Code of Ethics
Physiotherapists are responsible for conducting themselves ethically in every professional
practice situation. To assist physiotherapists to determine the most appropriate ethical conduct
in situations of uncertainty, the College of Physiotherapists of Ontario has adopted a values-
based Code of Ethics and a stepwise decision-making model.
The Code of Ethics reflects physiotherapists’ commitment to use their knowledge and expertise
to promote high quality, competent and ethical care for patients and thereby instill in the
public, confidence in the profession.
The ethical values for physiotherapists in Ontario spell out the acronym R.E.A.C.H. These values
should be applied in all aspects of professional practice, particularly in the patient-
physiotherapist relationship and when facing an ethical problem or dilemma.
Making ethical decisions is not always easy and can be accompanied by significant discomfort.
While the Code of Ethics cannot alleviate this discomfort, adopting the R.E.A.C.H. values and a
standard process to analyze a situation will allow physiotherapists to feel more secure in their
ability to make the best decision possible and that is also in the best interest of their patients.
There are a variety of ethical decision making models available, and although one version is
presented here, physiotherapists should choose a model that is most comfortable for them and
meets their professional needs.
Physiotherapists should also understand that while a consistent process can be followed each
time an ethical decision is required, the decision or outcome can vary and there can be
differences of opinion. It is not expected that there will always be complete agreement as
context is critical. The proposed actions to an ethical dilemma can include both those who are
in favour and those who are opposed to the decision. Although there may not be complete
agreement on one unique line of action, some actions will be more defensible and others will
be less defensible.
An online learning module is available on the College website to facilitate understanding of:
• ethics in general
• the ethical values of physiotherapists in Ontario
• how to apply the values and a standardized decision-making process to ensure the
best decision possible
The ability to make appropriate ethical decisions that are in the best interests of patients is an
essential aspect of professional practice.
Ethical Values
Respect
Physiotherapists are respectful of the differing needs of each individual and honour the
patient’s right to privacy, confidentiality, dignity and treatment without discrimination.
Excellence
Physiotherapists are committed to excellence in professional practice through continued
development of knowledge, skills, judgment and attitudes.
Autonomy and Well Being
Physiotherapists are at all times guided by a concern for the patient’s well-being. Patients have
the right to self-determination and are empowered to participate in decisions about their
health-related quality of life and physical functioning.
Communication, Collaboration and Advocacy
Physiotherapists value the contribution of all individuals involved in the care of a patient.
Communication, collaboration and advocacy are essential to achieve the best possible
outcomes.
Honesty and Integrity
Each physiotherapist’s commitment to act with honesty and integrity is fundamental to the
delivery of high quality, safe and professional services.
Steps to Ethical Decision Making
1. Recognize that there is an ethical issue—i.e. something is making you uncomfortable.
2. Identify the problem and who is involved—What is making you uncomfortable? Who
else is involved?
3. Consider the relevant facts, laws, principles and values—What laws or standards might
apply? What REACH value or ethical principle is involved?
4. Establish and analyze potential options—Weigh possibilities and outcomes. Use your
moral imagination.
5. Choose a course of action and implement it—Are there any barriers to action? What
information should be recorded?
6. Evaluate the outcome and determine if further action is needed—What did you learn?
What can you do to prevent future occurrence?
Revised March 2013
Code of Ethics
