ELSCI LT 2.
2 Muscular Skeletal, smooth,
cardiac muscle
Move limbs and
trunk
CHAPTER 8 : ANIMALS’ NEED TO SURVIVE tissues Move substances
THE WORLD OF ANIMALS Structure and
Animal cells are organized support
- Multicellular organisms
- Animal cells are organized into specialized groups Skeletal Bones, joints Protects and
called tissues supports body
and organs
Animals obtain their food from others
Interacts with
- They cannot make their own food skeletal muscles
- Heterotrophs
- They have an oral cavity that allows them to intake Circulatory Heart, blood Transport
food vessels, blood, nutrients and
- Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores lymph nodes, wastes
Animals have adaptations for escaping predators lymph vessels
- Structural, behavioral, physiological
Nervous Brain, spinal cord, Regulates
Animals reproduce through sexual & asexual means
nerves, sense behavior
Animals move from place to place organs Homeostasis
- Diverse characteristic Regulates other
- To obtain food, find mate, reproduce, escape danger organ systems
ANIMALS’ SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES Sensory and
- Histology - study of tissues motor functions
- Tissues - group of similar cells performing a common
function Digestive Mouth,esophagus Extracts and
,stomach,liver,pa absorbs nutrients
- Microtome - instrument used to cut tissues in ultra ncreas,s&l Removes wastes
thin sections intestines Water and chem
4 TYPES OF TISSUES balances
Epithelial tissue
- Line body surfaces and cavities Respiratory Lungs,nose, Moves air
- Form glands mouth,trachea Gas exchange
- Closely connected to e/o bc of cellular junctions
- Apical surface - external & exposed to other organs Excretory Kidneys, urinary Removes wastes
bladder, ureters, Regulate
- Basal surface - underlying tissue urethra concentration of
- Non vascular - no blood vessels body fluids
- Depends on connective tissue for nutrients
Connective tissue Endocrine Hypothalamus, Body temp,
- Energy storage, protection of organs, structural pituitary gland metabolism,
integrity development,
- Presence of extracellular matrix reproduction
Homeostasis
Muscular tissue
Regulates other
- Contraction organ systems
- Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Nervous tissue Reproductive Testes,penis, Produce gametes
- Communication and composes the brain, spinal ovaries,uterus and offspring
cord, and peripheral nerves
- 2 types : neuron and glial cells Immune WBC,skin, lymph Defends against
TISSUES FORM ORGANS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS nodes & vessels pathogens and
diseases
- Organs - group of tissues
- Organ system - organs working together for a ANIMALS’ NEED FOR SURVIVAL
common function The need for protection and support
- Integument - outer covering protecting animal’s body
- Includes skin, surface glands, etc
System Major structures Functions
- Makes up the integumentary system
Integumentary Skin, nails, hair Protection from - Skin structures are different among animal groups
injury, infection, Need to provide body shape and support for internal
fluid loss organs
Structure and - Skeleton - firm framework that gives physical
support support and protection ; provides surfaces for
muscles
- Hydrostatic skeleton - found in soft bodied animals
- Ex : earthworms, sea anemones, jellyfish, starfish - 1st phase - intake of oxygen
- Exoskeleton - external skeleton that supports and - Respiration - how the body get oxygen and gets rid
protects the animal’s body of carbon dioxide
- Rigid in corals but movable in insects - Breathing - act of taking oxygen and exhaling of co2
- Defensive armor for turtles, crabs, scorpions - 2nd phase - oxygen wll enter lungs and will be
- Endoskeleton - internal skeleton ; found in attached to the hemoglobin
vertebrates or animals with a spine - Hemoglobin - iron-rich protein in RBC that carries o2
- Ex : mammals, fishes, amphibians - 3rd phase - body cells taking up o2 and releasing
Need to move co2
- Muscular system - 4 types of gas exchange in animals :
- Skeletal muscles - can be controlled voluntarily - Integumentary exchange/cutaneous respiration -
- Attached to bones small and some large animals that live in moist
- Allows us to do locomotor and non-locomotor places
movements - Gills - for animals in water ; extensions of outer
- Usually works in pairs ( ex: biceps and triceps) membranes that allows gas exchange as the water
- Smooth muscles - cannot be controlled but allows us flows
to freely do activities - Trachea(insects) - network of air tubes
- Transports food - Oxygen diffuses into the trachea and co2 exits
- Cardiac muscles - continuously pump our heart through the spiracles
Need to ingest - Trachea(land animals) - connection of nose and
- Nutrition - consuming food and extracting its energy mouth to our lungs that branches out to the bronchi
- 4 stages : and bronchioles
- Ingestion - obtaining and taking the food inside your Need to regulate and maintain internal body
body processes
- Digestion - food is broken down into a form that can - Nervous system - sends nerve impulses
be absorbed by our cells - Endocrine system - produces hormones that control
- Physical d. - breaking food in pieces bodily activities
- Chemical d. - use of enzymes to dissolve food - Endocrine glands - secrete hormones directly to the
- Absorption - nutrients are absorbed and converted bloodstream
into energy ; takes place in the small intestine - Positive feedback - high levels of hormones
- Bile - produced by liver to dissolve fats stimulates
- Assimilation - nutrients are absorbed by cells and - Negative feedback - product feeds back to decrease
transported to body parts its own production
- Elimination - all materials that were not used from the - Brings things back to normal when it’s too extreme
food pass through the large intestines - Homeostasis - maintain stable internal balance in
- Undigested material are the feces that are excreted their body
in defecation Need to control and respond to environmental
Need to transport essential materials change
- Central gastrovascular cavity - for cnidarians ; - Nervous system - nerves carry messages to and
distributes important substances within its body from the brain and spinal cord to diff parts of body
- Multicellular organisms - there are cells spread - Cnidarians - no nervous system but has a nerve net
throughout the body - Flatworms - 2 nerve cords and peripheral nervous
- Circulatory system - for animals with thick multiple system
cell layers ; transport of essential materials - Insects - brain,ventral nerve cord, ganglia
- Open circ system - blood and interstitial fluid are - Vertebrates - brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous
allowed to mix = hemolymph ; mostly for system
invertebrates - Neurons transmits and receives signals and they
- Closed circ system - blood and interstitial fluid is carry out info
separated Need to eliminate wastes and other harmful
Need for a defense system substances
- Lymphatic system - subsystem of circ system and - Amoeba - 2 vacuoles
immune system - Cnidarians - diffusion
- Every time our heart pumps, there is a leaked fluid - Insects - malpighian tubules
called lymph - Worms and invertebrates - flame cells
- The lymph is picked up by the lymphatic system and - Earthworms - segmental nephridium
is returned to the bloodstream and would flow - Vertebrates - 2 kidneys that process waste in the
through the lymph nodes that are filled by WBC body and excretes it through the anus
- WBC - fights bacteria and viruses CHAPTER 9 : PLANTS’ WAY OF SURVIVAL
Need to respire and exchange essential gases PLANTS HAVE ORGANS TOO
- Respi and circ systems
- Plants - multicellular organisms - Companion cells - control the transport activities
- 2 general groups : PLANT ORGANS
- Nonvascular plants/Bryophytes - low growing and Leaves
does not possess true roots ; lack tracheids - Chief organs of plants for photosynthesis
- Poorly adapt to land environments - Reproduction
- Rely on diffusion and osmosis to move materials - Deciduous plants - leaves change color because of
throughout their body the season
- Vascular plants - have well-defined tubes - Evergreens - always green
- 2 types of tissues present : - Surface layer of leaves have stomata or pores that
- Phloem - distributes food from photosynthesis to close and open for gas exchange
other parts Stems
- Xylem - absorbs water and minerals from soil - Above-ground structure that supports the leaves,
PLANT TISSUES transports water and nutrients between roots and
- Vegetative organs - allow plants to live and grow leaves
- Roots, stems, leaves - Apical bud - found at the end of a stem ; produces
- Meristem - cause of growth new leaves during primary growth
- Apical meristem - tip of stems and roots ; increase in - Axillary bud - at the sides of a stem ; produces
length branches
- Lateral meristem - nodes of stems ; formation of - Herbaceous stems - have no wood, soft
branches] - Woody stems - hard and rigid
- Cambium - ring of meristematic tissues inside a Roots
mature stem ; allows increase in width - Enable plant to anchor itself in the soil while
- Vascular cambium - produces new layers of vascular absorbing water and nutrients
tissues - Have slimy surface and cylindrical shape ; allows
- Cork cambium - produces cork plants to penetrate the soil
Dermal tissue - Root cap - tip of roots ; protects plants from
- Covers and protects the surface of diff plant organs burrowing the ground
- Outer cell wall of the epidermis is covered with a - Root hairs - increase absorptive capability of roots
layer of cuticle made up of cutin and to help anchor the plant
- Cutin - waxy substance that prevents water loss - Fibrous roots - can attach to soil
- Cuticle - protects plants against bacteria and other - Adventitious roots - arise from an organ other than
organisms roots ; can be aerial support for prop roots
- Epidermis - found in outer layer of green stems, - Roots can also be storage for food
roots, flowers, seeds PLANT GROWTH
- Guard cells - opens and closes stomata ( leaf - Plants need adaptive traits and bodily mechanisms
opening for gas exchange) to survive
Ground tissue - Plants grow for as long as they’re alive
- Form the main bulk of plants - Open growth - they add new branches, leaves, roots
- Involved in storage and production of food and - Due to the rigidity of their cell wall, they cannot move
support or run away from danger but they can overcome their
- 3 types of cells : immobility through growth
- Parenchyma cells - contain plastids and usually have Primary growth
a large central vacuole - Starts when seeds germinate from the ground
- Capable of cell division and gives rise to more - Increase in length - taller and roots deeper
specialized cells - Due to apical meristems that produces the primary
- Collenchyma cells - support phloem and the primary xylem
- Sclerenchyma cells - cell wall is impregnated with Secondary growth
lignin ; serves as support to mature plants - Increase of width of stems and roots
- 2 types : fibers (long and slender) sclereids(irreg) - Makes plants stronger
Vascular tissue - Caused by cell divisions in the lateral meristems
- Complex tissues conducting nutrients from roots to - 2 main types of lateral meristem :
leaves - Vascular cambium - produces secondary phloem
- 2 types : and secondary xylem
- Xylem - transports water and minerals - Cork cambium - produces cork
- Phloem - transports food and nutrients PLANT RESPONSES
- 2 types of cells in the xylem : - Tropism - response to environmental changes
- Tracheids - water and minerals pass through them
Phototropism Light
- Vessel elements - same lang pero mas malaki sya
- 2 types of cells in the phloem :
Heliocentrism Sunlight
- Sieve-tube cells - food are transported through them
Geotropism / Gravity
Gravitropism Positive - downwards
Negative - upwards
Hydrotropism Water
Chemotropism Chemicals
Thermotropism Temperature
Thigmotropism Contact stimuli
Movements - nastic
movements
- Circadian rhythm - 24-hour cycle of processes which
include opening and closing of stomata
- Photoperiodism - plants’ response to seasonal
changes
- Auxin - plant growth hormone
