating conditions and infrastructure
requirements such as construction and.
The growth of passenger and freight mobility has expanded the role of transportation
as a source of emission of pollutants and their multiple impacts on the environment. These
impacts fall within three categories:
➢ Direct impacts. The immediate consequence of transport activities on the
environment where the cause-and-effect relationship are generally clear and
well understood. For instance, noise and carbon monoxide emissions are
known to have direct harmful effects.
➢ Indirect impacts. The secondary (or tertiary) effects of transport activities on
environmental systems. They are often of a higher consequence than direct
impacts, but the involved relationships are often misunderstood and more
challenging to establish. For instance, particulates, which are mostly the
outcome of incomplete combustion in an internal combustion engine, are
indirectly linked with respiratory and cardiovascular problems since they
contribute, among other factors, to such conditions.
Environmental Dimensions
Transportation activities support increasing mobility demands for passengers and
freight, notably in urban areas. But transport activities have resulted in growing levels of
motorization and congestion. As a result, the transportation sector is becoming
increasingly linked to environmental problems.
Climate change
The greenhouse effect is a fundamental component of the regulation of the global
climate and is a naturally occurring process that involves partially retaining heat in the
earth’s atmosphere. These include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide
(N2O), and halocarbons, gases that accumulate in the atmosphere long enough to reach
a homogeneous composition across the world. Thus, irrespective of the location, their
concentration is similar. The quantity of conventional greenhouse gases released into the
atmosphere has increased substantially since the industrial revolution and particularly
over the last 25 years. The respective impacts of greenhouse gases are further
complicated by differences in their atmospheric lifetime (or residence time), which is the
time they spend in the atmosphere before decaying or being absorbed by biological or
chemical processes. For CO2, it can range between 5 and 200 years, while it is about 12
years for methane and 114 years for N2O. For halocarbons, such as Chlorofluorocarbons,
it is at least 45 years.
The activities of the transport industry release several million tons of greenhouse
gases each year into the atmosphere, accounting between 25 and 30% of all greenhouse
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gas emissions. There is an ongoing debate about to what extent these emissions are
linked with climate change, but the debate relates more to the extent of these impacts
than their nature. Some gases, particularly nitrogen oxide, also participate in depleting
the stratospheric ozone (O3) layer, which naturally screens the earth’s surface from
ultraviolet radiation. The rise in air traffic, in addition to its emissions, has increased the
number of contrails, which are mainly ice crystals formed from condensation around
planes flying at high altitudes. They can contribute to climate change in a paradoxical
fashion as, on the one hand, they can trap heat, and on the other, they are also reflecting
solar radiation. In addition to being a contributor to climate change, transportation is also
impacted by it, particularly over infrastructure (e.g. more floods due to rising sea levels)
and operations (harsher operating conditions).
Air quality
Highway vehicles, marine engines, locomotives, and aircraft are the sources of
pollution in the form of gas and particulate matter emissions. They affect air quality and
cause damage to human health. The most common include lead (Pb), carbon monoxide
(CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), silicon tetrafluoride (SF6), benzene and volatile components
(BTX), heavy metals (zinc, chrome, copper, and cadmium) and particulate matters (ash,
dust). Lead emissions have declined substantially in the last decades as its use as an
anti-knock agent for gasoline was banned in most of the world from the 1980s. Only a few
countries, such as Myanmar, Iraq, and North Korea are still using leaded fuel. The main
factors behind this ban were that tetraethyl lead (the form used as a fuel additive) was
associated with neurotoxic effects on human beings and that it impaired catalytic
converters.
Toxic air pollutants are associated with cancer, cardiovascular, respiratory, and
neurological diseases. Carbon monoxide (CO), when inhaled, reduces the availability of
oxygen in the circulatory system and can be extremely harmful and even deadly at
specific concentrations. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions from transportation sources
reduce lung function, affect the respiratory immune defense system, and increases the
risk of respiratory problems. The emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides
(NOx) in the atmosphere form various acidic compounds that, when mixed in cloud water,
creates acid rain. Acid precipitation has detrimental effects on the built environment,
reduces agricultural crop yields, and causes forest decline.
Smog is a mixture of solid and liquid fog and smoke particles formed through the
accumulation of carbon monoxide, ozone, hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds,
nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxide, water, particulates, and other chemical pollutants. The
reduction of visibility caused by smog has several adverse impacts on the quality of life
and the attractiveness of tourist sites. Particulate emissions in the form of dust emanating
from vehicle exhaust and non-exhaust sources such as vehicle and road abrasion impact
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air quality. The physical and chemical properties of particulates are associated with health
risks such as respiratory problems, skin irritations, eyes inflammations, blood clotting, and
various types of allergies. Smog is often exacerbated by local physical and meteorological
conditions, creating periods of high smog concentration and public responses to mitigate
them, such as restricting automobile use temporarily.
Noise
Noise represents the general effect of irregular and chaotic sounds on people as
well as animal life. Basically, noise is an undesirable sound. The acoustic measure of the
intensity of noise is expressed in decibel (dB) with a scale ranging from 1 dB to 120 dB.
Long term exposure to noise levels above 75 decibels severely hamper hearing and
affects human physical and psychological well-being. Noise emanating from the
movement of transport vehicles and the operations of ports, airports, and railyards affects
human health through an increase in the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Ambient noise
is a frequent result of road transportation in urban areas, which is the cumulative outcome
of all the noise generated by vehicles (ranging from 45 to 65 dB), impairs the quality of
life and property values. Falling land values nearby acute noise sources such as airports
are often noted since buyers are less willing to bid on properties in areas of elevated noise
levels. Many noise regulations impose mitigation if noise reaches a defined level, such as
sound walls and other soundproofing techniques.
Water quality
Transport activities have an impact on hydrological conditions and water quality.
Fuel, chemicals, and other hazardous particulates discarded from aircraft, cars, trucks,
and trains or port and airport terminal operations can contaminate hydrographic systems.
Because demand for maritime shipping has increased, marine transport emissions
represent the most important segment of water quality impact of the transportation sector.
The main effects of marine transport operations on water quality predominantly arise from
dredging, waste, ballast waters, and oil spills. Dredging is the process of deepening
harbor channels by removing sediments from the bed of a body of water. Dredging is
essential to create and maintain sufficient water depth for shipping operations and port
accessibility. Dredging activities have a two-fold negative impact on the marine
environment. They modify the hydrology by creating turbidity that can affect marine
biological diversity. The contaminated sediments and water raised by dredging require
spoil disposal sites and decontamination techniques. Waste generated by the operations
of vessels at sea or at ports causes environmental problems since they can contain a
very high level of bacteria that can be hazardous for public health as well as marine
ecosystems when discharged in waters.
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Besides, various types of garbage containing metals and plastic are not easily
biodegradable. They can persist on the sea surface for long periods of time and can be a
severe impediment to maritime navigation in inland waterways and at sea and affecting
as well as berthing operations. Ballast waters are required to control a ship’s stability and
draft and to modify their center of gravity in relation to cargo carried and the variance in
weight distribution. Ballast waters acquired in a region may contain invasive aquatic
species that, when discharged in another region may thrive in a new marine environment
and disrupt the natural marine ecosystem. Invasive species have resulted in significant
changes in nearshore ecosystems, especially in coastal lagoons and inlets. Major oil spills
from oil cargo vessel accidents are one of the most severe problems of pollution from
maritime transport activities.
Soil quality
The environmental impact of transportation on soil quality particularly concerns soil
erosion and soil contamination. Coastal transport facilities such as ports have significant
impacts on soil erosion. Shipping activities are modifying the scale and scope of wave
actions leading to damage in confined channels such as riverbanks. Highway construction
or lessening surface grades for port and airport developments have led to an important
loss of fertile land. Soil contamination can occur through the use of toxic materials by the
transport industry. Fuel and oil spills from motor vehicles are washed on roadsides and
enter the soil. Chemicals used for the preservation of wooden railroad ties may enter the
soil. Hazardous materials and heavy metals have been found in areas contiguous to
railroads, ports, and airports.
Biodiversity
Transportation also influences biodiversity. The need for construction materials
and the development of land-based transportation has led to deforestation. Many
transport routes have required draining land, thus reducing wetland areas and driving-out
water plant species. The need to maintain road and rail right-of-way or to stabilize slope
along transport facilities has resulted in restricting the growth of certain plants or has
produced changes in plants with the introduction of new species. Many animal species
are becoming endangered as a result of changes in their natural habitats and reduction
of ranges due to the fragmentation of their habitat by transportation infrastructures.
Land take
Transportation facilities have an impact on the urban landscape. The development
of port and airport infrastructure is a significant feature of the urban and peri-urban built
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environment. Social and economic cohesion can be severed when new transport facilities
such as elevated train and highway structures cut across an existing urban community.
Arteries or transport terminals can define urban borders and produce segregation. Major
transport facilities can affect the quality of urban life by creating physical barriers,
increasing noise levels, generating odors, reducing urban aesthetics and affecting the
built heritage. The expansion of logistics activities has also been an indirect factor of land
take in suburban and preurban areas.
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Exercise 1. Answer Sheet
Name: _______________________________ Date: ____________
Course and Section: ____________________ Score: ___________
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Chapter 2
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ayeshazenemij. (2013). Airport facilities. Retrieved 11 January 2021, from
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