31/07/2013
GEOL30005 Applied Geophysics
Lecture 1: Introduction
About me…
• Mark McLean
• AGOS / CO2CRC office (level 3)
• But best to contact me by email:
• m.mclean@unimelb.edu.au
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About me…
• I currently work at both The University of
Melbourne 1‐2 days, and the remainder of the
week at the Geological Survey of Victoria.
week at the Geological Survey of Victoria.
• I have worked in:
Gawler Craton, South Australia
Broken Hill block, Curnamona
Broken Hill block Curnamona Province
Lambert Rift, East Antarctica
Theoretical work with Airborne Gravity Gradiometry
All over Victoria
About me…
• Life member of the Hawthorn City Pipe Band
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About me…
When are the lectures going to be?
• Currently 10‐11 and 12‐1
• Change to 10‐11 and 11‐12?
Or
• Change to 11‐12 and 12‐1?
• Decision must be unanimous
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Lectures
• I’ll be giving the majority of lectures
• We’ve had to swap 2 because of a clash with the Australian
Society of Exploration Geophysics (ASEG) conference
Society of Exploration Geophysics (ASEG) conference.
• A/Prof Tim Rawling will give a lecture on my behalf during week
3, and he’ll most likely start the prac for that week too.
• Possible guest lecture for seismicity during week 9
• Any questions, any time – please ask!
Pracs begin in week 2
Assessment
• Geophysical interpretation/modelling exercises and
accompanying report due two weeks following the relevant
practical class (30%)
• Assessment of selected practical exercises due two weeks
following the relevant practical class (15%)
• Practical assessment in the form of a short test during the
semester (5%)
• 2‐hour written examination in the examination period (50%)
2‐hour written examination in the examination period (50%)
Late work will be accepted but will be penalised (5% per day)
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Textbooks ‐ Not a great selection unfortunately
Telford – Applied Geophysics
• Covers most aspects of geophyiscs
Covers most aspects of geophyiscs
• Good overview, but getting old
Blakely – Potential theory in gravity and
Potential theory in gravity and
magnetic applications
• Great for gravity/magnetics
• Clear and concise, but limited to potential
fields only.
Readings for each week
• Most textbooks cover the principles
ok, but most are quite old
• All readings come from this journal
• These are peer reviewed publications
These are peer reviewed publications
and more up to date.
• Each paper is available on the LMS
• You will find some differences
between these papers and the
lectures (mostly regarding
specifications /technology (eg. Flying
specifications /technology (eg Flying
height, spacing, computers, digital
media)
In these cases lectures are the A
more up to date reference.
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Mathematics requirements
• Most of this course is about understanding concepts
• Some maths is required – but not much
• Nothing beyond high school maths is required
• Will help if you understand what a derivative is (the concept)
p y ( p)
Calvin and Hobbes
Computers
• Reason why we don’t need a solid maths background is because
computers will do most of the work for us.
• Almost all pracs will be using computers
• Practical exercises will be held in the PC lab (room 313) at 14:15
Unfortunately, this 1950s
prediction of modern day
computers is a hoax
• Scientists from the 1954 RAND
Corporation have created this model to
illustrate how a “home computer”
could look like in the year 2004.
However the needed technology will
not be economically feasible for the
average home.
• With teletype interface and Fortran
language, the computer will be easy to
use
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Software
• Geosoft (Oasis Montaj) will be the main
software package used for this course
• Geosoft is the industry standard for geophysical data manipulation,
processing, and interpretation/modelling
• Objective is partly to learn the software, but mostly we’ll be using it
to learn principles of geophysics
Australian resources
• The prosperity of Australia (and indeed the world) has come to
depend on the Earth’s natural resources
• Iron, aluminium, copper, zinc, tin, tungsten just to name a few are
all essential for manufacture of cars, aircraft, computers, fridges,
TV t
TVs etc.
• Oil, gas and coal are depended upon as sources of energy for
heating, cooling, lighting, transport etc.
• Clay, limestone, granite, sand and gravel are used for building
materials for buildings, roads, infrastructure etc.
• Groundwater is required for irrigation and urban water supply
Australia has all these resources in varying quantities. To
continue our lifestyle, they not only need to be found, but also
managed in a sustainable way.
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Victorian resources
• Victoria is seen as resource poor compared to states like WA and
QLD, but it is not without its share of earth resources.
Gold, coal, oil, gas, mineral sands (and potentially copper)
Resources
• Problem is regolith covers 85% of the Australian continent
• Shaded areas represent areas where outcrop occurs, however
even these areas are mostly covered
• We need a technique that can
‘see through’ the overlying
cover, and help us understand
covered resources.
• Geophysics helps us do this
• Starting
Starting to get better at it, but
to get better at it but
still a long way to go.
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Deeper discoveries starting to appear
North of Chile
What is geophysics?
• Geophysics is a branch of earth science which tries to
understand the earth using physics related methodologies
• Often cutting edge technology in instrumentation, data
acquisition and computing is required.
acquisition and computing is required.
• Continually evolving field – boundaries are continually being
pushed
More detailed, high resolution data collection
More sensitive instruments
Manipulation of larger datasets
Sophistication of software
• Geophysics is a very broad subject ‐ this course (Applied
Geophysics) concentrates on geophysical applications which
are intended for a practical use.
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What is geophysics?
• Geophysics is all about measuring rock properties
Property Technique
Density Gravity
Magnetic susceptibility Passive magnetics
Acoustic impedance Seismic
Electrical conductivity Electromagnetics
MT
Resistivity
Radioactivity Radiometrics
Why do it?
• Primary objective is to “see through” overlying regolith
profile
• Mostly used for mineral / oil and gas exploration
Mostly used for mineral / oil and gas exploration
• Also used for mitigation of natural hazards and
environmental protection, locate groundwater, find
archaeological relics, determine the thickness of glaciers
and soil profiles etc.
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Why do we use gravity and magnetic data?
Magnetic and gravity data are commonly used geophysical
techniques because they are:
• Relatively cheap to collect (at different scales).
• They measure properties in the Earths crust that can be
used to indicate a variety of geological processes.
• Magnetics – distribution of magnetic minerals in the
upper crust.
• Gravity – density contrasts between different rocks.
• Alteration
• 3D geometry
3D geometry
• Overprinting
• Extent of rock packages
• Used by many different geological disciplines.
Mineral exploration and
targeting
• Target anomalies
• Crustal architecture
• Dilation zones (fluid flow)
• Alteration
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Alteration
Alteration can effect petrophysical properties
• Oxygen
yg fugacity
g y (fluid flow and magma emplacement)
• Mass flux transfer (mineralisation)
• Metamorphism (contact and regional
metamorphism)
Petroleum exploration
• Basement mapping
• Structural architecture of basins
• Immature exploration programs
• Compliment seismic data
• not a stand alone tool
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What the course covers
• Maps • Datums
• Projection systems • Coordinate systems
What the course covers
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• How it works
How to deal with GPS data
• How to deal with GPS data
• Applications in geoscience
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What the course covers
Potential Field datasets
Gravity data (Bouguer)
Magnetic data (TMI)
What the course covers
• Magnetic theory, the Earth’s magnetic field and implications
for magnetic surveying
• Gravity theory, and what it can tell us about geology.
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What the course covers
Airborne
acquisition
What the course covers
Airborne
acquisition
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What the course covers
• Geophysical image analysis
Data types
Image enhancement
Processing methods
Modeling in 2D and 3D
What the course covers
• Qualitative interpretation
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What the course covers
10 km
C’ – shear bands
C’ – shear bands
Passchier & Trouw, 1996
•C
C’ – bands defined by foliation
characterised by magnetite depletion
• S – foliation defined by a magnetic foliation
- lithological (?)
0.5 mm
C’ – shear bands
What the course covers
Quantitative interpretation – 2D profile modelling
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What the course covers
Quantitative interpretation ‐ 3D modelling
GSV’s 3D visualisation facility
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GSV’s 3D visualisation facility
What the course covers
Seismic acquisition/processing Land Operations
Vibrators Generate a Disturbance
Geophones Detect Motion
Source Receivers
Direct Arrival
S1
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
2
Reflections
Marine Operations
Air Guns Generate a Disturbance
3
Hydrophones Detect Pressure
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What the course covers
Golden Beach Field Line GL88B‐13 Line GNX05‐12
Seismic data / interpretation
Golden Beach Tie
What the course covers
• Geophysical well logging
• Resistivity, electromagnetics, magnetotellurics
• Induced polarisation, Radiometrics, Ground
penetrating radar
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Method Parameter Units Physical Depth of
measured property investigation
Gravity Attraction of Milligals Density All
Earth’s gravity Gravity units
field
Gravity Gradient of Eotvos Density Shallow crust
gradiometry Earth’s gravity
f ld
field
Magnetic Attraction of Nanotesla Magnetic Surface to curie
Earth’s magnetic Gamma susceptibility isotherm
field
Gamma‐ray Gamma‐ray Counts/sec Quantity of Top 30 cm
photons K, U and Th
Seismic reflection Acoustic milliseconds Velocity of P All
impedance travel
travel or S
or S waves
time
Electromagnetic Ratio of received Impedance Conductivity All
methods to applied (Ohms) (depending on the
electric and method)
magnetic fields
Lecture plan
Lecture 1 – Introduction Lecture 13 – Qualitative Interpretation 2
Lecture 2 – Gravity theory Lecture 14 – Rock properties
Lecture 3 – Gravity Acquisition
Lecture 3 Gravity Acquisition Lecture 15 – Quantitative interpretation 1
Lecture 15 Quantitative interpretation 1
Lecture 4 – Maps and projection systems Lecture 16 – Quantitative interpretation 2
Lecture 5 – Gravity processing and gridding Lecture 17 – Industry case study
Lecture 6 – Projections datums and GPS. Lecture 18 – Seismic theory and seismology
Lecture 7 – Magnetic theory Lecture 19 – Seismic acquisition
Lecture 8 – Magnetic Acquisition Lecture 20 – Seismic processing and interp
Lecture 9 – Magnetic Processing Lecture 21 – Geophysical well logging
Lecture 10 – Image enhancement Lecture 22 – Resistivity, EM, MT
Lecture 11
Lecture 11 – Geophysical data
Geophysical data Lecture 23
Lecture 23 – IP, Radiometrics, GPR
IP Radiometrics GPR
Lecture 12 – Qualitative Interpretation 1 Lecture 24 – Review
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