Reliance NURSING INTITUTE
TOPIC; REFFRACTIVE ERRORS
PRESENTED BY;
OM VERMA
INTRODUCTION
Refractive error means that the shape of eye does
not bend light correctly resulting in a blurred
image . The main types of refractive errors are
1.myopia ( near sightedness )
2. hyperopia (hypermetropia )( far sightedness )
( long sightedness )
3.presbyopia ( loss of near vision with age )
4. Astigmatisms ( both) ( near sightedness ) ( long
sightedness )
DEFINITION
Refractive error also known as refraction error is
problem with focusing of light on the retina .
Refractive error means that the shape of the eye
does not bend light proper and correct resulting
in a blurred image .
TYPES
Myopia - near-sightedness also known as
short – sightedness and myopia is a condition
of the eye where light focuses in front of the
retina instead of on the retina this causes
distant objects to be blurred while close
objects appear normal.
Hyperopia
Far-sightedness also known as long
sightedness ….
Hyperopia is a condition of the eye in which
light is focused behind the retina , instead of
on the retina . Resulting in an inability to seen
near objects clear . Causes abnormal shape of
cornea
presbyopia
Presbyopia is a common type of vision
disorder that occurs as you age . It is often
referred to as the aging eye condition . Result
in the inability to focus up close , a problem
associated with refraction in the eye ..
ASTIGMATISM
Iis a condition in which an abnormal
curvature of the cornea .
Astigmatisms may cause eye strain and
may be combined with nearsightedness or
long-sightedness .
etiology
Infection adenovirus
Injury due to optic nerve damage
Ultraviolet radiation
eye disease
Inherited
Aging ( above 45year )
Environmental factors
Previous corneal injury
Previous eye surgery
Optic nerve hypoplasia
symptoms
1. Double vision
2. Haziness ( unclearness )
3. Glare or halos around bright light
4. Squinting ( it is a condition where the eyes
do not look in the same direction )
5. Headaches
6. Eye strain fatigue pain in or around the eyes
blurred vision ,headache, occasional double
vision.
7. Eye irritation
PATHOPHYSIOILOGY
Y
due to etiology factors such as infection
degenerative changes causes by gradual loss
of elasticity of lens
which leads to decreased ability to
accommodate
then lead to refractive errors
DIAGNOSTIC
1. HISTORY TAKING
2. CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY
This computerized test maps the curve of
your eye cornea , it can show problem with eye
surface like swelling or scarring .
3. SLIT LAMP EXAM – the doctor uses this
microscope to shine a beam of light shaped
like a small slit on effected eye .he may dilated
pupils during the test it help diagnose .
TONOMETRY
Test measures the pressure inside eye
.which is called intra ocular pressure
RETINOSCOPY
IS a technique obtain an objective
measurement of the refractive error of a
patients eye .
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Identify the cause & eliminate the cause
Lens correction – a concave lens is used
to correct the problem
Prevention foreign particles enter in eye
Use of sunglasses
Use of antibiotics prevention from
infection
Pharmacological
management
Cycloplegic drugs are used to refraction ( to paralyze the
ciliary muscle in order to determine the true refractive error of
eye )
Cholinergics (Miotics): Pilocarpine, Carbachol
- It increases aqueous fluid outflow by contracting the ciliary
muscles
Beta blockers : Betaxolol, Timolol
Decreases aqueous humor production.
SURGICAL
KERATOMILEUSIS
IS AMETHOD OF RESHAPING THE
CORNEA SURFACE TO CHANGE ITS
OPTICAL POWER.
Surgical management
LASIK- laser eye surgery
( laser assisted in situ kereto-mileusis )
This procedure used to treat nearsightedness
,farsightedness
A laser is used to reshape the cornea – the
clear ,round dome at the front of the eye ..
To improve the way the eye focuses light
rays onto the retina at the back of the eye.
AUTOMATIC LAME -LLAR
KERATOPLASTY (ALK)
Keratoplasty is the procedure where by
abnormal corneal tissue is replaced by a
healthy donor cornea.
Is a older type of vision surgery carried out
by making a flap in the cornea to help
correct severe short sightedness and long-
sightedness.
LASEK
LASSER ASSISTED SUB EPITHELIAL
KERATOMILEUSIS
The hinged flap made in lasser assisted
epithelial keretomileusis surgery is created
in the epithelial layer of eye .
Inserted of creating a thicker corneal flap as
in lasser assisted epithelial keretomileusis
surgery
PHOTO REFRACTIVE KERETOTOMY (PRK)
To correct myopia
The eye surgeon then gently removing the
surface corneal cells ( epithelium )
NURSING MANAGEMENT
Safe administration of the prescribed fluid
Right documentation
Monitor the hemodynamic pressure, vital
sign, arterial blood gas
NURSING MANAGEMENT
Assess the patient for any previous allergy
to medicine, fruits etc
When we administer any new medicine we
have to observe the side effect of it
We must have the knowledge about the
sign symptoms of shock
Observe the response to the treatment
THANK
