This module is created under the Department of Natural Science of University of Makati.

Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the
conditions of use of materials.

LEARNING MODULES FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS

FIRST EDITION

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This module is created under the Department of Natural Science of University of Makati. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the
conditions of use of materials.

Credits
AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS
UNIT I
MARIA CARMELA F. SISON, R.N., MAED
Faculty, Natural Science Department
College of Science
University of Makati
mariacarmela.sison@umak.edu.ph

UNIT II
JOY R. REGALARIO- PASCUAL, R.N., MAED
Faculty, Natural Science Department
College of Science
University of Makati
joy.regalario@umak.edu.ph

GERWYN C. PASCUAL, R.N., MAED

Faculty, Natural Science Department
College of Science
University of Makati
gerwyn.pascual@umak.edu.ph

UNIT III
MARY ANN D. SERRANO, EDD
Faculty, Natural Science Department
College of Science
University of Makati
maryann.serrano@umak.edu.ph

UNIT IV
LEONARDO PASQUITO, MAED
Faculty, Natural Science Department
College of Science
University of Makati
leonardo.pasquito@umak.edu.ph

CURRICULUM PRODUCTION AND EDITING

Leonardo Pasquito, MaEd, and Joy R. Regalario- Pascual, R.N., MaEd

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conditions of use of materials.

Table of Contents
1 Title Cover

2 Credits

3 Table of Contents

4 Course Description

4 Essential Outcomes

5 Course Requirements

6 Unit Cover

7 Introduction

8 Lesson 1

19 Lesson 2

27 Lesson 3

32 Lesson 4

36 Assessment

41 References

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conditions of use of materials.

COURSE DESCRIPTION

I. MST (Environmental Science)

This area focuses on the interrelationships among components of the natural world and explains
environmental problems, their causes, associated risks, and proposes preventive measures and
alternative solutions
II. MST (Human Reproduction)
This area is a combination of bio cultural and ecological perspectives of human reproduction and
identifies the environmental, socioeconomic, and cultural factors that affect it.
III. MST (People and Earth’s Ecosystem)
This area evaluates the impact of human activities on the environment and assesses the consequences
of environmental modification on human activity. This attempts to propose preventive measures and
alternative solutions to environmental problems and interprets data relating population to population
using appropriate statistical tools.
IV. MST (Living in the Information Technology or IT Era)
This area assesses the science, culture and ethics of information technology, its influence on modern
living and human relationships and its use for personal, professional, and social advancement.

ESSENTIAL OUTCOMES
At the end of the course, students must be able to
1. Demonstrate the interrelationships among components of the natural world and explains
environmental problems, their causes, associated risks, and proposes preventive measures and
alternative solutions.
2. Propose preventive measures and alternative solutions to environmental problems and interprets
data relating population to population using appropriate statistical tools.
3. Identify the environmental, socioeconomic, and cultural factors that affect Human Reproduction.
4. Evaluate and critique the science, culture and ethics of information technology, its influence on
modern living and human relationships and its use for personal, professional, and social
advancement

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conditions of use of materials.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS
1. Weekly task assessments (formative or summative) Outputs (may vary as home works, seat
works, individual/grouped activities, recitation, film reviews related to the topic, portfolio,
interviews, personal essays, feedback reports, surveys, and other forms of interactive/creative
presentations or projects through various means of communication or media)
2. Midterm exam
3. Final exam

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conditions of use of materials.

UNIT I: HUMAN REPRODUCTION

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conditions of use of materials.

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

a. Define reproduction and its functions.

b. State the parts and functions of male and female reproductive organs.
c. Identify and sequence the three phases of the menstrual cycle.
d. Describe the main events in the process of reproduction in humans starting from
the production of gametes to pregnancy and childbirth
e. Define the terms—population, demography, birth rate, death rate and growth rate, etc.
f. Define and discuss the Malthusian theory of population growth.
g. Define the term 'carrying capacity'
h. Describe different factors that can affect the size and carrying capacity of a population
i. Identify the factors responsible for population explosion in the Philippines.
j. Discuss the interventions of the Philippine government to the increasing population;
k. Explain the needs for controlling the population growth.
l. List various methods of contraception for population control.
m. Evaluate the benefits of various methods of contraception.
n. Highlight recent advances and issues in the area of artificial human reproduction.

INTRODUCTION
Over billions of years, reproduction, the process by which a living organism produces its
own kind, has ensure the survival of the species. Whether fungi or fish, E. coli or eagle,
hydras or humans. All of them are vehicles in the transmission of genetic material thereby
ensuring the perpetual passing of characteristics or genes from the parental generation into
the next generation.

The straightforward way for an organism to do this is simply to make a copy of itself either
asexual or sexual reproduction. Generation of the new individual without the union of
gametes or sex cells is asexual reproduction. Gametes that are combined to form the first
cell of the new individual is sexual reproduction. Eventually- this undoubtedly took a mind
cringingly large number of steps and generate the most dominant species on this planet-
humans. Since then, our population grew exponentially which gives us a clear edge over
any other species on the globe. Over the centuries, we have molded the environment to
ensure our survival.

In this unit, we will explore the process of human reproduction, its systems, cycles and
relationship to population growth as well as the recent advances or methods of population
control.

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conditions of use of materials.

CONTENT

LESSON 1: Human Reproductive System

The human male and female reproductive systems are specially adapted for the role of
reproduction. Together with the other systems in the body, such as the endocrine and
urinary systems, they work constantly to maintain homeostasis for survival of the
individual.

The primary reproductive organs, the ovaries and testes (gonads), form the gametes (sex
cells). Ovaries are responsible for producing the egg cells and testes is for producing sperm
cells. Other reproductive organs which are considered secondary or accessory, sustain or
transport the sex cells to sites where they may unite. The fertilized egg develops within the
female reproductive system and culminates the childbirth.

Hormones secreted by the pituitary glands and gonads function in the sexual maturation
and the development of sexual characteristics in both sexes and pregnancy in females.

The Male Reproductive System

The reproductive system in male consists of the following organs – a pair of testes, a pair
of epididymis, a pair of vasa deferentia (singular : vas deferens), urethra, penis and
accessory glands.

FIGURE 1. Male Reproductive system

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conditions of use of materials.

The primary functions of the male reproductive system are the following:
a. Production of male hormones
b. Formation of sperm cells (spermatozoa)
c. Placement of sperm cells in the female reproductive tract.

Table 1 describes the major components of the male reproductive system.

Structure Function
Testes Produce sperm and secrete testosterone.
Epididymis Storage and maturation of sperm. Carries
sperm to vas deferens.
Vas deferens (sperm duct) Carries sperm to ejaculatory duct.
Ejaculatory duct Carries sperm and secretion to the urethra.
Urethra Carries semen to outside of the body.
Sex Glands (Bulbourethral, Release fluids which protect sperms and
seminal vesicle and prostate nourish them by providing energy to swim.
gland)
Penis Inserted into vagina during sexual intercourse;
deposits semen in vagina.

The Female Reproductive System

The reproductive system in female consists of the following organs – a pair of ovaries, a
pair of uterine (fallopian) tubes, a uterus, a vagina, penis and accessory gland and external
organs.

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conditions of use of materials.

Figure 2. The reproductive structures of the human female are shown. (credit a:
modification of work by Gray’s Anatomy; credit b: modification of work by CDC)

The primary functions of the female reproductive system are the following:
a. Produces female hormones.
b. Produces female sex cells.
c. Transports the sex cells to a site where they may unite with a sperm cell.
d. Provides a suitable environment for the development of the offspring.
e. Involved in the birthing process.

Table 2 describes the major components of the female reproductive system.

Structure Function
Ovaries Produce egg cells; secretes estrogen and progesterone
Uterine (fallopian) Receive oocyte; site of fertilization; carries early
tubes embryo to uterus.
Uterus Holds embryo and fetus during pregnancy.
Vagina Receives penis in sexual intercourse; serves as birth
canal.
Labia majora Protects other external reproductive organs.

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Labia minora Enclose vestibule: protect vaginal and urethral

openings.
Clitoris Contains sensory nerve endings associated with
feelings of sexual pleasure.
Vestibular glands Secrete fluid that lubricates vaginal opening and
vestibule.

Play the video link below to take on a journey and explore further the structure of male and
female reproductive system. After watching the video, make sure to check the Activity 1
and 2.

Video 1: Virtual tour on Male Reproductive System

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conditions of use of materials.

Video 2: Virtual tour on Female Reproductive System

Menstrual Cycle in Human Females

Except for periods of pregnancy and nursing a baby, a human female experiences monthly
reproductive cycles from puberty (11- 13 years of age) until menopause (45- 55 years of
age). The two reproductive cycles are the following:
a. Ovarian cycles: involve monthly formation and release of a secondary oocyte and
the ovarium events that take place in anticipation of pregnancy.
b. Menstrual cycles: involve repetitive changes in the uterine lining that lead to
monthly menstrual bleeding. An entire menstrual cycle usually lasts between 24 to
35 days in different women but 28 days is about average.
These cycles are controlled by the interactions of hormones such as

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conditions of use of materials.

a. Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone (GnRH): secreted by hypothalamus. It activates

the anterior pituitary gland to release the FSH and LH.
b. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH): stimulates enlargement or growth of ovarian
follicles in the ovary before the release of an egg from one follicle at ovulation.
c. Estrogen: stimulates the thickening of the uterine lining and exerts a negative
feedback inhibition on GnRH secretion by the hypothalamus.
d. Luteinizing hormone (LH): playing roles in both ovulation and implantation of an
egg in the uterus.
e. Progesterone: promotes the formation of blood vessels and glands in the uterine
lining, preparing to receive the embryo. It sends a negative feedback on GnRH
secretion by the hypothalamus, inhibiting the release of FSH and LH from the
anterior pituitary.
These hormones are being sent back and forth between the hypothalamus and the ovaries,
causing changes to the sacs in the ovaries that contain eggs (follicles) and the uterus.
The menstrual cycle starts with the first day of the period and ends when the next period
begins. The low level of progesterone and estrogen at the end of the previous reproductive
cycle cause the breakdown of the uterine lining, causing the menstruation. It has three
phases:
a. Menstruation (1st- 5th day): It is the start of the actual menstrual flow. It usually lasts
from three to five days.
b. Proliferative phase (6th-13th day): This phase begins at the end of menstruation and
ends at ovulation. It is characterized by a buildup of uterine lining under stimulation by
estrogen, whose concentration in the blood increases and egg growth and maturation
of the Graafian follicle takes place. Graafian follicle is the final stage in the maturation
of an ovum inside the ovary. It usually lasts from 6- 13th day.
c. Secretory phase (14th- 28th day): It begins at ovulation and ends with the onset of
menstruation. Ovulation occurs usually at about day 14, regardless of the length of the
cycle. A high level of luteinizing hormone, causes the ovulation which causes the ovary
to release its egg. Post ovulation, the empty follicle transforms into a corpus luteum.
Both the progesterone and estrogen are produced by the corpus luteum, and they
continue the development of the endometrium by promoting continued thickening and
formation of blood vessels, preparing it to receive an early embryo. If the ovum does
not receive any sperm during this period, the low levels of progesterone and estrogen
drop rapidly triggering the beginning of a new menstrual cycle.

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Figure 3: Menstrual Cycle and its phases

So, what happens to the menstrual cycle if the egg is fertilized?

Figure 4: Ovulation to Implantation

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Conception or fertilization happens when a sperm cell successfully meets an egg cell in the
fallopian tube. The menstruation will cease for as long as the woman is pregnant. The fertilized
egg can implant into thickened uterine lining and continue to develop. This is because progesterone
is produced continuously first by the corpus luteum (which persists in the ovary) and later by the
placenta.

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This module is created under the Department of Natural Science of University of Makati. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the
conditions of use of materials.

LET’S HAVE SOME PRACTICE ACTIVITIES!

Activity 1
A. Pre- Assessment
This activity will test your previous knowledge on Male and Female Anatomy. Below are the key
vocabulary words. Place all the male terms in the first column, the female terms in the second
column and terms that apply to both males and females in the third column.

Clitoris Penis
Epididymis Ovum
Anus Sperm
Cervix Uterus
Cowper’s glands Vas deferens
Endometrium Ovaries
Prostate gland Testes
Labia Minora Urinary bladder
Labia Majora Vagina
Scrotum Testosterone
Urethra Estrogen
Fertilization Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Ejaculation Fallopian tubes
Seminal Vesicles Prostate gland
Erection Semen
Menstruation Luteinizing hormone

MALE ANATOMY FEMALE ANATOMY BOTH APPLY IN MALE AND

FEMALE ANATOMY

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B. Post assessment
Now that you are familiar with the structures of male and female anatomy, define or explain the
function of each structure, in your OWN WORDS, in as few words as clarity allows.

STRUCTURE FUNCTION
Sex glands :____________________________________________________
Epididymis :____________________________________________________
Vas deferens :____________________________________________________
Penis :____________________________________________________
Urethra :____________________________________________________
Testes :____________________________________________________
Ovaries :____________________________________________________
Fallopian tube :____________________________________________________
Cervix :____________________________________________________
Vagina :____________________________________________________
Uterus :____________________________________________________
Clitoris :____________________________________________________

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Activity 2
A. 3D Animated Video 1
Video 1 is about the process of sperm production and release (ejaculation). As you watch the
video, complete the diagram below and illustrate the corresponding structure for each phase.
The first part is done as an example.

Sperm is created in the testes and

stored in the __________

It then carries the sperm to ________.

During the process of ejaculation,

the ________ produce a fluid know as semen
that protects and nourishes the sperm cells.

Sperm is then released out of the penis through

the _________.

B. 3d Animated Video 2

Video 2 described the female processes of ovulation and menstruation. As you observed, there is no
voice describing the two processes.

The class will be divided in 4 groups and each group will prepare for a group online presentation through
a video conference via Google Meet or Zoom. Your task is to create scripts that will best describe what is
being shown in the video. Presentation grade will be based on a criterion. Go to page _ to check the
Rubric for this Activity.

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LESSON 2: Population Dynamics

Keywords
• Human population: The sum total of human beings on earth.
• Demography: The scientific and statistical study of human population. It deals with
population growth, its composition (age, sex ratio) and its distribution in space.
• Population density: The number of individuals per square kilometre (km2) at any
given time.
• Birth rate (natality): The number of average births per 1000 individuals of
population per year.
• Death rate (mortality): The number of average deaths per 1000 individuals of
population per year.
• Population growth rate: The difference between the birth rate and the death rate.
• Census: The official data of registered number of people in a selected area.

How many people our planet can actually support? Over the centuries, human population
has been increasing exponentially and as of 2020 there are 7.5 to 7.6 billion people on
Earth. Do you think, our planet can support these many people indefinitely? These are the
questions that needs to be taken into account when discussing the dynamics of human
population.
Some thinkers have thought that this exponential growth will sooner or later overtake the
Earth’s resources and lead to a population catastrophe.

Figure 5: Thomas Malthus

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A name worth mentioning is an English philosopher, Thomas R. Malthus (1766-1834).

He said that population growth is potentially exponential while the growth of the food
supply or other resources is linear (An Essay on the Principle of Population). He believed
that if left unchecked, population will outgrow their resources, leading to catastrophe.

The way in which these effects are produced seems to be this. We will
suppose the means of subsistence in any country just equal to the easy
support of its inhabitants. The constant effort towards population...
increases the number of people before the means of subsistence are
increased. The food therefore which before supported seven millions
must now be divided among seven millions and a half or eight millions.
The poor consequently must live much worse, and many of them be
reduced to severe distress. The number of labourers also being above
the proportion of the work in the market, the price of labour must tend
toward a decrease, while the price of provisions would at the same
time tend to rise. The labourer therefore must work harder to earn the
same as he did before. During this season of distress, the
discouragements to marriage, and the difficulty of rearing a family are
so great that population is at a stand. In the mean time the cheapness
of labour, the plenty of labourers, and the necessity of an increased
industry amongst them, encourage cultivators to employ more labour
upon their land, to turn up fresh soil, and to manure and improve more
completely what is already in tillage, till ultimately the means of
subsistence become in the same proportion to the population as at the
period from which we set out. The situation of the labourer being then
again tolerably comfortable, the restraints to population are in some
degree loosened, and the same retrograde and progressive movements
with respect to happiness are repeated.”

— Malthus T.R. 1798. An Essay on the Principle of

Population. Chapter II, p 19 in Oxford World's Classics
reprint.

He proposed two types of checks to hold population within resource limits. The first is to
lower birth rates while the second is to permit higher mortality rates.
a. Preventive checks (Moral restraints)
• This includes abstinence and delaying marriage until finances are stable and
restricting marriage against persons suffering poverty or perceived as defective.
b. Positive checks (Malthusian catastrophe)
• This includes premature death such as disease, starvation and war.
These checks will lower the population to a more sustainable level in linear with the growth
of food supply.

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Malthus’ projections, while fundamentally valid, some, such as Karl Marx and William
Farr argued that he underestimated the human capacity to increase food supply. He failed
to consider the increasing technology in agriculture as well as the industrial revolution
contributions in the past centuries. These revolutions increased food production and
improved methods of food transportations. Not to mention the advances in medicine,
sanitation and nutrition that significantly helped to decrease the death rates further.
While his theory has been widely challenged on many grounds, experts agree that there are
absolute limits on food supply, energy and other resources. In fact, out of 79 countries 65
is under the category of alarming level of hunger (International Food Policy Research
Institute). So, hunger and malnutrition are still very real fact nowadays. People have to
realize that there is an absolute urgency to maintain a balanced relationship between
population growth and the limiting factors such as space, amount of food and disease.

Figure 6: 2019 Global Hunger Index by Severity

Images credit:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/2019_Global_Hunger_Index_by_
Severity.png

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conditions of use of materials.

Our environment has a carrying capacity. There are limits to the life-sustaining resources
earth can provide us. In ecology, carrying capacity is the number of individuals that a
stable environment can support. For all populations, exponential growth is curtailed by
factors such as limitations in food, competition for other resources, or disease. As
competition increases and resources become increasingly scarce, populations reach the
carrying capacity of their environment, causing their growth rate to slow nearly to zero
(Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.). This produces an S-shaped curve of population growth
known as the logistic curve as shown in the graph below.

Figure 7. Logistic population growth

Image credit: The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Experts are arguing that Earth’s population is approaching its limit which is approximately
9 to 10 billion. According to United Nations report, with our current population, it is
expected to reach 8.5 billion in 2030, 9.7 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion in 2100. This

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upward trend in population size is expected to continue, despite the assumption that fertility
levels will continue to decline- therefore increase in starvation.

Figure 8. World’s population projection according to United Nations

Image credit: https://www.un.org/

Population growth in the Philippines

Did you know that the Philippines now ranks 13th among countries with the biggest
population in the world? The current population of the Philippines is 109,714,749 as of
August 5, 2020, based on Worldometer elaboration of the latest United Nations data.
Philippines comprises 1.41 % of world’s total population. Compared with other countries
in the region, the Philippines is experiencing rapid population growth and steadily
increasing in the past 65 years. The rate of natural increase — the birth rate minus the death
rate — is 2.2 percent, compared with 0.8 percent in Thailand and Singapore and 1.9 percent
in Malaysia. The Philippines will even have a faster population growth than India and
China (Jones, 2013). This alarming rate of rise in human population is a cause of concern.

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Table 3. The population of Philippines during last 65 years

Philippines
Year Population World Population Global Rank
2020 109,581,078 7,794,798,739 13
2019 108,116,615 7,713,468,100 13
2018 106,651,394 7,631,091,040 13
2017 105,172,925 7,547,858,925 13
2016 103,663,816 7,464,022,049 12
2015 102,113,212 7,379,797,139 12
2010 93,966,780 6,956,823,603 12
2005 86,326,250 6,541,907,027 12
2000 77,991,755 6,143,493,823 14
1995 69,784,088 5,744,212,979 14
1990 61,895,160 5,327,231,061 14
1985 54,275,822 4,870,921,740 17
1980 47,357,743 4,458,003,514 19
1975 41,285,742 4,079,480,606 19
1970 35,803,594 3,700,437,046 19
1965 30,909,988 3,339,583,597 23
1960 26,269,734 3,034,949,748 23
1955 22,177,058 2,773,019,936 23

Source: Worldometer (www.Worldometers.info) Elaboration of data by United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population
Division. World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision. (Medium-fertility variant).

Factors responsible for population explosion in the Philippines

a. Poverty. Poverty is believed to be the leading cause of high population growth. A
lack of educational resources and they point to the fact that the poor have much
bigger families than those with higher incomes.

b. Teenage pregnancy. is also connected to poverty, as many teenage mothers are

from poor families with no access to education and public health service. According
to the data from the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) for 2016 report, it showed
that one in 10 women of child-bearing age was a teenager, while an earlier study
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noted that one in 10 Filipino women aged 15 to 19 was already a mother or pregnant
with her first child.

c. Poor Contraceptive Use: Poorer households tend to have larger families and
usually have fewer resources to allocate for the purchase of contraceptives. High
fertility is likewise caused by low level of modern contraceptive use. In 2013, only
about 4 in 10 (38%) of women were using any modern method of contraception.

d. Unmet need for family planning. As such, unmet need for family planning
remains high. One in five (18%) Filipino women expressed intention to limit and
space their children but are not currently using any modern method of family
planning.

Key Actions Done/ Interventions of the Philippine Government

a. New administration issued policy statement and executive order for the attainment
of zero unmet need for modern family planning and full implementation of the
Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health (RPRH) law.
b. The new administration has issued necessary policies through executive order
mandating all government agencies and stakeholders in fully implementing of the
RH law as one of the socio- economic agenda of the new administration.
c. Explicitly included in the Development Plan for 2017-2022 policies and actions
towards achieving and optimizing demographic dividend as a result of changing
age structure. Recognizing the changing age structure as a potential driver of
economic growth in the country.
d. Continuous implementation of educational reforms (k to 12 initiatives and free
college or tertiary education).
e. Intensified implementation of the Philippine health agenda which aims to provide
universal health care (All for health towards for all).
f. Initiatives in creating job and economic opportunities in partnership with the private
sector along with economic reforms which is geared towards creating equitable
distribution of income and resources across regions.

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LET’S HAVE SOME PRACTICE ACTIVITIES!

Activity 3
A. REFLECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. How would you describe human population growth in the last 100 years as presented in
Figure 8?

2. Do you agree that the Earth has a carrying capacity? Explain your answer.

3. What might happen to the humans if the present growth rate continues?

4. Suggest several problems in the Philippines that are related to the human population.

5. What are the three or four most important factors required to sustain a population?

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LESSON 3: Family Planning and Responsible

Parenthood
Human population growth is an environmental issue. In order to make sure we leave room for
other species on this planet, it's critical to control the overgrowing population. The first step to
solving the problem is to be responsible parents- making sure every pregnancy is planned and that
people take the environment into consideration when they plan to grow their family- its impact on
the society and the nation.

Responsible Parenthood, as defined in the Directional Plan of POPCOM, is the will and ability of
parents to respond to the needs and aspirations of the family and children. It is a shared
responsibility of the husband and the wife to determine and achieve the desired number, spacing,
and timing of their children according to their own family life aspirations, taking into account
psychological preparedness, health status, socio-cultural, and economic concerns.

The Philippine government through “The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act
of 2012, also known as the Reproductive Health Law or RH Law, and officially designated as
Republic Act No. 10354, has taken many measures for providing universal access to methods on
contraception, fertility control, sexual education, and maternal care. There are various ways of
preventing fertilization and hence to check the increase of population. Some of these are discussed
here.

a. Natural Family Planning Method

• Standard Days Methods (SDM)
• Lactation Amenorrhea Method (LAM)
• Basal Body Temperature (BBT)
• Billings Ovulation/Cervical Mucus Method
• Sympto-Thermal Method
b. Artificial Family Planning Method
• Condom for Males.
• Injectables for females
• Contraceptive pills
c. Permanent Family Planning Method
• Intrauterine Device (IUD)
• No Scalpel Vasectomy (NSV) for males.
• Bilateral Tubal Ligation for females
To know more about the different family planning methods, check this brochure released by the
Department of Health.

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This module is created under the Department of Natural Science of University of Makati. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the
conditions of use of materials.

Article link: DOH Family Planning Brochure

https://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/health_promotion/FP%20Brochure%202010%2006%
2016%20PRINTABLE.pdf

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This module is created under the Department of Natural Science of University of Makati. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the
conditions of use of materials.

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This module is created under the Department of Natural Science of University of Makati. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the
conditions of use of materials.

LET’S HAVE SOME PRACTICE ACTIVITIES!

Activity 4
A. After carefully reading and analyzing the family planning brochure created by the Department of
Health (DOH), complete the table below. To answer the 2nd column, use the following legend:

• NFP: Natural family planning

• AFP: Artificial family planning
• PFP: Permanent family planning

METHOD TYPE OF FAMILY EFFECTIVENESS HOW IT WORKS

PLANNING
METHOD
Condom
Oral (pills)
Standard days
method
No scalpel
vasectomy (nsv)
for males.
Basal body
temperature (bbt)
Injectables
Billings
ovulation/cervical
mucus method
Bilateral tubal
ligation for
females
Lactation
amenorrhea
method (lam)
Standard days
methods (sdm)
Intrauterine
device (iud)
Sympto-thermal
method

Follow- up Questions:

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This module is created under the Department of Natural Science of University of Makati. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the
conditions of use of materials.

1. What three most important facts did you learn about family planning method from the
brochure?

2. Does this seem like a method young people would use? Why or why not?

3. What is the biggest difference between condoms and other methods of birth control?

4. What was the most effective method? List down at least 2.

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This module is created under the Department of Natural Science of University of Makati. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the
conditions of use of materials.

LESSON 4: Artificial Methods of Human

Reproduction
There are many new medical techniques in the field of reproduction to help infertile males and
females produce babies.

A. In vitro fertilization (IVF). Refers to children conceived outside a woman’s body. It is

also called “test-tube babies” but test- tubes are not really part of the IVF process. In
this technique, one or more ova are collected from a woman’s ovaries through a minor
surgical procedure known as “follicular aspiration. These ova are placed and fertilized
in a petri- dish containing sperms under optimum environment conditions. After a few
hours, the sperm should enter the egg.

Sperms fertilize the ova which form an embryo. One embryo is then inserted into the
woman’s uterus where there is a chance it will implant and develop into a baby. The
following are the types of IVF:

a. In vitro fertilization (IVF)—using egg and sperm of parents

b. IVF—with Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
c. IVF—with frozen embryos
d. IVF—with Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)
e. IVF—with egg donor
f. IVF—with sperm donor
g. IVF—with egg and sperm donor
h. IVF—with surrogate using parents' egg and sperm
i. IVF—with surrogate and egg donor
j. IVF—with surrogate and sperm donor
k. IVF—with surrogate using her egg, sperm from baby's father
l. IVF—with surrogate using egg and sperm donors*

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This module is created under the Department of Natural Science of University of Makati. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the
conditions of use of materials.

This 3d- animated video explains how IVF works:

Video 4: IVF Technique

B. Artificial insemination (AI). In AI technique, physician deliberately inserts sperm by

means of syringe directly into a woman’s cervix, fallopian tubes or uterus at a time
when ovulation takes place. Sperm samples are washed in the laboratory beforehand.
The following are the three types of AI:
a. Artificial insemination—of mother with father's sperm
b. Artificial insemination—of mother with donor sperm
c. Artificial insemination—with egg and sperm donors, using surrogate mother

Watch the 3D animation video below to see how AI works.

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This module is created under the Department of Natural Science of University of Makati. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the
conditions of use of materials.

Video 5: AI Technique

C. Fertility drugs. If the infertility is a problem with ovulation, fertility drugs may help.
These drugs work like natural hormones made to stimulate ovulation. As discussed in
the previous topics, hormones like follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing
hormone (LH) are responsible for maturation of eggs and causes a follicle to form
around the maturing egg. These are necessary steps as the female body prepares to
ovulate. Like the FSH and LH made by your body, the drug form can also promote
ovulation. With this technique, it is now possible to artificially stimulate production by
injecting sterile women with a fertility drug containing these hormones obtained from
animals.

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This module is created under the Department of Natural Science of University of Makati. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the
conditions of use of materials.

LET’S HAVE SOME PRACTICE ACTIVITIES!

ACTIVITY 5
A. ARTICLE REFLECTION

Now that you learned about the science behind conception, causes of infertility and
Artificial Methods of Human Reproduction, write your reaction to the article “In Vitro
Revelation” of the New York times in which the writer writes: “IVF was considered the
greatest threat to humanity since the atomic bomb.”
Article link: https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/05/opinion/05Henig.html
In writing your paper, consider the following guide questions:

1. Do you think the development of IVF is deserving of the Nobel Prize? Why or why
not? What do you think of the ethical issues raised by the development and use of
I.V.F.?

2. Do you agree or disagree with the writer’s premise and argument? What factual and
scientific evidence can you provide to support your view?

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This module is created under the Department of Natural Science of University of Makati. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the
conditions of use of materials.

ASSESSMENTS

Assessment for Lesson 1

A. Define the following terms.

a. Reproduction

b. Sexual Reproduction

c. Asexual Reproduction

B. Identify if the following statements are True (T) or False (F) and rewrite the wrong
statements in the correct form.
a. Fertilization occurs in vagina.
b. Oxygen and nutrients diffuse from mother’s blood into foetus’s blood through
amnion.
c. Testes produce testosterone hormone.
d. Pregnancy in women can be prevented by the method of vasectomy.
e. Tubectomy involves the cutting and tying of the vas deferens in male.

C. Choose the odd one in each of the following.

a. ovary; Fallopian tube; ureter; uterus
b. epididymis; urethra; vas deferens; uterus
c. Menstruation, Luteal, ovulation, follicular

D. Name the following.

a. The organ in which the fetus develops in a human female.
b. The male gamete in humans.
c. The fluid surrounding the developing embryo.
d. Stage when menstruation and ovulation stop in females.
e. The surgical method of contraception in human female.

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This module is created under the Department of Natural Science of University of Makati. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the
conditions of use of materials.

Assessment for Lesson 2

A. Define the following terms.

1. Population
2. Demography
3. Birth rate
4. Death rate
5. Growth rate
6. Carrying capacity

B. Multiple Choice
1. Thomas Robert Malthus's most influential writing was titled _______.
a. An Essay on the Principle of Population Growth
b. The Human Population
c. An Essay on the Principle of Population
d. The Limiting Factor
2. According to Malthus, population growth occurs _______, which means that
the population increases according to its birth rate.
a. proportionally
b. exponentially
c. arithmetically
d. expediently

3. Positive checks on population growth can include:

a. marriage
b. disease
c. abstinence
d. All of the above

4. Preventive checks on population growth can include:

a. disease
b. war
c. abstinence
d. All of the above

5. In Malthus’ theory of population growth. It follows in his argument that

growing populations will eventually _____________________________.

a. shrink as the land will not produce enough food to support the
population’s needs

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This module is created under the Department of Natural Science of University of Makati. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the
conditions of use of materials.

b. grow further as people switch from farming to fishing in oceans

c. stagnate

C. Choose the odd one in each of the following.

1. Poverty, teenage pregnancy, immigration.
2. Unmet family planning, poor contraceptive use, Lower Life Expectancy

D. Give at least 4 interventions of Philippine government to the enormously increasing

population
1. ___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________

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This module is created under the Department of Natural Science of University of Makati. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the
conditions of use of materials.

Assessment for Lesson 3

A. Identify if the following statements are True (T) or False (F).

1. Basal Body Temperature is a type of rhythm method that tracks the body
temperature of the female.
2. Depo-Provera is an effective method of contraception which is progestin
administered by injection.
3. Most types of birth control can prevent sexually transmitted infections.
4. A vasectomy is a permanent sterilization procedure meant for men
5. The most effective contraceptive method for preventing the spread of sexually
transmitted diseases is a condom with spermicide.

B. What are some types of permanent birth control?

1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________

C. What are some types of natural family planning method?

1. ____________________________
2. ____________________________
3. ____________________________
4. ____________________________
5. ____________________________

D. What are some types of artificial family planning method?

1. ____________________________
2. ____________________________
3. ____________________________
4. ____________________________

E. List down two health benefits associated with oral contraception?

1. _______________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________

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This module is created under the Department of Natural Science of University of Makati. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the
conditions of use of materials.

Assessment for Lesson 4

A. Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is not a type of artificial method of human reproduction?
a. Intrauterine Insemination
b. Intracervical Insemination
c. In Vitro Fertilization
d. Third Party Assisted (surrogate mother)
2. Which of the following is not a type of hormone responsible for ovulation?
a. FSH
b. LH
c. Testosterone
3. How does in vitro fertilization differ from natural fertilization?
a. In IVF, sperm and egg unite outside the body.
b. In IVF, the egg is already fertile.
c. In IVF, a single sperm fertilizes multiple eggs.
d. In IVF, there is no need for a sperm cell, it is similar to cloning.

C. Identify if the following statements are True (T) or False (F). and rewrite the wrong
statements in the correct form.

1. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is also called “test-tube babies”.

2. One or more ova are collected from a woman’s ovaries through a minor surgical
procedure known as “molecular aspiration”.
3. In AI technique, the doctor inserts sperm by means of syringe directly into a
woman’s cervix, fallopian tubes or uterus at a time when menstruation takes
place.
4. Fertility drugs work like natural hormones made to stimulate ovulation.

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This module is created under the Department of Natural Science of University of Makati. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the
conditions of use of materials.

REFERENCES
Concepts
Gunstream, Stanley (2010). Anatomy and Physiology: With Integrated Study Guide 4TH
EDITION. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
Marieb, E. N. (2009). Essentials of human anatomy & physiology. San Francisco, CA:
Pearson/Benjamin Cummings.
Colin Fraser (February 3, 2008). "Green revolution could still blow up in our face". The Age.
Cristina Luiggi (2010). "Still Ticking". The Scientist. 24 (12): 26. Archived from the original on
January 1, 2011.
Pierre Desrochers; Christine Hoffbauer (2009). "The Post War Intellectual Roots of the Population
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Meredith Marsh, Peter S. Alagona, ed. (2008). Barrons AP Human Geography 2008 Edition.
Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 978-0-7641-3817-1
Dolan, Brian (2000). Malthus, Medicine & Morality: Malthusianism after 1798. Rodopi. ISBN
978-90-420-0851-9
"Malthus' Principle of Population". BRIA 26 2 The Debate Over World Population: Was Malthus
Right?. 26. Constitutional Rights Foundation (CRF). Winter 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2016
Malthus T.R. 1798. An Essay on the Principle of Population. Chapter II, p 19, in Oxford World's
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Geoffrey Gilbert, introduction to Malthus T.R. 1798. An Essay on the Principle of Population.
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Eyler, John M (1979). Victorian Social Medicine: the ideas and methods of William Farr.
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Global Hunger Index. Global Hunger Index and the Paradox of Hunger. Human Rights & the
Global Economy eJournal. Social Science Research Network (SSRN).
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Ecological Modelling. 192 (1–2): 317–320. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.07.001
https://www.britannica.com/science/carrying-capacity

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This module is created under the Department of Natural Science of University of Makati. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the
conditions of use of materials.

https://www.un.org/
https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-
depth/population/#:~:text=The%20world%20population%20is%20projected,and%2011.2%20bil
lion%20by%202100.
https://popcom.gov.ph/responsible-parenthood-and-family-planning-rpfp/
Bernal, Buena (April 8, 2014). "SC declares RH law constitutional". Rappler. Retrieved April 8,
2014
"Promoting Reproductive Health: A Unified Strategy to Achieve the MDGs" (PDF). Senate of the
Philippines Economic Planning Office. July 2009. PB-09-03.
https://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/health_promotion/FP%20Brochure%202010%2006%
2016%20PRINTABLE.pdf
https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/in-vitro-fertilization/about/pac-
20384716#:~:text=In%20vitro%20fertilization%20(IVF)%20is,by%20sperm%20in%20a%20lab
https://images.app.goo.gl/oukGbSPqTkFmwMEs9
https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1309/1309.6900.pdf
https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/pdf/commission/2017/keynote/nvp_phillipi
nes.pdf
https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/philippines-population/
https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FA35/FA35.pdf
http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-03/06/c_137873726.htm
https://opinion.inquirer.net/105606/population-boom
https://www.prb.org/rapidpopulationgrowthcrowdedcitiespresentchallengesinthephilippines/
Kantorová V, Wheldon MC, Ueffing P, Dasgupta ANZ (2020) Estimating progress towards
meeting women’s contraceptive needs in 185 countries: A Bayesian hierarchical modelling study.
PLoS Med 17(2):e1003026.
https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003026
https://www.doh.gov.ph/faqs/What-is-meant-by-Responsible-Parenthood
https://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/health_promotion/FP%20Brochure%202010%2006%
2016%20PRINTABLE.pdf
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/262798#video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fjichy747Gk
https://pbl101.weebly.com/uploads/3/1/3/1/31318861/group_presentation_rubric.pdf

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This module is created under the Department of Natural Science of University of Makati. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the
conditions of use of materials.

https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?sp=yes&code=H55B4B&
https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/population/
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/big-history-project/acceleration/the-
anthropocene/a/activity-population-growth

Images
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Flookaside.fbsbx.com%2Flookaside
%2Fcrawler%2Fmedia%2F%3Fmedia_id%3D10153169763494489&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fthechr%2F&tbnid=W0Aw9MZSOeqVDM&vet=10CMQBEDMo
wQFqFwoTCMC9ob_JhesCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAC..i&docid=uYPjMXsUJsoGbM&w=851
&h=315&q=human%20reproduction&ved=0CMQBEDMowQFqFwoTCMC9ob_JhesCFQAAA
AAdAAAAABAC
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shecares.com%2Fpregnancy%2
Fhow-conception-
works&psig=AOvVaw0u_Op8Ey8Anav6CnbjOU6n&ust=1596784802689000&source=images
&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCOD9h42FhusCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAI
https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/world-population-prospects-
2017.html

Videos
https://www.youtube.com/embed/nr5W9trSv8I?feature=oembed

https://www.youtube.com/embed/vAuJNEKpACo?feature=oembed

https://www.youtube.com/embed/Fjichy747Gk?feature=oembed

https://www.youtube.com/embed/qCdIiLLF0vw?feature=oembed

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