ITec3103 – Telecom Technologies

ITEC3103 – TELECOM
TECHNOLOGIES

3 February 2021 Dr.T.SAMRAJ LAWRENCE, Asst. Prof., / Dept of IT

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COURSE OBJECTIVE

Describe the basic telecom principles

Describe analog and digital channels

Understand physical communication media

Define different mobile communication standards

Identify different telecommunication

3 February 2021 Dr.T.SAMRAJ LAWRENCE, Asst. Prof., / Dept of IT

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COURSE OUTLINE
Introduction: General Considerations;
General Model of a Télécommunication
Channel; Analog Télécommunication Channels;
Digital Telecommunication Channels;
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model;
Physical Media of Communication

Mobile Digital Telecommunications: Introduction;

GSM Standard; GPRS Standard;
Advanced Mobile Telecommunication Standards: EDGE, UMTS

Fixed Digital Telecommunications: Public Switched Telephone Network(PSTN);

Alcatel 1000 E 10 Commutation Center;
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN);
Intelligent Telecommunication Networks

3 February 2021 Dr.T.SAMRAJ LAWRENCE, Asst. Prof., / Dept of IT

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REFERENCES

1. Tannenbaum, A. S., "Computer Networks ", 3rd

Edition, Computer Press Agora, Bucharest, 1997.

2. Strugaru, C., "Digital Communication Systems ",

Orizonturi Universitare,
Timisoara, 2000.

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OVERALL UNITS
UNIT – 1 BASICS OF TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

UNIT – 2 MOBILE DIGITAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS – GSM

UNIT – 3 MOBILE DIGITAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS – GPRS

UNIT – 4 Advanced Mobile Telecommunication Standards: EDGE, UMTS

UNIT – 5 FIXED DIGITAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS – PSTN, ISDN

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UNIT - 1

BASICS OF
TELECOMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
3 February 2021 Dr.T.SAMRAJ LAWRENCE, Asst. Prof., / Dept of IT
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Telecommunication

 “Telecommunication” is a combination of two words which

are “Tele” and “Communication”.
 The word “Tele” in Latin means DISTANCE.
 Telecommunication is Distance Communication.
 Telecommunications are the means of electronic
transmission of information over distances.
 The information may be in the form of voice telephone
calls, data, text, images, or video.
 Today, telecommunications are used to organize more or
less remote computer systems into telecommunications
networks. These networks themselves are run by computers.
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DEFINITION

 Telecommunication is deals with the science and

technology of sending and receiving information
such as
 sound, visual images, or computer data over long
distances through the use of electrical, radio, or light
signals,
 using electronic devices to encode the information as
signals and to decode the signals as information.

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THE HISTORY OF TELECOMMUNICATION

 Telecommunication is defined as the science and

technology of communication over a distance.
 The ability to convey information quickly, accurately,
and efficiently has always been one of the main focuses
driving human innovation.
 Prehistoric Era: Fires, beacons, smoke signals,
communication drums, horns:
 These signals also needed to have very simple, pre-decided
meanings like "safe" or "danger" or "victory" or could be
used as a form of alarm system in order to alert prehistoric
clans to predators or invading clans.

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 6th century BCE: Mail - Cyrus the Great

 5th century BCE: Pigeon post - The Pigeon Post
 4th century BCE: Hydraulic semaphore - Hydraulic
Semaphore
 Circa 490 BCE: Heliographs (shield signals) - The Battle
of Marathon
 15th century CE - Semaphore Flag Signaling System
 1672: First experimental acoustic (mechanical)
telephone - Early History of the Telephone

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 1790: Semaphore lines (optical telegraphs) - Optical

Telegraphy
 1838: Electrical telegraph - History of the Telegraph
 1858: First trans-Atlantic telegraph cable - Transatlantic
Telegraph Cable
 1867: Signal lamps - Signal Lamps
 1876: Telephones - Alexander Graham Bell
 1877: Acoustic phonograph - Mr. Edison's Phonograph
 1880: Telephony via light-beam photophones -The
Photophone
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 1893: Wireless telegraphy - Nikolai Tesla's

Contributions to Radio Developments
 1896: Radio - Marconi in 1896
 1915: First North American transcontinental telephone
calling - The First Transcontinental Call Was Made
Today in 1915 - The Atlantic
 1927: Television - History of Television
 1927: First U.K.-U.S. radio-telephone service - First
Transatlantic Telephone Cable

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 1930: First experimental videophones - The

Audiovisual Telephone
 1934: First commercial radio-telephone service, U.S.-
Japan - Media History: 1930-39
 1936: World's first public videophone network - 1936
Communications Highlights
 1946: Limited-capacity mobile telephone service for
automobiles - Foundations of Mobile and Cellular
Telephony
 1956: Transatlantic telephone cable - History of the
Clarenville Transatlantic Cable Station
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 1962: Commercial telecommunications satellite -

Communications Satellites: Making the Global Village
Possible
 1964: Fiber-optic telecommunications - History of Fiber
Optics
 1965: First North American public videophone
network - Bell Laboratories Record: May/June 1969
 1969: Computer networking - Computer History: October
29, 1969
 1973: First modern-era mobile phone - The First Cell Phone
Call
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 1979: INMARSAT ship-to-shore satellite communications -

Marsat
 1981: First mobile phone network - History of Mobile
Communications
 1982: SMTP email – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol -
Wikipedia
 1983: Internet - History of the Internet
 1998: Mobile satellite hand-held phones - History of the
Handheld Satellite Phone | Globalcom Satellite Phones
(globalcomsatphone.com)
 2003: VoIP Internet telephony - The History of VoIP
and Internet Telephony (1928-Present) | GetVoIP
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GENERATION APPROX LAUNCH YEAR FOCUS

1G 1979 Mobile voice

2G 1991 Mobile voice

3G 2001 Mobile Broadband

4G 2009 Mobile Broadband

5G 2020 (expected) Ubiquitous connectivity

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Transmission control schemes / Modes

 There are a variety of different ways of controlling the

two way passage of information using two transmitters.
They range in complexity from the simplest systems
requiring the least complex circuitry and providing
more basic performance, to more complex systems
providing higher levels of performance.
 Simplex
 Half Duplex
 Full Duplex
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 Simplex: Although the definition of simplex is not

always clear the ANSI (American National
Standards Institute) definition for a simplex
transmission, is one that can only occur in one
direction. One example of this may be a broadcast
system.

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 Half duplex: This is a half duplex scheme whereby

communication is possible in two directions,
 but communication is only possible in one direction at
a time. If one transmitter is transmitting, the other one
must wait until the first stops before transmitting. This
form of communication is used for walkie-talkies, CB, etc.

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 Full duplex: Full duplex, which is sometimes
referred to simply as duplex is a scheme
 whereby transmissions may be sent in both
directions simultaneously. There are two ways of
achieving this. One is to use frequency separation
(frequency division duplex, FDD, and the other is to
use time, time division duplex, TDD.

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Components of a Telecommunications
Network

Input and output devices, also referred to as 'terminals‘

These provide the starting and stopping points of all communication. A telephone is an example of
a terminal.
Telecommunication channels, which transmit and receive data
This includes various types of cables and wireless radio frequencies.
Telecommunication processors, which provide a number of control and support functions
For example, in many systems, data needs to be converted from analog to digital and back.
Control software, which is responsible for controlling the functionality and activities of the
network
Messages represent the actual data that is being transmitted
In the case of a telephone network, the messages would consist of audio as well as data.
Protocols specify how each type of telecommunication systems handle the messages
For example, GSM and 3G are protocols for mobile phone communications, and TCP/IP is a
protocol for communications over the Internet.
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Wireless Connections basically are of 4
types :
 Ad-Hoc mode

 Managed mode

 Master mode

 Monitor mode

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In Ad-Hoc mode,
 the nodes are connected to each other without the
presence of any Base Station or Access Point. The
nodes can communicate directly with each other and
also share resources without the presence of any
external medium (router etc.), provided they are
connected on the same network and on the same
channel.

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In Managed mode
 every node is connected to an Access Point or
Base Station (router etc.) and it only receives the
data which is sent to it by the AP. To connect to a
network in managed mode the node automatically
changes its channel according to the AP.

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In the Master mode,

 a node acts as an access point and other nodes
can connect to it. It may provide same
functionality as that of a router. It is basically like
a wifi hotspot in which the main node can share
internet and resources individually with the nodes
connected to it

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In Monitor mode,
 the node is not connected to any AP or any node
but it has the capability to monitor all the data
packets travelling in the wireless medium on a
given channel in its range. It is not meant for usual
day to day communications.

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Basic Cell Voice Procedure

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Analog Communication channels

 Firstly, the data needs to be converted into electrical
form. As voice, sound is non-electric in nature, it can
be converted into electric form with the help of
transducer. Then this signal is passed through the
communication channel.
 The major drawback of Analog Communication is
that the strength of the signal starts diminishing with
the increase in the distance travelled. Thus, the signal
to noise ratio starts getting degrade.

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Digital Communication channel

 Digital Communication is the one which uses digital signals
for transmitting information between source and destination.
Digital signals are represented by a square wave. This signal
consists of discrete values rather than continuous values.

 The significant advantage of using Digital Communication is

that it is not deteriorated by channel noise. This is because the
digital signal is not a continuously varying signal.

 Thus, if noise effects mix with the digital signal, the original
signal can be retrieved from the distorted signal. This is
because if noise effects one of the points of the signal
amplitude, we know the range in which that point lies because
digital signal consists of discrete values.
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Challenges
Disconnection
Low bandwidth
High bandwidth variability
Low power and resources
Security risks
Wide variety terminals and devices with different
capabilities
Device attributes
Fit more functionality into single, smaller device
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Structure of Mobile Computing Application

➢ A mobile computing application is usually structured In

terms of the functionalities implemented .
➢ As shown in the figures 2.3 and 2.4 the three tiers are
named presentation tier, application tier and data tier.

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Presentation tier – The topmost level, concerns the user

interface. It facilitates the users to issue requests and to
present the results meaningfully. It includes web browsers
and client programs.
Application tier – It is responsible for making logical
decisions and performing calculations. Implemented using
Java, .NET services, cold fusion etc. Implemented on a
fixed server.
Data tier – Responsible for data storage, access and
manipulation. Implemented on a fixed server.
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Channel Partitioning

TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access

Example:
Frequency
4 users

time
FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access

Frequency

time
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
➢ Same frequency and time but different codes.
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Frequency Division Multiple Access
(FDMA)
❖ In an FDMA system, each user has its own
frequency channel. This implies that relatively
narrow filters are needed in each receiver and
transmitter.
❖ Most duplex FDMA systems must transmit and
receive simultaneously. (Frequency Division
Duplex, FDD).
❖ It does not achieve a high channel utilization.

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Frequency Division Multiple Access

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FDMA

Frequency

Channel

Time

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Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

➢ In TDMA, a set of N users share the same radio channel,

but each user only uses the channel during predetermined
slots.
➢ A frame consists of N slots, one for each user. Frames are
repeated continuously.
➢ Time slots are allocated to users in a round robin manner .
➢ Un used time slots go idle, leading to low channel
utilization

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Time-division multiplexing
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TDMA

Frequency Time Slot

Channel

Time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA)
➢ Multiple users use the same frequency at the
same time.
➢ All the senders send signals simultaneously.

➢ The signals can be distinguished from each

other by frequency spreading code known as
the m bit pseudo-noise(PN) sequence.
m
➢ Using m bits 2 -1codes obtained

➢ Each user will use only one code.

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CDMA
Frequency

Code

Time

Code 1
Code 2
Code 3
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Physical and Communication Media

◼ Wire, cable, and other tangible (touchable)

materials used to send communications signals, They
are called physical communication media.
◼ The physical layer is concerned with network
media and signaling. This layer produces the
representation and groupings of bits as voltages,
radio frequencies, or light pulses. Various standards
organizations have contributed to the definition of
the physical, electrical, and mechanical properties
of the media available for different data
communications.

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Transmission medium and physical layer

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7.3
Classes of Physical and ITec3103 – Telecom Technologies
Communication / transmission media

UTP
STP ITec3103 – Telecom Technologies 3 February 2021
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GUIDED MEDIA

◼ Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit from one
device to another, include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and
fiber-optic cable.

◼ Topics discussed in this section:

◼ Twisted-Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable Fiber-
Optic Cable

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Twisted-pair cable

A twisted pair consists of two conductors (normally copper), each

with its own plastic insulation, twisted together.

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UTP and STP cables

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RJ45 connector

RJ-45

BNC
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UTP connector

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Coaxial cable

Coaxial cable (or coax) carries signals of higher frequency

ranges than those in twisted-
pair cable, in part because the two media are constructed quite
differently. Instead of having two wires, coax has a central core
conductor of solid or stranded wire (usually
copper) enclosed in an insulating sheath,
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BNC connectors

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Optical fiber

A fiber-optic cable is made of glass or plastic and transmits signals

in the form of light.

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Fiber-optic cable connectors

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UNGUIDED MEDIA: WIRELESS

Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without

using a physical conductor. This type of communication is
often referred to as wireless communication.

Topics discussed in this section:

Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared
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Electromagnetic spectrum for wireless
communication

Radio, satellite microwave,, Bluetooth, and infrared light are

all different forms of electromagnetic waves that are used to
transmit data

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1.Ground Propagation:
Radio waves travel through the lowest portion of the atmosphere, hugging the earth.
2.Sky Propagation:
Higher frequency radio radiate upward into the ionosphere where they are reflected back to the
earth.
3.line-of-sight Propagation: Very high frequency signals are transmitted in straight lines
directly from antenna to antenna.
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Radio Waves
electromagnetic waves ranging in frequencies between 3 kHz and 1 GHz are normally called radio
waves;
◼ Between 3 KHz – 1 GHz.
◼ Radio waves use omnidirectional antenna.
◼ Radio waves used for multicast communication, such as radio and television.
◼ Sky Propagation. This makes radio waves a good candidate for long-distance broadcasting such
as AM radio.
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Microwave
 waves ranging in frequencies between 1 and 300
GHz are called microwaves. However, the behavior
of the waves, rather than the frequencies, is a
better criterion for classification.

 Unidirectional antennas

Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as cellular telephones,

satellite networks, and wireless LANs.
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Infrared waves

◼ Between 300 GHz-400 THz

◼ Used for short-range communication.
◼ Very common with remote control devices, but can also be used for
device-to-device transfers, such as PDA to computer.
◼ Line-of-sight propagation.

with frequencies from 300 GHz to 400 THz (wavelengths from 1 mm to 770 nm),
can be used for short-range communication. Infrared waves, having high
frequencies, cannot penetrate walls. This advantageous characteristic prevents
interference between one system and another; a short-range communication
system in one room cannot be affected by another system in the next room.
When we use our infrared remote control, we do not interfere with the use of
the remote by our neighbors.

Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication in a closed area

using line-of-sight propagation.
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◼ (a) In the VLF, LF, and MF bands, radio waves follow the curvature of
the earth.
◼ (b) In the HF band, they bounce off the ionosphere.

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Terms in Mobile Telephony

Among the various terms used in Mobile telephony, the most used ones will be discussed here.

Mobile Station (MS) − The Mobile Station (MS) communicates the information with the user
and modifies it to the transmission protocols of the air interface to communicate with the BSS. The
user information communicates with the MS through a microphone and speaker for the speech,
keyboard and display for short messaging and the cable connection for other data terminals. The
mobile station has two elements Mobile Equipment (ME) and Subscriber Identity Module (SIM).

Mobile Equipment (ME) − ME is a piece of hardware that the customer purchases from
the equipment manufacturer. The hardware piece contains all the components needed for the
implementation of the protocols to interface with the user and the air-interface to the base stations.

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Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) − This is a smart card issued at the subscription to
identify the specifications of a user such as address and type of service. The calls in the GSM are
directed to the SIM rather than the terminal.

SMS are also stored in the SIM card. It carries every user's personal information which enables a
number of useful applications.
Base Station (BS) − A base station transmits and receives user data. When a mobile is only
responsible for its user's data transmission and reception, a base station is capable to handle the calls
of several subscribers simultaneously.
Base Transceiver Station (BTS) − The user data transmission takes place between the
mobile phone and the base station (BS) through the base transceiver station. A transceiver is a circuit
which transmits and receives, i.e., does both.
Mobile Switching Center (MSC) − MSC is the hardware part of the wireless switch that
can communicate with PSTN switches using the Signaling System 7 (SS7) protocol as well as other
MSCs in the coverage area of a service provider. The MSC also provides for communication with other
wired and wireless networks as well as support for registration and maintenance of the connection
with the mobile stations.
The following image illustrates the parts of different sub-systems. HLR, VLR, EIR and AuC are the
sub-systems of Network sub-system.
Channels − It is a range of frequency allotted to particular service or systems.
Control Channel − Radio channel used for transmission of call setup, call request, call
initiation and other beacon or control purposes.
Forward Control Channel(FCC) − Radio channel used for transmission of information
from the base station to the mobile
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Reverse Channel(RC) − Radio channel used for transmission of information from the
mobile to base station.
Voice Channel(VC) − Radio channel used for voice or data transmission.
Handoff − It is defined as the transferring a call from the channel or base station to another
base station.
Roamer − A mobile station which operates in a service area other than that from which service
has been subscribed
Transceiver − A device capable of simultaneously transmitting and receiving radio signals.

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Mobile Communication Standards

Network compatibility and Standard
Network Compatibility Standard or Revision

GSM (TDMA, 2G) GSM (1991), GPRS (2000), EDGE (2003)

cdmaOne (CDMA, 2G) cdmaOne (1995)

EV-DO (1999), Rev. A (2006), Rev. B
CDMA2000 (CDMA/TDMA, 3G)
(2006), SVDO (2011)
UMTS (1999), HSDPA (2005), HSUPA (2007), HSPA+
UMTS (CDMA, 3G)
(2009)

4G LTE (2009), LTE Advanced (2011)

5G NR (2018)

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Different Types of Telecommunication

 Telecommunications network
 Computer networks
 ARPANET
 Ethernet
 Internet
 Wireless networks
 Public switched telephone networks (PSTN)
 Packet switched networks

 Radio network

Ref:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunicat
ion#Types_of_telecommunication_networks

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Detailed TYPES OF TELECOMMUNICATION

• Computer networks.
• ARPANET.
• Ethernet.
• Internet.
• Wireless networks.
• Switch.
• Public switched telephone networks (PSTN).
• Packet switched networks.
• Radio networks.
• Television networks.
• HUB.
• Bridge.
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
• A set of computers connected together for the purpose of
sharing resources.

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ARPANET

• Advanced Research Projects Agency Network.

• The first network to implement the protocol suite TCP/IP.

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ETHERNET
• Network protocol that controls how data is transmitted over a
LAN.
• Technically it is referred to as the IEEE 802.3 protocol.
• The protocol has evolved and improved over time and can
now deliver at the speed of a gigabit per second.

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INTERNET
❖A global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities,
consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols.
❖The internet1 is an interconnected network of computers. In practice, it’s the
interconnected network of computers that spans the globe.
❖But that’s all it is. “Internet” refers to the network of computers all communicating
and exchanging data with one another. Nothing more.
The web (more formally, the World Wide Web) is the collection of WebPages made available
on web servers for viewing in your web browser.
Whenever you fire up your browser — Internet Explorer, Firefox, Chrome, Safari, or something
else — you view pages that are part of the web.

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WIRELESS NETWORKS
• Computer networks that are not connected by cables of any kind.To
avoid the costly process of introducing cables into buildings or as a
connection between different equipment locations.

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PUBLIC SWITCHED TELEPHONE
NETWORKS [ PSTN ]
• Circuit-switched telephone networks that are operated by
national, regional, or local telephony operators, providing
infrastructure and services for public telecommunication.
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PACKET SWITCHED NETWORKS

• The type of network in which relatively small units of data

called packets are routed through a network based on the
destination address contained within each packet.
• Breaking communication down into packets allows the same
data path to be shared among many users in the network.
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CONT.
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RADIO NETWORKS

• Two types of radio networks currently in use around the world:

➢ The one-to-many broadcast network commonly used for

public information and mass media entertainment,
➢ The two-way radio type used more commonly for public safety
and public services such as police, fire, taxicabs, and delivery
services. Cell Phones are able to send and receive
simultaneously by using two different frequencies at the same
time. Many of the same components and much of the same
basic technology applies to all three.
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TELEVISION NETWORKS
 program content, whereby a central operation
provides programming to many television stations or
pay
• T television providers.
elecommunications network for distribution of television
 Until the mid-1980s, television programming in most
countries of the world was dominated by a small
number of broadcast networks.
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CONT.
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HUB
• A hub is the most basic networking device that connects
multiple computers or other network devices together.
• Unlike a network switch or router, a network hub has no
routing tables or intelligence on where to send information
and broadcasts all network data across each connection.
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ROUTER
• A router is a networking device that forwards data packets
between computer networks. Routers perform the traffic
directing functions on the Internet.
• A data packet is typically forwarded from one router to another
router through the networks that constitute the internetwork
until it reaches its destination node.
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BRIDGE

• A network bridge helps to join two otherwise separate

computer networks together to enable communication
between them.
• Bridge devices are used with local area networks (LANs) for
extending their reach to cover larger physical areas.

• TYPES →
➢ Wireless bridges - support Wi-Fi wireless access points
➢ Wi-Fi Ethernet bridges - allows connecting Ethernet clients and
interfacing them to a local Wi-Fi network, useful for older
network devices that lack Wi-Fi capability
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CONT.
 OSI ITec3103 – Telecom Technologies

https://www.javatpoint.com/osi-model
ITec3103 – Telecom Technologies 3 February 2021
 ITec3103 – Telecom Technologies

ITec3103 – Telecom Technologies OSI LAYERS 3 February 2021

 ITec3103 – Telecom Technologies

Transmission media
 Transmission media is a communication channel that carries the information from the sender to
the receiver. Data is transmitted through the electromagnetic signals.
 The main functionality of the transmission media is to carry the information in the form of bits
through LAN(Local Area Network).
 It is a physical path between transmitter and receiver in data communication.
 In a copper-based network, the bits in the form of electrical signals.
 In a fibre based network, the bits in the form of light pulses.
 In OSI(Open System Interconnection) phase, transmission media supports the Layer 1. Therefore, it is
considered to be as a Layer 1 component.
 The electrical signals can be sent through the copper wire, fibre optics, atmosphere, water, and
vacuum.
 The characteristics and quality of data transmission are determined by the characteristics of medium
and signal.
 Transmission media is of two types are wired media and wireless media. In wired media, medium
characteristics are more important whereas, in wireless media, signal characteristics are more
important.
 Different transmission media have different properties such as bandwidth, delay, cost and ease of
installation and maintenance.
 The transmission media is available in the lowest layer of the OSI reference model, i.e., Physical
layer.
ITec3103 – Telecom Technologies 3 February 2021
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Physical Media of Communication

 Physical transmission media used in communications include twisted-pair

cable, coaxial cable & fiber-optic cable.
 These cables typically are used within or underground between buildings.

 Ethernet and token ring LANs often use physical transmission media.

Some factors need to be considered for designing the transmission media:

 Bandwidth: All the factors are remaining constant, the greater the
bandwidth of a medium, the higher the data transmission rate of a signal.
 Transmission impairment: When the received signal is not identical to the
transmitted one due to the transmission impairment. The quality of the
signals will get destroyed due to transmission impairment.
 Interference: An interference is defined as the process of disrupting a
signal when it travels over a communication medium on the addition of some
unwanted signal.

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 ITec3103 – Telecom Technologies

 Attenuation: Attenuation means the loss of energy, i.e.,

the strength of the signal decreases with increasing the
distance which causes the loss of energy.
 Distortion: Distortion occurs when there is a change in
the shape of the signal. This type of distortion is
examined from different signals having different
frequencies. Each frequency component has its own
propagation speed, so they reach at a different time
which leads to the delay distortion.
 Noise: When data is travelled over a transmission
medium, some unwanted signal is added to it which
creates the noise.

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 ITec3103 – Telecom Technologies
Twisted-Pair Cable
 One of the more commonly used transmission media for
network cabling and telephone systems is twisted-pair
cable. Twisted-pair cable consists of one or more twisted-pair
wires bundled together Each twisted-pair wire consists of two
separate insulated copper wires that are twisted together. The
wires are twisted together to reduce noise. Noise is an electri-
cal disturbance that can degrade communications.[Fig 8.24]

ITec3103 – Telecom Technologies 3 February 2021

 ITec3103 – Telecom Technologies

Coaxial Cable
 Coaxial cable, often referred to as coax (pronounced KO-ax), consists of a single
copper wire surrounded by at least three layers: (1) an insulating material, (2) a
woven or braided metal, and (3) a plastic outer coating(Fig 8.25)
 Cable television (CATV) network wiring often uses coaxial cable because it can be
cabled over longer distances than twisted-pair cable. Most of today’s computer
networks, however, do not use coaxial cable because other transmission media such
as fiber-optic cable transmit signals at faster rates.

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Fiber-Optic Cable
 The core of a fiber-optic cable consists of dozens or hundreds of thin strands of
glass or plastic that use light to transmit signals. Each strand, called an optical fiber,
is as thin as a human hair. Inside the fiber-optic cable, an insu- lating glass cladding
and a protective coating surround each optical fiber (Figure 8-26).
 Fiber-optic cables have the following advantages over cables that use wire, such as
twisted-pair and coaxial cables:
 Capability of carrying significantly more signals than wire cables
 Faster data transmission
 Less susceptible to noise (interference) from other devices such as a copy machine
 Better security for signals during transmission because they are less susceptible to
noise
 Smaller size (much thinner and lighter weight)
 Disadvantages of fiber-optic cable are it costs more than twisted-pair or coaxial
cable and can be difficult to install and modify. Despite these limitations, many local
and long- distance telephone companies are replacing existing telephone lines with
fiber-optic cables, enabling them to offer fiber Internet access to home and business
users.

ITec3103 – Telecom Technologies 3 February 2021

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ITec3103 – Telecom Technologies 3 February 2021

 ITec3103 – Telecom Technologies

Possible Important Questions

 Definition of telecommunications
 Utility of Telecommunications
 Important events in history of telecommunication and generations of computer
 Transmission control modes/schemes
 diagram of telecommunication illustrated and its terms
 Components of Telecommunication network
 Wireless connection modes
 Basic Cell voice procedure
 How a call gets connected?
 Components of Telecommunication system
 Two types of channels
 Mobile computing Challenges
 Mobile computing structure
 Channel Partitioning
 Physical Communication media
 What is Standard?
 What is ITU? sector types
 Telecommunication types
 OSI layers, protocols and functionalities

ITec3103 – Telecom Technologies 3 February 2021

 ITec3103 – Telecom Technologies

WISHING YOU ALL THE

VERY BEST
&
THANK YOU
ITec3103 – Telecom Technologies 3 February 2021