APWH UNIT 4
REFERENCE SHEET
OVERVIEW OF Causes/Events Technological Innovations/Developments Columbian Exchange
MARITIME Causes of Expansion Important Innovations Definition
-Wealth: more access to trade routes/goods -Magnetic compass (China): see below The trade of disease, foods, and animals between the
DEVELOPMENTS
-States fund explorations Eastern and Western Hemispheres (AKA Old World and
-Silver is super important New World, AKA Europe and Americas)
-States using mercantilism to measure wealth
Trade Exchanged
-Rivalry: European states trying to expand first -Diseases like smallpox, measles, plague, influenza went
to New World;, less like syphilis went to Old World
-Religion: European Christians looking to convert others
-Animals like horses, oxen, pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, rats,
Where Do They Go? chicken went to New World; the glorious turkey, llamas,
-Portugal: The Leader in Exploration -Astrolabe (improved by Muslim navigators): see below alpacas, and guinea pigs went to the Old World
-Goes to: Africa, India, South and Southeast
Asia -Foods like sugar, wheat, barley, okra, rice, oranges,
-Includes: Prince Henry the Navigator, grapes, lettuce, coffee went to the New World; potatoes,
Bartholomew Diaz, Vasco Da Gama maize, tobacco, cacao, peanuts went to the Old World
-Impact: little on China, most impact on
Persian Gulf with their trading post empire, The Impact On:
expand trade and cultural exchange between
India and Europe The Old World (Europe/the East)
-Global economy: Spain’s use of silver from the Americas
-Caravel (Portugal)
-Spain: The Ones Who Go Round the World created inflation in Spain, leading to their decline
-Cartography (mapmaking, ex. Astronomical chart)
-Goes to: Philippines, Americas
-New rudders (China)
-Includes: Ferdinand Magellan, Christopher -Animals: brought new textiles and more diverse diet
-Lateen sail (Arabic): see below
Columbus, Galleon ships to carry lots of silver
-Impact: led exploration and colonization of =Crops: brought better nutrition (so more people born),
Americas (including decline of Aztec and and those grown in the Americas as cash crops made
Inca), established links between Americas and them lots of money
Asia across Pacific Ocean
-Other: medicine like quinine for combatting malaria
-France: The Fur-Real Explorers (I’m so sorry)
-Goes to: north America looking for a link to The New World (Americas/the West)
Asia (called northwest passage). Take part of -Disease: Over 50% of the population of the indigenous
Canada for France. -New ships (ex. Carrack, Caravel, Fluyt) in the Americas died due to diseases brought by
-Includes: Jacques Cartier, Samuel de conquistadores and their animals
Champlain
-Impact: they don’t find a northwest passage or -Animals: created overgrazing and soil erosion, spread
gold, but they find valuable fur and other disease, and led to loss of buffalo due to use of horses to
resources. They rarely settled permanently and Important People hunt them
traded with the natives, typically fostering -Prince Henry the Navigator (Portugal)
better relationships with them than other -Isaac Newton (gravity = knowledge of tides) -Crops: deforestation to make room for crops, soil
countries do. -And yes, Christopher Columbus *eyeroll* depletion from growing the same crops over and over,
cash crops grown to benefit Europe, not Americas, led to
-Holland: They Technically Founded NYC a system of forced labor and then to the transatlantic
-Goes to: the Dutch go to North America slave trade when most natives had perished
looking for the northwest passage
-Includes: Henry Hudson -Society: will soon be based on race and ethnicity
-Impact: created New Amsterdam (eventually
NYC), and established trade with Canada and Other Major Impact
Virginia -Due to the use of slaves when many natives died, African
culture brought/created new diversity to the Americas,
-England: That Island About to Rule Most of the World including: languages like creole, music that will influence
-Goes to: (for now) North America to look for gospel, blues, jazz, rock and roll, hip hop, etc.
the nonexistent northwest passage, claiming
land and surprisingly defeating and destroying Result
2/3 of the Spanish Armada in 1533 -Safety through navigation, better ships, and gunpowder
-Includes: John Cabot, Jamestown, parts of -Rivalry (ex. Omani-European Rivalry)
Canada -Development of Maritime Empires
-Impact: create quicker route across Atlantic, -Spread of technology
become the most powerful navy
-China: Junk Ships are Junked
-Goes to: Inda, Middle East, Africa to create
new trade networks, impress key places of
trade, spread Chinese culture
-Includes: Zheng He and his fleet of Junk ships
-Impact: due to refocus on confucian ideals
and domestic policy, decides not to explore
anymore
OVERVIEW Establishing Empires Economic/Labor Systems Major Developments and Impacts:
OF Economic, Political, Cultural, and Social
MARITIME After exploring, some countries will claim lands or begin To get the most out of the lands they lay claim to, Europe Economic
colonizing for their empire. begins changing the labor systems of these places. They’re -Transformation to a trade-based economy using gold/silver
EMPIRES
still using mercantilism in Europe, and colonies strengthen (called C
ommercial Revolution)
Africa their wealth. -Joint stock companies ( ex. Dutch East India Co.) help
-European trading posts set up on Africa’s coasts develop empires as they set the groundwork for colonies
-Starts with Portugal, Britain also sets up t rading posts in -Triangular Trade develops between Europe, West Africa,
West Africa Indian Ocean Trade and Americas
-Europe exchanged guns/canons for slaves -Portugal uses its military to take control of trade, makes -European rulers gain control of new m onopolies (ex. over
-Dahomey: s trong kingdom that profit from this trade strong trading posts along routes cash crops like tobacco)
-Asante Empire and Kingdom of Kongo also grow -Other than that, little disruption as merchants were used to -Global trade increases
-Missionaries also had presence paying taxes and continued to use reliable routes -Some African societies, like Dahomey, become wealthier
-Vasco da Gama invades Swahili City States and more powerful due to trade with Europe for guns
Japan Americas Political
-Restricts its trade with the outside world to protect itself -Spain creates the encomienda system (1500s), which is -Spain uses viceroys and a udiencias t o govern Americas
-Bans Christian services, begins persecuting Christians, kicks basically European feudal system applied to race/ethnicity in
out foreigners, bans foreign books, bans travel abroad Americas. Extremely brutal. They don’t find gold but they
-Trade limited mostly with Dutch and China find lots of silver.
-In Peru they also use Inca’s m
ita system to force men to Cultural
China work. -A lot of early culture in Americas is lost
-Zheng He’s voyages cancelled -PROBLEM: many indigenous begin to die of disease/harsh -New social groups emerge (ex. Creoles in Americas)
-Ming Dynasty trying to restrict trade to protect China working conditions, or escape. This leads to the Atlantic Slave -Syncretism in beliefs in Americas due to slave trade
-Bans foreign trade, begins reconstructing Great Wall, Trade. -Religions like Santeria, Vodun. Candomble mix
reemphasize Confucianism and exam for scholar gentry traditions from Africa and parts of Americas
-Islam brought to Americas because many
India Africans were also Muslim
-Britain, Portugal, France fighting over India until Britain
kicked France out of India (Seven Years’ War) Africa
-Britain uses trading posts first on the coast (East India -Slavery existed in Africa before the Transatlantic Slave
Company) Trade: women used as domestic laborers, to showcase power.
-Then began to use religious rivalries (Muslims vs. Hindus) Indian Ocean Slave Trade also existed. Social
to gain political control until Britain controlled most of India -Europe, however, needs more laborers for mines and cash -In Africa: less men means more women, so polygymy
(sepoys used) crops (ex. gold and silver mines, sugar cash crop) develops. This also allows women to do some jobs
-Traded guns/gunpowder to kingdoms in exchange for slaves traditionally seen as ‘male’
Americas (usually taken from neighboring kingdoms)
-Arrival of Spanish forces led to extensive death (Cortes w/ -Slaves were sent to Americas via M iddle Passage -In Americas (via Spain): new social hierarchy based on race
Aztecs, Pizarro w/ Inca) -Led to A
frican diaspora (outside of Africa) and ethnicity, called the Casta System, organized like so:
-New Spain: colony established in Mexico, built Mexico City -Led to polygyny, also incresed tension between societies (in -Peninsulares (Spanish/Portugeuese born on
on Aztec ruins Africa) Iberian Peninsula)
-Spain begins conquering Americas east of Brazil, Portugal -Criollos (born in Americas of European
gets Brazil (Treaty of Tordesillas) ancestry)
-British and French move into North America -Castas (those of mixed races)
-Mestizo (European + indigenous)
MAJOR RIVALRIES -Mulatto (European + African)
-Britain v. French (India, North America) -Zambo (Indigenous + African)
-Notable wars/treaties: Seven Years’ War, Treaty of Paris -Then at the bottom were the indigenous peoples
and enslaved Africans
-Spain v. Portugal (Americas)
-Notable wars/treaties: Treaty of Tordesillas
OVERVIEW OF INTERNAL REBELLION EXTERNAL REBELLION SOCIAL HIERARCHIES
MAINTAIN AND EVOLVE
CHALLENGES TO RUSSIA AFRICA: GUNPOWDER EMPIRES
-Serfs in Russia treated terribly since the Mongols -Ana Nzinga ( ruler of Ndongo) tired of slave trade and
POWER
-More and more peasants lose land and are forced into attacks against kingdom, makes aalliance with Portugal Ottoman Empire
serfdom but it fails, so she flees and takes over Matamba then -Sultans begin to lose influence as janissaries rebel
-Pugachev Rebellion: peasant rebellion against Catherine creates rebellion in Ndongo to get people to join her and -Viziers (advisors) gain power but sultan still in charge
the Great due to her giving nobles more power over serfs. obtain their freedom. Succeeds: rules Matamba for -Religious tolerance continued toward Jews and
Failed - led to increased oppression of peasants to decades. Christians (ex. Mehmed II invites Jews exiled from Spain
prevent more revolts. to settle in empire)
-Still could only live in specific areas, pay jizya tax, could
MUGHAL EMPIRE (South Asia) AMERICAS: not hold top political positions
-Government spread Islam, but most of population was -Pueblo Revolt of 1680 a gainst Spanish: Pueblo and -Women and concubines used harem politics to try to get
Hindu. Apache (indigenous groups) begin fighting colonizers their children to be heir to the throne
-Hindu warrior group called Maratha fought Mughals ro, and religious conversion. Success? Kill 400, drive out -Middle class is small, made up of merchants/artisans
1680-1707. Succeeded: they created the Maratha Empire, Spanish, reconquered in 1692. -Lower class is made up of peasants
ending Mughal control in what is now India. -Bottom class is made up of slaves from wherever the
-Maroon Wars: slaves in British controlled Caribbean empire conquered
BRITAIN fought to be free, escaped owners, and created their own
-Glorious Revolution: people did not like James II (he settlements. Mughal Empire
was Catholic and anti-Protestant), so nobles asked his -Religiously tolerant still
nephew/son-in=law to invade. William of Orange agrees, -Gloucester County Rebellion: slaves and indentured -Ended jizya tax, gave land and money to Hindus and
he and his wife take over when James runs to France. servants demanded freedom from governor. Failed: Muslims, supported Sikhism
-Also called Bloodless Revolution authorities found out, arrested them.
-Strengthened power of Parliament, begins Protestant CHINA
rule of England -Metacom’s War: final major movement of indigenous to -Qing Dynasty
drive Britain out of New England, led to destruction of 12 -Civil service exam and bureaucracy used
towns. Manchu rule over Han Chinese and other ethnic groups
-Led to conflict between minority Manchu leaders and
majority Han Chinese
EUROPE
-Nobles still second in charge after royalty, but lose some
power in France after failing in an uprising against Louis
XIV
-Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment bring a bit less
discrimination toward Jews in some parts of Europe (ex.
Netherlands)
RUSSIA
-Royal tsar
-Noble landowners (boyars): many not trusted by tsar
(ex. Ivan the Terrible kills many of them, forces them to
live under surveillance in Moscow)
-Peasants (many will become serfs)
-Serfs
