2

Reading
One World?
page 18 Reading page 18–19
2.1 availability (n) /əˈveɪləˈbɪlɪti/ 2.12 destroy (v) /dɪsˈtrɔɪ/
how easy it is to obtain or get sth ● The availability ruin ● Online bullying destroyed her confidence and
of fresh fruit in winter was limited in the past. limited - შეზღუდ she no longer wanted to go out. ➣ destruction (n),
➣ available (adj) fresh - ახალი, ცინცხალი ული destructive (adj)
2.2 goods (pl n) /gʊdz/ - საქონელი 2.13 employment (n) /ɪmˈplɔɪmənt/
things made to be sold ● This shop sells leather - ტყავი having a paid job ● There are few employment
goods such as bags, shoes and boots. შესაბამისი ვარიანტები opportunities for young people these days.
2.3 service (n) /ˈsɜːvɪs/ ➣ employ (v), employer, employee (n)
an organisation or system that provides ✎ Opp: unemployment
sth to the public ● The bus service is good in 2.14 manufacture (v) /mænjʊˈfækʧə/
our area. make things in a factory ● Delta is a company that
2.4 globalisation (n) /ˈgləʊbəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ such - ასეთი manufactures dairy products. ➣ manufacturer (n)
making something such as business operate in 2.15 ship (v) /ʃɪp/
a lot of different countries all over the world send things by sea ● It took two weeks to ship our
● Globalisation has led to people all over the things from Greece to the UK. ➣ ship, shipping (n)
world working together, often using English  to 2.16 unemployed (adj) /ʌnɪmˈplɔɪd/
communicate. ➣ global (adj) not having a job even though you want one
● Unemployed workers can become depressed if they

don’t find another job quickly. ➣ unemployment (n)

Word Focus page 19
2.17 give up (phr v) /gɪv ʌp/ - დანებება
2.5 source (n) /sɔːs/
stop doing or having sth ● The work was difficult,
the place or thing from which sth originates
ნაკლი - ● Lack of money is a source of unhappiness for but they didn’t give up and succeeded in the end.
უქონლობა most people. 2.18 barely (adv) /ˈbɛəlɪ/ - იშვიათად, ძვლივს.
used to say that sth is only just true or possible
2.6 profit (n) /ˈprɒfɪ/
● He spoke so softly that I could barely hear him.
the amount of money you gain when you are
paid more for sth than it cost ● The company 2.19 survive (v) /səˈvaɪv/ - ცოცხლად დარჩენა.
made a huge profit selling clothes for teenagers. stay alive ● All the passengers survived the coach
➣ profitable (adj), profitably (adv), profit (v) crash. ➣ survival, survivor (n)
✎ Opp: loss 2.20 support (v) /səˈpɔːt/
2.7 boundary (n) /ˈbaʊndəri/ - საზღვარი provide sb with money or the things they need
an imaginary line that separates one area of ● She works hard to support her family.

land from another ● We planted a hedge at the ➣ support, supporter (n)

boundary between our houses. ცოცხალი ღობე
2.21 foreign (adj) /ˈfɒrən/
2.8 edge (n) /ɛdʒ/ from another country ● Foreign tourists always
the place or line where sth stops ● Don’t walk want to visit the Acropolis before they return to their
near the edge of the cliff! You might fall! own countries. ➣ foreigner (n)
2.9 tolerance (n) /ˈtɒlərəns/ 2.22 company (n) /ˈkʌmpəni/
willingness to accept the things people do business ● Microsoft is one of the most profitable
or say even if you do not agree with them companies in the world.
● Tolerance is important if we want to live
2.23 connect (v) /kəˈnekt/
together peacefully. ➣ tolerant (adj), tolerate (v) join ● You can connect to the Internet at any
✎ Opp: intolerance Internet café. ➣ connection (n)
2.10 willingness (n) /ˈwɪlɪŋnəs/ - სურვილი 2.24 identity (n) /aɪˈdentəti/
not minding doing sth; not objecting to doing who sb is ● The cultural identity of many
sth ● I appreciate your willingness to help, but people is reflected in their music. ➣ identify (v),
I can do the work by myself. ➣ willing (adj), identification (n)
willingly (adv)
2.25 respect (n) /rɪˈspɛkt/
2.11 lyrics (pl n) /ˈlɪrɪks/ not doing things that other people dislike or
the words of a song ● The lyrics of this song are in მიჩნევა - regard as wrong ● You must show respect to
German, so I can’t understand them. other people and be polite to them. ➣ respect (v),
respectful, respectable (adj) ✎ disrespect
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 2.26 climate change (n) /ˈklaɪmət ʧeɪnʤ/ 2.41 trade (v) /treɪd/
changing global weather patterns - ნიმუშები, მოდელები buy and sell ● Kotsovolos is a chain of
● Scientists predict that climate change will shops that trade in electrical goods.
cause difficult weather conditions for the world ➣ trade (n), trader (n)
in the future. predict - წინასწარმეტყველება
2.42 mayor (n) /mɛə/ - მერი
2.27 local (adj) /ˈləʊkl/ a person who has been elected to represent a წარდგენა
from the place you are in ● We tried local town or city ● The mayor of our town opened the
dishes like moussaka when we visited Greece. new library. elected - არჩეული
➣ locally (adv) 2.43 event (n) /ɪˈvent/ occasion - შემთხვევა
2.28 chain (n) /ʧeɪn/ a planned, organised occasion such as a
many shops, hotels etc of the same kind party or sports competition ● I love going to
● Zara is a chain, so you can find Zara shops in events like weddings or formal parties.
many places. 2.44 conditions (pl n) /kənˈdɪʃənz/ - გარემოებები
2.29 catch on (phr v) /kæʧ ɒn/ the things in people’s lives that affect their
become popular ● The new fashion quickly caught - დაჭერილი comfort, safety or success ● The people lived in
on and soon everyone was wearing the same style. terrible conditions: their houses were dirty and they
2.30 dairy product (exp) /ˈdɛːri ˈprɒdʌkt/ didn’t have clean drinking water.
a food such as butter, cheese or yoghurt
● I love eating dairy products like cheese and

yoghurt.
Business
2.31 uniqueness (n) /juːˈniːknəs/ - უნიკალურობა availability import
being the only one of its kind ● The uniqueness chain manufacture
of this object makes it valuable. It is the only one company outsourcing
- არსებობაin existence. ➣ unique (adj), uniquely (adv) do business professional
employment profit
2.32 lifestyle (n) /ˈlaɪfstaɪl/ export service
how sb lives ● Many people envy the lifestyle of the globalisation trade
rich and famous. envy - შური goods unemployed
2.33 similar (adj) /ˈsɪmələ/
almost the same ● We have similar interests,
which is why we get on so well. ➣ similarity (n)
✎ Opp: dissimilar Vocabulary page 20
2.34 potential (n) /pə(ʊ)ˈtɛnʃəl/ 2.45 universal (adj) /juːnɪˈvɜːsəl/
the ability to be useful or successful in the relating to everyone and everything ● Climate
future ● You have the potential to be a good change is a universal problem that affects us all.
musician, but you have to practise harder. ➣ universe (n), universally (adv)
➣ potential (adj), potentially (adv) 2.46 knowledge (n) /ˈnɒlɪʤ/
2.35 concern (v) /kənˈsəːn/ information you have about sth ● Before
If sth concerns you, it worries you. ● Climate the Internet, people has less knowledge of
change concerns me; it’s a very serious problem. the world and other cultures.
➣ concern (n), concerned (adj) ➣ know (v), knowledgeable (adj)
2.36 impact (n) /ˈɪmpækt/ - დარტყმა, იმპულსი 2.47 society (n) /səˈsaɪəti/
having a strong effect on sb or sth ● The economic a group of people living in same place with
crisis has had an impact on most people’s lives. a similar way of life ● Western society focuses
too much on money and success.
2.37 wealthy (adj) /ˈwelθi/ - მდიდარი
➣ social (adj), socially (adv)
rich ● Jack is a wealthy man who gives a lot
of his money to charity. ➣ wealth (n) ქველმოქმედება 2.48 belief (n) /bɪˈliːf/
a feeling that sth is true ● It is my belief that
2.38 co-operation (n) /kəʊˌɒpəˈreɪʃən/
the climate will change our lives this century.
working with sb and helping them ● There’s a lot
➣ believe (v) ✎ Opp: disbelief
of work to do and I’d appreciate your co-operation.
➣ co-operate (v), co-operative (adj) 2.49 concept (n) /ˈkɒnsept/
idea ● Dad says youngsters have no concept of
2.39 dietary (n) /ˈdaɪətərɪ/
what life was like before the Internet.
relating to the kind of food you eat ● She doesn’t
have any special dietary requirements; she eats 2.50 aspect (n) /ˈæspekt/
most things. ➣ diet (n, v) საჭიროებები part ● The best aspect of our visit was the
delicious food.
2.40 international (adj) /ɪntəˈnæʃənl/
involving different countries ● International travel 2.51 occurrence (n) /əˈkʌrəns/- შემთხვევა, ინციდენტი
became possible for people when the cost of air sth that happens ● Floods didn’t use to be
travel fell. such a frequent occurrence. ➣ occur (v)
ხშირი
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 2.52 phenomenon (n) /fɪˈnɒmɪnən/ 2.66 dog sledding (n) /dɒg ˈslədɪŋ/
a fact or event in nature or society, usually a sport where dogs pull a sled along the snow
one not fully understood ● Weather is a ● There are dog-sledding competitions in Canada

natural phenomenon which humans cannot every winter.

control. ➣ phenomenal (adj) 2.67 civilisation (n) /sɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/
✎ NB: Plural = phenomena organised human society ● The civilisation of
2.53 expand (v) /ɪksˈpænd/ Ancient Greece had a great influence on the world.
become bigger ● The company has expanded ➣ civilise (v), civilised (adj)
and now has two new offices in the UK. 2.68 export (n) /ˈekspɔːt/
➣ expansion (n) selling goods to another country ● China’s exports
2.54 extend (v) /ɪkˈstend/ include clothes an electrical goods. ➣ export (v)
stretch ● The Roman Empire extended across 2.69 homeland (n) /ˈhəʊmlænd/ - სამშობლო
much of Europe and parts of northern Africa. native country ● I live abroad, but one day
➣ extent, extension (n), extensive (adj) I will return to my homeland. native - ადგილობრივი
2.55 exchange (v) /ɪksˈʧeɪnʤ/ 2.70 influence (n) /ˈɪnflʊəns/ მკვიდრი.
change for sth else ● I exchanged email addresses affecting the way people think or act
with my new colleagues in our Paris office. ● Powerful countries often want to have an
➣ exchange (n) affecting - გავლენიანი,ეფექტის მქონე influence on other countries and control them.
2.56 provide (v) /prəˈvaɪd/ ➣ influence (v), influential (adj)
give ● Does this hotel provide free Wi-Fi or do I have 2.71 network (n) /ˈnetwɜːk/ - ქსელი
to go to an Internet café? ➣ provision (n) a large number of roads that cross and meet
horn - რქა
2.57 swap (v) /swɒp/- ადგილების გაცვლა at many points ● Germany has an excellent
change one thing for another ● We swapped email transport network.
addresses so we could keep in touch. keep - შენახვა 2.72 port (n) /pɔːt/ - ნავსადგური
2.58 reindeer (n) /ˈreɪndɪə/ - ჩრდილოეთის ირემი a town by the sea with a harbour ● The ferry
ირემი - a deer with horns that lives in northern countries docked at the port of Piraeus.
● Rudolph is a famous reindeer with a red nose!
2.73 roadway (n) /ˈrəʊdweɪ/ - გზატკეცილი, ქვაფენილი.
2.59 canal (n) /kəˈnæl/ the part of a road used by vehicles ● You’ll need a
a long, man-made stretch of water for boats to jeep in the countryside because there isn’t a good
travel on ● We travelled in a gondola along the roadway. vehicles - გადასაზიდი საშუალებები
canals of Venice. along - გასწვრივ 2.74 proper (adj) /ˈprɒpə/ სათანადო, ჯეროვანი
2.60 spice (n) /spaɪs/ - seeds - თესლი appropriate; correct ● There wasn’t any proper
ფხვნილი - powder or seeds from a plant with a strong taste heating in the hotel and we were very cold.
or smell used in cooking ● Cumin is a strong spice ➣ properly (adv) heating - გაცხელება, გათბობა.
which you can put in meatballs to make them tasty. efficient (adj) /ɪˈfɪʃnt/ - ეფექტური, ქმედითი, ნამდვილი
2.75
➣ spicy (adj) having or producing the best result
2.61 highway (n) /ˈhaɪˌweɪ/ - ავტომაგისტრალი, გზატკეცილი. ● The most efficient way get across Athens is to
მთავარი,ძირითადი a main road, one that usually connects towns use the Metro. ➣ efficiency (n), efficiently (adv)
or cities ● It takes only fifteen minutes to get to ✎ Opp: inefficient
my house if you drive on the highway. 2.76 extensive (adj) /ɪksˈtensɪv/ ვრცელი, ფართო
2.62 drive-through (n) /ˈdraɪv-θruː/ very great ● The fire caused extensive damage and
a restaurant where you buy your food from your it cost a lot of money to repair the house. ➣ extend
car and then drive away with it ● We got (v), extent (n)
burgers at the drive-through and didn’t even have to 2.77 import (n) /ˈɪmpɔːt/
get out of the car. bringing goods from another country
2.63 windmill (n) /ˈwɪndmɪl/ - ქარის წისქვილი ● The import of goods such as clothes from

a tall building with sails that turn as the wind Bangladesh is common in the UK. ➣ import (v)
blows ● There are windmills on the island of 2.78 trade route (n) /treɪd ruːt/
Mykonos. blow - დარტყმა Island - კუნძული. the way goods travel from one place to another
2.64 mummy (n) /ˈmʌmɪ/ - მუმია ● One famous trade route was the Silk Road,

a dead body that was preserved long ago by which enabled trade between Asia and Europe.
being rubbed with oils and wrapped in a cloth 2.79 land (n) /lænd/
● The archaeologist found a number of mummies in
area of ground ● The Silk Road was an important
the pyramid. ➣ mummify (v) oil - ზეთი rub - სრესა,ზელა trade route over land that connected Europe to Asia.
2.65 cuisine (n) /kwɪˈziːn/ - რეგიონისთვის დამ. კერძ. 2.80 conduct (v) /kənˈdʌkt/ - ჩატარება
a region’s characteristic style of cooking ● I love organise or do sth ● The scientist conducted a
Italian cuisine, especially the dishes of Sicily. number of experiments.

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 2.81 caravan (n) /ˈkærəvæn/ 2.93 record (n) /ˈrekɔːd/ council - საბჭო
a group of people, animals and vehicles travelling an account of sth in writing, photographs
together ● Caravans have been travelling across etc so that you can refer to it later
deserts for centuries. ● Records of births and deaths are kept at the

2.82 domesticate (v) /dəˈmestɪkeɪt/ - მოშინაურებული local council. refer - მითითება

births - დაბადებები
tame an animal and keep it as a pet or on 2.94 establish (v) /ɪsˈtæblɪʃ/ - დაფუძნება
a farm ● Humans domesticated the dog thousands create sth like a city, system or organisation
of years ago. ➣ domesticated (adj), domestic (adj) ● Many cities established themselves along rivers

where traders passed.

2.83 transfer (v) /trænsˈfɜː/
move sth from one place to another ● We 2.95 spring up (phr v) /sprɪŋ ʌp/ - ჩამოყალიბდა
transferred our bags to a taxi when we got off the suddenly start to exist ● A new block of flats has
ferry. ➣ transfer (n) - გადაყვანა, გადატანა sprung up in our neighbourhood. - სამეზობლო
2.84 found (v) /faʊnd/ 2.96 position (n) /pəˈzɪʃn/
start sth like a a city, business etc ● The Romans place ● Can you find your position on the map?
founded the city of Londinium, known today as ➣ position (v)
London. ➣ founder (n) known - საყოველთადო ცნობ. 2.97 waterway (n) /ˈwɔːtəweɪ/ - სანაოსნო გზა
2.85 textile (n) /ˈtekstaɪl/ - ქსოვილი, ნაქსოვი ნაწარმი; a river, canal, or other route for travel by water
● The Corinth Canal is a narrow waterway.
cloth; material ● Polyester is a modern synthetic
textile. 2.98 come up with (phr v) /kʌm ʌp wɪð/ - შემუშავება
2.86 pottery (n) /ˈpɒtəri/ - ჭურჭელი, clay - თიხა think of ● The Arabs first came up with the
plates, dishes etc made from clay and then concept of zero.
შემწვარი - baked ● We saw lots of ancient pottery in the 2.99 farming (n) /ˈfɑːmɪŋ/
museum, but my favourite was a beautiful dish. growing crops and raising animals ● Farming is
difficult as working on the land is backbreaking
work. ➣ farm, farmer (n) მძიმე დავალება
Traded products 2.100 handle (v) /ˈhændl/
dairy product pottery cope with ● People from the north tend to
spice - სანელებლები textile handle the cold winter weather better than
southerners.
2.101 regular (adj) /ˈrɛɡjʊlə/
Grammar page 21 happening at equal intervals ● She has regular,
twice-yearly appointments at the dentist
2.87 tribe (n) /traɪb/ - ტომი because she wants to have healthy teeth.
a group of people of the same race, language and ➣ regularly (adv) appointments - შეხვედრები
customs ● The cultures of the different Amazonian
2.102 flood (n) /flʌd/ - წყალდიდობა
tribes are very interesting. ➣ tribal (adj)
a large amount of water that covers an area that
2.88 elect (n) /ɪˈlɛkt/ is usually dry ● Every year there are floods after the
If people elect sb, they choose a person to first rains because so many trees are lost in forest
represent them by voting. ● The people of fires. ➣ flood (v)
the village elected Mrs Browne as mayor.
2.103 agriculture (n) /ˈægrɪkʌlʧə/
➣ election (n)
farming ● He is a farmer and has always worked in
2.89 conquer (n) /ˈkɒŋkə/ - არჩევა, ამორჩევა agriculture. ➣ agricultural (adj)
If one country or group of people conquers - იპყრობს
2.104 incredible (adj) /ɪnˈkredɪbl/
another, they take complete control of their
unbelievable ● It is incredible that the Ancient
land. ● The Romans conquered Britain in the first
Egyptians built the pyramids with simple tools
century AD. ➣ conqueror, conquest (n)
➣ incredibly (adv)
2.90 spill (n) /spɪl/
2.105 advancement (n) /ədˈvɑːnsmənt/ - წინსვლა
If you spill a liquid, it accidentally flows over the
progress ● He owes his rapid career advancement
edge of its container. ● I spilt coffee all over the
to hard work. ➣ advance (n, v)
cream-coloured carpet. - ფერადი ხალიჩა
2.106 archaeologist (n) /ɑːkɪˈɒləʤɪst/
2.91 contribute (v) /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ - ხელშეწყობა, დამხარება
sb who studies the past by examining ruins
help to make sth happen ● The army contributed
and objects found in the ground ● British
to the expansion of the Roman Empire.
archaeologists found the ancient city of Pavlopetri
➣ contribution (n)
in 1967. ➣ archaeology (n), archaeological (adj)
2.92 form (n) /fɔːm/
2.107 dig (v) /dɪg/ examining - განხვილვა
type ● Early forms of writing look like pictures
make a hole in the ground ● The archaeologist dug
rather than letters. ➣ form (v)
carefully and found a skeleton. hole - ხვრელი

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 2.108 ruin (n) /ˈruːɪn/ 2.120 call back (phr v) /kɔːl bæk/
a building that has been partly destroyed phone later ● I have to go now, but I’ll call you back.
● The ruins of the temple of Poseidon at Sounion
2.121 call off (phr v) /kɔːl ɒf/
are very beautiful. ➣ ruin (v) cancel ● The visit to the museum was called off
2.109 temple (n) /ˈtempl/ because there was a strike.
religious building where people worship 2.122 call up (phr v) /kɔːl ʌp/
● The temple of Poseidon is at Sounion.
phone ● I called up Wendy, but she didn’t answer
2.110 depiction (n) /dɪˈpɪkʃən/ - გამოსახულება, სურათი her phone.
representing sb or sth in painting, drawing 2.123 call out (phr v) /kɔːl aʊt/
or writing ● I thought the novelist’s depiction say aloud ● Mr Jones called out all the pupils’
of the hero was excellent. ➣ depict (v) names.
2.111 Assyrian (n) /əˈsɪrɪən/ 2.124 call on (phr v) /kɔːl ɒn/
a person from the ancient kingdom of ask sb to do sth ● The boss called on me to prepare
Mesopotamia, which stretched from Egypt to the agenda for the monthly meeting.
the Persian Gulf ● The culture of the Assyrian
2.125 call for (phr v) /kɔːl fɔː/
Empire produced great art. ➣ Assyria (n)
require ● Dealing with climate change calls
2.112 warrior (n) /ˈwɒrɪə/ stretched - გადაჭიმული for action from governments worldwide
a fighter; a soldier ● The warriors fought with
2.126 call in (phr v) /kɔːl ɪn/
swords. ➣ war (n) swords - მახვილები, დაშნები ask sb to come to a particular place to do sth for
you ● She called in a plumber to fix the kitchen tap.
Synonyms 2.127 electrician (n) /ɪlekˈtrɪʃn/
sb who installs and mends electrical equipment
call for = require მოთხოვნაcall off = cancel ● An electrician fitted new lights for us. ➣ electricity
extend = stretch farming = agriculture
(n), electric (adj)
2.128 require (v) /rɪˈkwaɪə/

Listening
need ● This job requires good computing skills.
page 22 ➣ requirement (n)
2.113 house (v) /haʊz/ 2.129 honesty (n) /ˈɒnəsti/
If a building, place or container houses sth, it is being honest; telling the truth ● People trust
kept there. ● Hundreds of famous paintings are him because of his honesty; he always tells the
housed in the Louvre. truth. ➣ honest (adj), honestly (adv)
✎ Opp: dishonesty
2.114 date back (to) (phr v) /deɪt bæk (tuː)/ - თარიღდება
exist from a time in the past ● The Parthenon - პანთეონი2.130 responsibility (n) /rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti/
dates back to the 5th century BC. duty ● It is the responsibility of the crew to
make sure that passengers wear their seat belts.
2.115 major (adj) /ˈmeɪʤə/ ➣ responsible (adj) ✎ Opp: irresponsibility
important ● Brussels is a major European city where
2.131 cancel (v) /ˈkænsl/
many important decisions are made.
call off; decide that sth will not take place
2.116 illuminate (v) /ɪˈluːmɪˌneɪt/ ● The concert was cancelled because the lead
light up; decorate with lights ● The Parthenon singer was sick. ➣ cancellation (n)
is illuminated at night. ➣ illumination (n)
2.132 reputation (n) /repjʊˈteɪʃn/
the opinion people have of sb ● He has built
Grammar page 24 a reputation as a hard-working employee.
➣ reputable (adj)
2.117 air force (n) /ɛə fɔːs/ სამხედრო
2.133 empire (n) /ˈempaɪə/
the part of a country’s military organisation that is
all the countries under the control of one
concerned with fighting in the air ● He joined the
ruler ● The Romans created an enormous
air force and flew planes during the war.
empire that stretched across much of Europe.
2.118 oversleep (n) /ˌəʊvəˈsliːp/ ➣ emperor (n), imperial (adj)
sleep for longer than you intended to
● She overslept and missed the bus.
2.134 impression (n) /ɪmˈpreʃn/
Your impression of sb or sth is what you think

Use your English

they are like. ● His untidy clothes made a bad
page 25 impression on the interviewer. ➣ impress (v),
impressive (adj)
2.119 call round (phr v) /kɔːl raʊnd/
visit ● Let’s call round at Tina’s house and see if she 2.135 space (n) /speɪs/
wants to come out with us. place; area ● We saved space by buying a small
sofa. ➣ spacious (adj)

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2.136 stretch (v) /streʧ/ 2.150 key (n) /kiː/
extend ● White cliffs stretch along the south coast the way to achieve sth ● The key to enjoying your
of England. ➣ stretch (n) trip is to find out a bit about the place you are going
2.137 medical condition (n) /ˈmɛdɪkəl kənˈdɪʃən/ to visit.
a problem with your health ● Stephen Hawking 2.151 enrich (v) /ɪnˈrɪʧ/
suffers from a severe medical condition. improve the quality of sth ● Doing a course in
2.138 relief (n) /rɪˈliːf/ pottery-making has enriched her life by giving
If you feel relief from pain, you no longer her a new interest. ➣ enrichment (n)
feel pain. ● Take some aspirin; it will give 2.152 conclude (v) /kənˈkluːd/
you relief from your headache. finish ● To conclude, I want to thank you all for coming.
➣ relieve (v) ➣ conclusion (n), conclusive (adj)
2.139 professional (adj) /prəˈfeʃənl/ 2.153 abroad (adv) /əˈbrɔːd/
doing a job to earn money ● Some professional in another country ● She moved abroad and
football players make a lot of money. had to learn the language of the country.
➣ profession (n), professional (n)

Writing: an opinion
Phrasal verbs
all back call on come up with
call for call out date back (to)
essay pages 26–27 call in
call off
call round
call up
spring up
sum up
2.140 sum up (phr v) /sʌm ʌp/
briefly describe the main features of sth

Video: A Special Type

● He summed up the main ideas at the end of

the lesson.
2.141 grasp (v) /ɡrɑːsp/
understand ● He just couldn’t grasp the rules
of the game.
of Neighbourhood page 28
2.154 neighbourhood (n) /ˈneɪbəhʊd/
2.142 view (n) /vjuː/ part of a town ● We live in a friendly neighbourhood
opinion ● My view is that wealthy people should and we know everyone there. ➣ neighbour (n)
help the poor.
2.155 immigrate (v) /ˈɪmɪgreɪt/
2.143 to my mind (exp) /tə maɪ maɪnd/ come to live or work in a foreign country
in my opinion ● To my mind, she is a great artist, ● We immigrated from India to the USA ten
but perhaps you disagree. years ago, so our six-year-old was born here.
2.144 do business (exp) /duː ˈbɪznɪs/ ➣ immigration, immigrant (n)
work or trade with ● Many Greek companies 2.156 community member (n) /kəˈmjuːnəti ˈmembə/
do business in the UK and you can buy Greek sb who is part of a social group in a particular
foods in British supermarkets. area ● Community members met at the town hall
2.145 pleasure (n) /ˈpleʒə(r)/ to discuss rising crime in the area.
happiness, enjoyment or satisfaction 2.157 relative (n) /ˈrelətɪv/
● He gets a lot of pleasure from his work.
a family member ● Her oldest relative is her
➣ please (v), pleased (adj), pleasant (adj) great-grandfather.
2.146 be worth the effort (expr) /biː wɜːθ ðiː ˈefət/ 2.158 organisation (n) /ɔːgənaɪˈzeɪʃn/
be a good idea to try sth ● It was worth the effort an official group ● WWF is an organisation that
to climb to the top of the mountain because the tries to save animals. ➣ organise (v)
view was amazing.
2.159 district (n) /ˈdɪstrɪkt/
2.147 effectively (adv) /ɪˈfektɪvli/ area ● There are many homeless people in the
in a way that gets the result you wanted poorer districts of the city.
● They dealt with the problem effectively.

➣ effect (n), effective (adj) 2.160 mural (n) /ˈmjʊərəl/

a painting or other work of art on a wall
2.148 recent (adj) /ˈriːsənt/ ● Many murals are really good graffiti.
happening a short time ago ● How was your recent
visit to London? ➣ recently (adv) 2.161 raise (v) /reɪz/
collect (money) ● Our school raised money
2.149 cultural awareness (n) /ˈkʌltʃərəl əˈweənɪs/ for poor families.
knowing about and understanding a different
2.162 reflect (v) /rɪˈflekt/
culture ● Reading books by foreign writers has
show what sth is like ● His books reflect life
increased my cultural awareness.
in the poorer districts of Chicago. ➣ reflection (n)

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 2.163 choir (n) /kwaɪə/ 2.166 lively (adj) /ˈlaɪvli /
a group of people who sing together. interesting and exciting ● The tarantella is a lively
● Our choir sang at the school concert. Italian dance.
2.164 natural disaster (n) /ˈnætrl dɪˈzɑːstə/ 2.167 fairness (n) /ˈfeənɪs/
an event like an earthquake, flood, storm or being fair or just ● The teacher treated us with
fire that causes destruction and injuries or fairness and listened to all of our views.
death ● The earthquake in Japan was a terrible ➣ fair (adj)
natural disaster.
2.165 nation (n) /ˈneɪʃn/
an individual country ● Greece is a small European
nation. ➣ national (n)

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