JOSÉ RIZAL UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
One of the most important natural resources in our life and in our country
should constantly protect, enhance, preserve is water. All forms of life depend on
water. The human body need to constantly consume regular amounts of water in
order to replace lost body fluids and to function properly. The production of food,
in giving services in public and private businesses and construction activities in
the industrial sector all require huge amounts of water. People in the Philippines
now suffer from the water shortage, because the amount and quality of the water
here in the Philippines is now in crisis.
One of the source of water in the capital of Philippines, which is Manila is
came from the hydroelectric power plants which rely on water flowing through
man made dams. Most of Metro Manila’s water comes from Angat Dam, as
distributed by Manila Water in East zone and Maynilad in West zone. With 1.4
million service connections, Maynilad gets 60 percent of the raw water allocation
or around 2.4 billion liters of water a day. Meanwhile, Manila Water, with 990,080
service connections gets 40 percent or 1.6 billion liters a day based on their
concession agreement. This year Manila Water’s La Mesa Dam reached its
lowest level in 12 years recently. This means the company can no longer rely on
their emergency supply of rain water collected from the La Mesa Watershed. And
it is highly likely that the situation will improve until summer ends and the dam is
refilled by rainwater. (Sabillo, 2019)
More than 6 million people have been affected by a water shortage in
large areas of the Philippine capital and a nearby province, with long queues
forming for rationed water, and businesses and some hospitals struggling to cope
after taps ran dry.In previous month some residents in more than a dozen cities
and towns are expected to lose their water supply from six to 21 hours a day
through the summer months. One of the most affected area is the hard-hit city of
Mandaluyong, residents lined up for hours with pails and water jugs to get water

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from fire trucks. “We have no water. It has been one week, not a drop in our tap,”
said resident Richie Baloyo. “There are children going to school, people need to
work, how do you expect them to collect water like this?”(Associated Press,
2019)
The provision of uninterrupted water supply will continuously affect the
factors that water is their main requirements. A severe water shortage will lead to
a deterioration in the quality of life as well as economic losses for firms heavily
dependent on water as a major input for production.

Statement of the Problem

• What are the perspective of the respondents on the causes and impact of
the water shortage in metro manila?
• To what extent is the water supply service accessible to all households
and industries of metro manila?
• What measures should be put in place to alleviate the problem of water
shortage in metro manila?

Significance of the Study

For the purpose of the study, descriptive research is used.
Descriptive research helps to portray accurately the characteristics of particular
individual, situation, or a group. Convenience sampling method is used in this
study to collect the samples. When population elements are selected for
inclusion in the sample, based on the ease of access is called convenient
sampling. The independent variables are educational qualification, age, gender,
and area.
The dependent variables are dial for water scheme, modes of water
supply, recycling kitchen water, prime causes of water scarcity and conservation
of water.

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Another purpose if the study is to provide more information on the

Impacts of water shortage in Metro Manila. The research findings would help the
government and relevant water supply to prevent future occurrence by informing
them of the identify the causes of erratic water supply.

This can ensure future water security, while reducing the challenges posed by
decreased water supply. Findings from this study would be important as they
contribute to the government's future planning due to increased population and
environmental management of natural resources, especially water, because
water supply is a basic necessity to prevent future occurrence. The findings of
the study will serve as an eye opener to recognize the impacts of water supply
for both municipal council and other environmental organizations. This would
also encourage them to implement water management laws and regulations to
minimize negative impacts. This will ensure a safe water supply.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study mainly focuses on the effects of water scarcity in
households and industries. The data collection will be conducted in some people
around metro manila. All the information and conclusions drawn from the study
will be obtained from households in Metro Manila only.

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CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Review of Related Literature
The researchers made use of different reading materials related to the
online system. These materials such as books, journals, thesis, and other web
articles are essential in broadening the knowledge of the researchers. The
information gathered by the researchers are literature sources related to Impact
of Water Shortage.
Foreign Literature
According to Barakat and Chamberlin (2003), The case of Heraklion
constitutes an example where periodic water supply interruptions have come to
be an integral part of the everyday life of the city dwellers. Water supply cutoffs
are very frequent and last longer in the summer months, when demand is high
due to the tourist season but they are not uncommon during the rest of the year.
When considering the costs necessary to expand the water supply to a fully
reliable level one should take into account as well the private costs to dwellers of
any investments they make to face the shortages. In Heraklion most households
have cisterns or even water tanks (a cistern is a prefabricated tank of a standard
size made of galvanized metal or plastic placed on the roofs or in the basement
of a building, while water tanks are made from reinforced concrete normally
placed underground) that allow them to smooth their water consumption in the
face of possible service interruptions, therefore supply disruptions effectuated by
the municipal authority do not always materialize in water shortages for the
households. However, their occurrence has an immediate effect on the
consumption of tap water as drinking water since many households are reluctant
to drink tap water and this despite the water managers' claims that the quality is

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good. The main explanation for this phenomenon is that the water offered by the
water company (at the source) is not of the same quality as the water arriving in
consumers' taps as water supply disruptions introduce soil in the water supply
and subsequently water sits in the water tanks.

The situation is very different in other Greek cities which are not exposed to
periodical rationing. In a recent report about the quality of drinking water in
selected European cities, almost all survey respondents in Athens claimed to
drinking tap water.
According to World Wildlife Fund, clean freshwater is an essential
ingredient for a healthy human life, but 1.1 billion people lack access to water
and 2.7 billion experience water scarcity at least one month a year. By 2025, two-
thirds of the world’s population may be facing water shortages. When waters run
dry, people can’t get enough to drink, wash, or feed crops, and economic decline
may occur. In addition, inadequate sanitation—a problem for 2.4 billion people—
can lead to deadly diarrheal diseases, including cholera and typhoid fever, and
other water-borne illnesses.
According to Shiva (2002) In a world where over 230 million people live in
communities described as “water-short”, access to water has become one of the
most politically charged concepts of a generation. Due to dwindling supplies,
caused by misuse and overuse, nations have begun to explore the different
means of improving the performance of their water sectors leading to diplomatic
discord and the growing spectre of a resource conflict fought over water. As
Fortune Magazine stated on 15th May 2000, "Water promises to be to the 21st
century what oil was to the 20th century: the precious commodity that determines
the wealth of nations". It Is in this context that the process of privatizing water
sectors, on a national and local level has been taking place.
Many ventures of private sector participation (PSP) in the developing
world have come as the consequence of conditioned aid agreements arranged
by the World Bank, IMF and other international institutions. This has resulted in

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an influx of private operators into the global South and beyond, causing a large
amount of debate on the benefits that such a process offers to the nations in
question and their population. In the past twenty-five years, a number of nations
in the global South have experienced PSP, with varying results.

A proportion of the multi-national water companies that have invested have

experienced significant problems, particularly surrounding issues such as the
expansion of services without raising tariffs to a level deemed unacceptable by
the local population. Such price rises, perceived as a means to ensure a
corporation's profits, have led to many writers likening PSP to the imposition of
Western market values and economic imperialism. However, such claims conflict
with the views of many who state that private management results in the influx of
expertise and an increased efficiency transforming a, previously substandard,
water operator. It is this contrast that will form the basis of this study, an
investigation into the consequences of privatization in the water sector and an
exploration of the concept of 'economic neocolonialism' occurring when a private
operator enters a sector in the developing world. This study will analyze the
effects of privatization on a sample of nations from the global south, investigating
the variables regularly cited in the literature he investment made by the operator,
and its profits, the extension of supply to the population, and the tariffs charged
for such access in the search of evidence of this new form of colonialism.
Water is the essential ingredient to life. However, the resources on this
planet are limited only 3% of the world's water is drinkable and only 0.3% is
accessible and clean enough for consumption. Mankind has take water for
granted: polluting it, overusing it and pricing it cheaply often only for short-term
gains. In the past half century, water has become a dominant political theme.
Competent management has become an important priority, with the United
Nations 2006 Development Report stating that “water insufficiency is often due to
mismanagement, corruption, lack of appropriate institutions, bureaucratic inertia,
and a shortage of investment in both human capacity and physical infrastructure”

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(UNDP, 2006; 44) all problems that must contribute to a study of water systems
in the developing world. Although water consumption in the developed world has
become a topic of concern, it is in developing nations where attention is needed.

The facts are stark:one child under the age of five dies every 20 seconds from
diseases linked to unclean water or poor sanitation, equalling 4,900 deaths per
day and 1.8 million per year; the water-borne infection, diarrhoea kills more
children per year than AIDs, malaria and measles combined (UNDP, 2006) and
at any one time, half of the world's hospital beds are occupied by individuals
suffering from health problems that could be controlled and stopped via the
universal provision of clean water (Water Aid, 2009). The result of these
tragedies is that the debates regarding water have become increasingly emotive.
According to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa of 1996,
Water is a basic need that must be provided to all the citizens and this is an
obligation on the side of the government. According to this constitution, people
must have access to a certain quantity of water per day and the water must be
free from contamination. Insufficient water in the body may lead to dehydration
and this kind of situation may be deadly. All the above facts necessitate effective
service delivery from the Municipality to the communities under its jurisdiction.
Greater Letaba Municipality also, has a responsibility to supply water to the
communities under its jurisdiction including Ga-Kgapane Township, which is the
focus of this study.
Amponsah (2005), in the dissertation about Local Economic Development
projects in the Lehurutse District of Northwest Province, also highlights that water
plays a pivotal role in the success of LED projects. The findings of the study
revealed that the life span of projects depend on availability of water for success.
This means that for as much as the life span of a project depends on water,
households deserve the first priority on the side of the municipality on provision
of this basic need. The water shortage, referred to in this study, is crucial for

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basic household needs such as washing, cooking, drinking and sewerage

system. The households in this Township solely depend on the Greater Letaba
Municipality for basic services such as water supply.

According to Khan, in the world population water crisis has made a

biggest impact that can result a war over fresh water supplies. This can result
death as it will affect the population. In the global risk 10th edition that carried a
survey by World Economic Forum (WEF), water crisis have the biggest impact
globally. This suggests that it is very important issue and must need to be
acknowledge as a global crisis.
Also Ilg and Barr (2006) have provided a review of research that
summarizes behavioral attitudes toward water conservation. Most previous
behavioral research on water conservation consists of controlled experimental
designs based on a combination of surveys and multivariate statistical analyses.
According to World Wildlife Fund, water can be broadly separated into salt
water and fresh water. Salt water is 97% of all water and is found mostly in our
oceans and seas. Fresh water is found in glaciers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds,
rivers, streams, wetlands and even groundwater. These freshwater habitats are
less than 1% of the world’s total surface area yet house 10% of all known
animals and up to 40% of all known fish species. Despite their importance to life
as a drinking water source, sustaining crops through irrigation, providing food in
the form of fish, powering homes through dams and moving goods by barges –
freshwater habitats are disappearing at an alarming rate.
Water scarcity involves water stress, water shortage or deficits, and water
crisis. While the concept of water stress is relatively new, it is the difficulty of
obtaining sources of fresh water for use during a period of time and may result in
further depletion and deterioration of available water resources. Water shortages
may be caused by climate change, such as altered weather patterns including

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droughts or floods, increased pollution, and increased human demand and

overuse of water.
According to Ward (2016), Like other forms of scarcity, physical blue water
scarcity can be fundamentally divided into two aspects: shortage and stress.
Water shortage refers to the impact of low water availability per person.

In “crowded” conditions, when a large population has to depend on limited

resources, the capacity of the resource might become insufficient to satisfy
otherwise small marginal demands, such as dilution of pollutants in a water body,
and competition may result in disputes. Given a resource and per capita
requirements, water shortage can therefore be seen as population-driven
scarcity. Water stress refers to the impact of high water use (either withdrawals
or consumption) relative to water availability. Use of a large portion of a
resource1, 13 might lead to difficulties in accessing the resource, including side
effects16, e.g. social and environmental impacts. Stress can be seen as
demand-driven scarcity, potentially occurring even if the population is not large
enough to cause shortage.
According to Baconi (2018), There is nothing inevitable about this
situation. To resolve it, states in the MENA region must pursue an integrated and
holistic approach to managing both water demand and supply; they must create
contingency plans that can meet future challenges. The story will not be the
same for every country: the region is diverse and each government will have to
find its own way forward. In doing so they will need to take into account
geographical, economic, and demographic differences when formulating water
policies. Through forward-looking policy and strategic planning, water-scarce
regions can guarantee a level of security that rivals that of water-rich states. Non-
conventional sources of water supply, such as desalination plants, can mitigate
the detrimental impact of scarcity, as can managing domestic levels of water
consumption by ensuring that price reflects cost. And some MENA countries can
already point to successful initiatives aimed at addressing water scarcity. But,

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overall, the region is in a precarious state when it comes to water. The challenge
will be for all countries to learn from best practice and good governance about
securing their water supply.

Local Literature
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) about 842,000 people
die annually from water-related diseases. Currently, 884' million people in the
world do not have access to a safe source of drinking water, and 2.6 billion
people are without access to adequate sanitation facilities. because these
challenges are fundamentally political, the project on Global water policy
explores the governance challenges and opportunities inherent in ensuring the
sustainable use and stewardship of this critical resource in diverse world context
whether in the confines of the International Space Station or a tiny hut village in
Sub-Saharan Africa, drinkable water is vital for human survival. Unfortunately,
many people around the world lack access to clean water.1sing technology, at-
risk areas can now gain access to advanced water filtration and purification
systems, making a life-saving difference in these communities. The nonprofit
organization concern for kids, has provided aid and disaster relief to countries
such as Malaysia, Iraq and Indonesia since 455(. Among other services, the
group raises funds to install water delivery systems and water storage tanks in
at-risk regions. 6 years later, concern for 2ids representatives learned about a
deep-water well failure in the tiny 2urdish village of 2endala, Iraq, which left its
residents without access to drinkable water. The population quickly dwindled
from 1000 residents to a mere 150. Those remaining were forced to use a nearby
creek that contained water contaminated by livestock, which they sifted through
fabric to remove dirt and debris.

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Some economic studies have already been done that reviewed or analyzed
the potable water situation in the Philippines. According to the World Health
Organization (WHO) about a million Filipinos get sick with water-borne diseases
yearly. And these are diarrhea cases alone. They don’t include other water-borne
disease like amoebiasis, cryptosporidiosis and cholera. These problems are
accredited to the poor water system in the Philippines. Even in the capital Manila,
only about three fourths of the population receive piped water from the municipal
authority. Outside Manila far fewer people have access to clean water
distribution.

In both locations, these families must find alternate water sources if they are to
avoid cholera epidemics and other health problems spawned by the foul, water
available in their neighborhoods. In the provinces, the scenario is worse. The
World Bank Group (WBG) further indicated that up to 58 percent of the
groundwater supply in the country intended were drinking are contaminated with
coli form and needed treatment. It further asserted that 31 percent of illnesses
monitored during a five-year period were water-related diseases.
According to NEDA (2007), Potable or drinking water is a critical requirement
of human life. Without it, our continued existence on earth would be immediately
threatened. It is for this reason that the provision of potable water in adequate
quantity and quality is a primary national and international concern of nations. In
particular, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) target that 86.6 percent of
the population of countries would have adequate access to safe drinking water
by 2015.
According to Andrews (2018), Sources of water in the Philippines suffer from
a range of contaminants. Industrial water waste contains chemical pollutants
such as chromium, cadmium, lead, mercury, and cyanide. These pollutants
persist over long periods of time and are often referred to as stock pollutants, but
their origins from industrial sources also allow them to be characterized as point-
source pollution. Other harmful wastes, such as decayed plants, livestock

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manure, dead animals, soil runoff, and residue, are organic wastes that have
contributed to the Philippines’ pollution. Because they do not originate from
industrial sources, these specific pollutants are commonly called nonpoint source
pollution. Other water pollutants, which exacerbate the Philippines’ water crisis
are accidental oil and chemical spills and illegal dumping of waste. The presence
of these pollutions has deeply impacted the daily lives of Filipino people.
According to Bonifacio (2019), strategies such as applying improved water
from rain collection systems and state of the art desalination technologies
coupled with renewable energies can be used in the Philippines.

“Strategies such as the application of improved rainwater collection systems

and state-of the-art desalination technologies coupled with renewable energies
can be used in the Philippines,” explained Engr Magtibay. “By adopting
innovative and long-term solutions, the Philippines can ensure water for all that
will protect the peoples’ health and help drive sustainable development forward.”
According to World Water Council, Whatever the use of freshwater
(agriculture, industry, domestic use), huge saving of water and improving of
water management is possible. Almost everywhere, water is wasted, and as long
as people are not facing water scarcity, they believe access to water is an
obvious and natural thing. With urbanization and changes in lifestyle, water
consumption is bound to increase. However, changes in food habits, for
example, may reduce the problem, knowing that growing 1kg of potatoes
requires only 100 litres of water, whereas 1 kg of beef requires 13 000 liters.
According to Rola and Francisco (2004), However, several facts quickly
dispel this notion in the case of the Philippines. First, the per capita water
availability has been declining over the years brought about by increased water
demand arising from economic growth and population increases and by
decreased water supply associated with degradation of watersheds in the
country. Second, the data on aggregate availability are illusory in that they
indicate the average supply per capita per year, without regard to the distribution

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of available supply. True availability is contingent on time, place, quality, and

cost.
According to Weiler, WHO Representative of the Philippines “Water is an
extremely important resource that we cannot live without. But there are Filipinos
who are still being left behind in terms of access to improved water sources,
especially in rural communities,”
Other problems highlighted by NEDA included the poor enforcement or weak
regulations on water use, which is partly attributable to a lack of government
resources to properly investigate and process water permit applications;
inefficient

water use, and waste due to poorly-maintained supply and drainage systems;
excessive groundwater extraction due to unlicensed wells, which can cause

ground subsidence and sea water intrusion into water tables in coastal areas;
and fragmented management, with too many government agencies having
conflicting or overlapping responsibilities for monitoring and managing water
resources.
“Instead of doing important things, our time is consumed now by making sure
we have enough water,” Bergado, a 57-year-old audio technician told AFP. At
least five public hospitals in the capital have started getting supplemental
supplies from water tankers, as shortages had led at least one to limit
admissions.“ This is the worst (water shortage) we have experienced. It almost
happened last year but we were saved by heavy rains brought by storms,” Dittie
Galang, Manila Water communications manager, told AFP. The disruption could
last until July when monsoon rains are typically in full swing and would replenish
regional reservoirs, one of which is at a two-decade low. Better known for
flooding from its frequent typhoons, the Philippines is experiencing a dry spell
that led to reserves being severely depleted. At the same time, the aging

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pipelines and dams that provide Manila’s water have not kept pace with the
growth of the mega-city, which has roughly doubled its population since 1985.
The government has admitted that the problem of growing demand for water has
long been forecast but they failed to address it due to delays in projects that
would expand capacity.

Conceptual Framework
The literature provides examples of attempts to conceptualize the different
phases of water resources development and management in response to water
scarcity. These frameworks have been developed to reflect a relative emphasis
on one or another element of the supply–demand balance. The frameworks
described below have all been designed to address water scarcity in conditions
where irrigated household and industries represents an important part of the
demand for water.

Any strategy aiming at addressing the challenge of water scarcity must be

based on a thorough understanding of the elements of the water balance,
including supply and demand for water and the spatial and temporal dimensions
associate with it. Water accounting refers to the systematic study of the
hydrological cycle and the current status and future trends in both water supply
and demand. Beyond the simple accounting of volumes and flows, it also focuses
on issues relating to accessibility, uncertainty and governance.

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The main purpose of water accounting is to help societies to understand

their water endowment: how much water there is, where it is, how it is used, and
whether current patterns of use are sustainable in future. In its popular meaning,
accounting means reporting on stewardship, in this case societal use of its water
resource. Thus water accounting starts with measurement, but is unavoidably
drawn into questions of water use and its governance. No coping strategy will be
effective if not based on clear understanding of the hydrological cycle and sound
water accounting. Water accounting is being increasingly promoted as a key
component of programs of integrated water resource management.

It can be a one-off activity designed to achieve a specific purpose, or it

can be part of a long-term monitoring and evaluation program aimed at improving
and sustaining water services delivery. Information collected during water
accounting is typically very varied and addresses a range of societal, technical
and governance issues.

The conceptual frame work also shows the relationship between the
dependent variables (challenges and socio-economic impacts) and independent
variable (water shortage) of the study. Possible causes of water shortage have
been identified. The impacts of water shortage have also been identified and
categorized as challenges and socio-economic impacts. Some solutions have
been suggested to deal with the water shortages and hence improve the
livelihood of the households. The information is represented in the figure below.

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Causes of Water shortage:

Challenges:

-Increased population Water shortage -Poor Sanitation

-Low water pressure (erratic water
supply)
-Power water systems
maintenance - Lack of Water
Facilities
-Power rationing

Solution
Socio-economic impacts;
negative
-Good
maintenance of
-Much time spent to collect water water systems;
repair of pipes
-Intermitten supply water hardly
enough
-Water
harvesting and
-Poor sanitationdiseases; storage measures
diarhoea,worm diseases, skin & eye
infections,
-Water
-Conflicts if source is a common catchments
point conservation/
protection
-Cost to purchase commodity &
storage containers

-Distance if far or ground floor and

the household is in upper

Socio-economic impacts; Positive

-Employment opportunities to
personnel selling water at the private
water points and vendors; water
point owners make profit from the
water sale (income generation).

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

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Research Aim
This study aim to:
 Promoting a public-private partnership because vast majority of finance for
water and sanitation is provided by the public sector in developing
countries. The private sector provides around five percent whilst
development assistance provides around 20%. However, developing
country governments tend to allocate very little of their budgets toward
pro-poor water and sanitation services. The international private sector
finance also steers clear of explicitly pro-poor water sector initiatives.
Broadly, more finance is deterred from entering the water and sanitation
sector in developing countries because of commercial risks, political risk
and governance issues, a lack of good projects and a lack of national
capacity. Out of these, unsatisfactory governance seems to be the biggest
constraint. Current aid commitments could make a much more significant
contribution to the problem if they were deployed to mitigate these
constraints, thus “unlocking” the potential of the much greater volumes of
user-finance and private sector finance that exist, to meet the financing
challenge.
 To provide insights into policy recommendations that will improve water
quality, improve waste water management, reduce water pollution.
Enhance sewage systems and protects dams. Lastly to establish what
measures should be put to alleviate the problem.
 Consumer education to encourage behavior modification, ensuring that
the public are aware of the value and importance of appropriate water use;
 Conducting consumer education to encourage behavior modification,
ensuring that the public are aware of the value and importance of
appropriate water use and to examine the relationship of education,
occupation, income and household type with the consumption of water

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Hypothesis

By conducting this study, We researchers conclude to give recommendations,

alternatives, and education to improve the quality of water management. We also
conclude that when individuals are educated on water scarcity issues and water
saving techniques; they will make choices that lower consumption at the
individual level. Current water policies in metro manila do not take into account
the value of water and are already causing rivers may run dry or continuously
decreasing before they even reach the water reservoir like La Mesa and Angat
Dam. Across other provinces especially in Tanay, Rizal. Water utility companies
charge for the delivery of the water and charge their customers by volume of
water used.
We researcher are trying to find some alternative or practices that can
help to lower the consumption of water.

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Operational Definition of Terms

 Water stress- This is usually confused with water scarcity. In a way, water
stress is the result of scarcity, in the sense that the demand for water far
exceeds the available amount. This causes deterioration of fresh water
and results in drought.
 Economic efficiency – For firms, it is the maximum output produced from a
given set of inputs at minimum cost. For society, it is the allocation of
resources and factors of production that maximizes the difference
between the total benefits from production minus the total costs (including
private and external) of production.
 Water quality – A measure of how suitable a given volume of water is for a
particular purpose or use.
 Reservoir – A natural or artificial pond, lake, or basin which stores,
regulates, and controls the flow of water.
 Sanitation infrastructure – Facilities and services that allow the safe
disposal of human waste, such as public sewage systems, and dry pit
toilets with septic tanks.
 Water budget – A measure of the amount of water found within an
ecosystem which takes into account how much water is coming in, how
much is stored, and how much water is exiting the system.

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CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY

Research Design
This study employed descriptive survey design that appropriately describe
the water shortage issues in Metro Manila. The design allowed the use of
questionnaires for household to study the variables. The design was appropriate
to the study because it helped to obtain information on the water shortage, water
quality, availability and accessibility issues as in its natural settings and allow
valid general conclusions from the facts discovered about its relation to
livelihoods at household level.

Population and Sample

The target population in this study comprised of person of household
father, mother or guardian from the selected households in Metro Manila. These
were the people with firsthand information with regard to how the water shortage
affects their own lives. They are the key informants who provided answers to the
research questions. The sampling procedure that the researcher will be using is
Convenience sampling method it is when population elements are selected for
inclusion in the sample, based on the ease of access is called convenient
sampling. The instruments are validated because the answers of the samples will
be based on their own experiences. Also, there are equal number of samples of
both genders, to make sure of their equal perceptions.

Research Locale
The respondents of the study will be household that reside in the
Barangka, Mandaluyong City As long as the respondent has the ability to
communicate and participate well on the survey of the study it will be in part of
the research process.

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Method and Procedure

The researchers will administer face to face survey. A personal interview
survey, also called as a face-to-face survey, is a survey method that is utilized
when a specific target population is involved. In a face-to-face survey, an
interviewer is physically present to ask the survey questions and to assist the
respondent in answering them. The researcher will go to every household and
ask one head of the family to answer the questionnaire. We have 50
questionnaires to be answered by 50 respondents. The researchers used the
same questionnaire on every household. After data gathering, the researcher
now collected it for tallying the scores and to apply the statistical treatment to be
used with the study.

Instrument
The instrument used was a researcher-made questionnaire to gather the
needed data for the study. The draft of the questionnaire was drawn out based
on the researcher’s readings, previous studies, professional literature, published
and unpublished thesis relevant to the study. In the preparation of the instrument,
the requirements in the designing of good data collection instrument were
considered. Open-ended and Close-ended options were provided to
accommodate to free formatted views related to the topics or issues. In this way,
the instrument is authorized to obtain valid responses of the families.

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Statistical Treatment
The data will be tabulated, analyzed and interpreted. The following
statistical tool will be used in the analysis:

Percentage. This expresses the proportion of the population responding to a

particular item. This tool will be used to present the findings on the profile of the
respondents and the responses that will be collected from each of the selected
respondents. The formula is:

f
Percentage (%) = X 100
N

Where:

f = number of times the number occurs

N = total number of items

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CHAPTER IV. Presentation, Analysis, Interpretation of Data

The researchers gathered, analyzed and encoded the gathered data from
their survey questionnaires which were answered by the respondents. These
sets of data will help the researchers’ fulfillment of the study. They interpret each
table and figures using paragraph so that it will be understood.

Information about the respondents

1. Demographic Profile
Table 1.1
According to Age

Age Frequency Percentage

30-40 17 34%

40-50 16 32%

50-60 10 20%

60-70 3 6%

70-80 4 8%

Total 50 100%

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Figure 1.1 According to Age

As presented in table 1.1, the table gleans that age ranging 30 – 40 years
old, got the highest frequency of 17 with the percentage of 34% while, 60-70
years old got the lowest frequency of 3 with the percentage of 6%.

Table 1.2
According to Gender

Gender Frequency Percentage

Female 26 52%
Male 24 48%
Total 100 100%

As shown in table 1.2, the table infers that the frequency of the gender of the
respondents is almost equal. Female respondents got a frequency of 26 with a
percentage of 52%, while male respondents got a frequency of 24 with a
percentage of 48%

Table 2
Type of housing ownership

Housing ownership Frequency Percentage

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Private 12 24%
Public 20 40%
Semi-Private 18 36%
Total 50 100%

Figure 2 Type of Housing Ownership

The table 2.1 shows type of housing ownership, public housing ownership
got the highest frequency of 20 with the percentage of 40% while, private
housing ownership got the lowest frequency of 12 with the percentage of 24%.

Table 3.

Monthly Income

Monthly Income Frequency Percentage

Php 15,000-25,000 36 72%
Php 25,000-75,000 14 28%
Php 75,000-100,000 0 0%
Total 50 100%

Figure 3 Monthly Income

It is evident from table 2.2 in monthly income, respondents with Php

15,000-25,000 income got the highest frequency of 36 with a percentage of 72%
while respondents with a monthly income of Php 75,000-100,000 got the lowest
frequency which is 0 with the percentage of 0%.
Table 4
Drums for each household

Drums used for each Frequency Percentage

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household
3 - 5 drums – 1 - 4 family 27 54%

5 - 7 drums – 1 - 6 family 18 36%

7 - 10 drums – 1 - 7 family 5 10%
Total 50 100%

Figure 4 Drums used for each household

As presented in table 2.3, drums used for each household, 3 - 5 drums – 1

- 4 family got the highest frequency of 27 with a percentage of 54% while who
used 7 - 10 drums – 1 - 7 family got the lowest frequency of 5 with the
percentage of 10%.

Table 5
Aspect Needs Improvement

Aspect Needs Frequency Percentage

Improvement
Quality 5 10%
Quantity 26 52%
Quality of Service 12 24%
All of the Above 7 14%
Total 50 100%

Figure 5 Aspects Needs Improvement

As shown in Table 2.4 in aspect needs of improvement, the table prefer
quantity got the highest frequency of 26 with a percentage of 52% while quality
got the lowest frequency of 5 with a percentage of 10%.

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Table 6
How long Water Shortage Last

How long Water Shortage Frequency Percentage

Last
One hour 3 6%

Half day 34 68%

Whole day 7 14%
One month 6 12%
Total 50 100%

Figure 6 How long Water Shortage Last

As provided in Table 2.5 in how long water shortage last, half day long got
the highest frequency of 34 with the percentage of 68% while one hour long got
the lowest frequency of 3 with the percentage of 6%.

Table 7
Government Responsibility

Government Responsibility Frequency Percentage

Yes 30 60%

No 20 40%
Total 50 100%

Figure 7 Government Responsibility

As shown in table 3.1, government responsibility, yes got the higher
frequency of thirty (30) with a percentage of 60% while no got the lower
frequency of twenty (20) with a percentage of 40%

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Table 8
Leaving Water Run while Taking a Bath

Leaving Water Run while Frequency Percentage

Taking a Bath

Yes 5 10%

No 45 90%
Total 50 100%

Figure 8 Leaving Water Run while Taking a Bath

As presented in table 3.2, leaving water run while taking a bath, no got the
higher frequency of forty-five (45) with a percentage of 90% while yes got the
lower frequency of five (5) with a percentage of 10%

Table 9
Paying more for better quality of water

Improving Water Quality by Frequency Percentage

paying more (char)

Yes 28 56%

No 22 44%
Total 50 100%

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Figure 9 Paying more for better quality of water

As display in table 3.3 on paying more for better quality of water, yes got
the higher frequency of twenty-eight (28) with a percentage of 56% while no got
the lower frequency of twenty-two (22) with a percentage of 44%.

Table 10
Medical Problems due to Quality of Water

Medical Problems due to Frequency Percentage

Quality of Water

Yes 22 44%

No 28 56%
Total 50 100%

Figure 10 Medical Problems due to Quality of Water

As shown in table 3.4, medical problems due to quality of water, no got the
higher frequency of twenty-eight (28) with a percentage of 56% while yes got the
lower frequency of twenty-two (22) with a percentage of 44%.

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Table 11
Water-saving measure practiced

Water-saving measure Frequency Percentage

practiced

Yes 44 88%

No 6 12%
Total 50 100%

Figure 11 Water-saving measure practiced

As presented in table 3.5, water-saving measure practiced, yes got the

higher frequency of forty-four (44) with a percentage of 88% while no got the
lower frequency of six (6) with a percentage of 12%.

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CHAPTER V. Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

This chapter involved the summary of findings, conclusions and

recommendation of the researchers using the findings that are acquired and data
that are interpreted coming from the respondent’s survey questionnaire that was
given to them.

Brief Review of the Study:

The research determines the demographic factors affecting the Water
Supply in Barangka, Mandaluyong City. It sought to answer the following specific
problems:
1. Demographic Profile

1.1 According to Age

1.2 According to Gender

2. Type of housing ownership

3. Monthly Income

4. Drums for each household

5. Aspect Needs Improvement

6. How long Water Shortage Last

7. Government Responsibility

8. Leaving Water Run while Taking a Bath

9. Paying more for better quality of water

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10. Medical Problems due to Quality of Water

11. Water-saving measure practiced

Summary

The findings of the study are presented based on the data analysis and
interpretations of the following findings were hereby presented according to the
statement of the problem:

1. Demographic Profile

1.1 According to Age

The respondent’s age 30 – 40 years old, got the highest frequency of 17
with the percentage of 34% while, 60-70 years old got the lowest frequency of 3
with the percentage of 6%.

1.2 According to Gender

The frequency of the gender of the respondents is almost equal. Female
respondents got a frequency of 26 with a percentage of 52%, while male
respondents got a frequency of 24 with a percentage of 48%.

2. Type of housing ownership

The public housing ownership got the highest frequency of 20 with the
percentage of 40% while, private housing ownership got the lowest frequency of
12 with the percentage of 24%.

3. Monthly Income
The respondents with Php 15,000-25,000 monthly income got the highest
frequency of 36 with a percentage of 72% while respondents with a monthly

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income of Php 75,000-100,000 got the lowest frequency which is 0 with the
percentage of 0%.

4. Drums for each household

The respondent who used 3 - 5 drums – 1 - 4 family got the highest
frequency of 27 with a percentage of 54% while who used 7 - 10 drums – 1 - 7
family got the lowest frequency of 5 with the percentage of 10%.

5. Aspect Needs Improvement

The quantity got the highest frequency of 26 with a percentage of 52%
while quality got the lowest frequency of 5 with a percentage of 10%.

6. How long Water Shortage Last

Water shortage last half day long got the highest frequency of 34 with the
percentage of 68% while one hour long got the lowest frequency of 3 with the
percentage of 6%.

7. Government Responsibility
The got the higher frequency of thirty (30) with a percentage of 60% while
no got the lower frequency of twenty (20) with a percentage of 40%

8. Leaving Water Run while Taking a Bath

The no got the higher frequency of forty-five (45) with a percentage of
90% while yes got the lower frequency of five (5) with a percentage of 10%

9. Paying more for better quality of Water

The yes got the higher frequency of twenty-eight (28) with a percentage of
56% while no got the lower frequency of twenty-two (22) with a percentage of
44%.

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10. Medical Problems due to Quality of Water

The no got the higher frequency of twenty-eight (28) with a percentage of
56% while yes got the lower frequency of twenty-two (22) with a percentage of
44%.

11. Water-saving measure practiced

The yes got the higher frequency of forty-four (44) with a percentage of
88% while no got the lower frequency of six (6) with a percentage of 12%.

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CONCLUSION
The researcher used the population of barangay barangka ibaba in
mandaluyong. The respondents were probed through a structured survey
questionnaires. This questionnaire had section related to the research questions.
Fifty respondents from the above barangay of this township were given a
questionnaire. The study also established that the respondents had adaptive
measures to ensure that water is available despite the limited and erratic supply.
This is possible mainly by its storage, regulating the use of the available water
and water conservation techniques.
1. According to finding, the number of male respondents who were found at
home was twenty four while their female counter parts were twenty six.
The general opinion is that women are usually above men in number.
Especially at working days most men are normally at work while their
wives are taking care of their homes. This data was collected by the time
when there was an ordinary day; this could be the reason for many
women to be at home.
2. The results as depicted on the above table; show that five sets of age
groups were took part in the study. In terms of the findings, the
respondents from thirty to forty years were thirty four percent, those
between forty and

fifty years and took part in the study were thirty two. Between sixty to
seventy years of age were six. The adults from seventy to eighty years
and above were eight percent. This part as well, shows that a reasonable
number of the working group was at home when data was collected.

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3. The extent of water supply in the township

The extent of water supply in the township was probed through two
questions, namely; access to adequate water supply; the frequency of water
supply; this is whether the water supply is adequate for the previous days of
having a water shortage.

3.1 Access to adequate water.

On the question which prompted the respondents‟ opinions on whether

they are experiencing a problem in clean water and proper sanitation
for distributing water in their area or not. Almost all respondents
responded with somehow “Yes” answer and there are some
respondents answered with a “NO” answer. The findings show clearly
that barangay barangka township is still accessing adequate and clean
water supply.
3.2 The frequency of water supply.

To the question in the frequency of how long the water shortage last,
and it shows four sets of groups were took in part of the study. In one
hour there is a frequency of 3 and a percentage of 6, Half day has a
frequency of thirty four and a percentage of sixty eight, while the whole
day has a frequency of 7 and a percentage of 14, and the longest shut
off of water is one one month with a frequency of six and a percentage
of twelve. The frequency of water supply is not regular as most people
access water only one hour, half day, whole day while others is one
month and has the hard time in accessing water at all.

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RECOMMENDATION
This section will therefore, based on the findings from the data collected
recommend some actions to be considered in order to correct the current
imbalances. The researcher will therefore use inputs from the research
questionnaires used for collecting data.

1. The problem of water provision in the area.

The findings show that some households started experiencing water
shortage about last year month of march to april. The findings further show that;
in this aspect, the local authority hardly sends communiqués informing
households about the water problem. The recommendation based on the findings
is that; Greater Municipality should communicate with the households about this
water problem. Also recommended is that the community should attend and raise
issues like this in community meetings

2. Causes and impact of water shortage

This section of the questionnaire dealt with aspects such as; the causes of
water shortage in the area; how the shortage of water impacts on the
development of the area as well as the question on what is negatively affected by
the lack of water. The findings reveal quite a number of possible causes of water
shortage such as; population growth, unfair distribution of water to various

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sections of the township. The aspect; what is impacted negatively by the lack of
water was also probed and the findings showed that the community is sitting with
many challenges of which some of them are life threatening. For example, the
respondents alluded to; stinking toilets; diseases from drinking dirty water, buying
water, lack of water for cooking, bathing and washing.

3. Measures to alleviate the problem

The findings on this question showed that the affected community has
possible solutions for alleviating the water shortage.
The respondents in this regard came 50 with an assortment of measures such
as; bringing new machinery and pipes to draw water, water tanks and bore holes;
equal distribution of water, and the municipality must solve the problem. Other
respondents brought to the table suggestions such as; Municipality must involve
the affected people, car washes household water tanks must be banned and
municipality should allocate enough budgets to the water infrastructure.
The World Health Organization claims that working with the Philippines
Department of Health and other sector agencies to ensure safe water for all
through the development and implementation of water safety planning,
strengthening systems and capacity for drinking-water quality surveillance and
monitoring, and improvement of water, sanitation, and hygiene in health care
facilities.

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References
Aalto University. (2014). Eating less meat: Solution to reduce water use?.
Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140804100107.htm
Amponsah. (2005). Socio-economic Projects in the Lehurutse District of the
Northwest Province, South Africa, Dissertation, University of Limpopo
Andrews, G. (2018). Resolving the Water Pollution Crisis in the Philippines: the
Implications of Water Pollution on Public Health and the Economy, Pepperdine
Policy Review: Vol. 10 , Article 2. Retrieved from
https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/ppr/vol10/iss1/2
Associated Press. (2019). Philippine water shortage forces cuts for 6.8 million
people. Retrieved from
https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/philippine-water-shortage-affects-
million-people-61678850
Baconi, T. (2018). Testing the water: How water scarcity could destabilize the
Middle East and North Africa. Retrived from
https://www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/how_water_scarcity_could_destabilise
_the_middle_east_and_north_africa
Barakat and Chamberlin. (2013). The Value of Water Supply Reliability: Results
of a Contingent Valuation Survey of Residential Customers. Retrieved from
https://www.cuwa.org/publications-archive/yg34aaefy4ap3bypfhtx3khpmkt66b.

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Bonifacio, M. (2019). Water shortage in the Philippines threatens sustainable

development and health. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/water-shortage-in-the-
philippines-threatens-sustainable-development-and-health
Freshwater System. Retrieved from
https://www.worldwildlife.org/industries/freshwater-systems
Gilg A and Barr S. (2006). Behavioural Attitudes Towards Water Saving?
Evidence from a Study of Environmental Actions.
Ecological Economics. 2006;57(3):400–414. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800905002193
Israel, D. (2009). Local Service Delivery of Potable Water in the Philippines:
National Review and Case Analysis. Retrieved from
https://dirp3.pids.gov.ph/ris/dps/pidsdps0938.pdf
Rola and Francisco. (2004). Challenges of Water Governance in the Philippines.
Retrieved from
http://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf/pjs_pdf/vol144no2/pdf/challenges_of_
water_governance_in_the_Phils_FinalCopy_05_April_2016.pdf
Sabillo, K. (2019) Why is there a water shortage in Metro Manila?. Retrieved
from https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/12/19/explainer-why-is-there-a-water-
shortage-in-metro-manila
Shiva, V. (2002). Water Wars: Privatization, Pollution and Profit. Retrieved from
https://books.google.com.ph/books/about/Water_Wars.html?
id=Vftlst082acC&redir_esc=y
WHO World Water Day Report. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/takingcharge.html
Water Crisis: Towards a way to improve the situation. Retrieved from
https://www.worldwatercouncil.org/en/water-crisis
Water Scarcity. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/water_scarcity.htm#

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Water Scarcity. Retrieved from https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-

scarcity
Water shortage in the Philippines threatens sustainable development and health.
Retrieved from https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/water-
shortage-in-the-philippines-threatens-sustainable-development-and-health
Ward, P.J. (2016). The world’s road to water scarcity: shortage and stress in the
20th century and pathways towards sustainability. Retrieved from
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep38495

APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A: LETTERS
Jose Rizal University
80 Shaw Blvd., Mandaluyong City
1552 Metro Manila

To: Dr. Micheal Angelo Battung

Professor
Jose Rizal University

Greetings of peace!

The undersigned are 2nd year students from Jose Rizal University, College
Division and currently enrolled in the subject Economic Development, as
Bachelor of Science in Accountancy. One of the course requirements is to
pursue a Research Study with a Topic entitled “The Impact of Water Shortage in
Metro Manila”. The objective is to improve the quality of water and to help
household and industries in Metro Manila.
We are therefore seeking your permission to conduct a survey to obtain relevant
information for our studies.
We are hoping a positive response regarding this matter. Thank you!

Very truly yours,

Asparela, Arlene
Bautista, Kristelle Marisse
Chua, Von Oslek

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Delosreyes, John Kyla

Eugenio, Antonio
Gomez, Mae Kimberly
Pagas, Earl John
Santos, Lawrence Rafael

Noted by:

Dr. Micheal Angelo Batung

Professor
Jose Rizal University

APPENDIX B: QUESTIONNAIRE

Jose Rizal University

College of Accountancy
Mandaluyong

THE IMPACT OF WATER SHORTAGE IN METRO MANILA

Dear Respondent,
We are accounting students of the Jose Rizal University. We are working
on a research on the “The Impact of Water Shortage in Metro Manila”. May we
request to kindly answer the questions in this survey questionnaire. The
information you provide will enable our group to attain the purpose of the study.
Thank you for your cooperation.
The Researchers
Direction: Please answer the following questions. Encircle your answer.
Name: _________________ Gender:
_________________
Age:___________________ Address:
_________________
1. What is the type of the housing ownership?

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a. Private
b. Public
c. Semi-Private

2. What is the average family income?

a. 15,000 – 25,000
b. 25,000 – 75,000
c. 75,000 – 100,000

3. How many drums should the household of the Metro Manila use (weekly)?
a. 3 drums - 5 drums– 1 - 4 family
b. 5 drums -7 drums – 1 - 6 family
c. 7 drums- 10 drums – 1 - 8 family

4. Which of the following aspects of your water supply do needs

improvement in the future?
a. Quality
b. Quantity
c. Quality of service

5. How long did the latest water shortage last?

a. Several dozen minutes
b. Several hours
c. Several days

6. Is the government liable for (water shortages) all of these happening in

metro manila?

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a. Yes b. No

Why?
________________________________________________________________

7. Do you usually leave the water run while taking a bath?

a. Yes b. No

Why
________________________________________________________________

8. If the water company further improve its service, for example by providing
better quality water that you could drink directly from the faucet, would you
be willing to pay more for your water?
a. Yes b. No

Why?
_______________________________________________________________

9. Have you ever had any medical problems in your area connected with bad
quality of drinkable water?      
a. Yes b. No

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If yes, what medical problem?

___________________________________________________________

10. Are there any water-saving measures practiced in the household?

a. Yes b. No

If Yes, what practiced?

_______________________________________________________________

APPENDIX C: DOCUMENTATION

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BIO-DATA OF

AUTHORS

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