Lightbulb Throughout the nineteenth

century, inventors produced simple

electric lights. For example, Joseph
Swan produced a simple electric light,
but, he struggled to maintain a power
source and the filament soon burned
out when the vacuum was exhausted.
It was Thomas Edison who made the
lightbulb into a practical low current
version. He used a filament based on a
burned sewing thread.

Bicycle
The first spectacles,
invented in Florence, used
convex lenses which were
of help only to the far-
sighted. Concave lenses
were not developed prior
to the 15th century.

Retrieved from: https://www.biographyonline.net/scientists/modern-inventions.html

 Modern Era Science and Technology
Inventions and Discoveries

The Electric Dynamo The phenomena of

electricity had been known by the
ancient Greeks. Benjamin Franklin
had displayed the relationship
between lightning and electricity.
But, it was the invention of the
electric dynamo by Michael Faraday
which really opened up the way to
the practical use of electricity. From
Faraday’s Electric dynamo, we can
trace so many of today’s modern
electrical machines.

Telephone The telephone was invented

in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell.
Scottish born Bell was a teacher for
the deaf at Boston University. In
researching ways to teach the deaf,
he experimented with transmitting
sound via electricity. Teaching by
day, he spent many hours of his
spare time, developing a form of
telephone. He applied for a form of
patent on March 7, 1876.
 Face Transplant A face transplant is a
medical procedure that replaces a
person’s face using the tissues of a
dead person. In 2005, Isabelle
Dinoire of France was the first
person to have partial face
transplant while the first full face
transplant happened in Spain in
2010. Face transplants have been
popularly carried out in the United
States, Spain, France, and Turkey.

Through the help of

Robotic Body Parts biomechanics and engineering,
scientists have devised robotic body
parts. The University of Twente has
developed robotic arms that can aid
those individuals affected by Duchenne
muscular dystrophy. This will allow
patients to amplify residual function in
the arm. They also applied Darpa’s
Revolutionizing Prosthetics project of
creating prosthetics to wounded US
military personnel, in developing
robotic limbs.

Retrieved from: https://www.isbglasgow.com/10-greatest-scientific-discoveries-and-inventions-of-21st-century/

Contemporary Society Science and Technology
Inventions and Discoveries

Evidence of Water on Mars The National Aeronautics

and Space Administration
confirmed last September 2015
that there is evidence proving the
existence of liquid water in Mars.
Using the imaging spectrometer
of NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance
Orbiter (MRO), scientists detected
hydrated salts in different
locations on Mars.

Water as Fuel German Cleantech Company

has developed a futuristic machine
that converts water into fuel.
Through Power-to-Liquid Technology,
they can convert water and carbon
dioxide into liquid hydrocarbons
which take the form of synthetic
diesel, petrol, and kerosene. This
technology was based on Fischer-
Tropsch process and solid oxide
electrolyzer cells (SOECs) which
converts electricity to steam.
 A treadwheel crane is a
Treadwheel crane wooden, human powered, hoisting and
lowering device. It was primarily used
during the Roman period and the
Middle Ages in the building of castles
and cathedrals. The often heavy charge
is lifted as the individual inside the
treadwheel crane walks. The rope
attached to a pulley is turned onto a
spindle by the rotation of the wheel
thus allowing the device to hoist or
lower the affixed pallet.

Spectacles / Eyeglasses
The first spectacles,
invented in Florence, used
convex lenses which were
of help only to the far-
sighted. Concave lenses
were not developed prior
to the 15th century.

Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology

 Middle Era Science and Technology
Inventions and Discoveries

The Pumhart von Steyr is a

Calibre Cannon medieval large-calibre cannon from
Styria, Austria, and the largest known
wrought-iron bombard by caliber. It
weighs around 8 tons and has a
length of more than 2.5 meters. It
was produced in the early 15th
century and could fire, according to
modern calculations, an 80 cm stone
ball weighing 690 kg to a distance of
roughly 600 m after being loaded
with 15 kg of gunpowder and set at
an elevation of 10°.

Horseshoes While horses are already

able to travel on all terrain
without a protective covering on
the hooves, horseshoes allowed
horses to travel faster along the
more difficult terrains. The
practice of shoeing horses was
initially practiced in the Roman
Empire but lost popularity
throughout the Middle Ages until
around the 11th century.
 Seismoscope Although we still cannot
accurately predict earthquakes, we have
come a long way in detecting, recording, and
measuring seismic shocks. Many don’t
realise that this process began nearly 2000
years ago, with the invention of the first
seismoscope in 132 AD by a Chinese
astronomer, mathematician, engineer, and
inventor called Zhang (‘Chang’) Heng. The
device was remarkably accurate in detecting
earthquakes from afar, and did not rely on
shaking or movement in the location where
the device was situated.

Antikythera Mechanism
The Baghdad Battery,
sometimes referred to as the
Parthian Battery, is a clay pot
which encapsulates a copper
cylinder. Suspended in the center
of this cylinder—but not touching
it—is an iron rod. Both the copper
cylinder and the iron rod are held
in place with an asphalt plug.

Retrieved from: https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-technology/ten-amazing-inventions-ancient-times-001539

 Ancient Era Science and Technology
Inventions and Discoveries

Steam Engine
Heron Alexandrinus,
otherwise known as the Hero of
Alexandria, was a 1st century
Greek mathematician and
engineer who is known as the first
inventor of the steam engine. His
steam powered device was called
the aeolipile, named after Aiolos,
God of the winds.

The Baghdad Battery

The Baghdad Battery,
sometimes referred to as the
Parthian Battery, is a clay pot
which encapsulates a copper
cylinder. Suspended in the center
of this cylinder—but not touching
it—is an iron rod. Both the copper
cylinder and the iron rod are held
in place with an asphalt plug.