Reading & Writing
(Prelim)
-First Release-
USE THE MODULE IN ANSWERING
Name:______________________________Score:______
LESSON 1
Text: As Connected Discourse
Discourse - an extended expression of thoughts or ideas
- utterance, talk, speech, discussion, and conversation
* The ideas in discourse are not connected or do not have a particular structure.
Text - a large unit of written language
- a group of ideas put together to make a point or one central idea
- has a structure which requires the ideas in the discourse to be relevant to each other
- an actually connected discourse
Properties of a Well-written Text
1. Organization - refers to the arrangement of ideas in a text
* Creating an outline of ideas before you start writing can help your work become organized.
Outline - provides a format in which ideas can be arranged in a hierarchy- that is, it distinguishes the
general ideas from the specific or subordinating ideas
2. Coherence and Cohesion - refer to the connection of ideas and connection between sentences and between
paragraphs
* In order for you to assure coherence and cohesion, you need to use transitional or cohesive devices.
3. Appropriate Language Use - refers to the acceptable style of language for a particular form of text
4. Proper Mechanics - refers to the conventions of writing which includes capitalization, punctuation, spelling,
numerals, abbreviations, acronyms and contractions
Morphology - the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same
Language.
- analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as root words, prefixes, and suffixes.
Morpheme - the smallest grammatical unit in a language.
Two Types of Morpheme
1. Free Morpheme - can function independently as a word Examples: house, cat, blood
2. Bound Morpheme - a word element attached to a root word (the main part of a word) to give it another
meaning
- cannot function independently as a word Examples: affixes (prefixes and suffixes)
Affix - a morpheme that is attached to a root word to form a new word.
Prefix - a morpheme that comes before a root word.
Examples: auto- (automobile)
in- (incorrect)
over- (overcharge)
Suffix - a morpheme that comes after a root word.
Examples: -ful (forgetful)
-ish (childish)
-ive (active)
Two Varieties of Suffixes
1. Inflectional Suffixes - modify the grammatical class of words by signaling a change in number, tense, degrees
of comparison, and so on, but they do not shift the base form into another word class.
2. Derivational Suffixes - modify either the part of speech or the actual meaning of a word.
Compound Words - combination of two different words.
Examples: back + ward = backward (towards the reverse direction)
book + shelf = bookshelf (storage of books)
full + moon = full moon (a moon appearing as a bright circle)
six + pack = six-pack (often in reference to a pack of drinks)
Context Clues - are words, phrases, and sentences that surround an unfamiliar word and help you recognize the
meaning of an unknown word.
Most Common Types of Context Clues
1. Synonyms - used when the text has words or phrases that ae similar in meaning to the unknown word
euphoric
Example: The narrator in the poem was euphoric at his son's victory, for he cried out triumphantly when
the boy came home.
euphoric - victorious; triumphant; very happy and excited
Other Examples:
a. This situation is a conundrum - a puzzle.
conundrum - a confusing or a difficult situation
b. Humpty Dumpty took great pleasure in obfuscating the poem's meaning to Alice. His explanations
about the poem were confusing and complicated.
obfuscating - making more difficult to understand; confusing
c. We are planning a picnic for today. It is sunny and warm outside. It will be an idyllic day - just perfect
for a picnic.
idyllic - perfect; very peaceful, happy, and enjoyable
2. Antonyms - words that reveal the opposite meaning in relation to the unknown word reluctant
Example: Although Mary was willing to play in the snow, Jack was reluctant because he was so cold.
reluctant - not willing to do something
a. Marty is gregarious, not like his brother who is quiet and shy.
gregarious - sociable; outgoing; extrovert
b. The lanky dog was not fat, even though he ate a lot.
lanky - skinny
c. The rich woman gave a paltry sum to the charity even though she was able to give much more.
paltry -very small or too small in amount
3. Examples - are specific details in a text that are used to clarify the meaning of a word projectiles
Example: Projectiles include those items that are shot forward such as a cannon shell, bullet, or rocket.
projectiles - things (such as bullet or rocket) that are shot from weapon
a. Famous conquistadors include Cortes, who conquered Aztec Mexico and Pizarro, who conquered Inca Peru.
conquistadors - conquerors; ones that take control of (a country or city) through the use of force
b. A sleuth, such as Sherlock Holmes, can be very helpful in solving crimes.
leuth - detective - someone who looks for information to solve crimes
c. Precipitation, such as rain and snow, falls from the sky.
precipitation - water that falls to the ground (such as rain and snow)
4. Definition - is usually signaled by a form of the verb to be (am, is, are, was, were) or by commas or dashes
wrath
Example: The prisoner was in a state of wrath—a feeling of intense anger.
wrath - extreme anger
a. To shun someone is to have nothing to do with that person.
shun - to avoid deliberately
b. He seemed to be ill, but it was merely a ruse, that is, a clever trick to deceive us.
ruse - a trick or act that is used to fool someone
- a wily subterfuge
- deception
c. Sedentary individuals, people who are not very active, often have diminished health.
sedentary - not doing or involving much physical activity
5. Explanation - words or phrases that explain the unfamiliar word's meaning
Example: An evanescent ring surrounded the moon as it rose. It was there for a moment, and then it
disappeared.
evanescent - lasting a very short time; brief; momentary
a. Elis is a blithe young girl. She always greets everyone with a smile.
blithe - cheerful; happy, lighthearted
b. Katie appeared infallible in math class because she had never gotten a problem wrong.
infallible - unerring;
- unfailing
- not capable of being wrong
c. The tornado annihilated the whole town to the point that nothing was left standing.
annihilated - destroyed; eradicated; exterminated; abolished
Simile - is identified by the use of “like,” “as,” “similar to,” and the like. They compare dissimilar objects that
share certain characteristics.
Examples:
1. When he walked into the room, the entire audience looked up, like flowers turning towards the sun.
2. His headache was as painful as a root canal without the benefit of laughing gas.
Metaphor - directly refers to the object being described as being or previously being the object it is compared
or connected to
Examples:
1. The boom of his voice, all thunder and lightning, echoed through the entire hall.
2. The dog was a jack-in-the-box, trying to jump up on the visitors.
A text is a connected discourse, which means that all ideas in the text must be related in the sense that
they would express only one main idea, or that the text must have unity by combining all ideas to emphasize
central idea.
TASK 1. Find Me
Direction: Find the corresponding definition of each item inside the box. Write your answer after each
sentence.
Text Discourse Cohesion Coherence Intentionality Acceptability Informativity,
Situationality Written text Listing connectives Concluding connectives
In fact/Indeed Central theme Summary Connected discourse
1) Written material, longer pieces of writing as in a book, a letter, or a newspaper_________________
2) Spoken_________________
3) parts are connected_________________
4) overall text has meaning_________________
5) writer's attitude and purpose can be discerned_________________
6) text is recognized_________________
7) quantity of new or expected info_________________
8) Topic is situationally and culturally appropriate_________________
9) Written discourse; _________________
10) For the supporting arguments_________________
11) Used to indicate that you are making final statements that cover all the supporting arguments in a
general way_________________
12) To connect a more detailed statement with a preceding general statement; _________________
13) The key, the core, the significant message of a reading selection_________________
14) Neither too long or too short is a statement of the central theme_________________
15) Flows smoothly and easily from one sentence and paragraph to another, clarifying the relationships
among ideas and allowing the reader to grasp connections_________________
