tA TAU REA ATES Péh -TAH AB. UMS VIL FE APPL PLOT LAT ATH PLALAE ATCNET RO. NIROPES Mey RvR LL PART ULE NAAT coMTAD paca ANTE PPA ROE TIA P2005 OLE PEPE LENCO ES ORK AIP PATAME yo MART A OME PG AEF TE AT _ REFER hae Peahatos AWA TIOH Pach E LCT at eA MOR, ARECHO“PS he ACY POEAUH BATA vbard hs FANN OT METODR AG AUT ALR NAT AAT FAS LD LOO ba OL NbAALTEO aoe, POF OFAE 274 (ADA PEUREO VIGO AG PISO AYE VA FO BW AND NOAM Bhs. PERO gory bt erent euLeTTh.. Neer OLFcay OR PAOE Wa Heed NTRP LAH? Pbho horaALh aA Kar yeaa TH I LONANT PLATE NIK ATORER AT PAbNCME EL AA Ark LOA AT TH eM LEONTAY Lie bee} yeep Leper? Fant oR dhe ACHUS. PEAAES ORE CECE T KE AIEEE AT ACER MM SNP PB RATE AVE SLAG FeO Ree OA PENN HAAR a 199% TORK NM Lerfar wpe rb IC NIA Loonnr AY Tat RIL NUIT AAG OF FA AECNE flAe/” DAP-OF4E DOF Pt PLLTC ORK MIM MOF POBAIAD FENLO Toracy ry BPP MRE TAP ET NIL ILA bee Poe UIE FON? WAT PAM? Ll ORR NIBAIE TH AAsAL WW- . RANT ANU LEA AA Wat LAOe Aemadth estar AW AD RdeE PUI AT PLT HAELSE? ALF ALT bRRO 90 AT AEPOY Ae? OG AVE CONTE Pad. ATLNET ADEALE WHE td ATAL? ROY AGA CT ork AE) CUA Laat? 197. YEOT Ag Prema ee MED HALAL ORE PIR ORDP TAU PHWIK Kd R ANA: PAW LHR Aerated Ae Pomme, VIC PURE T PLIR APOE aR POINTE WPS Peed. CMAN Farge QomAet HeeT Foy bh ALOIS ACR POLY MAM RIREO comer Mk AdeT PUIG OAT LIPF wravrent wa Bere aka erase ere COED SCRE Tha Mee QUEICT NIETTE NeTPAAE PRN PO NUH fete RIROME AML POP LOAPAZ POPE Wedd PAPE Ae@T eA PTA there edd nae? Bere: bat PRAT NoeRE Ree AMEE ORE ED NECA T NUE CA PA he wrdrax RID ATE PRIROG COTAPAD NTTTD AG Crkary pAcuny Aerengeag PRP TT DILFO NEA, Row AIA SOPs PALL LO py CTR APN arorar Keogpar Akl AAAT OM WORD CHA NIL OCT ONLY ASME ATER 2.9 LT Merona. Lhe Ecce E Og enevce APAaKy NAP MAL NATIT WIR PowL amg ear PTRU NPA ACP HOLT T/A tte PLs-eryo- OAT OF Precar PF move pod. ATE TANF Aberalr sRA Gb ATP Tr AIEEE OF PAbeear PRE HEED ORT PATP OR SPOVA NIG MIZE 0.9 PA terar PIA APO vom ho wee eeieehh Cre RCEA ae NEED AT Dee Wee TF POLE AT POLAT LIK OOb4y PHMborMAt PAM AAT Pde FEAR MNCS PemGew pw-iiek BACT inphar ATEEIE aye: count Pat AELELE 0.9" QALY PAGED UPA heomes? PHORM ced. NH PEAT ALOE Leber NOCRT POLL THAD FAT MUP ET BPP NTE AAT) TATE PAPI COD ATINGOET LAI Pech DIT MC AMAT NTLTRFA The PIA PATIL WOR MAY, BE PIR ACA PaMbON PION NieR TOW? TI AIL BOF ADL PLEA MO AL PUM TCP FE ACA PF Reh) how treterh AS BA Eee wenennt acberat eyPoF laa Hcor may AG eta PIA cond Pate AaM SRO DAE Ane Ade Ty Kal Mn VIP ae epRarh PCPOF AMES F 104:Tit. TAU BUTE Chae APOE AIA HPA COMM Aser-Raee Ok PAN NORAE WHE NERP HE ahll> PRAMICEP OAR-MTICLE cht) LOE TAAL GAAP APE GAAP NEALECLA AT chAZy RAPOAL NEA Amdt HECOE LM ANA PARNER 1S LOR TAT AAAI HOLE HCORBTE DAL DTD Lavbdder Wg? OR VE PAPERS ACRADA PPAA WE-NCALIT AFA Ler Heo RAE ALIA eCOP-APHOK AT OMI coma} MuIC POAT OAPOTE AG A EE £RETFO ANE POA AT PISO Avor AS Bad par: BU, POAPIESET BUS. ALS Neb AIAN? PIRU Mh (01 ORF far?/TF TAU TAU PTY LER aK? PHI OBA PAM? POLAGr PAP T Pr-d-2 OEE AT PRd APH copkas Mad Cag KTLLETE eet PUT ALL &wrAd, IAB. Dogopolsky/ AT AAC RPNTEP fgor Diaknoft! OU PLAN AIL AAT ALT NOL PLC cerRoedeP= eAGcn ort age ghiargey Rink yar Late CHET OTF had PLIGT R9P FA Ab APY /Cheik Anta Diop 8. P) -POOIA TORE ATA? TBA vibe [OEP Aden Patt Tveec MHPER AT AeA One (ALOU! ort CFO: ANH NEL? NP PRILLE PF PPE DATE RAL RIRPF MME PLTTD Ad, Ree Or CLA ATE ETE? On ie RIRPF TALE ET VPeLLA AT NEON TANCK LE AAT Var TaN! Ge RIL Hoyas Oar WR AL ee Hs') JA Murionen! hoheRe FO RHR yar vera ARP AAO: AALA MILCH thee AAR Te! HLT AAD THUD CHAT RIK Comanyd RI edie} Ames 9? ATR Phe? OZ PAE MA (Lhearees tense $9" AS, ROMNT AAP DH OAL NEA TPMT AIR yr LAO? AV LENT PUA PE OCP FR AVTE ADRINS AAO bE POLAT IPORAG! DAF 12 FRO ANTES He wg AP Pe7AHT 2a here oc MNT etm gay eFcoey earner? Rot ALE ME ohunn Luowigkapt? ead) pO: HCA FELCH, ATALA ‘Karl Freidrich Lepsius’ hy? APP ALKA FOLATE herARe- > RIF eG Neoyere nkwk arnw ONE PR CORT TRE aK: LT NL One OOF waar P74. AAD TEE HALTS LAF PANOPREL NOH PH LIP Ae POR OATLAALTE OAT MANIPAL PAL Wr TOLAC AP LP PLT Ae RIG SFO eT AewAnd AOE eT PPLE IS ACD Moseph Greenberg! HA AT CHT Ra ADE ahaa PEAIOY OG: PH ADPRAdE farticle! APGM TAN! AGERE PAT PRE ANT ALT AT OSI Gate AECD Ane ARD AVIC PLFA OAP-OF48F PIE AVE VO Ate PORTA LTP Rbat AOLSPC APR RAE farticles! AWD APPREAT:FIA IAW SUL. PIRW FIL MANS? BPR HZ ALA A PRA APM HIG OL FF ALE MA CLALIT Or! ch ALIA ELA MATAN, PINK AG ASAD, CAAT BP ARE FUER CAP-0F4EEF TIE AV Or te SIPGAY BUL CIRN RIF ELIPS POTF PUAN BIR 22ab PEAKOr coAe TOU oak oryacr pat OF HEHE Ere beer ag eva. ooAG HO enchtes: PMU RTE OU SR LPRES ALA MOHD EO) NTLEIO PetRdT ADM TP ABAD RAPT AZPRMC PAF LRATT LAT NWT LRAT? AARC NPLOwLE TE LIA HHS Tay? NAL Ann P2097 Rav Fe VASES MRF CFO: BRE ANT bPARO’ PAT AGAR RT ALNARE TAPAZ PONTO CT, PCR AT FLT PATAL For Fors: AME ETHMED AIS - A ARE AAT At Md PHTEL AIL 1 - ht WA WE 2F9.9 ATS - 1 - DN IPN WE PER AIL - Ro - ANT AE AMS PTPRCH LED - uv - 02 VL VOL PHTEC FTI LAGELMET - @ - PO PR PAL Me PLS EE - HWE NS ANG PROC GPT - ah - det AOE HED ALG? We PEE Eb - 4-907 AC APA PRS AI ~ m- mt mer mit PEA PAIL ROOK - P.S PeTF ANE PEED AIL - h- he bya WR - A - AEE AR ADA DEAE WAIL MACTE - ao _ 74,9" FIL, POH ACE? - b- PP hl Pee Arid PRE EET ~ we Ie oy WA PROG. GED - 0 - 027 ofPita IAW AMS PNILE EET - A aR ARO RA AMI, POL Eb - A RE RRB RR 8 - o% TRO Arts OTC I L7H +b - PR PHM PRE Orin, (ati - 6 - GN ahi AWG PEK PD - @- 47 Alen AMG PRR - te FO PPR Poy We PRI ATE - &- Abt AD Anis (IHC AIS. TT HAL NIAPIOr PUAN LRAT ATHY RIP oF ne” AAGer AA YRS NACLONAR AT DALE dle AR AR SPE NIRS RIGAAT: ARTI P «to LPR PEMA «Uy Palo LIK Poonhr «Te AG «hor MOF MHMTE Aeme Nem LP AAO feet Reet LER EW ANPP MPAT (HEALS He PE TIG «Rob POPAA oho AG cdo Parla... On MPHPE A NLM P777-ANT TERE PACRAG: PIAW LRAT POP AG ULE ER PPG ALE AR eon ot ALP IRM OMT LACAN BLA Aerdayh AF ALT Beer PRETO Mewar: PA che AAG AAA PNG PIL NIRA ALP NAP bth? Neorae ben LAS 9a ALOT, MMe HAMM» OA FP EFF WONGLAT «hI OAS?» BAA | RAY OAR AEA HPT NILOL PDA Targy? ang” Ade” AVE e! HONGLAT PR «PPONL, AF DAA AD PD ODT POL Aado? FRE COCR RIAL DLA TOA IAL TOOT TA POPE OO REZ Week: HE PLAY FAS AEM MUPAA 9966-8 BFE RICK EO DE PA RIE MG PATE Korg be AT PH bet nic» AA TE he Fe PomANAL Abe fy FL NGF ABE cm ANE 6 OF PILE Ow MOLT abv MATT ade AGNE cb» NeONPAT «ln ONAL emomgaTo peng ano AB gid fete VIC heey M42 Peete HOw? AF AR vid Rye AeA PARE AFOlchs MPRPRw -pargarn MIAN 2LAr PEPER AMS NISL OFM Whe teh PORTO, AKT AT 04k amagentar itr 2LE Ate CHER TOV AMT Faas PAR «Po> che OLE che> «Pt NerAaOP TOW Ane LPAa: 6PIA FAY AAAS ALILO- PRR FCW AMEATO AT WATE NAL CLAPP POP AGETM OFA PILES WP PARA PAPOT TH TOV PLLA PLP PDLEA PORN RECA YO LAT AOHIAK LR AAP AY OAL ATT APIA PIRW EAT T PPOT o> Pant AetetO. 2 PTA POH COLE LRA OH NIA NIK BRA EP ATCT he) Noe} FCRTO MAHTO-) LATE AT PAU OPANS MEI Pate: Mam Paes BIRO eet Ry COTE Per-Rde® ANAL FPN ALMDC ATA LFOP A” Languages having missing or changing previous consonant or- ders, vowels, pronouns, stress, phonological, morphological and syntactic features can be traced back to older forms in manu- scripts... having earlier characteristics. In the oldest Gospels (GGMS and GIMS), some of the proper names of the Ethiopic letters and their meaning can be reconstructed as follows:FED TAN ———$—$—$_$_$$ —<_£{£_$x_ es The Ge'ex letters are cailed hohtvat Yur}: because of Wk, They are also called alephat [/rlefat]Aadt: because of aleph hat: AA: is known as a cow (ox?) in Geez in Ge’ez but later in the translation of the Bible the term AA is changed into 4h" as in psalm 8:7 /aAVPOL: — airtee: AAT t= BL: BbAd::/ All sheep and oxen,yea,amd,the beasts of the fieid.*:/. Again, Ge'ez WF” also refers to bread 49°! Betethem means the house of bread. Again, Adit: iv the name of God haw: APA: P8eFR: ev 1B 206 I213). Here, ANE: is given to Christ /HONAE Abtts 1 Again, OU F&A is also MAG NOPE: At: CUA PBA AAI: Alt ROPAMAZ —hédé: (Ethiopic synaxarium of Jamary/ FC: 24 and Psalm 412-8) (As caplained by the researcher) One interesting finding in the Gospel of bba Garima is the preservation of the term 2°80. In the Gospel (Si. Matthew: 4:2) -2°%#\ (camel) is used insiead of the present ?eA\:. The English translation is : “And the same John had his raiment of camel's hair, and a leather girdle about his loins; and his meat was locusts and wild honey.” At the same time, we find the equivalent of calf iv in the prophecy of Ezkiel 1:7, “And their feet were straight feet; and the sole of thier feet was like the sole of a calf’s foot: and they sparkled like the colour of burnished brass.” Jn the Bible, the names of the letters of the alphabet are ordered before each song in psalm 118 (119) and in the lamentation of the prophet Jeremiah. Now, the names are influenced by sound chtinge and can give different meanings. And the Ethiopic letters hold different meanings based on the related word. They each start with a letter each. However, the meaning of the changed name is not secular. «Unfortunately,» the original meaninig of #a@ (¢:) is also related to the Cross. “amhaiio 9 is ak related 19 AAAS, * As alphu is to mean the Begining ,Etbiopic Jetters have relations with iumerals.Honce, iis celation of lees and numerals is sed in writings end coranunication Now days the meuning is aiso changed into ‘devotion’Pit TN ee Numerals: Numerals: As mentioned above, Ge’ez numerals have relations with Ethiopic alphabets.* Sometimes the Gospel in ®bba Gerima doesn’t use the symbols {_) () at the top or the bottorn of the nu- meral . GCTP/ GGMS/ GCTP/ GPTP. GIMS GPTP fafa Raereryr 29) ea pRRRARKE 3 fay ms SYS] Pep 8 eff Sf x 3 sighs Rab Esse 8 S + tations of alphabets bepin in teers wether vith memerats and cardinals 9IU TAY _ ? _.Shows the present mathematical number system having power such as 10?. EUG WH hhh AIS 20 AIRE QOAS Peay PEP come PALS (AVC - AnAorey Prk PELE OTR PPLITMO DATAIS CH TRART Fob VT Lh BIL VPA POET HER PPE TL ANT Pte ACA Uh HbTio HAMA SHR OG PRR PO AHL AG APC NeERAT PAA WEA DAG HET Ob AT Ne Heed AA Pod ahead PD GEO WH Rae CE PANS OO9 AGE BAR NIRME Ly AKA ONE PATO LD PEMAD RVR cxed PIARAT Lb LID AT, OP PEE PLP BY MANE bom IEP TF WIS ANS PANTOLE CT PANTAREE PACNT Ce Rd E LAME WIL WE Psd YO heres ARF WHT wrinleke Get here Tha: chit ARF AND ROT? st GU AEA TForn PUP ARF AN PRAD Gar: TAS FIPELT WARE ACMI APR AL WA OPI Reed AC AP? OTA LP PA AE WE AATF MANAG Seb PA APE NIRS ER MAT PUkT? eoKooge AATAC AIC NALA? AGH ACHE (ARS) WARY hae! Cfo: APC DEE AIG ONE Tet Pernt PrOAEO bbe? hav? (eres AhAY eehhagy? 279 we: ACPI? had DET TP PRELIE AAIPD LIU EP AULD PEDAL TD RPCOLP HE TENIT | AIC PRANPI APF PONE WAALIED FERGIE DAL» NE, AGH PIP ACT PAT, VONAT NORE MICA AT Ae EP AL NIL Comet: KAAO LT LALIOVE CEOs ANELAOPD avn DF PHAM, cmd ALC embed PoLAOA Doh rn Asha ey ACATOR 2LA bory? TFALE COAT OFF TROT PE Clover RPT cop, PROD GRAKAESTO VW RIRFOY Pa FAPAK LTV SLA avd PETEO APA TI PAATPHE LRAT Fre Qe Kev R COLE re AOA Nealeb Aas eezrwhaFor anc et AEE Onser HANS LIP LAAT AMER E PHY GT LALT TE RETIPA: NER AR mass? hake oc MewAnA Néte 10PVA ING — RIP BACCAAL HRI ware LW AVET ATE Hite AcoMPAA PLLA AI ORIR PTR PS PIAL KEL NIECE wae Z4) PLFA LEGA DLT ARG TANS WEE RO PEE ORD ER MA PERE! ARCW PLDT © AR AR ANSTt-cehs} ceaeana PAA - 19 . PRILPH PEAFO coominn + Pee hCR omemaaA Ont LTT TRU NAT PIROF Qa eVLARh MALS AAI TI G29 LEP DARL LILY etre Rae E WIAW TD AAG FAT AZ FAP AWE PTA bhi» PoLAO PE rh Ce 9 Lown PAGr AMS NACL LAP LIAM critd, PRAT PR $SoUrh a5. Perr LC PAD AT PHT ACWLh ead the Neamt? Wt LP ALTIL AMM NED $NHT SA ALENAT FA PLA Ped AM EA: 21 UF ARTS TH APR PateT PARK BATH AG PLD Peed. OATH PLDOaNTD PRPAE WP honel Ae" RAKE ARTE OC ALemMAAAG LFA: FaAD PAS - HAAR ARLE) - SEA - FobA Whi -~ bh - Rdeba Hie BEs ANP LPTA A 1 «Roh 1 «by coh ATMA CORPO Mie TE ALMPCI: AtoeI6P MIAN Bk APATIL RIOR UCHC UR PAITHO FOLPF Prepac ANF ARSED VY CATEYE VACLY POLPAR yO: baer ge Th~ ANE LY Abe bah - Atta A‘bt - bebah - PPka Abt - brah - bea,PIV TAU AProo ebahor — he-bA AYE? - t-rAnt - bbb tah - PEAT - Lbs On - PEA - Teta Dik - bat - Area Dp — bth - PEM ORE - baa - APRA AharL:- DAM - ARLLF Ai - AGTA~ APTA nt - EPA beta Art - PEP - tebA NV bam. Pet baba Arh THT - beta ‘bat - PTA - aera Ok - LP - Ars Lit - THETA - Teta Oppom BA Abbas DAP - Let - Aor P1Fe PAT PON IRF NAIL creme PeVFA 4 FIFE AT TA MARL LT BAP WMA TMd TAHT AL PACTPA: ANLLT AG TRU DMAAL POI LPR ALETO PIE PROM OCA AAT Th PAA NOT IAAT ATT hana PIR had eon 24 AP WhaLIG PTAWE WA h NeLAATor beyohaREr e064 VIG-b RIPE AGITIO PPTL PRIR MaCkL PORT LPR mew LPS TIE Pah Ate: TAU RIA AT ONELAT NHOPTE VFO 6% TVR E LI OSA FARK PART PA RdrE UT NUM Fa NFIe AG VETTE VILE Paihe Bia ATIFEPAT: LIE AHL PETE ANS NAR. Thth NISL. ONL Mar MMR ASLAN: An TTIFI TAN ONELOF TAY TOP” tisee wre Weare nay wows Pop yh het chéw Aga mitt mit Ade 44.0 add Fmé anti hea Re cnr Cha én APO: FONE LAM «ty WIL «fio LIMA AIA PAPICKONt clin PP -ALLAP: Tht RIP HATICT On fy BAP ORY WL ONELNaY Gi?» foe»! hart BAP «avy’d lado hovddhe ewMPAx PAA PONE LAP Rae? TAR APE yO GRA IE MeKAE PEVE Bik PINE Ho Lob AG Noh NavharP MmoP0- LEOPAS ZR AAADI AAD APA ATAT 2A MIE Yar: SOE. TAU LATCH ADEE IC AIRE TAU AARE-ADP ONL PRE Ora rhe AIRGTHE PAT- RAE AAT LEE PLT ACN! PNR APT RAT AP Pens. FOF Pad ALP HR BHAT PAECAAE WEONAP AATH Pepbrachs NAC LEY LGN Ant be + PRAT AA ART Md PC NFL Ach LPR omy 8 POLE TIC MPH TW - AAA - SCV ATE PAA Bh - LOVE hk WIA oo pro 8 PRA LEE OPE AT REALE Ted Pere eee BLY PPLE “Arar ooh star «FAA. g OAR Pastor 4 tempaletic Morphology BAA NerANe PONE NFL AT ALICE MLA. PARE aooagta- Preenne Pap Garg: Phe | HCW ~ PORTED DAT OF PP oo ty - FRE MRT AC ari ha AAT «AQ - TE MIE ACME FLEA ltrs 0-9 aA > - PF APE MIR, BF LH - ACMET FT MPT 4 /Christopher Ehret, 1979/ 13PIMA, TAY PIAUS PAOPEE PIE PLL POPE acre. Ihe aa - na AG? - AG, AA Ae - AE AMP - hea Aw, - aes £4 - oLe an - Ana At, - nw Ae APTATE rR - tat MACPP eRILG TVR (Contact! AT 72k hi-b+ /coincidence/ MASOAY PIA, ars VIC TH TAH We REPT ATL SAR ME DARALL ONT ooTiS-FOr PIHPALT Te PTPMELAE, AL HIT: PTA APR, COLE AT PEPL ool LI cope trts LIAPAE BUEISN WS PASTA AR AR 7° ANTR ADM: TH Tit PRE NLP. APART TRAAH SANTOS EE RR PINOT PUI Ree - PTI A ae PI Aer MIRC Tee Aneel — AARP RON OCF peng 2) FATA BE 20-P RMF PUL Robe ® - PAVIA HOP HAIG AM ANOV OAdhN cAdhHt AOD AAT HANAY - PME JB, ullendorff, 1951/ AA hea AIAN: GE cap hinews omRongy Pil PITH AP WAR HARA te: [PRLIO ~ ROE (EL Griffith, 29896/ /DAE, VOL, P.50/ 14Pith FAW AEF a OH NEA MADAA PETER PIAU Rd EH ENR CRP WG PUPAPY ARCREPT ETM Oe ANECATH LIF AGT MamPAL POM RAVET HWWL NAPLES heehda AL one 27% Mes . RIAA TAN Hees Rhone? NOt 1A Nee RIE IC PPR UIE BAT AT OAP-OF48 MP TEE Sac ATE Dee Res. ney Bee 7s Aree oom: TH ANT crab Aeded HIRT AAA DIES AEA? Fee Ade Rdee APTS LORE AAPOM ATIC AKT AP WRAY AVI IE ADL OF R-RMTT ANE Ld} AOL AR LACH PEERS COOLDF AICCANH ATT POMEL WG MALELO LER AME Rar TAIATICT Rite RAGE PAY APAA APRON AOR Lh HEED PPHIT TEP Memb TR Lee TR OACLE? BA ATER ADF LOMA WER LOO. OR AO ARAK Th APA LOSI ANCAVE LIVE OLE EC PREF MIAR YSET Th NT TCH OL% RIK L LEER LTT RTE, C0 Ceo RaeE PNAC Hoey HOFar - THFa- nea- HOY NE: AKA TF IG MCP AN PRATT NABLOm AG AAM+ $10 WICH ALT PA APR RN TROP cobeg BmeAAT PUN RaveT AREAS GOP MATE 1G-COPOA PACAAS TAA TERE - HOP, QUE WEAN NRT ALM FOAT VIAU 2-RdeE ALTE BALPES PAP COG AIAN Or CORAET CORE orgs: aerady ARLE AIS AL ACH AL TAT net hued) NE MEAP ANTE HICH PEPb +R ORD Ue PIP NID Fee APO eT MAILE RET AA TED APEC LE PMC AeA PPG TAN AILIG NEFO HEA-OY New). cONR HE PRIE PROVE J RERG Pbaer Ot APOE AIOE ASEOS aorhehGL PAL FOF bet coRATT NAILER Tar QeMIG or Aashs3 hice 15PPA TAU OAR TAA POL BPRED HH PRTC GPR ATA eH AGE AHI TEC AENCAEST TH AARC OL EPLCA Td LS-OOPOAFOMY NALD ATAU ALT ONC WMG Ad: LT NTR LT OLMT ALAA PNALT Ney CIDR WL. come A OPRcd FEIT YOR LRar Pah, ALT Poem, VIC ANH AGT ALO PLE TOR? PINT Ie AN oT Roos idee 1PY Ta ALT Rdv® PT AMARA PA Peed HOD NET PIATMAT ADR LPP PAA. EMEP ROK get o>e jab? +¢a6P Fb H eT OGL AS canst, 20 oAGHVAN NEL FFT MF ALG Fae NOPE Ere, AG NER ADEA LTE Phmbordh yi: «hy EMAL ADP Add PAAer:: asSe>4 PPalatalization’ AT MA74RYT MNasalization/ (UF Bh evs AME WLI cAARAME POLLS ALTE PHILP WALA LeRT ROLLE DAD HH Poe AT POOH MALEE ORF ako AFCA meh APO MT CLE SPRE ALT EP PLIOK AMP POT OU PA PM PLEO ORG: BH OTE eEAAEr oAWEP hIAT 1A ate? NTALY OTE RATE 2H IAG MEAP TEAR PLPACIS ALTE NF? AbAPE PFE raat SCORE RMT 42aT Lo HETae APAATEYE PEA TROT FoR TAD FAS? ROT yor CATE Afoanisr: tAmPaee NBR wh lei Alles a>mrFe tev PLA NACE ANA RPRF Adee Pad Abe PATA PDK LEAVE CREO APRS PLEPAT NPC LPREOG NemaAPoE WIPO Nene LPR Nemac ANTICT APICT HLT AdbPar ALCIPAL LT RIP NOKTPLO- AS MOPAR AivbPAr ILLES PF, POaRHO Oe CORED Os DT MAL RETO 22a NeeHd AI AIQAH TAR ULTEES PPUCE UCTOAR AT NNT RA AS ALCIAL VA ADKMFEE ARCAPE POOP EY ALIN ANELAG DA AP Robe R MO-eBs OAT? PATER ET A RAMCTaA VAN PALE “ber CIEPEY WAG ADORE Hr RdeE PREC THOR ADAH TAU AAA Patt Aeegme AFAFE IAW TH ATICY DLP CVIC WAT LIRPF NALKE ATP AF ALTY ALPR AT AATAISS CAPO Arp LIRPFI «Dagan ot LFA: Phonemes in Ge’ez _ Consonants: The Ge’ez letters are most of the time called syllabary. The let- ters can also be consonants that are not vocalized that is to say in the sixth order. In this concept, the letters can also be called alpha- bets.. , Although some of the sounds can not be known clearly, orthographically they followed the proper way of writing. The Complexity, of putting the letters in aword is not shown. However, one can guess that similar preservation was kept in the sibilants like in the laryngeals and the pharyngeals, Although in the lin- guistic history of Geez itself, certain phonemes become confused in the pronun- ciation, one will notice that quite several Ge'ez phonemes correspond to one Am- haric phoneme. Although the pronunciation cannot be now known with certainty, 4 ‘Ge'ex' or Ethiopic seems to haye remained the spoken language even after the end of the Aksumite Empire. This could be parallel with Amharic and/ or other Semitic languages of Ethiopia. The nature and placing of stress in Ge'ez is to some extent known in the imperfect form of the verbs, based on the GGMS rather than the unvocalized inscriptions. Development of vocalization in Ge’ez and some significant sound changes Vowels: Vocdlic correspondences In Semitic in general, there existed six vowels. _ Short long a a i t u a a is preserved in Ge’ez i disappeared. and the sixth order hecomes # 17Aah, the u » a remained fourth. i remained third. ui remained second. The fivth e is derived form the Semitic ay, however, the present pronunciation does not give any definite indication of the quality and quantity of the Ge’ez vowels at the time when the language was spoken, Nevertheless, etymologically Amharic: a(4) corresponds to Ge’eza u(’r) corresponds to Ge’ez u (4) corresponds to Ge’ezi af4) corresponds to Ge’ez a e(%) corresponds to Ge’ez e 4 (A) corresponds to Ge'ez ¢ ofA) corresponds to Ge’ez o* Vowels: . &~ 4 preserved in accusatives and in some cases. ALL PROT LPR Pad At a ir A, ~£/ASé Ana” Aa —dy (PB 4 Se/aan . A Ae . . " Some changes (vowel shifts) in the pronunciation of Ge’ez Aa om FN A> Dw ar A> efi a fib Nh A>dh-a HAD a> Be wmE-B Aru wu- 0 A> #-wo he. ft © This ir true for Amharic speakers, not for other language speakers. 18PPI TAU As indicated above, in the place of the vowels A and fy, other Ge'ez words: Ad» and A corespond to the protu-Semitic ha and AL, neverthe- less Ad» and A.& have a diferent meaning in Ge'ez. Unfortunately, they preser- eved the sounds of A and A which are still pronunced as A@ and ALS re- spectively. The semi -vowels 2 and @» show changes according to the mouth of the speakers of the language. The semi -vowels and the other letters that have the character of the vowels: :U::A:0: are characterized by the follow- ing changes. Lhfinitive Bperfective WA> WA bd > bt 3. Imperfective FAO > Fada baer IFUL 4. Loss in the mid hon> £A All the changes that we see above were kept or were unseen in the oldest manuscripts and were pronunced as consonants, nol as kinds of semi vowels; but, sometimes, they take the sound of the semi vowels in a half manner, as @? as PF £... ° Examples: LIB! > LTE Te: > VRLSR: CORPS > APF: DRB?: > DAA: sometimes Th >t: Rk > Bile . > WMLIF 2 ARP: > ANPP: Possession AFAR 2 > APPLE Definite article Adverbs Imperative /jussive ham means ‘oe; and AE rowane * what?PIA FAT ACR? > ACTF: eth > ALP LO: ea AIA: = AIAAL “Radicals, except the gutturals and the semi vowels are changed into the sixth / fourth / fifth or first orders, depending on the position of the guiturals and the semi vowels, As a result, they influenced the general structure of the lan- guage; if compared to the period of Aksum. Laryngeals and pharyngeals... are physiologically connected with the vawel of tone a, and this is why in post Ak- sumite Ge'ez, a well known rule is working according ta which every a (first order) becomes a (4" order) ifits syllable is closed by laryngeal; of course this rule does not occur in GGMS, because laryngeals, connected with vocalic tone, have nothing to do with vocalic length {the only distinguishing A and Oat that epoch), but this rute is operating in the fragmentary Ge’ez inscriptions of Aksum, So that the passage from vocalie quantity to vocalic quality in Ethiopic can be dated at least to the first part of the 6" ¢. A.D.”(Taken from Mepeblished fext/ note of Professor Paolo Marrassini) ~ In the infinitive, adjectives, noun fotmation...processes, Ge’ez followed its own steps since the period of Aksum. It is known that words men- tioned abave, were expressed in the form of the first radical rather than the forms seen after vocalization. However, it does not mean that the words were not mean- ingful. Even wday, words thai are expressed in the first order can give a mean- ingful idea, And almost all the verbs of Ge’ez are expressed and written in the perfect form and all of them are meaningful. In Ge’ez, insertion of vowels played an important role to see the present forms of words. Some other words are the opposite of the present forms and meanings, and some of the words are pre- served in the present Ge’ex{ in the currently preserved Gees) or Amharic . 20Pt IRR ———S Even though there are some variations in Ge'ez and its forms that give am- biguous meaning, sometimes they are compromised with a certain style of pro- nunciations: high level, low level, acute, grave accent and extra short. Some of the sounds of the words in the Aksumite period are inserted and pronuncéd as follows : In unvoiced, the midia radical, a > a. *AHC > MCs. In the unvoiced {before 0}, > a(Le% > &A(gemi)'t::).In the é phonology, syntax, word formation and morphology was very common *LAPF >cvleurs:. In the second radical, because of A/# >a (morphology) “AN? > Ad?#:, In the 3rd radical, because of oa, # > second radical, a > # or and its impact in noun, adjective, © i CouRNML I CORMAN), Because of @ ihBE (hd) > ChOC: (Now PAC) y*+o>e, Eg. hid (PR > Lr (LUCH: zenawe. However, WADA > ENGA and AFA > LNA have preserved fz, The function of & is to make compound nouns and prepositions. «: First radical, hecause of A: : La md 2.0 >t* ht = PAI hth > Heda hdd: bo +o >00 =#/* sAd{now} (h@6) = AL ( Now AO}0= 9 + wa >e Miho) > Hn a ty >e Wow am An CPAP) Gin Tigrinya, it means “to climb”) 42 +: (Now AM) In some words, like the imperfect of GAA = £4AA 1: A seems to be geminated, although the pronunciation cannot be known now with certainty, On the basis of those changes one can be sure that Ge’ez or Ethiopic remained the spoken language until the’ end of the Aksumite Empire in the ninth century. The pronunciation, the nature and placing of stress in Ge'ez can be known in the imperfect form of the verbs based on the GGMS. The nature and placing of stress in Ge'ez can also be known from the traditional pronunciation of nouns, prepositions -~ used in Ethiopia : atit TAY In the case of geminating of Ge’ez consonants, similar indicators are found as of the nature and placing of stress in Ge’ez. High level tone includes imperfect, jussive, subjunctive (but not the 2nd person plural, in the perfect forms), words not having w-¥*9 at the end and words that end with the first order. Adverbs, except UP are high level acute. With the exception of A373 and @AT? all pronouns (If they do not change themselves from the sixth order to the first order for the purpose of the accusative) are high level it seems that almost all the Ge’ez words were pronunced with high level. This is because almost all of the words were written in the first order for there was no vocalization. If the message is transmited /the action is done for the 3rd person to the other person in the imperfect and perfect forms but Ge’ez experienced phonological, morhpological and syntactic changes through the passages of time. The time of changes thai Ge’ez experianced cannot be known, but can be stated from the Aksumite period in which Ge’ez “started” to be vecalized. The following points can give basic features of the changes in Ge’ez. Unvocalized: UInseription ingraC.AD. AD. AD AD. ‘Site i CROC 99" ARP” TGDR king of Aksum! Bithiopia and south Arabia | ing P (Ad. Drewes, 1965) . The letters are written in alphabetic way, They were written in the woth order and they might be pronunced with the vowel 4. It is very dificult to give the level of pronuncation in this case. Unvocalized: inscription in3rdcA.D. HADAT HAME Matera ATH ANDO D0 AN PANT ADO AOE DRIAT (E.ullendorif,1951) 22PEA TAU The letters are written in the first order. The level of the pronunciation scems to be under the high level. It seems that they were written as a syllable. semi vocalized,: dascription in the 4rthc. AD. Sa brthfookd/D (FL. Griffith) (DAE, VOL, P.50) In this inscription, we see semi vocalized letters and the development of __ writings, according to the promuncation. Again, the promuncation in! 't level seems to be very common. Here, we can be sure that Ge'ez is not only a literary language rather it was also a spoken language. And a Ge’ez word could have come into Amharic from curriculum Ge'ee or from @ spoken Ge'ez or from literary works (mosily). We can also note that the Ge'ez loan words could have come into Amharic through the medium of the spoken Semitic Ethiopic, like Tigrigna, Tigre. Localization of sounds and meanings Many scholars believe that the Greek word has been lent into Ge'ez which has no /p', and so riany Amharic speakers: pronunce the word as p, with the nearest native equivalent, /b/, but others carefully pronunce the word with (p's But, sometimes we see nativication. Examples: 8-0) > Marte: Ti > Sh TIom > h,Fa0:; We can also see localization in other words afier a time, awd. (Tyre) > 29d? AdeS” (bread) >AAF*: UY > Une uh >see Some loan words were taken from other Semitic languages, also and especially form Greek (not semitic) and Hebrew... for items found in the common Judaee christian culture of Ethiopia. E.g: Greek Hebrew Sonape = ATT? bma how: pantenawi & SAL FP: sabakoten ONETLA Reward 7d nowadays holds another mearing which means “absotutely"’ Far Pend: (Tyre) present Geer texts * According 0 Kidane Wald, these words do sot showe mach souad and form differences from Hebrew league. promaht ‘fom wbick hey ore borrowed As we sea, thay ure inclined ta be writen in te first order as uf the Atuanite inscriptions “How Ge'es Borrowed these words from the Greek language is the question ofthe researcher 23PV TAN —————$—$—$————————— According to Abk’a Kidana Wald the pronunciation of the word sabakstan in Hebrew is sabakatani. k has spirantization k’>k. But, it is not reliable because Hebrew has k' sound than the Greek. May be voiceless k » to the k' in the Greek translation or from voiceless Greek k > to the voiced Ethiopie k’. In any case, it is out the area of the writer of this research. The Greek ones are however clear. SOL, PIRW LRA POR ADT POA U- PF ATG DF Pend Pbane WC A- PF AIG NEO HE ATI PaO hae az ME ch PF AIG NP ABO OL AA NE om - AL PIM AT HIF HEA HOM? Kore conee eon, 7% - ASLO Ada HEA AHA PrePH INE Anh TETO nea noo} & RAD IGEO WEA Heed FIMe™ NE! AIR <2» A - 96. AI SHALE FO haa ners AAD, 27y WC % NAG OLE FA AT PP FOr NIG OR Ide PIE agot PLA HC M - 9d- AI ATHA AT Ad NE HNP OL TA PHL WE DAM OL Te PPE POR RTC BONA WC h. $3 A7e AFA AT Teh NE 4 - tt ROA BANE SUE EAVERE Rhbt OLA POPPE 8. hte F HITT HAL PTR hAR Ww) For BPaP RAP DA ATE FO an. Nome 1D GEO [bEMtOre AG Bf E. Aa TePED NAL AL AEE Tro ATTFAT PAU AS wy) 24keels TAN BUM PARE WS AT POR E.PCULE PROT AT PARP EO Tees oem crohAe WEY T BOet OHH AT here BCRP AAANFO OL FH AF Pte EYL, API IA TERE Pine 10°g7- NOE RIL - PEPEE Arad ARIE AL PAE PNET Prt ARRE Hor; HAT - PATIC Ney % Home Yat - PH -ARRG TGET-TERT 120} OT. PEAT MAN Kee PAA OO} - [ALZFO 19> ATTA WAT PRAE OLTET LV Oo Wiley’: v. tad a. ahh BUTE. POR TOF &- Pho4e4a PCR NAN TR For hea Hews B- r9cht Qt Adah TRF hea not - PN OTD Ah Teo hea nee} @- ATT MET «Ly TPAD AT PERE Some ancient manuscripts of Ethiope are used in this work Here, I would like t0 acknowledge Uhlig. However, his work did not consider mauscripis of the Aksumite period. : . Paleogrpahy [CR £80: Mes fom Den dew Pou Rem Pay Aame Ante Gam Dew Ben Ben bene Dee Meu X-u em am bem Nas Qe? Wen Zea X-u Fem oon 25PI TAY This is explained by Ashar and mostely stated as letters of sabeans. But when we examine them, some of the letters were preserved in the GGMS. And showed the pictographic nature of the letters of the language. The shape of the letters is very similar fo the numerals. Introduction: Paleography is the study of various systems of writing. Ac- cordingly, Ethiopian manuscripts are dated in three ways: 1. By the year of mercy 2. By the year of the world 3. By the name of the king Among the three ways by which Ethiopian manuscripts are dated, dating manuscripts by the name of a king of the period is the most common. However, if the period of the king or his personal name is not clearly mentioned, we are forced to use other mecha- nisms to know the period of the writing of the manuscripts. Accord- ing to Uhlig, there are five main periods in Ethiopian paleography. These main periods are: the period of inscription during which we have many inscriptions written in Ge’ez and the Greek language, the second period covers the period from 1330 to 1450. This period is called the transitional period. The third period, from 1450 to 1550, is called the period of circular writing system, The next is from1550 to 1650. It is characterized by thin and siender writing system. The last one is the Gonderian period writing system. This is characterized by the gulh {thick or bold) and the ragiq (thin) script. Some of the letters have shown changes from the first period to the other period, but, some letters do not always change. So, changes are not ahways the features of letters in each period. The following are the characteristics of the changes that we see through time. 2: was closed ai the top and started to be separated in the 16th century. 22+ the vowel sign was directly attached 0 the body of the letter until the 16" century. @: was closed until the 15" century like 7 d+ The left leg was bent until the 15th century. 26Pit TA ‘The system of the Ethiopian letters and their shape includes a rectangular shape with very good proportion and curve also slopping down. The Ethiopic letiers and numerals have some similar features."’ Some of the examples are seen in the oldest Gospels. & + has an oval shape until the 17th century. # It was like the Greek beta until the 16 th century. was reciangular until the 16th century. E. was like the Kihiopic number Seven When we observe,texis of Aksum we see some variation from ihe work of Uhlig. GGMS holds forms of letters, which are different from modern their form, and can be explained as follows. Present time < GGMS 4 ” but with longer a leg and curved circle. . £ ain the mid. Eg. tic PP: > AnAPP: Both Fads: and Riis: is now charged in to Adds: Bad Git > B&G: > LK: (Amharic.) dr< The right leg is shortened. Has vowel marker in it's middle. wh, flvA 420 >é6U thOA > TAA heavy d> PP ve TMANeoUN emt WA > BHA AULT DAL LESFor AGM F ATIAR PUAN RdveF PAN AT £PaT ar AGA, ATRL NILAATL- O- P -B- MALT? OLA Pb Mt BE AGTIPAT: HAAL LI > BIN ar TLS > TILIP en Ae > AEE OSE > O4F PEP LL ih > MRE AMA ae dhe et >AnCes F ALT > AAT ARYL AP ARR > APARL PPP CO Ck >...fthe Gold toa 2 Advi > Ahk Tout AR > Nae PAT I LP > Ae ay OAC > 8h 31FETA IAT LEAD? AM ELA = aN DALE > RASA Torn > Lorn Feb > 74 aca? = ncay Foe PLEA > RCPS 8 > ICeh, Ria = Rana RASH = RAPA Pan = Pai A: = AL. AP Pr = aed ae Whe eh Sound changes and the probiem in accent Internal changes of consonants are also identified in Ge'ez since the earliest available Ge’ez manuscripts. GGMSS/GLMSS/GIMSS > GCPT/GPPT MAPLE ios kro tawi] askoroti AC*HLN: [Parmatiyas} arimathea B4A°V? : fgeteseman}gethsemanc és: [k'aranyusja place of a skull PTLAE + [magdolani}magdatene Pk APY: [Rafarna h om] capernaur Jom gut [giraura J yre APéehi] Fyyartho] jhartou PI: (gihannom] hell PAA: [galeterwif APPLE Lp’ an Uyawi] [Jpontius PCGB {Corea} M4+ [gotogora} Ad. I” [sli ham) LIP fninawe] AGE: [sorya} THBP: [nose] = APEAAS*: [yporusatem] AAGEP EY fas Korotawt] >A ACL: : [Parmatyas] & > @ENV2: [getesemani] #> & +20: [k'granyus) B+ > eTLALTs[magdslawif a> Ait) PROGUI": [Pfornahom] PoP? ho Fe AEP: [ginura) F> Ti om > P Abéh: >[Ayyeriho] F > Pi de >i WYP": [gihannom] 7 >? MAC {golelawi} A> A A> AMS E:[p'an t'yawi] Pb SR[k srenawi} PAGS [golgoial AAsbg? sali h om) HP fninawe] AGF: [sorya} SWebs [nacred] APEAAL”: [Ziyyorusalem] *Here, the change is simply sound change. 32Proper nouns Can: frakeljRachel > AAA: [rah el] APO: [labdewos] > ANR PN: [lebdewos] AALEO [Pelfiyos] > AAEPA: [Pelfiyos] ofa: [va%e k’ob} Jacob > SbbM: [yale Keb] ta [nok ] neo > $% [nox] na: [barban} > AGH: [barban] Aeraga: [Paremiyas)Jermih > ALISO: (Faremivas] VCP: {mar k’os} Mark > CHA: [marg k’os] AGANMA: — [bSelzebil] > ALANA: [b Selzebul] Ah" fbarakiyu) > Neh? [barakyu) Unchanged Proper nouns IBA: [dan ftel}Daniet = SIKA: [daniel] AALS [?elyas] Elijah = AAS: [7elyas] Prat: [yohannes]John = Poh Wt: [yohannes} RO: [dawit]David = AG: [dawit] AP3: [am fonjSemon = — APP4:{sm Son] AANAT/T: [Zelsabet/ r']Elsabeth = ~~ AAALPH: [Zelsabel] Waka: [zakkaryasJZechari = = =H, [zekkaryas} PACA: [gabr fel] Gabreil PICAA: [gabr Fel] Although in the linguistic history of Ge’ez itself, certain pho- nemes become confused in the pronunciation, one can notice that quite of the several Ge’ez phonemes correspond to one Amharic pho- neme. q The impact of @! FF & (U) FU (ch FD) in the change Forms of nouns Boot: [Somat] year > gan}: [Samat] UW: {hegar] country > VIC: [hagor] Te change fom into de ts uncommon in Geen, but because of the loss ofthe sound ofthe guar now there are many ‘changes in the guiturais. 33PP TAY LCOF: bir %t} way > POFE: [57 Sat] aor: fsa fet] hour > AGP: [sa Sat} onr: {S9lam] world > SAI": [Salam] Sound Change Examples: #9" ; [k’om Jstood (noun) = #P%stand [k’om] (Imperative) > ##*:: stand [kum] Fv: he stood [koma] = fav: they stood|t’omu AF: fast [s°o.s] (noun}= AF: fast [s'om] (Imperative) > #8" fast [s'um] dom: fstoma],..st > Mow:: [toma] AAAs: [salle] hated > mAs [0 alla] In infinitive we can find loan words particularly in: PLfi: : ~ ‘he praised him’ PLA: Yih: - ‘he blessed him’ liar: Here, Amharic preserved the archaic form /the oldest Ge’ez form rather than the present Ge’ez one. But in the intransitive: verbs, Ge’ez tried to change the first order into the seventh order because of the assimilated letter as: AQ: > rds: ="went? Abs: @Perfective)> chi: (noun)> del: (imperative) rk :: at that time refers to noun, perfective and imperative. Bh@O1 > LdeC: (Poba Garima) SPO: (today). ¢PA: + = P¢AM +: ‘He killed him’ Now if PtA7” is geminated at 7 it means ‘they killed him’ LOLL > ORL, 4 and ¢ have similar characters: oR A: > CORA: LF°%, nnd: >AAG: O-1Ad:: Abu: AbU3 LEO: > bL02 LEOU: A is different from &. It is the causative marker, but it is lost in the imperfect form as: APA: APPAR:FIA IRN —————————— The word, in which the above letters are found shows phono- logical changes in the imperfect; but follows its own house (verb type}. The above letters affect all the letters forms / to T in reading and pronunciation. We find: @ in the 2nd and 7th order, fF in the 3rd and Sth order, and 4 and V in the 4th and 6th order. E.g- 45D: Lb Yrs: PLY: ThOL:: . uF batt Par: Ph: #£har: : (Amharic) i All the letters, where @ is present before or after them, cannot | be the 2nd or the 7th order. F changes into the 3rd and Sth order @ ge changes in to the 2nd and 7th order. @:- as the final radical changes in the imperfect changes from the 6th order in to the 2nd or the 7th order. In active Hadi: LHe: .: imp. And Juss).in passive PAWO LFF: @:. as the middle radical changes the beginning of the verb (imperfect) in to the 7th order Ad::;, doe: : ; ¢rés:.*No change in the | infinitive, imperfect ..... @ in noun formation avoids (because of | assimilation) the suffix or the prefix, Examples : Bi0:; = Fit: ; 7 ORE: = OAL: ; OAL: = aon ks: MUR = ami, (NE = aks: And other forms of nouns include ARP Babi ROP RON! LRb (BLRI) Jussive/order: ankP >LP BLP Amharic/@ with Guttural and semi vowel arAPr. - Pas the final radical changes the Imperfect from the 6% order in to the 3rd order. Examipes are, A2P:: Bb: BOP: Phd: Pfs £743: F as midial (vice versa} changes the 3rd order into the 6th, Examples are 72,.0:= 730: 1 %é60::= IC. In Gerund the 3rd = 6th: OEP: Not wath: DIAP: Not OF: Again the Ist order > Sth order: 7fur: : >7@u: + > RL: Wao; ; > Lae: > > bao: 35DI THY Changes in dentals or inter dentals: Bag: : [s’alme] become dark > arden: : olema] ALR: [s'efana] > Bek te : [affana BPC: [s'ogue] hair > MPC] Vagur) ? BIC & gar] Auth : [stew] salt > BD] Pav] ROP: [stark] dress > ALP: fear WJ Bark: + {d’amada] > Auaok: : [E'ammade]”? Bonds: [d’smara] added > Myrvdssfsammara] Bim: + [d’oba Pa} caught > Aillm: : [Pabbat’a] Other significant features or changes in pronunciation 1, Assimilation: It is a process by which two sounds that occur close tdgether in speech become more alike. Examples: qawama> goma. 2. Dissimilation: making sounds more different than they were be- fore is common in the transition form Ge’ez in to Amharic. OMAK IW, DES > OAR, 3. Changes in Lenition or weakening...: affect only consonants. Consonants can be classified as stronger or weaker on Several different scales; the following are some of the changes seen in the history of Ge’ez : Voiceless Voiceless Voiceless Voiceless velar pharyngeal velar pharyngeal plosive fricative plosive. fricative - hat > edi: Aféh > hStd Simplex Geminate we > 2 Gem.) |goyaye>goyye] Voiceless Voiceless Voiceless Voiced dental dental velar velar plosive fricative plosive Blosive APE > AME Snow > pte "gauss, is iso equivalent to moms. 36i I Alveolar - nasal palatal Aktee ARES voiced voiceless dental dental fricative icative ATAUP> ADAATY Geminated Degeminated th? > tid geminating Ge'ez (there are many Ge’ez words} Degeminated ° Geminated A728» 098 (Gem.) bowed {Amharic} Spirantization of velar plosive bY> FY tthe source is the book of Mar yishak) Voiceless Voiceless dental fricative palatal tihaw > Piihow(Amharic) . Palatal approximant nasal > e Voiceless _ Voiceless Addition Loss dental dental PEW > POWO F from 0-7 plosive emphatic A> mn The most national development principle Final vowels often dopper "V “ become Voiced between vowel Stops, become fricatives(under certain condition) Consonants become voiceless at the end of words AOS This Kind of ehange is not rch common in Geez, but the reverse is very us, 37F2% TAU a stop fricatives approximant; glottal stop > F (palatal approximant) aon Alry > oneh voiced bilabial liquid AEA > AACA Voiced bilabial glottal stop —_—oral stop Bilabial nasal nasal nasal plosive (stop) liquid OW > Orne ARNE > ALWYE Voiced © voiced velar velar plosive fricative WAG > Rb: WLU IeIGCem.) Classical Ge'ez had no phoneme (Vj, though it did have (f) which had a voiced ailophone [uJ between vowels, so that nafs, for example, was pronunced with [uJ- as it still is to"day. This, the word we now spell over word initially, however, (&) could only be pronunced as voiceless @), as it is still today in native words like Ffaldg, Orthography and Problems of Mispronunciation Significance of the Gospel to identify the sound OAL: Ah’: WL: Met: «hs far as we can tell from the archaeological finding in Ethiopia, the Sabean alphabet is said.to have had twenty nine symbols. But by the time when Ge’ez is said to become a spoken and writlen language in common use in northem Ethiopia, If this veiw of Geez as a child of Sabean is right then it took over only twenty four of the twenty nine Sabean symbols. in addition, two new symbols (p’) and (pj were invented to represent sounds of Greek and Latin loan words.» “Besides, by the time Ge'ez stopped to be a living spoken lan- guage and /or was replaced by Tigrinya, Amharic, and other lan 38.FP AY guages, further changes took place That meant that the use of all the three different symbols U + » secame unnecessary, since all these are now given the same pronunciation h. Fur’’ rmore, both » and f are pronunced as (sj, both @ d’ and & as ,s’, and both A and @ as ('a)." However, all nine symbols of Amharic are taken form Ge’ez, which iwas the language of literature in Ethiopia even until recent times. Similarly or particularly, after the fifteenth cen- tury, we see the changes of the consonants in # and (: GGMS/ GIMS e390: 9F7P4: LAME: NAM: OCGA: RCA: OC (some changes after the 15th century). 4 > a Shift of sounds: The following letters show changes through time in phanol- ogy morphology and grammar: A>Aora during the grave accent & PA ors may be directly >A i Yo ” " dp d> & ors ” “awe b 2 We tore " “ PY a> wor ow) A> f> & & & £ ore bP ore > PO Ore & E/E or a (in Amharic and Gadlats of Ge'ez) ta PR fe i ofa -(in manuscript of Mar yishak) * & Gora Ae # ore ##> ? or a geminated 39Dh TAT ———S ee PA iP 7 OF 8 geminated 47> 4 oro geminated Ab> h ore geminated Problems of mispronunciation/ Problems of phonology That is Ge’ez letters which could be considered phonologically akin. to one another, in the early days of the language’s history. However, the letters that now represent the same sound »used to have phonological variants .There are for example ,the three types of h. When we see the some texts, we find them full of mistakes com- pared to the early GGMS. Examples: "The Lord called his servants" "ATLA AarO phigh level] APICEU “The Lord called her" “AVHA AO acute] ALY They (Fm.} called AFF RarGhigh level] All the above have the same pronunciation in the fourth order not even the fourth order of the reason is but according to the Gos- pel of abba Garima one can see that the Gospel preserved the way of uriting. ON > ON," A is not a there pronunciation of Ge’ez it use influenced by the semi vowels ONG really follows the rules of word formation process in Ge’ez. AA: > ALY: LRA? : > MLA: : Uhh ALAD-LF: Udvh &EOLF: Mhh ha Qarer: "Ith is wien it O the meaning will be completely different. Ge'ez has many words that change thelr meaning because of the tone found in the faaguage. Words could change their meaning according to the prorunciatian. Even some worts show difference in mesning ifthe pronunciation is zzre ot not “OME. follows the normal form of Ce'et words and adjectives. It means it is not affected by te gutteral, It seems more like a oun mther than an adjective, 40PP TA SS Generally speaking, the Ge’ez letters have their own function not only for orthographical purpose but also in the melody, poetry, morphology ete. Hence, if letters are not properly spelt and pronunced, they may shift the meaning and the structure or the grammar of the language. However, there are some traditional scholars who use these letters with out the understanding of the general mule of the language, they followed from what or where they have learnt. How- ever, in the past, the scribes were punished or cut of their hand if they did not write the letters properly. This was practiced during Emperopr bakkafa, in the Gonderian period. (Admmasu Jemberie: 12). However, even before the Gonderian period some of the writers violated the proper use of the ortogayaphy, the witness is the the theaologica aethiopica of Job Ludolf, This day, there are many Ge’ez words written with out the identification of the the proper place of the letters. A very good example is the Ge’ez dictionary of kidaned Wald kifle which has many Ge’ez words having two or three options to write one sound. Hence, the problem is not only of Amharic but also of Ge’ez. That is why many composers of peems and writers, write them with out the indentification of the letters. Punctuation includes drop, three dots and others. Example; WA: DOOR A:: BDLA: Adee Hil: MAD: BUTE. WP ha PELE TAM APA AM 1 PRA > OF + PRA PRA + Oh dO: RATE PLANT 100616 PF PRAY AP Me AT HICT NVA AL RIAALEO LER RIROH NLL LELCIO HANE AP Th UP APT AAELP PRAT PRAT AAPLE AD Thth $2" AA SRO NVA ICT ATR ANTOTLO IAT ALLAT: ACT Rav G ATAU ARE AE ALA IP: TAN AICS howhddok Merb OT OLF WHE AAG AARP LMP AIRMC MEAP emeerde: QremnALE VIAU ATE ATL CO I + WANE + SCV AR Me Oe 1 + LCUE + WAT A NPAT OM. fe had Pe BC Ub NAAT PoLmtom PIR Ra ED ATTA: CiLtise F70- 41PHI DAT LP POLNED AUIGEE MATH LALEO MOLT OLGT LT LMP ANRCH PKS BLUE ate TRU MaorT NILTL NIIP IAT APCIM LCR PIR] WPALR TTA PLALE MASTT ALNETIL RIMANME! NIRA RCTS NOME ALM AINA PAeoow hor ASSEPAT: TAH MET CIS NET AabPOA NEE TOM GAR RRC > AAR > Aedes NIK AIC (aH RR AD RHR PEROT NIP ROHL PUNE RIPE deporte FORA: AAS 2At aoamdrer RRO exc owTi-y NeLLM 7h pram PP PALIT BNTAE COMME PATD MIAT NICAPAT: PAA WA AT wht Pee | NICT Phe a0 > ay > or RAD > aA > ma REO > és > me ACh > ae > me Ahh > Ra > RINE. Raet * at Rader a Ader abe > Ohk > BL lnad n0- ™o0 - Pa ich AIRC CRC hab MR Area cowed ne aY Pu ATTICA: OHS ThA PHULI MANIC OAT LEA CA Ho BTW PIDIELT CAE TORE NAAT NIRT ON Sek eden PAD LCT PET ALO DAE NII PLCWA: CNL CTE — PRED — PAT HE APE MbCD POLALIM SAIC ark courte INH DIRTY RICAN: PAR AGI? Bae [vad - ha Dis (UA - Ae. hoy - by - Tee Aro - eR... PTH Pah VPart PAP POL LPANTO NAICS PRG OAT TAU IPF LTA ROA NAGS LA PFAT PAPAO POF ARE CTLADTAOY Lat yt: 2- PI INU PA POM OORNG Fide forneksl: APA «> 1b APART ALT ASR NO Te PAPA: beets PdUAT PPEN PINE Coa FYLEA TOA Ldmed MWR por: UM Pak ATCT TH AATF RIPE WMCP Wt hboramAy IEE RID MCOPOEEETIC PEC KEN PAINE AA AMINE ATPARH DATATR PLPR AMT MebSC: NMACIE TAI AMICK? MAT: DIEFO hea Hood Bere deka RIRTE LOW A477 CP Ty HARD REPRE AMEMC PRE ANEPIA HEF AAT EA BP PIU Rd ® PRAIC NOTE PNA HIEFO - FO NEA NOE RIA HNO TRA WIRC HOO) PEASE ede INKY PoeT 7 PAR AG PHeMceAg rh SFar: IEF hea. 12° PRT Rd ME LEA PPOLAT 0% PLEA Howe FCN how hy AG CAN RIP hace VARieE AIRC AICTE TF TA Orly Nk RECA HO NIA ONT HOOD Phot APF RIL OAP OPER. TROT R AANA OR Heo Heo Nenta- srh 1 PAR Neo NAY 73 FI Kar eTLLANO Tut MF ALT AMPAL THIET Te port: Syntax The translation in Ethiopic has expanded continuously since the coming of the Nine Saints. In memory of the Hebrew professor Ak- lawer, Biblical scholar and promoter of vernacular translation, it is fitting to say a word about language types as they influence trans- lation in the Ethiopian language area. The two major language types as characterized by whether the verb comes at the beginning or late in the sentence must be given special attention by transla- tions in Ethiopia. Most of them are working from engines with refer- ence to New Testament Greek, Old Testament Hebrew, and possibly Ge’ez. These languages are of the SVO (subject- verb- object} or the similar VSO (Semitic) type with the verb near the front. The Ethio- pian translation whether Semitic, Cushitic or Omotic languages presently being produced, are of the SVO (subject- object- verb) type Patterns. However, the Ge’ez status was mainly VSO type. 43PF TAD The earliest Ge’ez phrase structure is Noun + Adjective. Adjec- tive + Noun was often used. This shows the internal development in Ge'ez. Again, the syntax in Ge’ez includes the earliest Semitic one that is VSO, and at the same time it uses the SVO. Here, it can be said that Amharic and Ge’ez probably developed these changes through time. Ge’ez also uses related words in its literary docu- ments. This change occurred, not because Ge'ez speakers suddenly decided to move some phrase farm one location to another, but emerged because of a long term tendency to shift various discourse functions from the VSO imperfect to the SVO perfect. In Biblical Ge’ez, then, a shift in the markedness of two competing construc- tions led eventually to a major syntactic change in the language, a change in its basic word order. Grammaticalization, Typology, Harmony SVO condition of Unmarkedness OSV /marked not so ordinary Shift of marked- ness. Like other Semitic languages, only Biblical Ge’ez had two dis- tinct sets of verbs form / Aspects, called the imperfect and the per- fect. The imperfect forms were used most of the time for most pur- poses, while the perfect forms were used only occasionally for a few purposes. Importantly, the imperfect forms normally required verb - subject- object (V S O) word order, the ordinary word order of the language while the perfect, a marked form, usually required a marked word order, SVO. Here are two examples from the book of the Gospel: , MEA HALLO AoOAAN ‘And said Zékayas to the angel” [imperfect] Alt RWG Nod Additoo This change occurred, not because Ge’ez suddenly decided to move some phonemes from one location to another, but merged be- cause of a long- term tendency to shift various discourse from the 44PPA DAW VSO imperfect to the SVO perfect. In Biblical Ge'ez, then, a shift in the markedness of two competing constructions led eventually to a major syntactic change in the language: a change in its busie word order. Grammaticalization, Typology harmony, and Syntactic change analysis of the structure: A copula: The Ge’ez copula is the verb to be which, at the same time is, used as a pronoun, a demonstration... some examples: a. AFH MUP? Dab ‘While mute is’ ‘While he is muie" b. OE Mate ARP He is a righteous man’ Cad Dh HICAA ‘Tam Gabriel’ d. PORD APE “Blessed you’ “You are blessed * B.A. PPS VE. Th APT? ENE TRH FY Nt PCALSF QARCOEL AM HOOD PLES IW HOTT QUT AZED AS CFF AVIGR UE comb AON AMOTH Th AEMEHET NALA RT WOT MAP NALD ALY BOAR AG 190% Hees Par doLaT ADR TW PO: ECHOES LT OOUNCE Mt ncate) Wt-beuctt APNCOELTE IH LT ee hcahed PevaAm, “TOhAT Oet-neirket RMIVIC NeRe APTA F207: AAAS? Yr AWE PCH AT POMHDAT THT AL PERI AK APR PATO -POLAG EFC TMC PAPPAL APNEAEEF FUT Ch WA MIE FH id 1-H URL LOLA CHAE RL the RONELT PINE ERAGE Th PIR AILT TA ml ANENATAT: AMAL PATER At hCnted WhA-TtrUCT Mee RF Aner SF WO MAMA: 16-9, WAR COPE PICT Wes 0% 45PPI TA PEED OT LIL arava Sesrah: var PruCHr PENCOLNTE PHUCH A Deb NCHALLL ORM AL hel ArH DR POOP LETT HE LO-T MOA NIRV Ate TER TE AA, BT ASHI Net BIR ANTE KOH, OAAT ALA ACH Ac APPA Aeet AAMAkA: £1 AE ARTY eo Utt NRCIO APT AEEA Yar: APhOGH PHMES WLISA FOr AT AVIEFO NATO GC AL OFF WLENCALLD AUPCO COPA: NWA THOR bit d PAS PUT HCOEST FAN PCH heey for 1k ALdik Aeon ALNTI BLEPAD MERGOLLI KILDA WEF en2cKOr> Oo ERD ALAME ARLE AOb PAA. PP heat ek valk NAT Abas FAS PLO APLIG howd A Lider VOT ALAND COPA: RAPE AREER Ietha ORAT APET HCIAT ADEA BeF OF AAPAT MD ANIA AMAAGAE: LUTE PRCTTOr ARS ooyooC-h HWE DREAM LEA Albee Woes: VAPOR ALOT PECYVICT HLOPNCOTTE FE-0EHF NA MEO AG OEE SANMADAC? NOGICT Lb-yoO-E EME OF Co AAA APibhhAT PEAT Pde WAET She var peht ROCAPAL PLEOTOD FLOP CRETOD CRATE BFP-CPOET PPC ALT ADEE PEIN PCRLEAT LOCK Ot 1SAFO-> be sto ADAMO NeeTeeFor yor: Lee TT ALERT PRIME CARA EEE APP LACD PAGEAEI MULTE AAT IO: UH ALOAe abe ba ADAG APEO HoT ART hiOdhT NMA ALAR AA IP Ht NCULLT AMALIE LATED Rb-CON-C oh DAL FAO MRI ANT HAY APi RCHFA HIG AAR 199920 Paty AL TL ALCOA NAD 129980 PAN ALA MAPA ARCATA A2Gr RT PH AdTrC MAD PFD ALG Nori NPAUT APO GLEPA: LA AF ALT RAD FOd AVIC ANIA PREM FEPAL AL S.cryar Cts. UILOPAREOD omtar Lhe ANNO HOOF 7 PO? AhEFFOr hha? Aner age arr Pata ayaa ATP UCTAA-RCALLD NOTES PBR PUP TP UAOAd HG Fo PTLD Oe: ORL ALINE IT MARY beret or Tend AE Ph (OCR APP VIC AUIC Nee PMC Am PALEF FO, barge AFA NPRAE LrbAad ReCHA-CEP ANT Tor: 46PI TA ——————_———— ee ANG NAAT APP heegeuETO KIC H/C Tor CCR? Ads AAR ALES PAAET UG SMO ALTE doepUatO ae ODE PEIENTOT TLD ALAPON ALEK PLPAH R407 Ae SAIRLT OT WE ALC POMS? BHR OCT Ate PET IOKF RPTL OR TAO KoMAA APROT Port APSE OUD APEAIC! FOOT ONT CAERET LPR AAT FETOD APT MCF APP Peart Ayo APHoDED AMIE ALATAAG Seta: LN AF ag HW ANTE Nom Laos bar MAES AL TE APoRA EO ANIC Ae WA Betas: SNLTAD LAF DYT/ORFR FOC AAAREE Poom FIC: OA Ahi NOT APH a rooce AOE TFET PRISE VIGT Nit ATL PULLRCRFO- PACH one PEE Noonnorg? LF ANY NATO ‘ea ASAtTI 2 As: VISED ATERE CAVE NOT PIT RING PeNTO-s UA PLMR. ARE PZT AIO>” Ty VAIMy NOAP OFE ERE? ree Ash Foe PMRMVAN AZ ke armen, LaFa: vai ie PIER? OEE MATE CONES SAP PANO BOrd+ NUN KIRLHIF. CBr AG PF) NeECAE Pa Oy (\neH TF LOLAAY POA ALEC Os FOAL ROP hd HAMEL HAMAR) ALE TP Neb NE POM TeAT KAT UL PHIL tROP hAcAN ar Boye FEY cobha Pie Pat come at PLAGE UIC AoA ILT TAU Oe: Ne HD PpHOD KI MW Oe eda OICFT OFCLO Porc, BIR oopICE PONG QUAD march POKER, far av'tyy PULAT £700} FOAL OM opEa: bard KOCK 1A eae Mt LA LT soe ANTE oI Nene AeonrGy MSF MEME MPRA WA NLC LAY NPPANTON ATIC NILE FLOM OPE? PUEE ONT AIF ATO MACE. FO: PLCIED RR NSIC FLMIO-F LIA AE ATESH PLA PLO Vy Ange TEE for: LU PERE MYL Ad Imm PUTER HEED We ALA WAFE TE AMT Koh ep, oodmarmy pAkLT: METH haryr LAb HCY Chee No kek La wat eFAAn Ret wt bent ei" NFA, Aetor to-nepa:: 47PP PAU brings enw Room FIC: CMA RI AE CHAGAS an AF Aa LIPO PI AAFCHH oun KACO ret ARE OP pn tos: ete eeEsonabtar That oan PENEOD OLE AIWF LAF DOPE ATA OOH por Mb aeTE THAD ATRLALE MRE O27 POOR aA Pe IAT Me VICE NIAMS TCT Ws edam Peet PABAIPAE RRO HULITE 20 TLL PA Wits core NK? AY PE POD ATERLEL BL RIRP PTET aga’ AneenhZAH LTT DIR hayes. hea, bee Hema AA LAD Remanht 77 OA OT ncaney rans WLITh 26 PoONG Ee VAL CRIROG ALM pean Reman AS. nEcut rane FIC PU? APE MAM SEBAT HOO Of VS tabOCOnras: ACA for AS AUIGEO COLNE DEAE OF AMHONE AALPA LIKE ATL bervet Ht ANTAIE PUTED APT Rhee noon Lary ALO rR at APGIC POLLO PTS KPC fenka: ereri@y Arron eeEr toy DPADD OH AFA COT AnTA FEUT PAID Nar Nie ALT notre kakey Hat Pyko> ANTIC ALC WT? yor bash PNILEE FFor: EAL, de PCL PE TAPE PE Ker PT- AAV NOT NAG Tas NIRPICAD Ot- NENEET Peat tROTE AWE AEN E sprsate: wa beer oer h LER ney eR UCH PHP AWA TPO CoA TO PRY ANtPOR REEPAD ATRTEP ARTE crak THRE reece key NER RAF POLE OU MraLeTER Met NCAELG Aner pte Ch RT POLI ALLT neomeyr noegears Navak aAatade Aare PH Teh PA Renda MtAChts? Mime £eh PHAt PED YD ard HeeTROD bruh PGLREE RIA MME Bop enteh PLE AtMdPar LAH AVM FARE et keo cor ROS Pe BAP LTLPAD ONAL Pq ovgar CAAT TA wARR WNC? RIS ACPH wu Arar DATA PRT Cle PANY OhU OREE PUD WUT NET PPVCT ATAAT ALREE POP WE AT COLLAR ECO Cheese PVC ARE HPT De The OMFt yor NPLLC APOAK LA PUPIL PRATT AT 48Ph, IAW : PORE AL TPUCET AAR WhEeocor PATERP Pateted, (ALP F TAG AT PPPUCT NEA NVEAPA AT ANIADE PU? WU WbremANt LAD EEC AT PPCM He ALTE NET SCH PELPAR PUAN FE IE MANA remerdt AG Ml GARE WR. we PPC cohavk RIP LAS Kage: PIN TEE LEAMA TUNE O29" PLT GRA ae CIWS PPUCh AAI TEE AG NIA ADAP PeOIGS AEST Qew Me AAT BRAT Abt eP- Rat can aoe ‘ AV-LA( RIDE 4.9° £7°C") ah PIA PPUCT TNH Tded OAT? fe 1% Trinitycollege.edu.et PPI Th ded OAS? . The Re-birth of Geez Mkidusan.org TPUCH ANT th bA7k ohh aC PUAN bPPUCt TA FH HEAS APPAE eh VAT TPCT TAT LI OIAN NIA PUTED NAR AR MPF ALAC 1A PAN GTAA ARNE PEE PAN MAA GATING PAAT own ADA P40 CHD MAAR ML... OME ANEPEAH ACHE ATA APM1G MARA NAPARK NAN NowLPMOA AdTP EAE MEANT NA PAW ANLALVE AT MET MAR AF DNLE PTE POP 9d WOEAE APA NELEY AATERE LEP 4G RE APE NESE NIC AG AP MOL AR AIT NAG A 96.3! AECoes LPR. ASL IRS NUM MAS Atewd? NARA TIC! HAD ASME AAA AATANIRE? NET CHC! Mhare. ANE MPO REET NIA... Nookdeh Ahowl! leant? NePrIC... PUEOPE 226. WOEAY 49Pith TA REAM E/MTING Aa MENCHATELD Pbeed POP NA WIPED OA TAN RR TIFETR UCR AT RIG OLLE AATLPL MD PLETED KdeR APCOAE MAAR (MAD ANT PLC) AAT. FE OATES POP AD POPC PRP) «nd VAS Wt AS AP.coph (PLA A GILAR HAE) «thd AV? ANA PACTED RTA Ch APCOAE Abii 14 FAHD bean ao7PAth ATLLAY ONEE CoO! KarE NUILT WR ARAAY Rhee BiB. PIRU RID NIRLLT APF MEAT? uA ARTE LAHAT APERE eee) atl PUNE cpmedt OP AF AMRF OOP The ITI Ate MARZ 42 FA BIR 7A TP NALD AL PA BOD AMAL: QUA IAT OH PHIEkE dA RIO HCH AL AA PLPOSO Of hog comet PATTI PREAA MeOH? RR PPALTAA PATS AU AHA TOR: AAA LOF WA APL PLLA OODLE Th TCE PPLPLO en Bk MOLTE DOr AIA PERT DF LENA HAPTER BOP Poh LILI OP OAT COTET LAGA ATH ANIEE FLOURLHT $6 CIA PARE v1 CL ALP EOM OLE PLANED ILA ne CIN FO PAT OTT FF PENT LAr PPE IO A PFI HRIRFD MIAN OC TS PANE 22H APPLE AT ASAT LINAD AAO LACT cmAL FY ARIAS NTT ARIRED APAD NIV ADOF LFA: RIFF HAtMOd POLtAALO bore POL NAME 261A ATE AAC PENEOD OO-FEF SANETPF he BH BMGAD TIC Ta MARA LE PEN OO PAM DANE PET ARE LoPMAAL PAF WA ACE NAT UL NAN LOLPAn KIKI com NF ALT AILIT AIMEPPRE LMAZ MLA MCLE MOAT HEL APNE LOD Pred Rae VAEF MEPS PLEA ALE ath PABAOA: PENCHO? FEE PEO FEN PLAT PLAPTE PTO PEE TAD MOR UP TAT LALAIAZ Amd FACT cOMORT “INTAAE “bat TA arb LAO sors: . AECHO-LE 1G IFO ACME CCLLANTFO AM HOOT t ATO OFS 20 PROT AMELSTOS CAAROr PHF Md TIE 50PP the IAN eta gar LA TIC RIP USP? HATH PLC MATOTR MAKI AL PM OOP PE A MEPPAT PRPC LY WA ATLIES Nod WPEO 0G! PAULO POPLAROE “Hr kA ANATD ood AE-PAA oop: LEY AGEL LA VE LIE ACPI APA LATO OALF TF WPF AAC AIT TEND, ATA LMAE TAPTOY NIWOT ASI NMATTO LECH PLMERTY AICTD Trth 7 MMA PEO IS PANTO ONF FD AATEC Atl APMED LFA LPO AL LOMO TOAL come LFAAT WIe-F? MAR AR Pee HOR Pa APF ATALST donatrt 0s nS Mer heb EPUCE there eh OTF RLF RID RIMET 1AM ALA LRA LWP MANE A Pe PLEO ARC IPE Cod, RIL P COM BOCA PALADIAT APTI Aer WET PA MPANG TEE WANT POLOR. CORR CLF WIN P10, 40: : Mamrae WU LILO mve>s Near ompnt ag FIC herwedr Ade ARADO POA WATE ULE RD Aobed Mate WA POL POAT egMe AT PATI NOTE ed AT UIGR POs APTA PHIE FOAL NIP RALL Te agit aschher gmas VALE OUDNETE FCAET MAS NECHPE ANGE ATT oPHhA LA PORLT PLPAbANEH AGCHETt NIALIF LI ALT chy boar ANnCAT AT AFONNA PLFA AN PACHA? ton Aenend ON LEO AT PN. HOUT, LAR HAO LDL ADE» 1A DFO: DOTS LI PEMA LIC hema PHAGE Naot boas PAF KITE AIA HOO, AGB ALOT AG CORA (OO-P-ET DME OCA AT MADE CPMEET ARTF ALBam ae PeRMOT Ae LACAD ANT CEP a eh come PRO y NARS? AKSHEIT bat PAVED AT POA? PACH AAT PT AIP LONE WIS PONG APIRPED NCOMET AION: BAL ?RP fo PTAR LIR NGALLD RROD MAL WA PRAIA PIO TICE FE NIAGETS APO hE acvéed VFA WIR PYLPANA Far op eFT LACKED AG Aet-ANA PAA FOr LCA many 2eCvFPa:: 51Dh TAU Berrie t eyed PvICd or hema? ALPE Merb? WAP hAE The RIB VIGR va LAD WR PTI AAR AR ADP hae - OF NEA A TEES DEES PRE OAT TA ATAMT ASAT OFT E LAMPATA: LAT PLVAME CHILL heLirrach Ad PPIRE AIRC poe RAOLARSE AT HOPE oan h pom NIAC TAU Perr BPR SATS WAI Net AMA AIR IRC PPLFA AND WK VIF? PAECH WRG ADROTER AACCHO PIP FOES PHOT LA ADE ADOEPOE “Lh COONS LMbar LH AY 19 POrAR fet Adte AT RED PPA RAGA: At, Wee AFCO Wa 00> FHA ATPAEE AP AOR PrPO e72GNC PANS To MA ARAKI Hy MA Phar 2d. P20 wah RIA. POMP AF Ae tne yergs: Abader” et. here Ay OP AMAR ALA LANA PRES AD OPA PAIL VIC HOKE oop GE OT LAT ACEI CEM PRE OOH OTHE EIT cht YD PAIOR Oat WO: VICFD AAPKLE PARK ANH copoven PRT PPAF P4- RG VIC PARA LY hee VAY AT hoc, MALPEP 69% MIF ARKH LD WATT! Peo; NILE Pod Fer Ady SCF PNILLG AOAT AT ACALTED LomARDAD ANT Tre M824 oF Ot MARE Lateht Ath VM ACrh CP FMEG VIC CHAN AF FAO ALP PI OPTAD VIC ATLPW 229 MER LE Petal PFOY PTA He PF PLA TPE PAYPIAT PAA TOR ELAR ARATE BOAO AAT LRN 2000 ROOT ah? RACAAT POUCANE IE 066-0807 BEMt RoCET CNP ENT CARNAGE AADMAEE VAO-TET ANAT Fert 10-866 DPA, VNPRMADPTLILG “TIMER MPR AIRC AUG FF LA HOTT Pee PONE PALIN TAARTPH om, gE OF Pppacrlp ayee TU On ALP PRE lletd-Tor Pavan ORT ews SBP TE Od MARIO F CP—LI WP NP ems 52Pde TAH OMA HO >) NPM Pee ICP FT RAE. “TAU VM HN NAO QUA he b>PAG eTOr The LWP CAEP AY hee) BE elaine Aanator 2 haa: Lie Qeomy ATT MEET AERP r Rehey ant -bARRAD Wet huh Asorde pao POPC PREG POE Py. LAME Pee ANTE fe PANO - PRC. ober LUPEP APSO PHI Umart Coord ort eoverahe? Liv wees vr ete QuIie-Fy ePPUCT ALA ATT ‘Naor Pert Reo NANT LA? 2 WE neAt se? AENCALLT NM LAT AF NOPEO Tete NOI” 719” AREY MASE OSPF CI TE NE MAIC Vndeara:: LA AAA, THQWAE PCA FOAL LEMCT ULICHLOM Neh APHID LA OF foo FOAL LAWIPA! HOTA F0r ORG TAT? cok Ae RPE OAP0F462 PTO dard Banda Wr yr: AAT” A Far Te On ARE ORT ATE RIADPE ISL Pda: MOSE TLE NAL WANT AVI AO ‘Tred PANG ALAM F AeATT PMA: LTS AL ALE PILOT AT KLM R RAMEE LAGE NEAT POLPICAS PR Wee ANAL 27d.mC BECO AA: heh ebAeR covitie Pevuch AIALTE Per mRET MANE! PREG AREY ABT NATAL TCO DAL ICLP NTAAAG HACE DRAB TE AT OPRTE LETAD IAT fraet-atth AA PEM PIE. PAL AAG: ATERILYE PHU FI PAP PAO 297 HT AND WS AA TA PACK PAA Aeeahh th ateC LPT Nebr TAU LAD E ELA NLA Pate “Mert A ft: ALF parca, RIR AF ooepe-FoOr 71 GA Foy OAL PEOY Perit Ye AFG ATR WF PA AAS POLIRA. LT PI NIE LTC ANTE PRC AL LA WI COMM DLP APYAG Pd. ALCO GT: LAPT WA 29 omAhe halt quart ¢CH TE LAGAT: PomAnP TIC BEF ET AT THU ATER LOL EFF PINTONSAT AAC? Wee m.RF ARGO Arn AACLONAAD LRAT? coed E 33Th TAU Lier yor: AAT PAR TOAR TidthtaA 17 AW AR AR PEPE CTD commayh THA ATL LMA: Tan? WLW OC TF APPL Md LACIFAY AMPAA TAH RRO he lead APUG PP TFA PERE CD Gator be NL eh AG PPV DAATE ALA AWiMePAT MEA HADES POLLNEA oe ER ABET POLLO TNE PL LAOS NOT ATERET KIB Tt AM, NED WA PE LAA IN VL ALO® TLNAT ADAMO: AA That RIK ATLL RIO WAVE PILL LOA DA RIRO> ATICPT MALETS Na POrh AMEE LFA WIR PoLePAn Tor AMAT Tete ACA 2A: BALAILG? MAMFAL ATAU AT RIO MIPS OSIFO- otTAr Af FIC howBdy OL AAO POAL WHT VLITET Ach Net NVA POLES SAT NOG? CPT AT VIEL FTOST hovel PENILE POALY VIPET COUPE FCOET MOE NFTTE AT O17 NI LALL Toe ALIII ASH LNA: MTP PHD MASE WEA LOLDIA OAT Ate F ANAT THALES Ande: FOES WINN PAPO AMS hoe? OUTST . SLIRD- FENLT AIALLOr PULOKD MUA ASC wea * + PPPUCT ALAT MET MESA E TOPE SAAR OU DED PUAND BLEED NAL AIAG MEAT #ULO-F VISHA GOAL Fed EF MILT PARTE AME ATT WIL RLAD NLLALA IO 2°71 WR TCH? aohart . S004 FRECHE ood LR ONE COP YET Ss THIEP eft IEF coogi FRILDD WEIS PLFA APED LATE ATATC PILLT + PAN PPUCH REED MATIN LN hilese TPCT IC Whe PPLE PROVED UEP PPLE PEPE PORE HARE Mere AUT! ARLES PoOed MLE GLh TNC IZLE 54PI TAT imeem eenpen a PARANE NRE OTPAT SPAN PP UCE LEEY WHAT ISLT AT VADER VEE E TEFL RAVE WPL PCH POLL colLn AAU TAL + PONE NAT OA AIT UNVEIC LFA AMAR AR AD NINH PERE MM FOLLMF 1.Fe CARE Tr PIPE FANE OF AVAU AIRKE MAID ANIA PERE CORALED TMEPPE TINIE RA THT Nea : OFTICT ARTE TILLT VEALI? POLAR PAT Neos” FTIC woot, SPEDE VPIF LIME OTH PLECOE? Tred ore? Hn cot 9 PADD DONDE hyd MAAN WAI PILOT. ORMOD PAA ALLT AMET GOPHC KHOT NILE AIL Ok nAeIE? : LW NT TROND NAT PPLML AT POLLNEE TED LTO PLO FOAL 07 LFAArNrEe? Part WA She NTO PMOF OAT WA ATF Nir AILWAL AT NIST MOP AIAANT PAA RERARAAAAT oMbNA LANET APEENA U2 CPDL WAT TOLE OAT MPAA MESH HEP OE LEAD TWAT rors: FUNPAP LENA HIS POA Gee OOF Cred ANPR Wd PehO nea POT UA LMNLA ACYS PRP dsb LANA: oot UL ARF OMF BAP: PODEHh AT PUNIAED LT MEST D Pho: NPM MNPYE bard PPOEVVF ar RET ARE WALD Tra POLAT PAA PMO BLA II: VIER bb TALL PEO-ALT MCV PPLLAR PAP AL afeh AE LFSA: ATER OL FEE HME GOAR OAR AR LPP) OTE FOE MABE PPS E PEELD Wr BL NEE Ter PFY The PoP FRAN ATED Oil AAT Ade: 55PF TAT ees The GGMS Gospel mentions king Armah . It mentions him with the repairing of certain churches by hima ht ACoud™ Fre didi? at HNP? Ah 9 UD: 1 Armah the king built the church of Mary of Hamzat * The question here is ‘ who was Armah?’. The problem here is to know the time when Armah ruled. However, it is difficult to know, the exact time when Armah reigned or as Kobishonov says “at the present time, we are not in a position to say with certainty how many Aksumite kings bore the name of Ezana or Kaleb or Armah or Gersem eic. Almost every historian and numismatist has a somewhat different opinion on this core”. The fact that he was a ruler in the Aksumite period is supported by evidence in the coins that hold the name Armah. But, still, it is difficult to know whether it is a nickname like Abrlia or As‘bhia; it needs further investigation. The name Armah is a Ge'ez word from ramh. Hence, the evidence that encouragues the time is linguistic and palaeographical evidence. The name ramh itself is the same pronunciation like the other semi vocalized words in the period. But, the same evidence could be a linguistic and paleographical one. We find this name word in the Bible (chronicle-I 12:24). Tarika Nagast also mentions this name. The meaning of the name is hero, fighter.,..the root of the name rmh means to fight. Itis known that A‘s!* the pronoun, is found from the inscription. It is also found from the Gospel of bba Garima. The name Armah is very similar to the vocalization of some words in the period. This, therefore contradicts the idea of Getachew Haile who claims that the marginalia were added later times. This is because the vocalization of some words is quite different from present usage. ‘* am is watitien without the influence of the giattural «+ because «A when comes with 2° tbe gurtural changes ~ from the fastande a the other on. 4 PRP axle Tou fo the south ext of Adan, 2 Inthe GOMS, the researcher fsoel AP which ic very cave fo A Although itis nota sufficient reawon, the Gospel shows the (presence of present dmarte forme of nowns..dnd tis also avery good evidence that the language of the inscriptions ad ‘he Gospels are very close in erm of phonciogy. As aren, this regard ihere ts no wy to say that the Gospels seem tbe written after the Akzumite period Bven the presence ofthe Amharic word A&af the msoripton i ery’ Ol than that of the Gospels Hence, who wrote the Gospel? Was be influenced by Amharic speakers? Or ware there preset Amari speakers ‘he periad? Was he Kimself Amharic speaker or was there Amare dialects are these questions of the researches 56ait ThH HEA TAt DPAO TA RB. O68 Pde $d, BLA He OLTE ABB PEPF hPOELPF PY ADE FLIG? LENA! PARLE PUNE MIA AVG Oe FFar WOU OI: LAGE IAPCR OTR F/ ATH IAPGA ARF ALCM (AGP OIF RIG IAG APE PPEHPD HIATT PIF OLTh par: Lharge BR toram ae New hy RE PoP RD WA HIG AFR NOH BE NANT bra NOT HEE CALF PLN FOUNAPF ppronouns/ [ora] [ton are | ont nar a Ame ENE onto DOTY AT Toe PAP INDE omg 5722th Thy. fae? kak tbhe PLPIATA FA ParAm-ly LANA sees) RIL POAM AP VBE MNT KEE bPhEO POLTIE PCOS OP L0F Gor: Ai? PAHATPAES PH ARG NOTE QOTES MTT 1695 AFCATAVAT (Mie FOLYILOD COR PA Phe: OeE Pe LT Vim AF (MET NOIST ATT AGES FON NAA PAA LA LATA Lop &. +arig cop | UPersoneO@A AF (NIRG coed -Aro> MT —da a We ¥ HAAS RAM => I Person HAI PLAN - Web ater You ~ WE APE You - WFRemS> ATE You - ADD ATHE You , £, YAAL RN => 3% Person ATF PLA - Ot atk >He - ht A= She - OFhPo0 hithy? They — OFNET APC), => They BE ModE PEN POM EF OCR HE as Ak Art APF Art AVE ORE Ab BME aa tat ay Arbo AGFA [AACN DIRF/ APTI AFIT PCN APF Oa Fom AWS NOTAF/ ORFF AWLP MAPA 5BPP TAY —————————— TAS Le EO? tOHAMAPH FRAT ae AT AIR ALAT PAL Niee Ave NOLETVIC ALOU AD ATPANTFPAT: UV. PRA IPAS ATHR-/past tense!” AD PROD — AB AMATI Arb 20 - WEE APATIN Art oeth - AVE Anta Ohi $RA- Ate AOMATY Sit PRA - A Aeon Fant $802 - AF AMATI AYrO SRNR — ATE APAITT ATE? #20DE — ACHE AeMAIT FU. ONE PRM — Ade ACAI ORE RA — Ade KODA TE roy NL PENMLAT OM, ATE (LLAT PTO ONE HERA AT Lhd PRON NORA Oo Made F openly? a> POLAD 2A OL ASNT alld AT AMD AMM? LOA nkass AIL PA oof PTE PART yor A. 6-42 Iwent! T AN = OR Ab hth WM At AMAT he OR AUMANAE VE ALR: APE ACR AW Ot AMAT eC AL ACH “WERT AMHATAC ORE he. WM ht ALAN ht AGE WM et ATA ahd ACE A WP ANAL APbom AChE WM Met AMAT AVE? AChT 40 ht AMAA hom che AD Oot ANAT DAY ahd WN eb AANA 59FFI, TAY ih, GIR = MIRT PEW = LPT ALT AY AIL PRO At HAM E MELA Br ATED Nt ALS FLO Lt MRA Art MED PLA eb wmHLA Ok MR PL At mR LAE AID PREO Lb coped Baht OIL PK Lb MLA Nebom Meh Pees Lt MeL APED MILhE FLOP At oreeA ODOM Np FLOM ha PHL DD NI PR Lt PPR eItOF Pe Pomc RA «tot abo T cb 4 Femi hh teo ae ane RAT: PAA ANH fd AY AN LAA ATH AN ALA Ab ATOPd BAA NTR Ad AToOP ALAR AAT TEA AAT: EER. 2°6.HP7 NIK WE ADR /verb to be/ WIC ADOR ANA CTH! DW TAT YO: COC HLF NTR FO APEC Adek WML S LAT LAr Oe = OF Het MG 1 Tat LCT AT PT SRT TFT GFT Pet = ThE MEF Oy fam (Rompe! TEOT WTMEITET Le [AOA F OME [Tre = CFOS (AEE Abt=wIhshTMCh echt APE =vAU RUMAH. ADO OOF “SRE PORE MEET ee ATED NIE = CFT TKR THT Fe Take YHOCRYTE MET FCT NPG Ar = PEE RMT WICh? PCI ARC tam Brees: 60PIU DAM Pah i= A Olek WIL OFT = POL TIS Ae VF Ay Ohh FAR AC = fC m0 AD YF ALE Dab bade AAAI = P LAP ADEA PAEOUNTE VA RID OE OF A ORS Ly PLAST VL Ait ONT TH CLP Lhe Owet ALO = CLE CLO meh TF GUS OPLARLA ULL GAfar: (how ph] = TURE LANL Let TFa AMEE OAT PHP OAT EEL AMKES HAT FEA SFO: ON APR TAPE TCL ddA MOET ANE MEE Nd AEDT LAPAG AAG IAT IC NIbR rt COLA? TCM AP WE LFA: Ocet. VIC APM AAS PETES POT AIREH Oe a Alba a:: Pk = WOT HIST OM HIE THE VAT SR PYALT PHT LAGAN PUT O6E4-T1E 194A, - FLOb Lat NAAT = KAALT PRN SP - hAALT FRE BAT - WL DA HIPAA - UPA WL Oak - BE APLAD AteDO chbn (ALLA) 10 PAR = AD OWLS AUPAA Whe = OT WCE bE SGT SFI LAL BRE MF OR pam [om Re FEO DG ALPF/ 6 4a rr PORT Ad ONE REP REE APL OW TNE ABI” ADH Id Mt fee 40g? ICLP” Bit Prue LD? 8P Le ORIEN PPVET ON for Dek OAAULE FRAP OAPT PL heen et WF IC ANP LK (hiet Ici BATH v. rch &. Ord a, 0484 Bay ch AED, 8, ORE ae, BAR B Sik », bbaht 6. MRA a. P9ena- A. chee +. 1Ad AdPhhati 2G Meecotr- APA) PAA ( ICPT? RoD/-PAeA CAPA Mark TC EP hee bAhA neaFray BL Pen] Wb 400 Ah AI Ane WERE AM PAL-B Barf ICD WIC LE FL (b- PPR RCI Eee REP Ohh et ACLAD ICP H . fA eran! PYHRA AEP HbA AP AID bee ALP DT MAAC = oy Sm ow OAT WM AA OF che. /OR AMICT Aan/ &. tay ACY 40 Ah? Aare Bart OME hoPNT E.G Pr OALY OA Whe GATE OAD AAD FA-ATMANAL B. Ade, [APTI OFDEam tthe WN TOTS 62FP IAW — OL TAU PAN OAT WO AA TAT Of heh LE RE: Ak YE OR At heated PRS Mee! AIC AVR bboone: eet) . FIAT ATCA OP YE GEO: ICLP LPIA PACT NEE MEC=VEC) GA AEE PRCAPAT OFLA ANTE: Art oh Ag2aTies wh iss ay ae BEE. 296.hP7 AIR HART PRA FOALED NAME STO HILT VIC DLP Kha 1t8+9 AMINE NVLALS AWDLINPCA GET NOCH FON HOANT by MR OVICEO yor MASOTd MORAG LAT ETI BOdade: PRUE YE ANY ALP: BPE 967 (ARF AL! ROPANY RPL HARE T EPLAL AMARER CFor: Abeer PPO GP AAT Rio AMAA, 29° Oh Uh -PAlte RIARA Popo ¥ Ent APT Pt O:)-fae- AA ALS OnE AAD? ALS ARR APU, PORNTAT Sab pres hag aesito- POEHLER? teh MOA Pot COATES nave» LHC 0. there, Sat hee = NFR w= AT ALE = OL 970 = one Pah= JE PF = PF ae = h NEE = A Aa = ADR UP = AnD 63AT OP = A PF = NG LweP = PIAP = TAPE Td = AB? TsAUFT KW H= Abb = PAA HEP (ATE! PLth AF jon’, fine wal = ATF AN = AOE ae = AS RPh = CPR MAS = AE 10781 OAR = ARF onr = at AE APAS = db ARF AVE = AVE AVP = RAPE Nb = OSPF AU = OF RP F APP AT AAIL ARTE = wb NAST TE ING = OF HIDIL NICH = O78 WIPE A. LI FA® Iverbs/ A HERE Boe = pany Favs HHT RAP = AePHT WM = Pomm? ARE = AREF ACower = 9 AAT Phe = PRATT fA = 1AF RA = OMT HEA = IRA PRIS | MATH | Peo PAP hate Hab IC [eeeaPry HWE OC MIPS Iaiebaes Zab tio PAA Dat «to» «D> «to RAPED af Wich £ Oak fy 040+ BL At Y ach, o OFF Sd bbaAnt &. Lat vl RT Tinh oO} Phew 2 AE HW he E. Oh bam af MAO BL AYber mi RARPP TAD OAT UL AN? OF hE IDR AIC QO-T/ Beh hr Auge annana RNP OFA MAE OCH FAA KNEE DAY ANY SA WIAD 6 Gat CER bet 1 Orb nC LF &. BNA, NOTH Pam Hes Ata 9, hd RAL ORI RC OAS £ OE -bOdh AP ALA BL Nb Addy ANTILAT LL LAD TrPh £0 Ache: ATO ACH A APSA g OAT WM AMPA BNF OR Adet OP DK OIE SPIN EC TR EC = AVEC RONDE BEE egPyd+ SFaks: Abt ACAR ALLAN: PAT Hy Ae eTaK? DLP FE OF Ot ACHE LD oom: Ald: P38: ATED OR AEE TAG RAPP OL ATR WR: WP Ne tebamm:: Be pe me ee mosPEA TAN BS it, Ou Ieee aag ab Ate onary Ab AEP 199° ORE CTF DULG: MAE? VHP? LF oy AH OH REPT ORE NgrE APG FF tO? OE MA TLE 5 Mary AD ROH HLTA OE NE ALP LOVE ne” Fear? PAVE AF HEFIA FO wan. joo RPh AhA ICEP OW AT APL FASE AP? °F $a? PAGE AI? AAMAVCII? 1" AVALE oRAN ae ig bed par pond jar big? ANETE AWTLA . bed Ondh OLE AID YOO? UP AT GU ALE TdhoOrce an ne AUD PR PLAau? OL Rt heats? NA ese Parr Attar NA PARP PAD ANAFF 2.8. ho>An¥'F /Demonstratives/ AOANE “TAF PAIL TIC OLF AHA NETIC WhLNT OC PLSTANT APAPE PP wr: PAA LT This & ‘That ... Car: ANAL PPUCH ED ONT HOGALT MIAMED AI NR hora [ROPANF PRAL VIAN RE bemabtsAD ATAFOA PTA Oh — PP Bit — PR PLA POLE COPY FOr, conde LFA GO PEVCIF TF AG ALCTY ATPAAAT: PPCM AANEF (PPCN APH PAL rma aoant [+00 [acrane: | Rew HI 2H Thisft LOT | teat aH TE /These/ Pid LUST LA Sa | Pathe Deby ALTRE ALTRST RE TO wt PETIT LACT | NAPA EE AT AT mt LEOG LE or/Thesei 66Ath, FAW PEP APARET 1 APT m4 FOP homAny Toe a thio ahd Tanne PE PONGT pha tha’ Oh Row [noeyt} ADT AA ATL PTATH, LOrEN WE ONE OTHE, AADTE AA nes ett Ohh CALS - AL LT 12 AR rar) one Pak TCL Noe AAR PARA ATH ICP LE ST Ht Bek PPh — emg [avo LF LF TE ENE OAT ACR WM RAL ANTA - PE AB OF 216 ANA DAF Hh TAP omar A APA 2 AE BAPE AAS? cory Op pem WNT Ae WM PRET — AWLE HUTT OF PALA The DAP AWE hee MOP AGES — NE ATE YR heater WA FEE. APALY Pa-dm ng” / Demonstrative pronouns / APART POA Ae Tb NAARE FA lerema dy? colt POF INE Wha Aba POLTAR APAPE Web rors Ass Nee ANE foram AP MEL APPR Oh: Pi LRA ony Mk CF LT ema: 1A BT POLAGe AMAL AOPANT Param A LAA PTE «hts POLAGY hee ANE cAR> PRAOME AS AAALTAPS OL NIAR AAnboeMIs fOr OAR RePANE AR om hy pars: PAR Hk Ak BALE /This is my son/ Nt £4 OR CWC LI” [This is Atsede-Maryam/ MPO APANF toram Ay? de Wt ANC NEER [Verb to bef LAMA: 67nnn ae SRE. APALF PRA Demonstrative Adjective/ ACANE FRA PIO hANE PLP wRAM OND Ae bP Neh LLL PAR GD NPP NAR APherer far: APART -baO-am ag: PA LRA con: wrk OAL oR) ALE eet OR hed ons D HA TS. Pom Yih he A AE orp set AMG AE OR 21 NEM has Ad MA Ae FM Refle NEA MADE ANEOT UW PMERTE Laer ANAK 1 AcoANT PRA OPTS APTA LONG: TRE P08: Pht WANT OT WU ee IPE PE OR 67% RRA Whe MAS TPA Wht LN AB ea yr Uh MAbA MN COR ort LT AEA LATTE oho STS yar MTH WHE AIG ANNLAT dG APPAR DTP RE : NHLE APF AAPOR AAR ARATE 1% Wt MAb AVEP LAt BE AG wre 6% Writ 9 RCOPA Ohi 21 Ana ehcirka 2 0 OL Oe WIC LIC bad yor Wh: 2A An OPE LU te PE ALLAP OOP WULATA LOLA UTE ANTES? PLLA Ae AMAT da 40° 68errr, I ATLA AC ML BCAA EF EC . hee Apboe4, Abeer AP Mee dtor Rompe MILE [ROOER NE AIR OR ATE Ne ATOR, hoot 2 RAE BO = ha oMRAE AIT NA OPA Uh WT SMA Meri ANAPE “WPA = 1227 APA WPF OAR DAE = OPT I ADA = WAT AO rh BOT LA nD SAE RA HE Add z LEL PAPALEF ARES 170 PAPANE TF ANTS AI ADR GAL Oo: Padi AAA — Aery Beaged! [P8072 Hide — Past tense / AY - QhAD Ay ACT - Lbegged AYE — AAA You begged Wt - AAA You begged Aitboo ~ Ahan You begged Arb - taad You begged AYED — Haan You begged dad — haat We begged ORT wh? wah: Wht ~ AAA He begged Skbh eb Abad — AAA” She begged DARIO AAT Ate Fe - ands ‘They begged GREGT AAT Ade} — AAA They begged Pat WAP: PACE PAT /The five sense organs! na_Isingular/ flit (Plural/ 1 - Be i car! OW? Sears! 024 — 027 leyel AOL Jeyes! NIG — AEF" Inose/ HOSE Inoscs! Aa} ~ 94/1 ftongue/ AAG? Hongues! Ag - AB fhand/ ARO Shands! 69Al PRIN Ag” io. hatt - © /dog/ Ame — AF fcow/ AG ~ 1& fox! MA, ~ GPA [goat mach — PA /goat/ 076 - AP Isheep/ avet - 0°7 /sheep/ REY — Pe cock, hen/ 8.60 - &éf horse! NPA ~ MPAe Inaule/ AWN4 ~ AHN /lion/ ATP — ALT Imouse/ «OO fy — Low feat! ALT — AVE Idonkey/ “235% 7A Alt: Anat! haat! AnAA Aner APE Am, ANALT [NAL AN?0 AVION (ATL KPC AREA Ata AGHA AGRE Rove AAG? ALPE ALTE AvP! donkey/ hheTT ALI hike! av fb 24% | verbs/ ane - nara fae Ace ePA@ — theta We hoonys bene ~ 440e Ro. g00 AEPE — ORK nmin how — jranow by- aha - + La — tore Ph — te LtO ~ ORR TA — wet dm OR — OP AAP - ODP TARA ~ -TAPA AL — AAT AGeme> — 29" AA 70PP THU ————————————————— PAIL ornovk] NePAPL Had — cd» MAA Pad — «A» «U> «Ay hate AL ANePC knew! BORE A, aH Avent! ENA <4 Pd. imade/ 3 AAnE RI &POr fiked/ &. Bidet uf ANT fpreached/ 1 At my) FCY fsa’ aA * Wf AAA fread/ JB. Wik chf FAP HMollowed/ 0 Whe ml AFPENS floved/ To haby PUNAES POT APTS [APUG PAHS, eels WOR - BIRT re Ger — BYE lAety aA — RAD PRAT — COR AE PAT DAL TAN LE AE BR Ob: MLE AAAS OAT Fore SAB apn ror: AU ORAE AA TO: AHL PRCA MAE Foe: LIL AIA TAP 10: F ort con: ewe ao Se ELGAR gene yor: BAe ARE NOG hte om: mE WH ADEE OR 189? Te: : pony 5. tle Ae bet £ On a. Peat BRE 6. PR 7PPI IAW ————e & AAR BW &. Lit: VW, AEH, Eh A, ACY % aa ch. AFNAhe™ Zz. dhe a, 2A BWk ww, ACHY 2, AARY if. AAte 18, homer TE. PEREAVF OL TU ACIP ANE PECTS AD IAW PF AE 61h oh ALE RANTS ICL FOr PAOLA P16 40> LE PRAT AKA 0 ALT PRCAPA AAD SFO 1 es ~ 56 Pea} 6D a Pena v. ote AL be. be 20, ACH mw, acho Ro EAA Ace PAbA APA: D, AC ano AL ACeO"Y ch, ACAPow. a9, pCavew £. bene Onr &TCA UL 2A AL OA ch. ORO 0, ORS APE AOA O64 [OC — hADt ABA - AL) UTP ATH PP , orh ww, fon = Bo BA APSARA UICO™ ATL PE OUR A. Hh at oo, thnk PAD A Ro EE te HA Th VD. Baty A. Olek dhe DAP oo, RAE 72PF TAM & Ay A OG tte Bue A. ‘bevte ah - 1h Eat, AP? B. RPP AeD- APY A Ae Ph Oh Bay na ema arte v. anh a. ANH ny 2, Anhes- Toate Ath AS ACP U.RA A. OR ch, FRAY — aD, CDRA or~ Wa eee Aha IC PR: AR, - WRel U.ARCH A, ARCH ch. ARE ech I reeh. ARo a FOE - Pane vm AL AP a, hee oo, PRA hrs AG RCH AP AMAA LAA At REN OFLG) UN MANAC 2°01G) APUCT AE Orde WEL Oh PP UCT WIRE Od (ee Or] FO OA HARP RO Ze how HPS OL (oh ar ASE Y POAT IT IH& @Cf Ota Agt ACH. heheh hy Ob heaters MILO LAVA OP RAN vor] (OZ. heb NEMEPT Md RRNA AN Re Tt hd DAE HACK AMA LICH BD PLU 73PFI TAN _—_—S———————————— Thad APTAR OF hd, WG PLR APA Sbe™~ amy. coud PI IneFs ATH Ne OPE ADEE! age ert Mart ihe Of LENT B47 OF rAfom Siete ban hy 299 SFO! A WER PNET. LAP Pe Ma mane PT TT NT ft BAChY Ped Te AB YN LIP LAW Ye ICS AW hek dilate [AP PAIF Ate LI aU AAT ATL AWAD 37°76 /Conversation’ amt nag An tr Oar AYE 219 tt Ag Kh, ATP ADL ARCH AVE? PPUCH AE Ot PPUCT RRP WO? LOD her Oe ALOP ALD 0-2 ASt Oe Let PPVCTH PPUCH LIT Pd Yar? at ATER Lt BE ATER SFT Oy Oh: AF RL Ve Wr? UE PRAT PVE Ok? edn Ok? RD PRAT PAST IO cry OT NWA FIA AE ick PEP NOAA NIKE 1-2 OF AMADA OA HACK Ab AMLANAC Wr LEC Aor 74 me anar Ab, KO A? AYES 21> PAT AMLATdC Li AMAA BENT> WEL, OWE Pe AAG Ohi: LAT Yor 6 hes OA eb PP VOTE FPUCT Mt 6 hte 10- AO ATE et AP Ate TT TCHAD OE °F A ACkHY yor AP hoe Oat RRANT ee Yar Ph OGL ang €32/rq) yo ATF ha-ytPE IAW i AW ASS te, FR WON Ana NL £49 TE eae? AGA AAD KI £ Oat mM AAD TAH Buk one eee Bhets AANL? AAALT MART APF Wh GAR AALD GFR Hate ha AA RUS AMATAC Ob fom re ANA OLE Oh: OV NAM RAD Whe DAL Or Zae Ok: Ate OAL CORI AIP OG T bytes Ader ANDO bG ah Ta9en aye yes om os om RE AIGULPF — UCC /Possesives/ RITHL PPTAG LTH AE CLS FATE PLU APAPL MPF Wn AAA ACERT AGRE AGO ASR ATERAD AGT DRL AL ASH PLA PA FATED AILAPOM THE AAA TT ON Owe... PRA BR Kerry Area OME heragr Pa (a9! AL Pee PATE Fore IA Pa BRA RPP he dul WS) Oh... SRO Ath, MCN AIAN Por: KES AWML PRA-F Possesive adjectives or determiners/ VPP PPMLT LRA ASN ATS OF9° Ae AT AP AGE ne NKL nor ae My mother AR DHT! arn AGTH Your mother AY INES aPh. aha Your mother Nebo Eth APhe APPT Your mother AED INGE Arn AGA PT (AEF Your mother ‘Dany INF! arr ATED Our mother Oh Id home AGE His mother ht [Aa av aah Her mother 78F2TR TAY DFO PAC! DEF ACh! Ape. apy © NITHL FRAF /Possesive adjectives! Th wer gyaes how ay ATLA — 2b ATP Fo- Their mother ATA FO (ant) ‘Their mother. NYA Arce my tite your ure your a [ft] your Ful Tr your Fare our ? his be her beh their fo- their For ATHAT - Kom AMAL — BAP PRLS) ATHAPE- ROM ATHLAN — LAD ATMLAD, - 27 RI Aee — Fv. HANS — 2% AMAT — TAFT ATLA - 2-0- ATA — TAP ATILACD — 25-Far ATLA? — IFO ATHATH ROMA ATHATH,.— APRA ATHAD HO — OLE Te ATUATNY - APO FI ATHAT - AOA FY ATHNE— OPN ATHAA - hoot ATHAP OO ~ ROL FO- ATURED -— ROMA FO bAL ProeahteFor APT pope 2eAFor Ofna Try POO E NPNPPLES OAL LI MTA FAP Prepositions and Conjunctions _ PREPER PMT Af to! ORT HILT 9A! with (aC Ort... WM - OFT WIR at ARP - OZ AD AR Wh - OF APF FAA /with | PC tome PAAP — hAL 2c to you PNah — AArr 26 6PF IAM eee — — Ee Wr A - OR RYE to you PAAR — WAPE oc AFbae “YLpoe- — Oe, AEE toyou Pane — PACE OC APES AN -— OL AGH toyou POANF - WAS OC ‘va ‘Why — OX AF tous Phas — NAF OC OE WLU — OF Ate to him PA — hart IC Pat WY - DR AQ, to her PAY ~ TAD 20 Ohpoo aL ver — OF Aaie to them FNAL er HAG 3S ORT WLU - OF hile to them PN NAb IE Ag? — bi ffrom/ AP at — hae — from me ar ah — nar - from you Ag nh, — have — from you AP ene DATE from you RPaD WAGER from you Av hd — nae - from us APR — Ate ~ from him Ah ~ had - from her Ar ao — brite — from them ama - had - from them DPOE MOE L IF Wi AO WEE HL ALAELE vow [arr foot UP NOARY AIL ATibarAL: — FONE PLLE PDA GRA DAMNFO VAM HOR AAUALT AOA TALI WIR he WE POA LdHe-Ae KEE APA HEH PERC PLAN PPA. PORT BLA HPT BRA AA Pez: PAA FHT OAT WISE .. Fa — PRIT ht PANE — PATE APP Pah — PATH 7FIA TAY Art Pah, — PRITH, Arboo- Pah ~ PITT Ares PAANT - PHITET Tat Pat — POISE Onk PAU — PALIT LAL PAY — PRISE Ape Pane — PhIT For OAtd PRAT - PAT FOr APOE VPC VE TT Poot FT PLETE oA Adebora:: = AAMT 2H HALA Oa Me PAD Salt AT Padwd ANAT aperaat: AIGHL FRteF [FTLPF/ possessive markers / a> AG Med» UCC TAY APO eacrcy r my ° h your uf h - your a ee your Furth ny your Fore ? our 7 Ue his o Y her P aw their . Fo vr their Fo- ANH? PooAh to fms er AFF WAVE 044 RIP Ok RTC AL PAOF BAT LOTAD HOR — HOR AAI — HOR war - NPALIAY AR (Ot ARH Ar AUTRE - noOeF APALE - ARE Art AYIA ~ NoMa APAAN - ARTY BPI TAH Ate AWS ~ NPR FT RYO RUTTANO™ — WoePT Fue AVET AUTEN — NemAT Fu. Th AUPE HORE Ok HUTA — HORE Eht AUR = HOOP A OPE ANA — Woes fom OMFF ANU ~ NPA FTO APaAgh - aAFA APERNOm — API F- APARNY — AEF Fu- APRS — DEPP APARI = ARE APARY - ARE APARW oP ALP ar APARU I ARPT Or DPM 2» P00 GRA AGT NOE 1 ADLAOM ANtOAL Mecho AA AH Far DA - arA-S AVAar VF Med OAANH 2-0-4 OL MAN ARAGT IS: wae - aE Reb - AE MFT! ELE AIBIL PF £06 ANRAF /Exceptions/ na — Aah AY AE — ANE ATE Ah ~ ADH Art Akh - ANTE APO Aino — AN PA AYE Ant — AOFF I Fh A — ANSE OX AOU — Ahk Lit AY — AGE Oper AW or — ANJFar ORE A's — AASFor Ai — AA AAPA ~ AA A QAeAD ~ aA APE OATEAL — ha AYE ANTEANG — aA ATI QAPRARD — 10 AS EE AAFEAY — AA AF ATAU — AA Ate AAPEAY — 0A 44, NAPEAV ED — OA Ain AAPEAUS — Ad hit OneT hag eevFar pICUG BRACO- art La LR NAIA WS Pb HCALLd PISO ee wa ADE APIA Alu AAT Ath OPRNAT ADLe A AA LIF a Pracegar ry hag etooah tor art CAG ANTS y0r::Tit TAU OL & AWA Tor ALF fpossesive pronouns! WAP — hie? PRE PRO Amal /mine/ AL NILAP — ADT PLT PAPE PEALE Me 2 ARIAL nal /mine/ ah AMAR — AR TOPEE PRP PE Aue! fine! hi WAP RIEKP AAAS mine Abt wah APtAR AAA yours Art AR APtAn AAA yours Abbe iLAne™ Arthhe AAAhe™ yours Arh HAW RehART AAR? yours tanh WAY AYEAY AAP ours OVE HAD NFEAD AAU his ght wad RELAY AAAY hers fom Aver APLAR AAAVE™ theirs Ontt LAY AdtAVT AAU theirs WAPI AB Pte AERP ct LALOR MAP! PAR Plt. LPAI PAR MH AL PU AHP HOE WAY OOD ALY — PAY oecht [hme — Akow) NUP ONFi: AVE AD PLE LAt — PAE Aah Rab So HAL Pt eh — PAE PD REO POT Pay U.P PART hfe, - the ca - cm Ridide — Bde han — haa AED — 4% APC - AEA Ata — 19 AT0n — 49 AON mm - 1 C0 - +28 THA - Het Ame 30PPh IAW 4M - TREAT , 140 - Oh _ At - Ane FIBA — FILRA +104 — -beT0r 4 PR PT vig - WIC POET — hey MAG — NIC WEG - MOT 20A ~ 28920 epthEAl OF — DFAT fdet — RIETOAT — DAT APM — ACE MCh - O21 RIG - ACF PNG — 4e-6 Org: — RENN MC ~ BS FRIST OAT WM AAT OFchéd- Beek ATER E PIR MAb VIC KAD HAP 1 hay” MheOFy AWRY AE OAS ONT ATHRARE TRE WLP ANS ANCAP Aen? Mien - FANT! oS mom x 3 3 3 AT TAY MES AGE oP OhLYH Aiob Ob AEE Og Ae RA AIP AULT dC HNL AGGP OFAARS RA io Same ie ™ AATUPR PAD Wy PAA Fab «Ay Aa - ARF &. sexe . Al (LPa~- their friend £ aR Pe a aa her friend £ aati YU ten your friend 8hPV TAH a. AKER Ri at our friend B. ae ee lady os (Loh your friend h aRe Ey @/ Q.ehe~ your friend a. ARF Wi 1° their friend z. arite shi (ae my friend agF%o- a ont your friend ist et ALTO (ALT! eal 16 his friend ZLB. TEU AREP FS Possessives! NEF ATTN, AREP FR MAI TLL OFEH hom eeqonaht or FIC AT NOR COLLAR THOU: Fae AGET AGTH ATET ATE. |. NOLET-FIC CLP VIA APY Lt DASH, ALY once AR’ TAdA DAA OAL PE ORE OSA APT AMT AT PAA PLA APF AI NRLAGOY Pont: At AP PAGE! AtePP Pane Att arh Abe Th Pai Art Arh, Re Ph, rand, Bat AF Ater the ¢ AYbom Ar hoo Atetho Fae. how- tah APs Ane PaO ATPY arnt Reeth bath Op from APow Rite fom Paha ODES ae? RtoP pany WP ay PPh MEAT BRA ARN HAT UTY BAAD PAT PANY NIAAD PPA Mad? 220 AS NT LRAT ALLO onder re Ader? Altech 82RAT PPL Far 7 1AM LF ae Nowa PLAT ALKY £7 KUNE TPLET! NILT NILOLAM aT Wl - OR A ae... MLO AD! AOAPNAL! NWI — ark “LB adv nev abt Ah Adah, hevh, “ih. 40D hequ- Mey OAT ney Pave “Whe 4OAd ner Paty “ihe. “Add, na hemhe- Pavkhov- “WL? + ADA neon ety Miao Ada oe heya: Pavkyee US A00U'T neq" Babb Ue . Fossessives Possessives with adjectives. The other word that adopis a Sinilar feature like the above preposition is #032: jk*illnta/= the whole part. . GGMS and GIMS>GCTP and GPTP itth: full] > 7 or may be vice versa WAIAL fT Nentaya} = ‘all my part’ Ohi k*illentaka] = ‘all your part’ (Ms,s) 2°4 person AIH, k“tllentaki] = ‘all your part’ (Fm,s} Waethem k"ilentakmuj] = ‘all your part’ (Ms,pl) AISNE k"illentakn] «all your part’ (Fmpl) ’ WAISY K*sllentana] = ‘allour part’ (Ms and Fm, pljist IAI aU k"Wlentahu} = ‘all his part’ AGS kk"illentahal = ‘all her part’ Attics Killentahomuj = ‘all their part’ (Ms,pl) 34 person Ih 7907? kXitlentahon} = ‘all their part’? (Fm,pl) ” 83PPh TAU Nowadays, the proto * Aeh:> Iter fete Ex: MPAA [kullontaye} iairh [kuloritako] wanth, — fkullentaki] inAtthoo {kullentakmuj - AGEN? [kullontakn Possessives with nouns GGMS and GIMS>GCTP and GPTP “her: | (Paya) ae [ako] aeh | [Paki] AAP [Zdeya] APH {?deko} ABR [Pdeks] “My hand” ‘your hand” “your hand’ ‘your hand’ | Atho~ | dkmuj | Aen [dekmauf ra “our hand AT [iaeno} [fdehu} “her hand” a4 {da} ARY [fdehaj ‘heirhand | Aaom | [domul | A&iom | fPdehomuj ‘their hand’ | Aa? [don] | ARPT _L [?dehon] Nowadays A&f: which is equivalent to the form of preposition like 7 +, Af : is significant. The stem of the noun is likely to be ALL:. However, the present Af doesn’t solve the problem related to the word AMGebt. If we see ALY: it could be her hand or her debt. In this case, if we use the earlier A# ~— as her hand and the present A%¥: as her debt the problem may be solved. Some traditional scholars want to solve the problem by using the word J4: to mean debt. But still the conjugation and usage of the early period and the present time is different in the term hand and debt. 84- PPh TAU The function of A (e) to make compound nouns and preposi- tions: Gloss wine [femlakyo} "my God" Wh ———_‘framlakka] “your God? [ara framlakkij i ‘your God’ iWthhae — [Pemiakkemuj L “your God? wih? [Pamiakkn] “your God” Whe framlakna} + “our God” Wile” feeralakcup “his God’ Aran [emiaka} ‘her God? Arthas 7smlakon] ‘their God’ aa ffamlakon} “their God’ Gloss BAG [brhonys} “my light’ ath forhoniko} “your light” ACUI jbrhaniki] “your light Acute forhonkmul “your light’ WUMS — forhanakn} “your light” ‘ar [brharul “his light” AUF forhonaj ‘her light” acutee jorhanomu] “their light” AUF? [brhenon] “their light” a >Yat the present time LEE AISI FRAMNALT PRT POET SWEET OG eb BL APIAR/E PRE P20 8. AAC JARI? P27 Poe EB. AAAP [ART PRT PEPE 83Fi TAU AY WAP ATLAP AAAP Art ian ArtAn AAAT Ab HAR, AttAn AMAL Orb HAD ATtAD AAA Bat WAe ATEAT AAT taht AY ATLAT AAAT APhe Ane APA Adve Att ANT ATtAnS AAR arp fare Aor Arta AAA OD Onty HAUS AbtAUD AAA Fon Berea AoA PAB ATT ANWAR? PATHE AAT Faas En een Ol LA PAR eect) AMO WiLAY AAICYS? BRAd Oho PAN ANE TE AACIPS Lich? Sar: FOR FUAPT AFEAPE AAAP Ph ERTO HE ATE AA HLA yor: AAT PAITHLPES PE ACPAPH GL AA NererAH FHT AA PLT PP RIA one ete: «i> ATHEFeE ARMA” « «hin Adit a arma at AAT APT F SLE PAIBIL ATUL ARF PF CWC AA AAT HANK /AaTY DARK, AAT, PLP PELE PET CLP TOLLE APE PERTTI ATE! HAAS GAT RARE [ARTO HARD AS PY nAAho™ PhAg Ete 86PF, PAY —————————————————————————— Meer / AemhhA ACA ACA MLTEVACA ACAFY MNLTVOH/ ACA ACA Far] NORTH ACD actu! The Tht Dh teoe: (teat: Ano (PHT ad AE dekt AFT Nak tome Fay davtehe MAF RWE ah MEP A UE ATK ALT Lit! OLY 1 7 ORO) OA UAT ALY (OT URE OP AT DA part POA WEAPE ACAAN IG AhARN: AGT PP TAA AAAGR Amer: ATARC ee AA APL I Thee ff-flua tal F2PThoo: WIA ANTHATACG APANne RAR OR he OAD. “PMlirthor- 4b MET no pemhcy ML9-by HAM MLE Vem HEAAAT barre! thar ATICt AMADA Fat Re bsheoe WANA OEP PLY a dee PAR A (Phom Ahoo- treo LEE AA RAIA PHF RA APMC CP Oat TP Whe TDA Me Ont Qt Alavi WNAO Nais® Loeweh Carte NEG 8900 AFOH CHC APL ATSHR LFIATA TENET, MIRA RAPE COIL bho! om7ea Fy. FEM TRA ete bPE Oma tethers co7ga ty FAH ACATY ROLL PAIGE — + Roho PONT EY. WOMCH oer PROLE PHIGE FEA epomNIG Ty. MM ee ULC eee WChe3 Fe Mee! per MOP pg Fp 87PIMA TRY Article. Ge'ez has both definite and indefinite articles.Indefinite art- cles are [7shadu] Ach4 := ‘an’, ‘a’ - ‘them’ [fbatti] Advi: = ‘an’, ‘a’- feminine. Definite articles of Ge’ez are not much known by many scholars. In the Ge’ez language, these types of articles are found. The indefinite articles can be expressed by using anh&: or Adv?:,,,.And the definite atticles are Adv : dub. The definite articles were sometimes, expressed by Ar? UF ALY These can also be possessives. Examples are herefuorkul §=@0# = The Gold’, ‘his God’ fbrsia ththiv= ‘The man’, ‘his/ his’ [b7#sihul Mathie: = ‘The man’, ‘his/ his'fb7isita] AML PA:= ‘The woman’, ‘hers or her'[b/isitha] MAndY: = ‘The woman’, ‘hers or her’ [sab/u] aiiér := The men’. According to Schneider (1959), definiteness is often marked by elaborate syntactic means, i.e. by special order in phrases and construction. There is no definite article prefix corresponding to the ha- of Hebrew or South Arabian or the ‘al- of Amharic. Nevertheless, the definite article of Ge'ez equivalent to He- brew ha- are placed as a suffix. These are -au, -aa -hu and -ha. Functional morphemes include: conjunctions, prepositions, articles, prounouns. prepositions with possessive markers/ Derivation of preposition Min a noun/ *8,2: Hetrvhhaw: 9: Wie: [s2gga zanasafikmu] ‘that you received in gift’ (sicjthe present Gospel says that A&.7: HrW-ehhew: [s’oqga zoraS7akmu];When we see it, it may give ambigouis meaning. The Gospel of Abba Garima may be very clear in this regard to give a better clearer meaning. Whan we see the present Gospel it may reduce the idea to «vanity» Because it can be translated as you got it with vanity. However,we can derive the preposition {in both cases.In the first case, the idea is that you who are gifted with gifts from God and have to give for the benefit of the others. NRA: Hie’Ahom: [bos’2gga zanasaPkmup Ni Anam: drthhew: > HP¢¥hheo We see some changes in prepositions such as: 88TITAN The GGMS and GIMS>GCTP and GPTP Atm: > Mn Wl = theo [ Gioss "IE | To/ Towards me’ Wh frabeko} To/ Towards you" “th, kaheki "To/ Towards you" "To/ Towards you" To/ Towards you" Who brabeKkimu Wh? obokin} thi frabena) "fo/ Towards us" thi fobehuj ‘To/ Towards him’ WY _fobehaj . “fo/ Towards her” thif'oo kkabehomul — ‘To/ Towards them’ MUS frobehon} ‘To/ Towards them’ The preposition *# + of The GGMS and GIMS is different from that of the present “Hfl:. In this pattern we may suspect the root of “Mh :. may be drived from “HIP:. Again it may solve the problem of another ‘I: derived from 40M: + which gives a very different meaning. It may also be changed from the third radical WL/A:ht is likeTigrigna ‘into the fifth radical.* Hh sto make compound nouns : ML ANAT robe (gzi~abher] To/ ‘Towards God’ M -ALteN fxobe Ayosus} To/ “Towards Jesus’ Uh with subjunctive: th LA, fcobe ybollij BAN. :GGMS and GIMS > 4,0 in GCTP and GPTP Gloss AAS fdibeysa| ‘Above me” AN idibeka, ‘Above you” All, [dibexi] = “Above you* Ath — fdibekimuf “Above you” ANH? [dibek#n] “Above you? Ahy~[dibera} “Above us’ ] ARG ___[dibehu “Above him” AMY [dibeha} ‘Above her” Alifem_ fdibehomuj ‘Above them’ FMS {dibehon] ‘Above them” 89PIA TAU ———— as 4th (compound): Ak -tlcil! [dibe be hr]- ‘above (the) sea’ Al. +P P29 [dibe to k’wama}- ‘Above the home of the candle ’ C. Prepositions. The function of + (7e) is to make compound nouns and prepositions(#h: 4M: MB: A°%: hemi), The GGMS and GIMS> GCTP and GPTPHH: 2.0: ON : haw: how ee Aah [Fomeka] ‘In your time’ (masc.} InGe'ez ACE: > hoo: the same APB: is used. But not with out subjects, The GIMS has: Wh: [Roba] in place of Nhew fbekeme]: UW WIP: MICKA: NICLE : BRirk= ‘As Gabriel told to Mary the saint’ Me POAL chORP : AF"! DALT Nis ‘ As cow and donkey bowed to the born Jesus, to where Jesus was’ born Generally speaking, the prepositions took ihe possessive forms (as conjugated in the ten pronouns) .PYG TAY — RB. PerAm-Ay SEE tn Pt Foran tot Mi Act PART AART AF Ay Ane ANE AtET ATL Ahew! ARSE APT. fertiQe/AT ACHE AP bef lhe Forearm s ANIC /AFar Ab ARCOIAE ted 1 ARICA FES ULF taamn7 Subjective Pronoun! ATA AAD Lend OAC (RMAC AG otk OA dnd! AA PAPC An ATLA TAPC AEP AAD ATLA PAPC RAATE AALA ALOT PAK Aan AON, AAY TOAD tele HAND TAPS. ANNO™ Ihde VIL he Dee AAU ATA Aft APTI Hom ACAAU JARO. ATES am Alt AAUIACK dete (Himself! AAUO™S Alte 6-4°F@-/ Themselves! ANY? ACO G4 /Herselff AAU TE ACH AAT Themselves! AAD! Ab éfwl Yourself! AANO™E ATH 20F Th (Yourselves! ALIUAPE GN Yourself! AANH AGT C0FT- (aA-b/ Yourselves! AAPIAAPIA tel Myself! A09t AT CAF / Ourselves! PEL. FAQ to-AMATPF / Objective Pronouns! mA At DpPth Mel hur AR Us! hehi AbEWYou hyphomt ASI (You! DPLIAP ED You hens ACEP You AA hevrhtetHim/ hyeuroes ACV ou! RENAQHHert bLuE ACY Them/Aat 91PI TAH ran car hee CAP AAP oy, 2ROO NPD heh, weer tame MANE 2bICHn $Ste teu Ach AP AP ANY AL NLT APRA HE] ntoOhd hehe tone, ner A> hevom 40 hal Cae hE ordi “nt AAW FAN TAT co FALADT DA OL LRA POLPcom 1A WO . PAR tI, Pat TOMO Or AT @,. WM DE PPLINOE Uh Anars FOAL OAL VIC THUD LAOMPA TAT ALLAT o..97 ©. . WRAP WF OMA O10 PYIGT AOTFETE LaNFA OL Paadlaas PAke THA OFeID Oth WE AO Fir twerw AT Aw Ti 1. PS Le POR TAD MAT ST AANA PAA OA, bh... @Ath TIC TP NER «Fo AT LF Ade AQT PPP OLE TA... At PIPTALU .. . PLE a. a Ce Al. FP APR. OIG oor ath... het... 87% PP. NG "1h... OPE OPeMael ... ThA Wh RE. ARE WP... OLE AE far... APT ve... Oe? Oe 92dt TAN ST AATATOR . .'. OF Qavk. . VIC TF eo. AU AT h. . . O29" ABD INARI. NTE Sut TP. AW Rah... Aah, aTkore 6. HPT ROOT RRP AED. |. ALD at ata... W...¢ WLP AS, © TTA vat om... AFH ae... AED AI... APO, OE. PM te AIS... AN! AMZ PEP. oT trae... the dw... nETATATA noo AT ATHENA Ama... PAT Ae6C Mak. WE te 7) BE. Pcfl> OLF Pcl WCUC LEE OF At PAP 24 Nerd to have/ AABT PAP /Nof AZM AR=MhAPT RAN = Ader PAILT TIC LF AA NAAM OLED DLE WTP [Te PLPoAnT Ihe PINE AM verb to have/ MMA: Laas LHF AA AH AAPEE AAFOT AAD PLAY PYICT OLE PAHAT OFC PLLA ES SE WO APIA OTL AAT OIL AAT NYE AAT RAPT LAC RAD Wee WeFOT 1025 ont: ONIN chave/ has» AF PIAL LH chad> POLAT PeTAT 70 ogg «verb tohaven PUEI AICAAT: PAT Wr AIA «dy fmtlt) bezAa PRICY I PTOAR Fah APR vO ANH oITNF AMIE: AAHUT H fy HIATT AT PT OFF LAD Polo HIADMET NIL PTA Bh ATAU AD ACNE AMD LAT: NE MRE ATET ANE ME MAFE BE AAP Nht MAI? AT MOL AATIPE VET AAG Ah ONFET AAD. UNF! OAGIRE VFI AVFE ORY AF AAD? MAC Ra AaOL: AAFO-T AAFUGT VFar/ We MW Oe OWORY! ANT? AAFG VF a 93eI TAM v9. PhU-? Lit (Present Tense/ Pronoun + have/has Ar 418 AA Thave A}t- fh AAT You have ATt- {th “AAW You have APbow thom XE You have ATE fh? RAF GH You have Far ty AAD We have @hk- NM AAG He has LAb- 04: KAD She has Opa lav-/f-far AEA They have PEF NN AAFOr They have LTP APA AGRO AP ADT AAT AE Thave a sister dh AVb- AE AAT You have a sister A ATE AVE AAT You have a sister Tho AVA ATE AVF You have a sister Nt AVE ATE AVFUR— You havea sister Ny AVE AWE RAT —We have a sister fet AVE AVE AAD —He hasa sister et AV AVE Ad -She has a sister foe AVE NAVE AVTor ~They havea sister 0 AVb AVP Anta —They havea sister AEG cha» 2? AAT No (Ag! | «Not / ALE PAE — Ido not have Aaa PATie — You do not have Ati, Paar You do not have Aactihee 9A You do not have AAT? CFR You do not have AATS PAI We do not have AADAANE PAG-I? He does not have 94PIA TAN a AAMAANE Pat She does not have AAfao parfargy They do not have ARNT PAF OH They do not have AAT AVE AVE PAI AAT ATE ADE cate AAD AVE AV PAA AATHE: AVE ATE PAF AATNT AVDA PPR Aaa WV NE PATE AAME AAT AVE pao ANE AVE ATE pater AALI™ ATH ADH FA Farge AANY ATH AV catarge PA FO. PRA 20 PRR 9 PrP AP PAA — NEE 2c > ANF? Prt AE PAAR — AF 20 Pt AAT? PTE AP PhAhO™ — WATE 20 PF AF? PTE AE FANT — NATIT 9G OF AAT? PUP AE PAU — BACH 26 °F AA PFE AP PAA — NAC IC HF AAT? PIE AE PAOD — NAIC 26 HF ANF? FFt NE PHAUT — RNICK PE 97 AA? A. O44 LH /Past Tease/ Ai - fi? Mes Thad Ait - fin Met You had Att - th Met You had RY bom — Aho. 06-F'T Youhad AYP? — Ay eF% — Youhad tah — th et We bad 95FI TAD Ora — Ob Wor He had. Bat — Ot Met She had Oh fom — fom oe-FO They had ORE — OF NTO They had PAAP ER MP RAT — MRE MET Thad a book Mh MRAE — MRE AT You had a book Mh, MAE — CRAG WET You had a book Ahem ong hG — RAF rlé-F% You had a book ANT RAE — CORAT 167% — Youhad a book 1 PRAE — PRE MET We had a book Pt: CORAE — RAE MEO He had a book At RAT — RHE Mb She had a book lam aE HE — WRF We-FO They had a book 1} PRE — PRAT WC-FO- ‘They had a book AGGIE chAs 0 NA — No /AAMLe/ AAR — AAMC? netie — nANCTE I did not have Aatih — AAnIA TP You did not have Aaah, -— AAMT You did not have Aatinee- — AAMT ET You did not have RAAT = AA PR ‘You did not have AM — ACI We did not have AACHIAAD - RACERS He did not have ANH Jha — Aarhd-be She did not have AAfow — RATE TOrg They did not have © ART — AAC Farge They did not havePrt TAN FEE cde AIL WRAL (PUI Preposition + objective Pronouns! «ly NER IRCLEL BP PINT WIA Mn ARF AE At Mie AL Od COLAO? PCL NeOLA PT. OLE PHA CLR? PIEPER LMA LT ATA MATION by + Objective pronouns» RATICTO RIP A + -bOrAM APO? LPAHAAD MALS k1P TAL ATAP Cr Neflot «fl» AT b> 48 DWF O29 HAITHL ‘Lit May peng tay Fee F eT HE WF Oe oR ong ty Oe: WCU TEOP RILPLNTAD RCIA: ‘Ne = 0a by me th Qatt |, byyou ah, ~ MATE by you ah AGE by you any - ang et by you ah ans by us fe ~ And. by him Ne - Ad, by her flow aan by them m- Anni by them APOE MT AL «Av AION Te — AND M+ AEs LAGAD MIP ISLLE IM POM NemgA LFOSAr ARetL AD — Not/ARRAPY fl ~ by wae- GAR ALKA not by me khath- Abr ARRAY not by you Aba - — AAFE AeRAy not by you Mh how ANCHE ALKA — not by you Ahhh — ANTE AERA — not by you ath - ON Agar not by us ADR — DA ARRAP not by him ab Ot — AA, ABBA not by her - Ab Rom = AG ABBAS? not by them Ab 7 - Onin ALRAP not by them 97 -TI, FAW REL ally RIL LOVE VELL (KTP ARATE - Verb + Prepositions AT 48 9 «> HON Pah (ALA OPT Abt Oa, PLAT TCV FT LOMTAH PARK POET eon PT ANN eNyFat com ont CSET en ae ~ 11% ah - ii th, - 1% fino. — VF VU, GeRR — omar emRA + {iP — eo + 1F A. PRAY — Oy RH TP -— TOMA aKKH — cOmtTh Rh fh — NK RAN — PAT FIDPOE— ME — MF Pde APLEI NE LAD FA ANTATL PH WAP LPF WIS NER NCTA [Adverb/ IA APAPR ALL Lea: LWT ATE OF LAGd FA ATM (reposition! Na cPwPo™ Bhan BLM PLA YO: Men LPO AAar ae7I— yO Mele MMe Az PEEP ES MomaoeCs NINE: RAY — CONT ANT Lh ATCT «ho VED NM 20 PRE RICA: PAA AeKh fe ~ AAPONIE APRA Th — AAMT AKA Th - AAMT APRA Aihor — AAO he KooRA ANT - AAT he AOPKA Mr — AALN TP! hora 04 - hamper AMR Ab — Anco AeORA Now — AAeeMAFar-g APRA 1G - Adcom fag 98PH TH —— EBL AAPL TFF (°FC! MEP heh LF IL:- PAIL VIC OSI AHA ANIL Ebon Nd OLI IAS AL 77 FETE 09¢4.7 CIOANT We Pl IAD FO APPAR AA PAgT tHEAT AATTIP! opal AAP NILA MRE LUT Vie — AAT AudePAg? HeLAG Wh 26 ECU PoodhAPaA: U. MAU 1K {Present Tense/ f AY - Jab! ATR Tam present DAD ~ AAT You are present A Net — AAT. You are present 0 Abo — AVP . You are present ATED - ATT ‘You are present 1 3h? — AAP ‘We are present 1 ORE - hA He is present A Sat: — AF She is present Op pOm — AA They are present 0 OPT -— Ah They are present AGE - RA Pik 0 hy Oh et PVED — Ab ANA Oier AAU. IT am pre- kat in the school/ MALAY — Ab PATH? /AATTTIGY fl am absent! DAM OR F0E Hib Ut AULA Di ML ATLANAC AATTEP /They are not present in the church. Aft Ln /Past Tense/ 0 he ~ [NBS dfch! I was present "Qh — ach You were present CAPE — ICH You were present f ebee — e-F = You were present AEF — eT ‘You were present 0 Far — CF We were present A oke ~ We He was present 99PIA TAU SS 0 Rat - EF She was present fi arpfor — 11% They were present ft OAFF — 1% They were present AGG AA 10s PAR MAY Oab OAg” — AE AOAI? Beep SCTE [was present in the world AAD AY Diet Ub PrUCT AEM OAT AANCHI? (AATTIVG! [was not present in the school ah. AKU TAG AT AAAS 194. /Present perfect and past perfect/ f Ab — FELT PCH Thave / had been present 0 Ath — BCIAT PCR 0 Ark RAAT TCR ON PbO — PANT F6F H BONDED - KOFAAT OTT 1 Fad — PETAT PCF A Oh — PEAT Fe ROA — REAP POF NO ABom — HEPAT PH 8 ORE — PEPAT Fe ARC WA FO FWMAOT— NAV Abs PC Aer AB M Ged ALA horgaLd IC LYGA? . : LEG. «> AFR TI8- VL AFCAP mE" ATIAY iF - AAtE ah — Aah al ~ Aah Anam — AA Far an — AAVET- a — AASPt IAT OE AAI i — AA rao. [fram — AAFor WHA — AAVFO- AGT AA HO: PAN AE ALT BCR — ALA mat ATT DP Abe = kote hay” DATE dotG = bobS RAMEE AP MAD — YA NA AADP ALA — KSA Patri LEE Fillo AAD ATAWEP . A PATE PONTE FORA RONFAT MANE ROARAT CAF ah POH PCAHT FOUR HOUAT MENTE th - Fa0F Pena? beat eat Mh — FOF FONFTE YONFAAT FOURAAT CTE hy POR PUPAE POCAFAAT FOUFAAT NCVER MW - FOF FANT FOTAT ROENTAT WAS MIN FOr? PAUET PRAT POAFAT Ment Mh - PETE PCT PAA AE BEOHAT EVE Nao for— PEE OEE LOTOT PAE PAT POUFPAT CNT PUNE PEROT PAVED SETAAT POAT PAT NCAT oO PHT Tete Ate chads 10> BAP AAT AIMEE ANNIE REET RAP LAI BAD -AATATPT AATCNEP? ALECUPT AATCHI AAR, ~hAP CT FT AAMENTIP! ALEC! AAT WANT RATE FRET ANMNCTERET ALEC RIT AATF RS KAANY -AATET EIT AANCIERP! AOTOERGE hATCVP RS MAT -RATCIE RAM CMIP! ALTLIPT ATCA AME) -AATPLO-9E RAVINE S! ALTLOPT HAP CATS MUA! HAT EEIPE AANCATIPE ALG TIP?E ATV 101PI TAA eee AMO RATEAO KE AAMETOPT ALTCTOPY AATLVEOP AANPRATETOPT AAMCTORT ALTETOPT HATA OP n-a HA Par BNNOTLD — NAPTLT FAM PE «Pa POIAD afl sor AG -— AAP! A OA-b - AF dae 0-09 FF Ct FAT UBT AT ORT ATRT AA LTA roy 0 Nee “PRAgE ACIPED CHIE cot PAT: AGG cha» WE A AAT ELT AAGT AAD — Addr chad» VO DAmFak fly VIC ADR FO AAT PCT ANGE AAD WET Fe AIL ANKE ADIL ALTE LheA: M- et MET AAT LEC ICT LELAT LEC A he LELOT MZO-T KAT LOCO WCT LTLPAT Lecor AAD — RAPT PART PNET CAS LATA: RANT AAR — PAD-PPT PAREET AANICOPT PANERPT hAMCOPT AAWINEPT AATLOPT ALTLOLT HETCHTET ALCO ALKCATT ALPCOTT ALEC aA EA Ah Ob MEAP AN Veh EPO Ah Oar Ah A LARA MAAN ALT Aas Ah, NIH FTE FHAh deh Ath APRIe At AP ALTIN AP ATHADAC HOPAY, OR Te PR AGF WC MiMAT AAAPE ALEY POA hho OK Ah set ah, 107 GAL HON, , ObbTA Ok ODR ADA OrArA 44; OAS ATIC LI” 102PEA IAW +OTe Ad tte TAY GhA, AY PROb aay Ahem PROT Me LP PE ed! U AHH Sad — ao PAA Pah - hy «U> «> 5. ar vu. Aaa &. ih, ‘AL AAT F. tthae ch. AAT @ any ~ AE Te &. 07 we, RAPT at! £, (tow é. hao Me 107 a. Avr 2. 0b Ia Wi. AavFar /Aa/ 5. ah +. AAT if a. AAT hat Age BM M2 AANILCS MAW-eTAs Reb barr eae EmL% Maat yo- PM og Wr Rae AS Lomt? 01g Of re Ban Lochdts Of APArh OPeTA RLF LAG OR O14, Lh OZR LTE ata Ady Len nem neey hegre 0- LRA USE AER eaarse OAT WM AAD O9hd- RYhE POWE AAR BEE Lane oRA Awe 103Pt Th B. here AD met MN APArEh 0. WHR ACTA Ok HCI WAT EUG se] Wyn NeIE? [oLeet ROX — OLAT OLI/ ENTE hd 1 Ata By bh HMI AD [- HATA — PAL 4. ontr when B. -bPIE7 Som Aba cehch Pato Pata MPClaSe ~hLETAY at net nerrncri-nertt nage nfo — Ate meen - Vee Rea — hat dee wer - eh WIs — HORE ete — ba PRG — LS RAD OIC PAN eran Tron — aA HEED — A eT Tk ~ FD bed ware - PATC Oh “10% — OUD ere — tte bso WAS — PAR ba AT — ATE FIONA — SPONAT ACE ASD NeMdt- PeMEN DA mad - Atih oyonat - (tite hen — Pent AMD - At UST? HEM heoh when - PROSE OM Aaah — Ae UIT - Otte ap, — AF Oem = ath #20 Reo — Rog tod — OPH AAC ~ OFC Rog — NA aaqaug, — exper, Nb - Ht uh bch twee —aehonr, BRS ~ OTT ITA, 14d - PIP Pat dh ORE = fam APO -— IF At MATT LORAET AT PROEE - HER BAT — OF At ate — 0S AT . Ww a ASATNGADT — AE PIAA ~ Toe At Rt -— APO AAC — MACE ORT Me ~ PU “ed - TT ent — Nee tee — Ae, nora — hey Ag ~ hee AIST — AAT hak ~ NT bast — 0-H et bee TbeES LT AAth — bat omc — tin Reb PRA - OV Aabt OCP POCd FANT Pen - Nae — er OLI-MA LETHE OE AHA. AAAS FORD OE — EE BP PITVEF-FLIEY IF ORC — KLAF PLENE FRE — PRE Ret Ah — WA wn, - ANE ONLY ~ mie? Ame — PCA 1049S Th - GF NTL 0A VAT — UAT Rot ~ REM, VAk - ku ON — POP Yl (rirtere PRI ThU TEAS — RAR AMI — Chet VODE - WPCH A TFS — chat Jeers nek - new N0A are — eechay $0 OO ICES DR IR Sat w CAN: OPUE — POOP Ud WAST UC — AACE MPVCE EE ~ Pcl CEE HAIL PALL — ANI F PC SH — AE th Phe — LPC AL FEC LORCEY ~ LAC APF fh - ADL ACE — NAOT AGAR - PEPE ACA ~ 4°16 P ER TYG — DIS MINE — — OAPLT Ale ONCE — et PIS POTICLY — tPF TON CED - AT POP YC — PyC ogyet — Ath PoPpUCt — epuct REC — AAPL RES — ROP HEA Lit - BOL OLE - bce Pees ~ LOR OPEL — OFF Chl cog ye. — Poop yd LNT AL Ady AYIMC — ATIUNE RIK LM LAF MAL Atatet Fat ww,t For] AAd@ - AMA Raa ~ RANT RA ThOA -— POM? trPOm ah — ett ATE ahOy ~ HALT Baa - PA Oden — ANd Osan — shit hd - LPC AA 490 - 4h trot - taht 0 - AmasIR - VIR yee — htm Ad - AR Ab — ARE HeOd, — Hood, CEA - CA AWE AIATA TPP - bt Ha - HEY bch - 608 wad - AP AED — HI bony, — bd ies — heen Ud. — ANE OAL — OAR Cat — ob TO — Aird. atiat — ahah 105re RA. Pet» UCHC AT NT NET AA A= ATH AA = hE . Pet» UCTC cf» > PAK NomberC ML PATA OT LPF Neraneme AL/A+ Ab-to+ me IT APE At AED 10+ you ONE PAT Padr’d PIMP At PF PoLMee HCUC FOr OA POLHCI PTR Fb AT PEOTEO: NRT AG: Our HEL A AIL PFT Ferd OF" Prepositions + to + objective pronouns/ Ab - Act [AP] - Ane - tome Art Ah - Aner - to you Art Ah V7€ - toyou Keb Ahm ANTE — to you ADEE — ANE - AAT to you a Ar- Any tous Ont — tek — AA ~ to him ENE - Ad; ~ ANOS to her DRO —— ea ftefam — AR - to them ORE — ed te ANGE — to them Pat HAT? A + OAM ART AAS AL LTAIT Nae A® LMA peace to me dag? Ah — Ang? AATET OAS AE RTF Nar Ah £700- pence to you DAS? Al — OAs" AHET OAs” AFF 2TRF hase ANTE £700 peace to you DAS? AOA ANT EET MAP ANT HE LTT Aas? AKT HE £7A-- peace to you AAs? ANT HAF AATTET AE” AAT HE £TKF ANE AAT 2-m1A— peace to you dag ae nage ANNI AAs? AAR 2137 hae ARM £10A~ peace to us DAT deride OAT ART NAM ARO LIT AAT? ARM LIGA peace to him das? ak nae AKDT MAF And, L2TEIT Nag" AAD BWA peace to her AAS* team — GAP ARIE OA ANI RTE AIT ANG £190 peace to them AF" te — AAT ARIE HAM? AE LTT Nar” AAG LMA — peace to them 106