The Agile Krumphau
This article is not a tutorial on how to perform the krumphau, but is here to give a solid definition and
clarification of what makes it so, a refutation of some fallacious ideas about it, and an explanation for
why it exists. The reader is assumed to have a basic knowledge of the technique. Though it is a very
straight‐forward technique (that is to say, a variety of techniques utilizing the krump principle) in the
fechtbucher, and most practitioners actually perform it more or less correctly, they often do not know
exactly what defines it or why it is performed. A few out there, however, get it entirely wrong due to
that same seed of misunderstanding.
Though the categories are not mutually exclusive, we will begin by shooting down a few of those
fallacies and misunderstandings. We will then move on to specifically define the technique, and then
we will take a look at how and why it can break a guard and be used as a counter‐attack in its most basic
and common incarnations within the technical references. The krumphau is apparently understood by
all the masters who describe it in the same way, and they also describe the techniques of the krump
similarly enough that I have opted not to compile them in this article, but to pick only a few as examples
for the main points.
A mistaken core assumption about the krumphau specifically, and the meisterhauen in general:
An erroneous assumption about the master cuts that has apparently led to flawed ideas about the
krumphau itself is that the master cuts are each intended to cover one of the four angles or eight basic
directions on a contemporary cutting diagram‐type training aid. They most certainly are not, and no‐
one ever claimed that they did in their time. This perhaps stems from the mistaken idea that the master
cuts intentionally comprise the five most basic, fundamental cutting actions, rather than being five
specially valued, separate techniques placed in the context of various counter‐attacks and guard‐
breakers. In fact, unlike the other master cuts, the krumphau cuts in a three‐dimensional fashion that
cannot be properly shown on a two dimensional cutting diagram, as we will demonstrate. Though,
unlike basic cutting actions, some master cuts, these "secret" strikes, are defined by both context and by
method of execution, the krumphau is defined exclusively by method of execution; I.e. its definition
does not depend upon how, when or why it is used, so long as it is performed in the alignment that
defines it. This is because it has such a unique execution.
For the most fundamental cutting actions in the presentations of the Germanic tradition, one has only to
look at the first two longsword plates in Master Talhoffer's 1467 treatise, in which he shows the
fundamental downward and upward cuts with the long‐edge, followed in the next plate by the same
with the false‐edge.
What the krumphau is not:
The krumphau is not some rationalized, context‐sensitive zwerchhau, nor is it an unterhau/kurtzhau in
some way rationalized as an oberhau. These have been mistakenly taken to be the krumphau (or more
correctly, the krump has mistkenly been made to be one of them) in part because at a cursory glance,
they seem to effectively break the ochs position fairly well while providing a checking action against the
opponent's weapon. As we will see, these cuts do not meet the criteria of a krumphau, in more ways
than one, and wishful thinking and renaming will not make them so. Against an opponent who knows
better, attempting to break ochs with a zwerchhau or a kurtzhau is easily defended by a single‐time,
lethal counter, something unacceptable for a master‐cut when breaking a guard. The krumphau in our
source literature is used to strike the opponent, or to strike his weapon, never to both simultaneously as
some claim, and for good reason, as I will also explain.
Not krumphauen.
Also not der krumphau.
False or mistaken re‐definitions of the krumphau, both when used to break a guard or to counter‐cut,
also rarely or never cut to the hands, as our references explicitly instruct us to do, but instead they
generally strike to the forearms or wrists. This is because, when they are performed in a manner in
which they also check or displace the opponent's weapon, or strike from below, they cannot achieve the
proper Angle of Desired Positioning that allows them to target the hands. But as we will see, in order to
do such things, those modern false‐krumps do not meet the criteria for being a krumphau at all, they do
not match the source literature and art in any way, and there is good reason for not performing them at
all.
Does the krumphau require the hands to be crossed?
This is a common concern due primarily to mistranslation changing the intended focus of the term, and
the answer is no. That is to say, it is not a prerequisite for it to be a krumphau. This is obvious because
the krumphau can be performed to the right with uncrossed arms, yet it is still a krumphau. It is
necessary for a right hander to cross the hands when striking a krumphau to his left, but this is simply
the only way it can be physically delivered; it does not actually define the cut.
The Krumphau Defined:
One of the primary reasons for misunderstandings about the krumphau comes down the simple matter
of imperfect translation. Its name is often mistakenly taken, due to misapplied and or faulty translations
and understandings, as referring to the crossing of the hands, wrists or forearms. It absolutely does not.
It is somewhat inaccurate and generally misleading to say that krump means arced, bent, crumple,
crooked, curved or crossed; all of which have been used to one degree or another. It essentially means
off‐line, in the intentions of the original authors. Thus the krumphau is the off‐line cut. This is because,
like a hooking‐punch, the weapon is not directly physiologically engaged in a conventional weapon/body
alignment with the person performing the cut. This is why, when performing it to the left, the alignment
of the weapon must be "broken" (krumped) by thrusting the pommel under the right wrist, crossing the
hands, bringing the blade off‐line from the arms and body.
Normally, a cut is delivered with a certain positive body/blade‐alignment in which the sword extends
forward in‐line with the arms allowing for a strong, controlled use of the weapon. The blade is brought
off‐line, or krumped, when the point is brought out of alignment with the arms and off to one side. It is
performed in the same fashion to the right, but a right hander does not have to cross his arms. Yet it is
still a krump, and therefore the name obviously does not refer to the hands being crossed. After all,
there are several conventionally delivered cuts that cross the hands (such as several long‐edge cuts from
the left, and short‐edge cuts from the right), yet they are obviously not krumphau.
Thusly, one can see how this downward cut cannot be performed in accordance with a two‐dimensional
cutting diagram. The ancients of course knew that the cutting diagram is a two‐dimensional
representation of a three‐dimensional concept, but the krumphau Angle of Delivery is understandably
impossible to properly depict on it.
No other attack with the sword takes the weapon out of alignment from the arms and body in this
fashion, and thus they do not meet the criteria required to be called a krump, the fact that they already
have names, purposes and definitions notwithstanding.
The shoddy picture above gives an example of a few angles at which the weapon can be defined as
"krumped," or off‐line, on the left side (in red), while the arms and body retain their current orientation.
The black line represents the weapon in a normal, in‐line orientation. What the krump is designed to do
(and it does it very well) is to allow one to void the opponent's attack, springing well out of harm's way,
while either delivering a highly effective, "fanning" type deflecting parry that can be easily followed by a
counter attack, or alternately by cutting quickly to an unexpected, obscure target or opening that could
not normally be attacked simultaneously with such a voiding action nor with any other cut from such an
Angle Alignment; and all this with a built‐in Angle of Cancellation, collapsing checking action forming an
open‐end triangle; the equivalent of an unarmed "waiter's tray" parry.
Breaking the Guard of Ochs; How it Works:
The off-line cut is one of the four negations against the four guards, in that with it one breaks the guard
called ox, and it also defeats the over and under-cuts. When you come to the zufechten, if he stands
against you holding his sword before his head in the guard of the ox on his left side, then put your left foot
forward and hold your sword at your right shoulder, in your guard, and spring with the right foot well off
to your right side against him, and strike-in with the long edge, and crossed arms, over the (his) hand.
As we can see in the fechtbuch called Goliath, above (ignored by proponents of the krump‐as‐
kurtz/zwerch fallacy), the krumphau is not altered from its normal method of execution when attacking
the ox position. It strikes with the point to the hands while traversing with the body, just as with the
counter‐cut to the hands/blade concept. Note that the image differs somewhat from the "standard"
method of performing a krump to that side; the attacker is keeping his pommel above his right arm
(crossing it in front of the face) rather than crossing it underneath. This method is slightly more
awkward and it does not allow one to bring the blade as far off‐line, necessitating the wider second
traverse of the left foot (as shown) to further void the opponent's point and remain physiologically
engaged without over‐torqueing the arms. Yet despite this small modification, the weapon is still
"krumped," the cut is still performed with the long‐edge, and it still matches the given text in all
respects. This modification of the technique is apparently performed to better suit the use of the
practitioner's greatswords (due primarily to the longer grip and widely spaced hands), as opposed to the
usual longsword.
This action in the very fechtbucher that should be our guides is dismissed out‐of‐hand by some
practitioners because they fear running into the oxes' horn, and they demonstrate this in a flawed,
snake‐oil salesman, trickster manner. They first try to step around the point of an expectant opponent
before delivering the attack, showing how the adversary can track and skewer them if they attempt such
a foolhardy act. This, of course, not only uses Master Silver's False Times, but goes against the advice of
every Master who says to strike and move at the same time (also Chuck Norris' periodic table of
elements). However, skill is especially pertinent with the krump when breaking ochs as significant
telegraphing could easily cause the attack to be negated, but given the cuts Angle of Delivery, a counter‐
thrust by the opponent is still unlikely, or at least a poor tactical choice, as he is still likely to be struck by
the cut during the very short duration in which it can be executed.
In reality, this technique functions with no major inherent checking or covering action by attacking the
opponent's hands, and by attacking first, or gaining the vorschlag, which is obvious as it is being used to
attack an opponent in a static guard. Attacking first and striking to the hands gives the opponent the
option of defending without threatening, or being maimed. He cannot defend his hands and attack you
in the self‐same motion, and this is what makes this technique relatively safe. This is markedly opposed
to striking a zwerch or kurtzhau (under the misapplied name of krumphau) against ochs while deflecting
the opponent's blade. It is this very crossing of blades that allows the opponent to defend and kill his
attacker in one motion, from ochs, if he reacts properly to such an attack.
The traverse itself, when breaking ochs, is not in this instance designed solely to void the opponent's
point, but to give one the proper Angle of Entry to cut the hands, which could otherwise not be struck
with this cut. Not only does the opponent's point otherwise pose a problem, but his cross protects his
hands from conventional cuts in that position. Thusly, though for different reasons, the footwork, like
the cut itself, is identical whether one is using the krump as a counter‐attack, or exclusively as an attack.
The krumphau is also often described as a "nimble" or "quick" cut by the masters. It must be especially
so to break a static guard with the point directed towards you without checking or displacing the
opponent's weapon. It is nimble because it is inherently a wrist cut; a cut delivered from the wrists or
hands and torqueing of the hilt. The offline nature of the cut creates a bend, a joint, a corner in which
body‐alignment is altered and relatively little power can be directed through to the weapon. With a
two‐hand sword, this is still a powerful action, despite being the weakest method of execution, because
of the torque that two hands can apply to the hilt. But it can afford to be a relatively weak (yet quick)
cut because of its intended target. It deflects with the strong, but when used to strike the opponent
himself, it universally targets the hands, in every source, which can be crippled and maimed by relatively
light cuts. This also combines the benefits of limiting the opponent's ability to retaliate for the obvious
reason that his hands maintain and control his weapon.
A quick, nimble, off‐line wrist cut leaves the reacting opponent no time to stop your attack with a thrust.
He can attempt to thrust, and be maimed and crippled, or he can attempt to defend without attacking
by interposing his weapon. Interposing his weapon will result in an incidental bind, which still leaves the
attacker with the advantage of being readily able to deliver the nachschlag, or follow up attacks,
maintaining his momentum or initiative and keeping the opponent on the defensive from a position of
relative safety.
Against a Cut:
When the off‐line cut is utilized against an incoming cut, it is delivered in a physically identical method to
when it is used to attack someone in a static guard (the ox); the target is simply changed in one of two
instances.
Above is an excellent example of how the off‐line cut is commonly executed against a conventionally
delivered cut (alongside is a zoomed‐in clip of the bind; note the detailed and accurate hand and blade
positions). Charlatans have said that "it is actually the other guy," in this case, it would be the guy on
the right, "performing the krump" in various depictions in order to support their own outrageous
hypothesis, but if it wasn't obvious enough, the following plate debunks it.
And here the krump is completed. Here is a cut (a rising false‐edge cut) suffixing the krump after it has
struck down the incoming blade, shown on the other side. This one is demonstrated by Master
Talhoffer and identically described by Master Ringeck, for another example. It is an exquisite example
of economy of motion and the use of a double‐edged sword, giving a superbly realistic depiction of the
positions of the scholars or combatants and their weapons after the motions have been executed with
real intensity.
Here, Master Meyer shows us the same krump against the blade vs. an incoming cut, but with our third‐
person perspective shifted to the other side of the practitioners. Though written nearly a century later
than those plates previous, it illustrates the longevity, efficacy and understanding of the technique.
Master Paulus Kal, for one example, shows us an excellent image of the off‐line cut directed against the
hands; the other common target variation to the same counter‐technique. Our source material
invariably states that when striking to the hands, you should cut with the point, I.e. the furthermost part
of the sword from your body. This is done for two reasons; the first is that it maximizes your range,
allowing you to void the opponent's incoming weapon most effectively since you are not actually
deflecting it. Number two is that when cutting to the hands, you naturally do not require the leverage
of the strong of your blade as you would to strike away an incoming weapon. The point, having greater
velocity, and being geometrically sharper (on a cutting blade), therefore delivers a more effective attack.
The void is always strongly emphasized in this target variation, as the point cannot physically stop the
attack with much certainty due to its weaker leverage. This version of the technique protects you by
bringing you out of harm's way with the void and by causing a painful, maiming and crippling injury to
the delicate target that is maintaining the incoming weapon, limiting the opponent's retaliatory efforts.
Against a counter‐cutting krumphau, due to its speed and ability to limit one's retaliatory efforts before
it delivers its own suffix when struck to the blade, the masters acknowledged that there is relatively little
one can do to counter it. When the krump strikes your blade, one must wind the point or come to grips,
as, ideally, cutting around the krump after it has deflected your blade will take far longer than the
opponent's own follow‐on cut. On the other hand, if the krump is struck to one's hands while truly
committed to an attack, understandably, no counter was ever mentioned. Perhaps one delivering a
half‐hearted attack could remove his hands from the equation if he saw the krump coming, and follow
with those counters previously mentioned, but that is not likely in real combat.
This concludes my summary and definition of the nimble off‐line cut (and refutation of false
postulations); another highly effective technique unique to the Western Arts of Mars. I hope it has
contributed to greater understanding for practitioners of all degrees.
By: Benjamin "Casper" Bradak
Thanks to Christine Churches for her insights on the Goliath plate
Copyright Oct. 2009