2/20/2019
PASSIVES &
CAUSATIVES - 1
PASSIVES
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PASSIVE NEDİR?
• Kullanımı: Türkçe’deki «Edilgen Yapı»dır.
• «yapıldı, edildi» «yapılır, edilir» vs. anlamlarına gelir.
• Passive yapılar sadece «Geçişli Fiiller» ile yapılabilir: nesne alabilen fiiller.
ACTIVE: People buy electronic items from digital stores.
PASSIVE: Electronic items are bought from digital stores.
ACTIVE: People set up a camp here every summer.
PASSIVE: A camp is set up here every summer.
• «Geçişsiz fiiller» (nesne almayan fiiller) kullanılarak passive yapılmaz!!
I go to school everyday. (NO PASSIVE!)
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PASSIVE NE ZAMAN TERCİH EDİLİR?
a. Bir işi kimin yaptığını bilmiyorsak:
ACTIVE: Someone stole our bicycle yesterday. (not common)
PASSIVE: Our bicycle was stolen yesterday. ✔ ✔
ACTIVE: People built this monument 5000 years ago. XX
PASSIVE: This monument was built 5000 years ago. ✔ ✔
b. İşi yapan kişiden ziyade, işin kendisinin daha önemli olduğu durumlarda.
ACTIVE: Oh! A painter has painted your house. X X
PASSIVE: Oh! Your house has been painted. ✔ ✔
ACTIVE: The government will buy our product at the end of the season. (not common)
PASSIVE: Our product will be bought by the government at the end of the season. ✔ ✔
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PASSIVE NE ZAMAN TERCİH EDİLİR? - 2
• «by + kişi» ifadesi, sadece işi yapan kişi önemliyse tercih edilir; aksi takdirde kullanılmaz.
Mona Lisa was painted by Da Vinci. ✔
The Pyramids were built by the Egyptians. ✔
The poor man was murdered on a train by a murderer. X
My mobile phone was stolen in the cafe last week by a thief. X
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PASSIVE NASIL YAPILIR?
• Passive = be V3
• Tense’in yardımcı fiili + be V3
am/is/are was/were be being been
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1. SIMPLE PRESENT & SIMPLE PAST TENSES
• am/is/are + V3
was/were + V3
ACTIVE: People buy plane tickets mostly online these days.
PASSIVE: Plane tickets are bought mostly online these days.
ACTIVE: We sold only 2 cars last month.
PASSIVE: Only 2 cars were sold last month.
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2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS &
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSES
• am/is/are being + V3
was/were being + V3
ACTIVE: The police are searching Mr. Badger’s house for clues.
PASSIVE: Mr. Badger’s house is being searched for clues.
ACTIVE: They were playing classical music in the elevator.
PASSIVE: Classical music was being played in the elevator.
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3. PRESENT PERFECT &
PAST PERFECT TENSES
• have/has been + V3
had been + V3
ACTIVE: They have built many skyscrapers in the last 10 years.
PASSIVE: Many skyscrapers have been built in the last 10 years.
ACTIVE: They had stolen the gold by the time the police arrived.
PASSIVE: The gold had been stolen by the time the police arrived.
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4. MODAL VERBS
• modal + be V3
ACTIVE: The mechanic will repair the car today.
PASSIVE: The car will be repaired today.
ACTIVE: People can observe the full lunar eclipse tonight.
PASSIVE: Full lunar eclipse can be observed tonight.
ACTIVE: You should water these plants twice a week.
PASSIVE: These plants should be watered twice a week.
ACTIVE: You have to mail the documents today.
PASSIVE: The documents have to be mailed today.
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KISA ÖZET...
• Simple Present & Past tenses : am/is/are V3
was/were V3
• Present & Past Cont. Tenses: am/is/are + being V3
was/were + being V3
• Perfect Tenses : have/has been V3
had been V3
• All modals: modal + be V3
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ÖNEMLİ BİR NOKTA...
• «Perfect Continuous» tense’lerin passive halleri yoktur. Bunun yerine, «Simple Perfect»
Tense’ler gibi passive yapılırlar.
(Past Perfect Cont.) ACTIVE: They had been building the church for 8 years when....
PASSIVE: The church had been built for 8 years when....
(Present Perf. Cont.) ACTIVE: They have been building the church for 8 years.
PASSIVE: The church has been built for 8 years.
(Future Perf. Cont.) ACTIVE: They will have been building the church for 8 years when....
PASSIVE: The church will have been built for 8 years when....
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EXERCISE TIME
& A SHORT BREAK...
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...İNGİLİZCE’DE CÜMLE YAPISI
• İngilizce’de temel cümle: Subject + Verb + Object. (S+V+O.)
Açarsak...
• S + V + Direct Object + Indirect Object
• Direct Object : işten doğrudan etkilenen «kişi» ya da «nesne» (kimi, neyi sorularının
cevabı)
• Indirect Object : yer, zaman ve işin yapılış şekli
• Yani: S + V + DO + IO !!!
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...İNGİLİZCE’DE CÜMLE YAPISI - 2
• Örnekler:
My friend knows all the capital cities in the world.
Mr. Bates met me in front his office yesterday.
Gabbie tells lies without blinking an eye.
Our driver drives the bus carefully.
France won the World Cup in 2018 in Russia.
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...İNGİLİZCE’DE CÜMLE YAPISI - 3
• !!! FAKAT, bazen İngilizce’de 2 tane Direct Object bulunabilir.
My teacher gave me a difficult assignment for next week.
OR
My teacher gave a difficult assigment to me for next week. (daha az kullanılır.)
Sam will teach Ross his best moves in football.
OR
Sam will teach his best moves to Ross in football. (daha az kullanılır.)
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...İNGİLİZCE’DE CÜMLE YAPISI - 4
• Daha fazla örnek...
Mr. Costanza left his children a big fortune after his death.
OR
Mr. Costanzea left a big fortune to his children after his death.
The boss asked the employees a difficult question during the meeting.
OR
The boss asked a difficult question to the employees during the meeting.
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...İNGİLİZCE’DE CÜMLE YAPISI - 5
• Bu durumda, İngilizce’de cümle yapısı:
• S + V + DO (1) (kişi) + DO (2) (nesne) + IO.
• S + V + DO (1) (nesne) + TO + DO (2) (kişi) + IO.
!!!!!! ÇOK KIYMETLİ BİR BİLGİ !!!!!!!!
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2 NESNE ALAN ACTIVE CÜMLELER
• Active bir cümlede 2 tane Direct Object olduğunda, her iki nesne de Passive cümle
yapımında kullanılabilir.
The conference organizers will give the presenter really beautiful flowers.
(Pas. 1) Really beautiful flowers will be given to the presenter. (Sunucuya güzel çiçekler verilecek.)
(Pas. 2) The presenter will be given really beautiful flowers. (Sunucuya güzel çiçekler verilecek.)
The charity served the guests an exotic drink.
(Pas. 1) An exotic drink was served to the guests. (Egzotik bir içki sunuldu.)
(Pas. 2) The guests were served an exotic drink. (Egzotik bir içki sunuldu.)
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2/20/2019
DAHA FAZLA ÖRNEK...
The store sold me a fake leather bag.
(Pas. 1) A fake leather bag was sold to me. (Bana yapay deri çanta satıldı.)
(Pas. 2) I was sold a fake leather bag (in that store). (Bana yapay deri çanta satıldı.)
The businessman told the reporter so many lies.
(Pas. 1) So many lies were told to the reporter. (Muhabire pek çok yalan söylendi.)
(Pas. 2) The reporter was told so many lies. (Muhabire pek çok yalan söylendi.)
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«V3» YAPININ ADJECTIVE OLARAK
KULLANIMI
• «V3» bazen tek başına sıfat yapmak için kullanılabilir. Bu yapı, passive gibi görünse de, aslında
sıfattır.
The window was broken by a burglar last night. (passive) (...cam kırıldı)
VERSUS
Look! The window is broken! Something must have happened last night. (adjective) (cam kırık)
We need to fix the broken window. (...kırık cam)
The stolen items were recovered by the police. (...çalınmış eşyalar)
Written literature developed long after spoken literature. (...yazılı edebiyat / sözlü edebiyat)
This hotel is for married couples without children only. (...evli çiftler)
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«V3» YAPININ ADJECTIVE OLARAK
KULLANIMI - 2
• Duygu, düşünce ve his bildiren fiiller hem «Ving» hem de «V3» kullanılarak sıfatlaşabilir.
Ama anlam farklıdır. «Ving» active bir anlam verirken, «V3» passive bir anlam verir.
Verb Ving V3
bore (sıkmak) boring (sıkıcı) bored (sıkılmış)
excite (heyecanlandırmak) exciting (heyecan verici) excited (heyecanlı/heyecanlanmış)
frighten (korkutmak) frightening (korkunç) frightened (korkmuş)
interest (ilgisini çekmek) interesting (ilginç) interested (ilgili)
surprise (şaşırtmak) surprising (şaşırtıcı) surprised (şaşırmış/şaşkın)
exhaust (bitirmek / tüketmek) exhausting (yorucu) exhausted (yorulmuş/tükenmiş)
confuse (kafa karıştırmak) confusing (kafa karıştırıcı) confused (kafası karışmış)
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«V3» YAPININ ADJECTIVE OLARAK
KULLANIMI - 3
Verb Ving V3
worry (endişelendirmek) worrying (endişe verici) worried (endişelenmiş)
disappoint (hayal kırıklığına disappointing (hayal kırıklığına disappointed (hevesi kırılmış)
uğratmak) uğratan)
tire (yormak) tiring (yorucu) tired (yorulmuş / yorgun)
scare (korkutmak) scaring (korkutucu) scared (korkmuş)
terrify (korkutmak) terrifying (korkunç) terrified (korkmuş)
please (memnun etmek) pleasing (memnun edici) pleased (memnun)
satisfy (tatmin etmek) satisfying (tatmin edici) satisfied (memnun/tatmin olmuş)
annoy (rahatsız etmek) annoying (rahatsız edici) annoyed (rahatsız olmuş)
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GET + V3
• Get V3 yapısı da passive yapmak için sıklıkla kullanılır. Özellikle yukarıda verilen duygu
bildiren sıfatlarla çok yaygındır.
My roommate gets annoyed easily. (=...is annoyed) (Oda arkadaşım kolay rahatsız olur.)
I got frightened when I saw her face. (=...was frightened) (...korktum.)
My article got published in the journal. (=...was published) (Makalem dergide basıldı)
Jesse will get promoted once he finishes this project. (=...will be promoted) (Projesini bitirir
bitirmez terfi ettirilecek.)
Yasmine might get chosen for the show. (=...might be chosen) (Yasmine şov için seçilebilir.)
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TESEKKURLER...
& EXERCISE TIME!!!
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