'J:\''M.^Ji-.

1','/-f^L-M-i^/ '
 » -^1 V

9.9?

Catalogue of the
Coins in the Indian Museum
Calcutta
Including the Cabinet of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal

Volume I

Part III : Persian Mediaeval, South Indian, and

Miscellaneous Coins

By

Vincent A. Smith
M.A., F.R.N.S., M.R A.S., I.C.S. Retd.

Published for the Trustees of the Indian Museum

Oxford
At the Clarendon Press
1906
 HENRY FROWDE, M.A.
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

LONDON, EDINBURGH
NEW YORK AND TORONTO
 ADVERTISEMENT
A SMALL separate impression of Part III is issued for the convenience
of collectors and students specially interested in the classes of coins

treated in this Part, who may not care to purchase the complete volume.
The General Introduction, General Index, and complete Tables of Weights
and Measures appear in that volume only. Here it may be noted that
a millimetre is almost exactly a^th of an inch, or, in other words, one
inch is very little more than 25 millimetres ;
and that ten English grains
are equivalent to -648, almost two-thirds of a gramme. Weights are
given in English grains, and measurements in decimals of an inch.

CONTENTS
PART III. PERSIAN MEDIAEVAL, SOUTH INDIAN, AND
MISCELLANEOUS COINS
PAGE
Section XII. The Sassanian Dynasty of Peesia, Intkoduction . 217
Catalogue, Kings 220
„ Arab Goveenoes . . . 229
Coins of Bukhaea

XIII.
„
„ postsceipt ....
Mediaeval Indo-Sassanian Coins, including those
. . . 230
231

„
OF the White Huns, Inteoduction . 232. .

Catalogue .234
. . .

„ XIV. The Hindu Kings of Ohind, commonly called

Kings of Kabul feom about 875 to 1000 a. d.,
'
',

Inteoduction 243
Catalogue 246
„ XV. The Mediaeval Dynasties of Centeal India,
Inteoduction 250
Catalogue, W. Chedi 252
„ Chandella 253
„ E. Chedi 254
„ XVI.
Inteoduction .......
The Mediaeval Dynasties of Noetheen

Catalogue, Tomaea Dynasty of AjmTe and Delhi

India,
256
259
„
Kanauj .....
Rathor or Gaharwae Dynasty of
260
„

„
AjmIr .......262
Chauhan Dynasty of Delhi and

Dynasty of Naewae . . .
261

„ Sundry Coins . . . . .263

IV CONTENTS

Section XVII. The ITinbu Coinage of Kashmir, Tntrobuction

Catalogue, Early Kings
Utpala Dynasty
» First Lohara J)ynasty
„ Second Lohara Dynasty .

„ XVIII.
Introduction
Catalogue
.....
The Coins of the MaharIvjas of Kangra,

......
„ XIX. Nepal and Champaran, Introduction
Catalogue, Nepal
„ Champaran
„ XX. The North-Eastern Frontier Kingdoms Assam and
;

Minor States, Introduction

Catalogue, Assam
„
....
Jayantapura
„ Manipur and Tipperah .

„ Chhota Udaipur and Sikim

„ XXI. Western and Southern India, excluding Vijaya
nagar and mysore, introduction
Catalogue, Eastern Chalukya Dynasty of
Vengi
„ Western Chalukya Dynasty of
Kalyani
„ Kadamba Chiefs of Go a, and
Ganga Dynasty of Kalinga
„ Travancore State
„ Early Anonymous Coins of
Southern India
„ Indo-European .

,,
Sundry Coins
„ XXII.
Introduction ......
The Kingdoms of Vuayanagar and Mysore,

....
Catalogue, Vuayanagar
„ Mysore
„ XXIII. The Mediaeval Coinage of Ceylon, Introduction
Catalogue

„ XXIV'. Coins of Arakan and Others, Introduction

Catalogue, Arakan .

„ Sundry Coins .

Index of Rulers, &c,,.Part III

 LIST OF PLATES
XXIV. Sassanian Coins.
XXV, Indo-Sassanian Coins.
XXVI. Coins of the Hindu Kings of Ohind and of the Mediaeval
:

Dynasties of Central and Northern India.

XXVII. Kashmir and Kangra.
XXVIII. Nepal and Champaran.
XXIX. The North-Eastern Frontier Kingdoms; Assam, Jatantapura,
Manipur, Tipperah, Chhota Udaipur, Sikim.
XXX. Western and Southern India, Vijayanagar, Mysore.
XXXI. Ceylon, Arakan and others.

ABBREVIATIONS
M
I

J
 PART III

PERSIAN, MEDIAEVAL, SOUTH INDIAN

AND MISCELLANEOUS COINS
 Section XII

THE SASSANIAN DYNASTY OF PERSIA

INTRODUCTION
The Sassaniau dynasty
of Persia, which succeeded the Arsakidan,
lasted for more than four centuries, from 226 to 651 a.d. The following
list of the kings was compiled by the late Mr. E, Thomas, chiefly from

Armenian authorities, with corrections from independent sources {Num.

Chron., 1872, p. 44 ; Sassanians in Persia, p. 12). Other authors vary
the spelling of the names, and give the dates with some differences.

The Sassanian Dynasty.

Accession a. d.

1. Ardeshir I, Babekan 226

2. Shapur I 240
3. Hormazd I . 271
4. Varahran (Bahram) I 272
5. Varahran II 275
6. Varahran III (Segan Shah) 292
7. Narsahi (Narses, Napo-^s) 292
8. Hormazd II 301
9. Shapur II (Zu'laktaf ) 309
10. Ardeshir II (Jamil) . 380
11. Shapur III . 384
12. Varahran IV(Kerman Shah 386
13. Yezdegird I (Bazah-Kar) 397
14. Varahran V (Gor) . 417
15. Yezdegird II (Sipah-dost) 438
16. Hormazd III 457
17. Firoz 459
18. Vagharsh (BaXas) . 486
19. Kobad (Nekrai,
'
the Wise,' KajidSr]- )
490'
20. Khusru I (Naushirwan) 530-1
21. Hormazd IV (Turk-zadah) 578
'
Special abbreviations in this Section are :
—B. = Bartholomaei ;
D, = Drouin; K. = Kufic ;

L. = Longperier ;
P. = Pahlavi; Th. = Thomas. The Sassanian coins, although not Indian,
served as the model for long series of Indian coinages {post, Section XIII), and are included
in the catalogue at the request of the Trustees of the Indian Museum.
2
Th. omits Jamasp, who, in 498 a. d,, temporarily took the place of his brother Kobad
(L., p. 70}.
218 INTRODUCTION

22. Khusru II (Parviz) ..... Accession a. d.

590
23.
24.
25.
Ardeshir III
Slinlir-yar
....
Kobad [II] (Shiruiali, Al-Ghasbum, the Iniquitous

(Khorham, 2apy5dpos)
'

. . .
')

.
628
628
629
20. Piirau-duklit (daughter of Khusru Parviz) . . 630
27. Khusru [IIIj . . . . . \

28. Azarmi-dukht(daughterof Khusru, widow of No. 25) ^ 631-2

29. Ilormazd [V] . . . . .J
30. Yezdegird III (son of No. 25, according to Persian
authorities or son of Kobad and grandson of
;

Khusru, according to Armenian chronicles) 632 (16 June) to 651

[Yezdegird lived until September 651, but the Sassa-
nian power was destroyed by the Arabs at the battle
of Nahavend in 641,]

The coinage exists in three metals —

gold, silver, and copper. The
gold coins seem to be scarce, but examples of the other metals, especially
the silver, are abundant. The gold pieces, like the Kushan and Gupta
gold coinage in India, are struck to the standard of the reduced Roman
aureus. The only gold coins included in this catalogue, three specimens
of Shapiir II (309-80 a. D.), range in weight from 109-2 to 112-3 English

(Troy) grains (= about 7-2 grammes), and so agree with the aureus of
45 to the pound. The heaviest specimen of Shapur I (240-71 a. d.) in
the British Museum weighs 113 grains, and was struck to the same
standard. The gold coinage of Shapur III (384-6 A. D.) was struck to
the Constantinian standard of 72 aurei to the pound, and does not
exceed 70 English grains (about 4| grammes) in weight.^
The silver coinage, on the other hand, as in India, was regulated by
the standard of the Greek drachma and some of the copper coins seem
;

intended to follow the same scale of weij^hts.

The gold and most of the copper coins are thick in fabric, and of
moderate diameter. The silver pieces are nearly all extraordinarily
thin and broad, the breadth increasing in the later
reigns, and attaining
its maximum, 1-35 inch, in the seventh century under the Arab
governors, who copied the issues of Khusru II.
The type of the Sassanian coinage varies little throughout its long
history the obverse being occupied by the king's bust, almost always
;

turned to the right, and the reverse by a portable fire-altar, with

On the earliest coins of the fii-st kinor, Ardeshir
diifcrent accessories.

Babekan, the royal portrait is distinctly Parthian, being, in fact,

copied from the hkeuess of Mithradates but, even during Ardeshirs
;

'
The weights cited by L. (pj). 13, 11) are given in Paris grains.
 INTRODUCTION 219

reign, the characteristic Sassanian crown surmounted by a globe was

introduced,and the portrait lost its purely Parthian look. Wings, as an
appendage to the globe, first appear on the coinage of Firoz (459-86).
Khusrii II (590-628) dispensed with the globe, and adopted a peculiar
form of winged head-gear, which continued in use, without material
change, to the end of the dynasty, and was copied by the Arab
governors down to the closing years of the seventh century. The
legends, in the old Persian language and Pahlavl character, are excep-
tionally difficult to read and interpret and satisfactory arrangement
;

of the coins would be almost impossible but for the circumstance that

nearly every king prior to Khusru II adopted a distinctive form of

head-dress, as well as peculiar modifications in the accessories of the
type. The latest coins bear supplemental inscriptions in the Arabic
language and Kufic script.
No information is available concerning the provenance of the coins
now catalogued, which form a fairly representative set, although its
deficiencies are numerous.
Interest in the Sassanian coinage seems to have died out of late years,
and nearly all the standard publications on the subject are old. No
satisfactory complete account has been published. Longp^rier's valuable
Essai Meclailles des Rois Ferses de la Dynastie Sassanide (Paris,
b'lir les

Didot), appeared in 1840, and naturally contains some serious errors

(corrected in J. M. A. 8., 1850, p. 254, note; ibid., 1852, p. 407 quoting ;

Mordtmann in Z. D. M. G., vols, viii, xii). The numerous papers by

Mr. Edward Thomas are widely scattered. Those contributed by him
to the Num. Chron. in 1872 and 1873 were reprinted (Triibner, 1873)
under the title Numismatic and other Antiquarian Illustrations of the
Rule of Sassanians in Persia from, a. d. 226 to 652, or more briefly,
the
Sassanians in Persia. This work (p. 11) gives a bibliography of the
subject.^ The most important other papers by Mr, Thomas are 'The
Pehlvi Coins of the Early Muhammadan Arabs
'

(/. R. A. S., 1850,

vol. xii) and Notes Introductory to Sassanian Mint Monograms and
;
'

Gems, with a Supplementary Notice on the Arabico-Pehlvi Series

of Persian Coins
'

(ibid., 1852, vol. xiii). summary description of A

the coins of each reign will be found in Canon Rawlinson's work, The
Seventh Great Onental Monarchy, which is the most convenient pre-
sentation of Sassanian history for English readers. The best collection
of plates is that published by M. Dorn (St. Petersbourg, 1873), entitled
Collection de Monnaies Sccssanides de feu le Lieutenant- Geiieral J. de

Bartholomaei, but no text accompanies the 32 plates.

^
Not to be confounded with another book by Mr. Thomas entitled Early Sassatiian
Inscriptions and Coins; and Numismatic and other Antiquarian Illustrations oj the Sassanians in
Persia, 2 vols., 1868-73. See Postbci'ipt, post. p. 2-31.
«v ^V THE SASSANIA.N DYNASTY OF PERSIA
If specialists should discover defects or errors in my description of
the Sassauian coins in this catalogue, I trust that the admitted difficulty
of the subject may be deemed sufficient excuse. Dr. Codrington kindly

guided me to the necessary books, but I have been obliged to do the

best I could with the coins.

CATALOGUE
Serial
No.
Museum Obverse Reverse

No. 1. ARDESHlR I, Babekan, 226-40 a. d.

IJI. M

I.M.

6
 ARDESHiR I — HORMAZD I 221

Metal,
Serial
Museum Weight, Obverse Reverse
No.
Size

No. 2. SHAPUR (SAPOR) I, 240-71 a. d

Silver
I.M. M 65-5 Bust of king r., with Fire-altar on two-stepped
•98 beard tied; head-dress with base, narrower at top than
three principal points, sur- thatof Ardeshlrl; crescent
mounted by globe, and on shaft; at each side an
with cheek pieces. Con- attendant standing averted,
tinuous P. legend, begin- grasping scej^tre or spear,
ning behind head, Mazdi- with sword at his side. P.
san hagi Shahpiihan^ mal- legend r., Shahpuhari 1., ;

kdn malkd Airdn minu- mird zi, the lire of S.' '

chatrimin Yazddn, The '

(L., PI. Ill, 2, 3 ; Th., PI.
Ormazd worshipper, divine 3-6; B., PI. II).
II, In
S., king of kings of Airan, very good condition.
of divine origin from tlie
gods.'
M 63 Similar. Similar ; poor.
1-0

CojJ'per {bronze)
A.S.B. JE 170-8 Similar to silver coins, Device as on silver coins,
1-07 but worn legend probably except that altar has three
;

the same. steps nurd zi legible. ;

JE 153 As No. 3 much worn. As No. 3 in fairly good

; ;

M5 order; n;7m r* distinct; r.

legend difficult to read.
M — Ditto ; ditto. Ditto in bad condition
;

1-07 (L., PI. Ill, 5, with two-

stepped altar).

No. 3. HORMAZD PROVINCIAL COINAGE IN

I ; (T) SiSTAN,
BY (?) Ardamitea, about 271 A. D.
CopjJer
A.S.B. JE 99 Parthian head 1., with Low fire-altar, without
•9 mass of hair behind as on attendants, and with in-
coins of Pakores [ante, p. cense vessels, as on coins
58) legend lost.
;
of Ardeshlr I. P. legend,
1. UUIUI; r.
Uqi. The
rev. is slightly concave.
^ 78 Similar. Similar ; only a few cha-
•8 racters visible.
M 95-5 Ditto. Ditto ; nothing legible.
•92
4-9 JE Ditto. Ditto; ditto.2

Shahpuhari = mod. Pers. shahsdda (sMhsdda), 'king's son,' used as a proper name;
^

Lat. Siipnr Gr. Xa-nojp. The spelling Shapur is that used by Mr. Thomas.
;
"^
M. Drouin {Rev. Num., 1895, p. 52, PI. II, 1-8; quoted by Rapson, J. R. A. S., 1904,
p. 678) found what he calls the normal legend of Hormazd I' on obv. of similar coins,
•

and on rev., in at least one case, the name Ardamifm. The specimens figured
by him
came from Turkestan that described by Mr. Rapson from Sistan. The provenance of the
;

coins now catalogued is not recorded. The legend on No. 1 is not Ardamitrn.
 00
22 THE SASSAXIAN DYNASTY OF PERSIA

Reverse

No. 4. VARAHRAN (BAHRAM) I, 272-5 a. d.

Silver

I.M. M broken Bust of king r., with Fire-altar with base of

on
1-0 long beard plaited in Par- two steps, three pellets
thian style head-dress has shaft on 1. king averted,
; ;

five points surmounted by wearing crown with globe,

or sceptre in
globe, which is decorated holding spear
with trios of pellets cheek- r. hand, with sword at side;
;

pieces. Legend defectiA'e on r. armed attendant, a-

and difficult to read ac- verted from altar. Legend,
;

cording to Th. it should be 1. nurd zi r. broken away ;

Mazdtsan Varahrdn
hagi (L.. PI. in, 8 ; Th., PL III,
markdn markd Airdn [with 1 ; B., PI. III).
sometimes t>a Anairdn] mi-
nuchatrt min Yazddn, The '

Ormazd- worshipper, divine

V. king of kings of Airan
,

[and Anairan=Tiiran], of
divine origin from the
gods.'

No. 5. VARAHRAN II, 275-92 A. d.

Silver

A.S.n. M 52-8 Jugate busts of king and Fire-altar ontwo-stepped

1-05 queen r. king wears dia- base, attended by king on
;

dem and globe; queen's 1., wearing globed diadem,

head-dress has a boar's head and on r. by the queen, who
in front ; opposite them, offers a chaplet. In upper
facing 1., a miniature figure, field two symbols. Legend,
probably son and heir, r. niird zi; 1. damaged,
wearing head-dress with Varahrdn (L., PI. IV, 5;
eagle's or hawk's beak in Th., Num. Chron., 1872;
front, tenders a diadem. Sassaiiians, p. 32, PI. Ill,
Legend, legible only at be- 1-5).
ginning, Mazdisan bagi \'a-
rahrdn markdn markd Ai-
rdn wa Anairdn minuchatri
min Yazddn/ The Ormazd-
worshipper, divine Varah-
ran, king of kings of Ivan
and non-Iran
[ Tiiran],of
=
divineorigin from the gods.'
I.M. ^l ring Similar; in poor condi- Similar, but queen re-
attached tion. placed by male attendant ;
Ml poor.
 VARAHRAN I — HORMAZD II 223

Serial Metal,
No.
Museum Weight, Obverse Reverse
Size

No. 7. NARSAHI (NARSES), 292-301 a. d.

Silver
I.M. M 58-5 Bust of king r. beard Fire-altar ontwo-stepped
;

1-0 tied, with pendant crown base, with three pellets on

;

foliated/ with globe above. shaft; on 1., the king turned

Legend, very corrupt, in- towards altar with sceptre
tended for Mazdisan bagi (spear), sword, and globed
Narsahi markdn markd mi- crown on r., attendant ;

nuchatri min Yazddn. turned towards altar with

siJear and sword. Two
'
symbols above, the fero-
har ' and taurine '. Le-
'

gend, r. Narsahi 1. nurd ;

zi, corruptly written.

No. 8. HORMAZD II, 301-9 a. d.

Copi^er
Ormazd type
A.S.B. M 34-2 Bust of king r., with Fire-altar on broad base,
•03 short tied beard; lion's with bust of Ormazd rising
head and mane as crest on from top his arms extend- —
front of head-dress, which ed, r. hand holding royal
is surmounted by a flower diadem, and 1. hand a spear.

(? rose) place of the Traces of legend (PI.

in XXIV,
usual globe.Traces of le- 3).
gend Auharmazdi in front
of face.
M 31.8 Bust of king r., with Device as on No. 1 . Th.
•62 crown or
short tied beard ; (p. 41) reads Avasta murta,
diadem has five pellets, but ' '
image of Avasta,' or Or-
no lion's head; the usual mazd ',
but I cannot make
globe above. Legend in out more than astamu (PI.
front of face Auharmazdi, XXIV, 4). Perhaps the
behind head malkd, King '
true reading is apasfa,' con-
Hormazd.' fidence,' D.
M 22 Bust of king r., with a Same device as on Nos.
•6 three-pointed crown no ; 1 and 2, treated slightly
globe, flower, or lion's head; differently; legend illegi-
no trace of legend. ble in poor condition.
;

Thick, heavy altar type

A.S.B. M 53 Bust of king r. ; lion's Altar with heavy base
56 head on front of head-dress; and top filling field sym- ;

no legend. bols on shaft. No legend ;

rude, polygonal piece (PI.

XXIV, 5).
•
Canon Eawlinson describes the foliated branches as 'horns of ibex or stag'.
004. THE SASSAXIAN DYNASTY OF PERSIA

Serial
No.
 SHAPUR II — YEZDEGIRD I 225

Serial Metal,
No.
Museum Weight, Obverse Reverse
Size

No. 11. SHAPUR (SAPOR) III, 384-6 a.d.

Silver
l.M. M 56 Bust of king r., with
flat- Fire-altar with bust and
M topped cap and globe. Le- attendants, as on coins of
gend, mazdisan hagi Shah- Shapur II no legend. ;

puhari, in four sections.

A.S.B. M 62-7 Similar worn. Legend,
; Ditto ;
ditto.
1-02 mazdisan bagi Shahpuhari
malkdn, in three sections.

Copper
l.M. M 48-6 Bust of king, with cha- Altar with broad base
.63 racteristic flat-topped head- and top and symbol on
dress, but no globe nor le- shaft, filling field, as on
gend. coins of Hormazd II ;
no
legend (Pi. XXIV, 7),

No. 12. VARAHRAN IV (KERMAN SHAH), 386-97 a. d.

Silver
l.M. M

3
 1
226 THE SASSANIAN DYNASTY OF PERSIA
Motal,
Serial Obverse Reverse
No.
Museum W.iglit,
Size

No. 14. VARAHRAN V (BAHRAM GOR), 417-38 a.d.

Silver

l.M. /R Gl Bust r. two-

of king Fire-altar with conical
;

M3 pointed crown surmounted

flame head of Ormazd r., ;

by crescent containing inserted in upper part of

globe. Legend begins Va- altar below flame an at- ;

rahrdn (or Valahldn) mal- tendant on each side with

kd, rest not read. spear presenting arms to
altar. Legend, 1. Fara^mn,

imperfect; r.^i(? Airan), =

the mint (Th., PI. VII, 8,
same mint L., PI. VIII, 5, ;

mint Wah B., PI. XII). ;

m. G5 Bust of king r. head- Altar with three steps;

;

1-25 dress a low crown sur- no head of Ormazd atten- ;

mounted by globe with dants with high caps pre-

wings. Legend, r.(?)Lur Fa- senting arms;
no legend
rahrdn; l.kadi,' fortunate,' (PL XXIV, 8. This coin
'victorious Varahran'; but does not seem to agree with
meaning of Lur not known. any published).

No. 15. YEZDEGIRD II, 438-57 a. d.

Silver

I.M. M 61-4 Bust of king r. three- ; Two-stepped altar with

1-2 pointed crown surmounted conical flame no Ormazd :

by crescent containing head; rds[ti], 'truth,' on

globe. Legend, RdmsJiatri shaft; attendant on each
(?) Izdakarti. (According side presenting arms. Le-
to D., the coins with legend gend, 1. seems to be nudah,
rdmshetri Yazdekertiholon^ 'nineteen' (scil. regnal
to y. I. Rdmshetri = rdmi
year) ; r. Wah or Vah, ini-
kshatra, pros]jerity of the tialsyllableof amint-name.
*

empire.') (See B., PI. XIII; L., PI.

VIII, 3, 4, erroneously as-
cribed to Y. I; Th., PI. V,
4 but the legend there is
;

Kadi Izdakarti.)

No. 17. FiROZ, 459-86 a.d.

Silver
I.M. A\ 61-8 Bust of king r. crown, ; Three-stepped, narrow
M2 surmounted by crescent altar attendants rudely
;

containing globe, nearly a- outlined, turned towards

greeiug in shape with that altar, but without spears ;

of Yezdegird II a small star above I., crescent r.

; ;
'
figure 1. on r. margin (young legend, 1. tarin, two (reg-
'
 VARAHRAN V — KOBAD I 227

Serial
No.
Museum Obverse Eovorso

Firoz ?) offers the king a nal year); r. ilfar {=Merv),

diadem. Behind king's mint (B., PI. XVIII, 6, same
head, Ram (the name of date and mint; wrongly
guardian of Firoz); no other assigned to Jamasp L., ;

legend. PI. IX, 4; Th., PI. V, 12,

13, wrongly assigned to
Hormazd III).'
LM. /R 63-5 Bust of king r. small Fire-altar, three-stepped;
;

1-0 two-pointed crown, sur- attendants turned towards

mounted by crescent con- it, without spears star 1., ;

taining globe wide blank crescent r.

; Legend, 1., a
margin. Legend, badly- single large character, ap-
executed. Kadi Firuchi, parently ma; r. IFa^or Vah,
'
King Firoz,' Th. (Kadi =initial syllable of mint (PI.

'fortunate," victorious,'©.) XXIV, 9).^

M 62-2 Bust of king r. small Similar to No. 2. Le-
M
;

crown surmounted by gend, 1. illegible, a date;

wings, crescent, and globe, r. Nah (? = Nahavend),
crescent in front j legend mint.
not read.
M 54-8 As No. 3. As No. 3 ;
mint Nab, or
1-02 (?) Ni.

No. 19. KOBAD I. 490-531 A. d.

Silver

A.S.B. M 60 Bust of king r. small Narrow, three-stepped

;

1-18 head-dress with crescent in altar with conical ilame;

front, and crescent, globe, attendants rudely indicat-
and wings above; two stars ed; star 1., crescent r. Date,
and two crescents in field I. haf ^ = hafdah,l7); mint,
;

three crescents enclosing r. Lad or Rad.

on margin. Legend,
stars
r., minute characters,
in
Kudt no 1. legend.
;

I.M. M 57-7 Similar; worn

Similar worn; only
; Similar; date, sIr(iaA, 16;
;

1.18 trace of name. mint. As. (Th., PI. VI, 3, 5 ;

L., PI. X, 3 (corrected J. R.

A. S., 1852, p. 407); B.,
PI. XVII, and XIX, 16-20).

*
As Rawlinson points out (Seventh Or. Hon., p. 327), Ram was the guardian or tutor
(preeepteur) of Firoz, not of Hormazd III, as erroneously asserted by
Th. {Sassanians,
p. 67), This being so, it is natural to intei-pret these coins as issued by Ram on behalf of
young Firoz, whose father's portrait is given the principal place. The coins assigned by
L., PI. IX, 1, to Hormazd III are Indo-Sassanian
of Kabul, and will be described in the
next section. No coins of Hormazd III are known.
*
Indian imitations will be described in the next section.
Q 2
228 THE SASSANIAN DYNASTY OF PERSIA
I

Metal.
Serial Reverse
No.
Museum Woiglit, Obverse
Size

No. 20. KHUSra'T I (NUSHiRVAN), 531-78 a.d.

Silver

I.M. M 62 Bust of king r. ;

crown Two-stepped altar,with
1-2 small, with point on top, conical flame ;
attendants
crescent and star in front, facing, holding in front
globe above; three crescents swords with points on
without stars on margin. ground. Date, slzsih, 33 ;

Legend, r. KJiusrm; 1. af- mint, Ndh or Nlh.

ztin,-=' Khusru increasing.'
loop at- Similar; worn. Similar. Date, fann, 2;
tached mint, Am.

No. 21 a. VARAHRAN CHOBiN (VI), in reign of No. 21,

HoRMAZD IV, about 579 A. D. (590, D.)
Silver
A.S.Ii. M 56-] Rude copyof device on Rude copy of altar of
1-22 No. Varahran V. Le Varahran V, with head of
1 of
gend begins with Varahran, Ormazd r. in upper part ;

rest not read a counter- no legend (PL XXIV, 10;

;

mark on margin. (Possibly Th., Sassanians, p. 77 Ind.

—
a coin of Varahran V see Ant., VIII, p. 270; not in
;

D. '
Les Legendes,' p. 105.) L. or B. A camp currency).

No. 22. KHUSRU II (PARVIZ), 590-628 a.d.

Silver
1 A.s.n. M 50-3 Bust of king
r. crown Narrow fire-altar with
;

1-3 surmounted by spreading rounded outline crescent ;

wings enclosing star in r. and star 1. above atten- ;

crescent; three similar stars dants facing front, a cres-

and crescent on margin. cent over each triple ;

Legend, 1. afzut, 'increase'; beaded circle. Date, 1. seems

r. Khusruh (also read Khus- to be shashsih, 36 r. mint, ;

riii or IIuslui). yl^am (PI. XXIV, 11).

I.M. .R 03-8 Similar. Similar; date, apparent-
1-3 ly chaharsih, 34 mint, ;

Aham.
3 M 62-2 Ditto. Ditto ; date, haftsih, 37 ;

1-3 mint, Aham.

4 M )3-l Ditto. Ditto; date, hashtsih,38-,
1-2 mint, Aham.
6 M 51-3 Ditto; K. bismillah on Ditto; date, {?) nnsih,
1-2 margin. 39 mint, (?).
;

6 A.S.Ii. M 54-4 Ditto; P. a/at on margin. Ditto date,

; sih, 30 ;

1-22 (D. reads aji(l:=' praise '.) mint, Sht.

 KHUSRIJ I — OBEIDALLAH BIN ZlAD 229

Serial
No.
230 THE SASSANIAN DYNASTY OF PERSIA

Serial Metal,
No.
Museum Weight, Obverse Reverse
Size

No. 3. SALiM BIN ZIAD, about same date

I.M. M 62-5 Similar; in margin K. Similar. Date, panjshast,
1-27 hismillah, a horseshoe- 65 A. H. =(684-5 A.D.);

shaped countermark, and mint, Marv.

two trios of pellets next the
star and crescent at bottom.
P. legend, afzut; r., in
1.

two lines, (1) Sallmi, (2)

Ziyydtdn.

No. 5. ABDALLAH BIN HAZIM, d. 72 a. h. = 691-2 a. d.

I.M. M 62 Same in all respects as Similar. Date, sishasty

1.36 No. 2, except that legend 63 a. h. (= 682-3 A.D.);
1. is P. (1) Apduld, (2) I mint, Marv.
Hazmdn.

UNCERTAIN, (?) No. IX, OmIah bin Abdallah, 692, 693 a. d.

I.M. M 59-1 Bust of king as usual

usual; Device as usual in triple
;

1-32 on bismillah beading, outside which is

margin, K. hismillah
and P. legend, (?) Omiya a margin with marks and
Apduld a countermark, legend not read, surround-
;

and two trios of pellets next ed by a fourth beading.

crescent and star at bottom. Date seems to be arbd, 4 ;

P. legend, 1.
afzUt; r. not mint, Khurdsdn (PL XXIV,
read. 14). (SeeJ. iJ.^.S., 1850,
p. 307.)
UNCERTAIN
I.M. M 27-5 Device as usual in mar- Device as usual on mar-
; ;

•9 gin P. a/afe.
a/ab. P. legend, 1. gin four crescents with stars
X. Or .. and four trios of pellets.
a/cut ; (or 01 .
.).
. .

Date and mint not read.

(See /. R. A. S., 1850, p.
254 n., quoting Fraehn in
J. As.,t. iv(1824), p. 335;
L., PI. XII, 3, wrongly
ascribed.)

BILINGUAL COINS OF MUHAMMAD THE MAHDl OF

BUKHARA, ABOUT 760 a. d,, imitated from coins of
Varahran ChobIn
Silver
A.S.B. Ai 43-1 Bust of kiug r., iu crude Two-stepped fire-altar,
1-0 outline, imitating the 'camp rudely outlined, with at-
'
coinage of Varahran Cho- tendants barely recogniz-
bIn ;
crown surmounted by able ;
no legend.
 PLATE XXIV

^iiil^jg^
A/

"^L.^^
3

/E
/.^ag^at.
^'
>;^ /

~- i''

/R /R

,f^[^^|i?N\^i

^^^.-

'L:V

to

13

SASSANIAN COINS
 SALiM BIN ZIAD — MUHAMMAD THE MAHDI 231

Serial
No.
 Section XIII

MEDIAEVAL INDOSASSANIAN COINS,

INCLUDING THOSE OF THE WHITE HUNS

INTRODUCTION
The
heterogeneous coins grouped together in this Section belong to
•widely separated localities, and probably extend over a period of six
centuries, from about 500 to 1100 a. d. Few of them can be assigned
with confidence to any particular kingdom or ruler ;
in fact, the only
ceiiain assignments to rulers of known date and place are those of the
better Adi-vardha coins to Bhojadeva I, king of Kanauj from about
840-90 A. D., and of certain White Hun pieces to Toramana and Mihi-
ragula, between 490 and 540 a. d. A morphological classification has,
therefore, been found convenient, the bond of union being the common
descent of the whole group from the Sassanian coinage described in
the last section. Regarded in this light, these barbarous coins are
interesting as examples of numismatic degradation.
The note in the catalogue gives full references concerning the coin
of Vahi-(a^. Shahi-)tigin, who was probably a king of Multan about
500 a. d. The next coin catalogued certainly bears the name of King
Napki in Pahlavi. The five coins assigned to Napki are all very much
alike,but Nos. 2 and 3 replace the ordinary Pahlavi Na by a peculiar
character. The provenance indicates that Napki ruled at Kabul, and
he may be assigned doubtfully to the fifth century. The note in the
'

catalogue gives the necessary references. The solar type coins with
'

the legend Tora in bold Brahml script may be attributed with con-
fidence to the Toramana, a White Hun or Ephthalite chief, who led his
horde into India about 490 a. d., and was succeeded in his Indian
dominions about 510 a. d. by his son Mihiragula or Mihirakula. The
'
'
bull typo coins which bear the name of the latter certainly belong
to the son of Toramaaa, and often are restruck on the coins of that

prince. shown recently that Sitdkot in the Panjab

Dr. Fleet has
represents Sakala, the Indian capital of Mihiragula.^ The White Huns
Milinda and Mihirakula' {Ades du A'lV Congres
'

'S.agala, Sak.ila, the City of Intern,

dcs Or., I. I, 1U05).
 INTRODUCTION 233

issued no coinage with types of their own, being content with barbarous
imitations of the coins of the countries which tliey overran during the
fifth and sixth centuries. Many of the White Hun coins are anonymous,
but are distinguished by a peculiar mark, which Cunningham named the
'

Ephthalite symbol (see PL XXV, 6, 7).

«

The base silver coinage imitating the later issues of Firoz, the
Sassanian king killed by the Ephthalites or White Huns in 488 a. d.,
probably was struck first by Toramana at the close of the fifth century,
but still more degraded copies continued to be issued much longer
(PI. XXV, 8-17).
This class of coins comes, so far as is recorded, chiefly from
Eajputana. The eastern or Magadha type (PI. XXV, 10) preserves very
faint recollections of either the Sassanian head or the fire-altar, although
both may be traced on the better specimens. The pieces which bear
the legend Sri Vi or i^rl Vigra may be assigned with almost positive

certainty to one or other of the kings of Magadha named Vigraha-pala.

The least barbarous specimens seem to have been issued by the first

king of that name, about 900 a. d. The wholly corrupt copies may be
as late as the time of Vigraha-pala III, in the middle of the eleventh

century.
The curious coinage known by the popular name Gadhaiya, or
Gadhiya, of uncertain derivation, seems at first sight to have no
intelligible device. But study of extensive series convinced numis-
matists long ago that the apparently meaningless marks are simply
extreme degradations of the ancient Sassanian type (PL XXV, 11-17).
A few of the later coins are inscribed (PL XXV, 15, 16), but I have not
been able to make sense of the legend on the specimens catalogued,
which seems to give a name beginning with Kd. Professor Rapson has
shown {J. R. A. S., 1900, p. 122) that certain coins of this kind, bearing
the name of Chittaraja, were issued by a member of the Silahara
dynasty of the Northern Konkan on the Bombay coast between 1020
and 1060 A. d. The inscribed pieces now published may be of nearly
the same date. Similar coins are sometimes found in Mewar (Webb,
Currencies of the Hindu States of Rdjputdna, pp. 4-6). The com-
paratively modern coin, No. 24, is interesting as proving the late
survival of a dim recollection of the Sassanian prototype. Webb cites
'
the Dhingla paisa which is still current in Rajputana, as a still
',

stronger illustration of the same fact.

The true assignment of the abundant Adi-vardha, or primaeval '

boar', coins was first effected by Professor Hultzsch, who showed that
they were issued by the powerful king, Bhojadeva I, who ruled in
Northern India, with his capital at Kanauj, from about 840 to 890 A. c.
234 MEDIAEVAL INDO-SASSANIAN COINS
and took tlie title of Adi-vardha, thus identifying himself with the
'
'
boar incarnation of Vishnu. Rude copies of this class of coin probably
belong to the eleventh or twelfth century.
I am unable to say anything definite about the four coins grouped

together as Unknown '. No. 1 (PI. XXV, 19) is a variety of the Napki
'

coins of Kabul. No. 3 (PI. XXV, 20), exhibiting a Bactrian camel and
may or may not be Indian it does not seem to belong to the
fire-altar, ;

Sassanian coinage of Persia.

In addition to the references already given, the following publications
may be consulted :
—
Cunningham, The Later Indo-Scythians [Nii'ni.
'
'

Chron., 1894); V. A. Smith, 'History and Coinage of the Gupta

G. P. Taylor, On
' '
Period (J. A. S. B., Part I, vol. Ixiii, pp. 164-212) ;

the Gadhaiya Coins of Gujarat' (J. A. S. B., Part I, vol. Ixxiii (1904),
Num. Sui^pl.) ;
and 7. C, sees. 103-9, with copious detailed references.

CATALOGUE
Serial Metal,
No.
Museum Weight, Obverse Reverse
Size

VAHI- {al. SHAHI-)TIGiN probably King of Multan, about 500 a. d.

Silver
I.M. M 50 Bust of king, Bust of deity facing,
sho'c^'ing
1-17 three-quarter facer., beard- wearing crown head sur- ;

less, with moustache low rounded by flames rising

;

crown or cap, surmounted to a point in broad mar- ;

by tiger's head r., and three gin, two circles below, and
points itrUul) in front and at top and sides crescents
also behind. Unknown enclosing stars, as on coins
characters (Irano-Scythic) of Jamasp. Well-engraved
in field before face. Br. Pahlavi legends as read
legend in broad margin, by Th. 1.
Saf tansaf tef,
;

the most probable reading ^—sJ »-_g>...: >

uj-., probably
of which on this specimen
meaning ^ri Tansaf deva,
is ^ fffTff^T-^Ttl ^ (? tbe name of the deity, sup-
or
'^) ^ ^Tff
M<*)^=H, posed to be the Sun-god of
Multan; r. (?) Tarkhdn
Khurdsdn malkd, ij^J"
tivirai-ralddha (? va, ?
chd)
parameivara hi Vdhi tiffin
Im* ijU-jyi* ;
but the first

devandrita{?)'; giving the word is doubtful. The

titles of a king Vahi, with second and third words
the Turkish rank of tigin. meaning 'king of Kluira-
san ' are certain^ (PI. XX V,

'
Two coins of this much-discussed type were found in the topo of Mfinikvala. I have
followed Thomas chiolly, but have taken the reading Vahi {Vahi) from M. Drouin. I do
 VAHI — TORAMANA 235

Serial Metal,
No.
Museum Weight, Obverse Reverse
Size

NAPKi, A (? Kushan) King op Kabul in (1) fifth or sixth century

Silver
A.S.B. M 52-8
1-03

M 59-8
1.12

IJI. M 52
1-02

A.S.B. JE
236 MEDIAEVAL INDO-SASSANIAN COINS

Serial
No.
 MIHIRAKULA — UN ASSIGN ED COINAGE 237

Serial Metal,
No.
Museum Weight, Obverse Reverse
Size

Kushan type
10 I.M. M 116 Standing as on Throned goddess, as on
king,
•9 Kushan Legend, Kushan coins no legend.
coins. ;

Shdfd Mihiragula, imper-

fect.

UNASSIGNABLE, period of Mihirakula

'
1 I.M. JE 30-8 Sassanian bust r. ; Eph- Humped bull walking 1. ;

'
•65 thalite symbol before face. no legend.
2 51-7 Similar. Lion or tiger standing 1,,
•77 with an object (? animal)
under its feet (PI. XXV, 6).
3 JE 42 Parthian -
looking bust Humped bull running r.

•72 r. ; Ephthalite symbol in (PL XXV, 7).

front.
4 JE 51-6 Similar, but more Sas- Humped bull walking 1.

sanian.
•67
5 JE 33-2 Ditto very rude. ;
Ditto ; very rude.
•7
6 M 40-2 Ditto; ditto. Ditto; ditto; seems to
•65 be cast.
7 JE 31^7 Ditto; ditto. Rude bull walking r. ;

•68 ditto.
8 36 Ditto ;
ditto. Ditto ;
cast.^
•67
9 A.S.B. 30-8 Bust as usual ;
no sym- Double-struck wheel ;

•67 bol. above confused legend be-

;

low Sri Vaya, and sa lower

down.
10 1.21. 45^7 Bust of king r., with Double beading with
in cen-
•95 (?) young prince facing him; Ephthalite symbol
small Ephthalite symbol tre; concave.
behind head ;
double bead-
ing ;
convex.

UNASSIGNED COINAGE, imitating the coins of Firoz, Sassanian

A.— NORTH-WESTERN TYPE, from about 500 to 1000 a.d.^
1 Fire- altar ; very rude ;

mere traces of attendants ;

no legend (PL XXV, 8).

Similar.

Ditto.

'
Nos.
4, 5, 8 are roughly squared 6 and 7 are very iri-egular in shape.
;

Most of these coins are from the hoard found in Merwara (Mhairwarra^, Riijputana
*

(not Marwar Rapson, J. R. A. S., 1900, p. 119, note), as described in detail by Dr. Hoernle
;

in Proc. A. S. B., 1889, p. 228 /. A. S. B., Part I, 1890, p. 168, Pl. V.

;
238 MEDIAEVAL INDO-SASSANIAN COINS

Serial
No.
 UNASSIGNED COINAGE 239

Serial
No
240 MEDIAEVAL INDO-SASSANIAN COINS
Metal,
Serial Obverse Reverse
No.
Museum Weight,
Size

12 I.M. M 57^8 Similar to No. 11 ; per- Similar to No. 11.

•64 haps Sri Vi.
M
^

52^7 Similar; Sri. Ditto sa in centre.*

13 ;

•
65

GADIIAIYA (GADHIYA) CURRENCY OF RAJPUTANA AND

GUJARAT, FROM ABOUT 750 to 1100 a.d.
Base silver or copper

A. Flat coins, diameter •GS to -68

I.M.

10

11

12
 PLATE XXV

IND0-SAS5ANIAN COINS
 GADHAIYA — BHOJADEVA I 241

Serial
No.

24
OA.O MEDIAEVAL INDO-SASSANIAN COINS

Serial
No.
 Section XIV
THE HINDU KINGS OF OHIND
COMMONLY CALLED 'KINGS OF KABUL', FROM ABOUT
875 A. D. TO 1000 A. D.

INTRODUCTION
The coins of the princes commonly called the ' Hindu Kings of
Kabul ', although long familiar to numismatists, and extremely common
in Afghanistan, the Panjab, and throughout Northern India, present
a puzzle, or rather a series of puzzles, which nobody has succeeded in

They occur in three types, namely, the bull and

'

solving completely.
horseman ',
'

elephant and lion ', and lion and peacock '.

'
The last
named is known only from a single specimen in the British Museum
(weight 30-3 grains, Bayley, No. 1), which bears the name ^ ^TTT, '^'»"J^

Kamara, over the lion, an heraldic-looking beast turned 1., with its

tail curved over its back. In form the lion on that coin closely
'
resembles the animal depicted on the elephant and lion pieces, which '

'
is turned r. These '

elephant and lion coins belong to three reigns,

namely, Sri Padama ^rl Vakka-deva, and
(weight 33, Bayley, No. 2),
Sri iSamanta-deva, The Sri Padama coin
and occur in copper
only.
seems to be unique, whereas the coins of Vakka-deva and Samanta-
'

deva, especially the latter, are common. The bull and horseman type '

was issued in both silver and copper. The coins of this type bearing
the name or title Samanta-deva are extremely abundant in both metals;
those of Spalapati-deva, also in both metals, although less abundant,
are fairly common ^ while those of Khudavayaka, in silver only, are
;

rare those of Bhim-deva, likewise in silver only, are very rare

;
and ;

a copper coin of Vakka-deva is believed to be unique.

The name which I read as Vakka has been read as Varka (Bayley),
Verka (Thomas), Veiika (Cunningham), or Vanka (Rodgers)^. In the
labels on the A. S. B. coins Mr.
Rodgers read Vakka as I do.
*
A coin, either of Samanta-deva or Spalapati, when analysed, was found to contain
894.6 , „^
®^'"^®^ *^^® balance being copper, with a trace of gold {Proc. A. S. B., 1889, p. 198).
ioOCT ''

^
The readings Varka or Verka cannot be supported. If the upper part of the conjunct
character were the guttural n, it should be a rectangle open to the r. The coins catalogued
have not the e which Cunningham detected on his specimens.
R 2
244 THE HINDU KINGS OF OHIND
The name which seems me
KJtudavayaka has beon read
to to be
as Khvaduvayaka (Bayley and Rodgers), Khuchtvayaka (Stein), and

Khamarayaka (Cunningham) ^ Cunningham appears to be right in

reading Spahipati rather than Syalapati or Syalapati.
The arrangement of these various kings in proper order is extremely
difficult, and, in fact, impossible at present. Alberunl (1031 A. D.)
informs us that the last king of the ancient Turki (or Kushan) dynasty
of Kabul named Lagatiirman was supplanted by his Brahman minister
Kail ar, who founded a 'Hindu Shahiya' dynasty, comprising Samand
(
= Samanta-deva), Kamalu (probably = Kamara), Bhiina (
= Bhim-deva),
Jaipal (Jayapala), Anandapala, and Tarojanapala (= Trilochana-pala).
The last named died in 412 A. h. ( = April 1021-April 1022 a. D.), and
his son Bhimapala perished five years later. The Kashmir chronicle
tells warfare waged by King Samkara - varman of
of unsuccessful
Kashmir (883-901 A. D.) against a Sahi ( = Shahi3'a) king named Lalliya
of Udabhandapura (Ohind). The title of Shahi (Shahiya, Sahi) Avas
taken over by the Brahman kings of the Panjab from their Turki
predecessors, who held both Kabul and the Panjab, and the date
indicates that Lalliya must have been the earliest of the dynasty, who
is called Kallar by Alberiini. Thomas and Cunningham further

identify Kallar with the Spalapati-deva of the coins, but there is no

conclusive evidence to support this hypothesis. Cunningham seems
to have sufficient reason for interpreting Spalapati as a Sanskritized
form of a Persian title meaning military commander'. Samanta has the
'

same signification in Sanskrit, and a doubt is thus suggested as to how

far these names on the coins should be interpreted as being personal.
Kamara and Bhimadeva of the rare coins (not included in this cata-
logue) evidently correspond respectively with Kamalu and Bhim of
Alberiini but Padama, Vakka, and Khuduvayaka cannot be fitted into
;

his list with certainty. Although Samanta-deva obviously is the same

as Samand, Spalapati remains unaccounted for ; and, as remarked
above, the words Samanta and Spalapati having the same meaning,
may both refer to a single person. The matter is further complicated
by the continued use of Samanta as a title on both Indian and
Muhammadan coins long after the time of Alberuni's Samand.
The rare coins of Asata-pala (PI. XXVI, 6) seem to be the latest of
the series,if, indeed, they are included rightly in it. The connexion of
Asata-pala with the Hindu Shahi dynasty is by no means clear, and it is
evident that if he is to bo assigned to it, his place must be found among
the rulers with names ending in pdia about 1000 A. D., and not among
the Sauianta-deva series, which terminated about 950 A. D. It is not

'
Cunningham's reading appears indefensible to me. It is better to read K}tu than K?tv.
 INTRODUCTION 245

unlikely, in spite of the slight difference in the spelling of the name,

that the coins of Asata-pala should be ascribed to Asata, the chief of
Chamba (Champa), who did homage to Kalasa, king of Kashmir in
1087-8 A. D. {Rdjat., Bk. VII, 588, Stein's transl. vol. i, p. 315).
'

Although the
'
Hindu described by Alberuni as
i^hahiya dynasty is

having succeeded the old Turki (Kushan) dynasty of Kabul, this state-
ment should not be interpreted as meaning that Kabul was the capital
of the Shahiyas. As a matter of fact, their capital was Oliind (Und,
Waihind, Udabhandapura) on the Indus above Attock (Atak), while
Kabul during their time was in the hands of the Musulmans, having
been captured by Ya kub Lais in 257 a. h. (= Nov. 870-Nov. 871 a. d.).
It is most improbable that the Shahiyas had anything to do with that
city. While the Arabic author was quite correct in affirming that the
Shahiyas were the successors of the Turki dynasty of Kabul, he must
not be understood to assert that the succession extended to the whole
dominions of the older dynasty, which had included both Kabul and
the Panjab. When
the change of dynasty occurred, Kabul probably
was already hands of the foreign invader, and the new royal family
in the
had to be content with possessions lying outside the immediate range
of the armies of Islam. At Ohind the Shahi3'a kings were in safety for
a considerable time, until about 1013 A. D., when the last of them to enjoy
power, Trilochana-pala, was defeated decisively by Mahmud of Ghazni
on the bank of the Taushi (Tosi) river on the southern frontier of
Kashmir. The members of the family enjoyed a high reputation and
won the admiration of the Muhammadan savant in their conqueror's
train, who
generously observes, We must say that, in all their
'

grandeur, they never slackened in the ardent desire of doing that

—
which is good and right, that they were men of noble sentiment and
noble bearing.'
Certain coins of Samanta-deva and Spalapati exhibit on the horse-
man side figures written in numerals of a form intermediate between
'

those of the mediaeval Indian mints and the modern Arabic forms . . .

graduating into the latter'. They are read as 802, 812, 813, 814, 815,
and 817 (PI. XXVI),. and I believe that they must be interpreted as
dates expressed in the Saka era, equivalent to years ranging from 880
to 895 A. D.^ The
fact that the same dates, if they are dates, occur on
the coins of both Samanta-deva and Spalapati supports the suggestion
that both those titles may have been used by one king, the Kallar of
Alberuni, and the Lalliya of the Kashmir chronicle. Possibly the
difficulty may be explained by the hypothesis that the coins with the
Persian title were struck at mints situated in the territory west of
^
Certain mai-ks on some coins of Spalapati (catal. Nos. 2, 6) look like the old Indian
* '
numerical symbol for 200.
^46 THE HINDU KINGS OF OHIND
the Indus, which formerly was included in the Persian empire, while
those with the Sanskrit title were issued in the Panjill). The evidence
the coins not sufficiently precise to
concerning the provenance of
is

enable this conjecture to be tested.

The principal references are :—G. M. L, pp. 55-67, PL VII Stein, ;

Ziir GeschicJde der Qdlds von Kabul (Stuttgart, Kohlmann, 1893);

Bay ley, Remarks
'

transl. Rajat., vol. ii, note J, with detailed references ;

'

on certain Dates occurring on the Coins of the Hindu Kings of Kabul

vol. 3rd ser. (1882), p. 128, with two plates) Elliot,
{Num. Chron., ii, ;

History of India, vol. ii, note A, p. 403 Thomas, Prinsep's Essays,;

XXV
Chronicles of the Pathcln Kings of Delhi,
I
vol. i, pp. 299-318, PI. ;

p. 57 ; and Sachau, transl. of Alberuni's Indica, vol. ii, p. 13.

Among these works Stein's German pamphlet offers the best summary
of the history. The writings of Bayley and Cunningham include much
rather fanciful speculation, and at this time it is hardly necessary to
observe that Bayley's ingenious attempt to interpret the supposed dates
as to the Gupta era is quite untenable.
referring

CATALOGUE
Metal,
Serial Reverse
No.
Museum Weight, Obverse
Size

SPALAPATI-DEVA, late in ninth century

Bidl and horseman type
Silver
I.M. A\ 54 Recumbent humped bull King in armour, on ca-
•8 1.,with trappings trident parisoned horse r., holding
;

with curved sides on rump. in r. hand lance with point

and in 1. hand
Legend above, :3j\ ^I^TJ- downwards,
Sri
an uncertain object. Be-
f^[^^J, Spalapati-
hind him, '^, gra; before
[deca].
him on r. margin, unread
legend in unknown charac-
ters (PI. XXVI, 1).
2 A\ 45-3 Similar; trident rubbed Similar; behind king ^,
•7 away ;legend complete. (?)
= 200 '
;
in front of
horseapparentlyAII, = 81 1.

3 >»
A\ 48 Similar. Similar numerals;
= (?)
•73 812 or814(Pl. XXVI, 2).
4 Al 51 Ditto ;
trident distinct. Ditto same numerals.
;

•72

Compare JT - from Bower MS., in Biihler, Ind. Falacog., PI. IX.

•
200,
 SPALAPATI-DEVA — SAMANTA-DEVA 247

Serial
No.
248 THE HINDU KINGS OF OHIND

Serial Metal,
No.
Museum Weight, Obverse Reverse
Size

Copper {probably later in date)

11 A. S.B.

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22 A. S.B.
 ANONYMOUS — ASATA-PALA 249

Serial
No.
 Section XV
THE MEDIAEVAL DYNASTIES OF
CENTRAL INDIA

INTRODUCTION
Thethree dynasties whose coinage is treated in this section were

closely connected in place, time, and history.

The most northerly
kingdom, that of the Chandellas, was equivalent roughly to the modern
Bundelkhand. Its capital was Mahoba, still existing as a town in the
south of the Hamirpur District, and the Rajas also held Kalanjar,
Ajaigarh, and other strong places. The dynasty was founded about the
end of the ninth or the beginning of the tenth century, and had
attained considerable power at the time of the accession of Kirtivarma-
deva, about 1060 a. d. The coinage begins with this prince, who copied the
issues of Gangeya-deva Vikramaditya of Western Chedi (about 1015-
40 The dynastic list, so far as it is relevant to this work, is as
A. D.).

follows, with the known epigraphic dates A. D. :

—
13. Kirtivarman, 1098.
14. Sallakshaijavarman (Hallakshana).
15. Jayavarman, 1117.
17. Madanavarman, 1129-62.
20. Paramardin, 1167-1201.
21. Trailokyavarman (or -malla), 1212-41.
22. Viravarman, 1261-86.
(Nos. 16, 18, 19 in the genealogy did not reign.)
The Kalachuri or Haihaya dynasty of Western Chedi, which had
its capital Tripuri (Tewar) near Jabalpur (Jubbulporo, Central
at

Provinces), to the south of the Narbada, was nearly synchronous with

the Chandellas, its history extending from 900 to 1200 A. D. in round
numbers. Out of the fifteen names in the genealogy, one alone, that
of Gangeya-deva Vikramaditya, who reigned from about 1015 to
1040 a. D., concerns the numismatist, for no coins are known which
can be attributed to any of the other Rajas. The coins of Gangeya
arc fairly common in the eastern districts of the United Provinces, and
 INTRODUCTION 251

there is reason to believe that in 1019 a.d. he had extended his

authority even to Champaran in Tirhut. He initiated the type of

coinage which was copied by the Chandella and other dynasties.

The kingdom of Eastern Chedi or Dahala, the valley of the
MahanadT, was roughly equivalent to the modern Chhattisgarh Division
of the Central Provinces, with Ratnapura (Ratanpur) as its capital.
The Rajas, like those of Western Chedi, belonged to the Kalachuri
or Haihaya clan of Kshatriyas or Rajputs. Their history falls within
the limits of 1000 and 1200 A. D. The relevant portion of the dynastic
list, with the known epigraphic dates, is as follows :
—
3. Ratnaraja I.
4. Prithvideva I.
5. Jajalla I, 1114.
6. Ratnadeva II.

7. Prithvideva II, 1141-58.

8. Jajalla II, 1167.
9. Ratnadeva III, 1181.

The repetition of names causes difficulty in assigning the coins.

Those catalogued probably belong to Nos. 7-9, but they might be
assigned to the earlier homonymous Rajas.
The dynastic lists referred to for all three dynasties are those

recently prepared from inscriptions by Professor Kielhorn {Ep. Ind.,

vol. viii, App. I), which supersede all earlier lists.
The design of Gaugeya-deva's model coinage is very simple. The
obverse is wholly occupied by the Raja's name in bold characters, not
differing very much from modern Nagari. The reverse type is a rudely
executed figure of a goddess seated cross-legged. The Chandella gold
coins are exactly the same in appearance, the names only being changed.
The cabinets catalogued do not include any specimen of the rare
Chandella copper coinage, which substitutes Hanuman for the goddess.
The obverse of the Eastern Chedi or Ratnapura coinage resembles that
of Gangeya-deva and the Chandellas, with the necessary changes of
names, but on the reverse an indistinct figure of a rampant lion to
the right takes the place of the goddess. The large gold coins were
known by the name of dravima, and are struck to the Greek drachma
standard. The smaller sizes are fractional parts of a dramma. Two
examples of coins of
Gangeya-deva weighing grains each (|th 7

dramma) are known

and No. 9 in this catalogue weighs only 5*6
;

grains, although in fair condition.^ The copper coins follow the same
scale of weights, as also do the rare coins supposed to be silver.
^
Various kinds of drammas are mentioned in the great Slyadoni inscription of the
tenth century a. d. (Ep. Ind., i. 168). The late survival of the Greek name and weight
standard is interesting.
252 THE MEDIAEVAL DYNASTIES OF CENTRAL INDIA
But I am not certain that any of tlicse dynasties really struck a silver
coinage. ^Much of their gold is so largely alloyed with silver as to be
distinguishable with difficulty from coins intended to be of that metal,
and it is possible that all the pieces which seem at first sight to be
silver were regarded officially as being gold.
See CM. I., pp. 67-80, PI. VIII; and for the coins of the Chan-
dellas and Gangeya-deva, /. A. S. B._ vol. Ixvi, Part I (1897), p. 306.

CATALOGUE
I. THE KAEACHURI DYNASTY OF DAHALA
OR WESTERN CHEDI (JABALPUR)

GANGEYA-DEVA, about 1015-40 a.d.

Seated goddeas tyjje

Gold
I.M. N

A.s.n.

6 I.M.

A.S.B.

9 I.M.
 GANGEYA-DEVA — TRAILOKYA-VARMA-DEVA 253

5 trial

No.
254 THE MEDIAEVAL DYNASTIES OF CENTRAL INDIA

Serial Metal,
Museum Weight, Obverse Reverse
No.
Size

ViRA-VARMA-DEVA, about 1240-1280 a.d.

I.M. A^ base {\) ^rlmad
Vl- (2) ra- 1 Seated goddess, (unique,
62-5 varm7na-{? ha), (3) (? ra)- from Khajuraho; see J. A.
•72 deva. S.B.,loc.cit. PlXXVI,\0).'

THE HAIHAYA DYNASTY OF MAHA-

III.

KOSALA OR EASTERN CHEDI (CHHATTISGARH)

RamiMut lion type; gold

PRITHVi-DEVA (UI), about 1140-60 a. d.^

UI. M

I.M.
VIRA-VARMA-DEVA — RATNA-DEVA 255
 Section XVI

THE MEDIAEVAL DYNASTIES OF

NORTHERN INDIA

INTRODUCTION i

The group of Eajput dynasties dealt with in this section occupied

various parts of Upper India during the period extending from about
the middle of the tenth century to the Muhammadan conquest in the
twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The intricate history of these
materials exist, remains to be written ;
dynasties, for which considerable
but the observations in this place must be restricted to those indis-
pensable for a student of the coins.
The dynasty of the group is that established by the Tomara
earliest
in the
Rajas of Ajmir and Delhi, founded, according to tradition,
eighth century, but not authentically known until the tenth. Cun-
ningham gives the following list of Rajas and approximate dates ^ :
—
1. Sallakshanapala-deva . . . 978-1003 A.D.
2. Ajayapala-deva 1003-1019
3. Kumarapala-deva 1019-1049
4. Anangapala-deva 1049-1079
5. Mahipala 1103-1128
of Ajaya-pala, No. 2, although common in Rajputana,
The coinage
is not represented in the cabinets catalogued, but specimens of the
coins of the other four Rajas are included. The Tomara princes all
followed one or other of two numismatic models either the coinage —
bull and
'

initiated by Gangeya-deva of Chedi [ante, p. 251), or the

horseman type of the kings of Ohind {ante, p. 243). Cunningham has
'

shown that Mahipala, No. 5, adopted both types of coinage, and that
his example was followed by the Musalman conqueror, Muhammad bin

Sam, or Shihab-ud-din, in the coins which he struck in imitation of

Hindu patterns. The known coins of Kumara-pala, which are scarce,
occur in gold only, more or less base, and of the Gaiigeya-deva type.
Sallakshana-pala and Ananga-pala seem to have issued nothing but bull
'

'
The dates are open to doubt, and the liistory of the dynasty generally requires
discussion. I am not certain that the Rajas held Kanauj.
 INTRODUCTION 257
'

and horseman The gold coins of Kumara-pala, like the prototype

coins.

Gangeya-deva, are drammas or drachmae. The bull and horse-

'
issues of
'

man coins appear to be composed usually of billon, a mixture of silver

and copper, varying so much in composition as to range from fairly

good silver to nearly pure copper. Some of the pieces may be classed
They are mentioned by Muhammadan historians as Dilli-
'
as silver.
wdls or Delhi coinage ', but theii* Hindu name is not known. The
' '

'

weight of the bull and horseman series seems to have been intended
'

to harmonize with that of the ancient purdna or punch -marked' '

coin of 32 7'atis, about 58 grains.

The epigraphic material for the history of the second dynasty, the
Gaharwar or Rathor house of Kanauj, is extensive. Here it will suffice to

note that Chandra-deva acquired the sovereignty over Kanauj in the latter
part of the eleventh century ; and that
his grandson, Govinda-chandra,

whose known dates range from 1114 to 1154 a. d., became temporarily
the paramount sovereign of a large part of northern India. The gold
dramma coins of this king, often in extremely base metal, are abundant.

Eight hundred of them were found in 1887 near Nanpara in the

Bahraich District, Oudh, during the construction of the Bengal and
North-Western Railway. His copper coinage, of the same type, is
scarce.

Madana-pala, father of Govinda-chandra, issued only bull and horse-

'

man coins, most of which seem to be billon, although No. 1 may be

'

classed as silver. Professor Kielhorn Ind., I) gives the

—App.
{Ejd. viii,

dynastic list and known epigraphic dates as follows :

1. Yasovigraha.
2. Mahichandra.
3. Chandradeva 1097 A. d.
4. Madanapala . 1104-9 A.D.
5. Govindachandra 1114-54 A.D.
6. Vijayachandia 1168, 1169 A.D.
7. Jayachchandra 1170-87 A.D.

The third dynasty, that of the Chauhans (Chahamanas) of AjmTr,

Delhi, and Sakambharl (Sambhar), came to an end with the celebrated
Prithvi Raja, or Pirthiraj, who had vanquished the Chandella Raja
Paramardi (Parmal) in 1183 A. d., and was himself defeated and
executed by Shihab-ud-din in 1193. The coins of Prithvi Raja and
his father Somesvara are all of the bull and horseman type.
'
A full '

dynastic and genealogical list of the family will be found in Professor

Kielhorn's work above cited.
The fourth dynasty had its principal seat at Narwar, not far from
Gwalior. The two princes whose coins are catalogued. Malaya-varman
SUITU
258 THE MEDIAEVAL DYNASTIES OF NORTHERN INDIA
and Chaha(]a-cleva, ruled from about 1220 to 1260 A. D. The latter,
'
who is described by a Muhamraadan historian as the greatest of the
chiefs of Hindustan', was defeated by Ulugh Khan (Balban) in 1251 a.d.
'

The coins of both Malaya- varman and Chahada-deva are of the bull
'

and horseman type, and some are dated.

A few coins of the same type cannot be assigned definitely to any
particular ruler or locality.
The legends on No. 1 of Pipala are per-
but the identity of the Raja so named is uncertain. He
fectly clear,
may be the Pipala-deva, a chief at MacharT in the Alwar State,
in line 10 of an inscription
Rajputana, who seems to be mentioned
{Reports, vi. 79, PI. XI). The
reverse legend is Kutdmdna &ri Sdmanta-
deva, in which the meaning of the first word is unknown.
The title
'

Samanta-deva recurs on most and horseman coins, having

of the
'
bull
been borrowed with the device from the Ohind series. Cunningham
had three specimens of Pipala.
The name read by Thomas and Cunningham as K'llli possibly
may be Kirti. The name doubtfully read as PltJii may be a form
of Prithvi. The coin with ^rl Hamirah on the obv. (horseman) side,
and a strange legend on the rev. (bull) side seems to be the same as
C. M. No. 22, p. 88, on which Cunningham read doubtfully mau-f-
/.,

Srl Uvdme, which cannot be right (PI. XXVI, 23). He considered his
specimen to be unique. The debased little coin with the legend
^^^^, Sona-deva, and mere indications of the horseman, evidently is
of late date. The last coin catalogued, which has a peculiar horseman
on one and the other side wholly occupied by large, late characters,
side

puzzles me. The rude copper coins with ^iva and bull on
the obverse,
and the monogram reading Kota, or another read as ^riita, Ghuta, or
Ata, or sometimes a trident and other marks on the reverse, are
common in the Delhi bazaar and in the Eastern Panjab. They are
copied obviously from the money of Vasudeva Kushan, and some of the
reverse devices may be an echo of the Sassanian type. Nobody can
determine their exact date or who struck them. Cunningham believed
the common copper currency of the Panjab and
'
that they formed

Rajputana between a.d. 500 and 800'.

The best account of the coins treated in this Section is that in
C. M. pp. 48, 52, 80-93, PI. VI, IX.
I., The earlier discussion of the
'bull and horseman' series by Thomas in Chronicles of the Pathdn
Kings, pp. 58-75, must be used with caution, as it contains some
serious errors, of which the principal is the assignment of Sallakshana-

pala and Madanapala to the Chandella dynasty. This mistake, repeated

in Pror. A. >S'.
B., p. 127, was corrected ibid., 1900, p. 205.
 CATALOGUE
I. THE TOMARA DYNASTY OF AJMIR
AND DELHI
Museum Obverse Reverse

SALLAKSHANA-PALA, about 978-1003 a. d

Bull and horseman type ; billon
I.M. JE Horseman r., rude. Mar-
ginal legend, Sn Sallak-
shana-pdla-deva.
Similar; -lakshana-pdla-
deva.
2G() TITK MEDIAEVAL DYNASTIES OF NORTHERN INDIA

MAHi-PALA, ABOUT 1103-28 a.d.

Bull and horseman type ; billon

I.M. M 47-5

8
 MAHi-PALA — PRITHVI-RAJA 261

Q^t>iq1
262 THE MEDIAEVAL DYNASTIES OF NORTHERN INDIA

Serial

6
 PLATE XXVI
>R /R

•im^ .-

.«lT*««l >

COINS OF THE HINDU KINGS OF OHIND

AND OF THE MEDIAEVAL DYNASTIES
OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN INDIA
 MALAYA-VARMA — UNKNOWN 263

Serial
No.
264 THE MEDIAEVAL DYNASTIES OF NORTHERN INDIA

Serial Metal,
No.
Museum Weight, Obverse Reverse
Size

NOT ASSIGNED
Siva and bull tyiie, copper ; about 500-800 a. d.

1 I.M. M
2

10

11

12

13

14

15

16
 Section XVII

THE HINDU COINAGE OF KASHMIR

INTRODUCTION
The ample discussion and illustration of the ancient Kashmir coinage
by Sir Alexander Cunningham {G. M. /., pp. 25-46, PI. III-V) and
Dr. Stein Chron., 1899, with a plate
(Num. ; transl. Raj at., vol. ii, note H)
render unnecessary any lengthy dissertation in this place. From the
accession of Sankaravarman in 883 a.d., the chronology is clear and
certain, but the dates of the few earlier kings whose coins are represented
in the following catalogue are quite unsettled. Kalhana's chronicle, the
Rdjataranginl, records that an ancient king named Narendraditya also
bore the name of Khinkhila. The little coin with the legend Khingi
may or may not be his, and, if it is, the materials for determining its
date with any approach to exactness do not exist.
The coins inscribed with the name of Toramana, either in full or in
an abbreviated form, seem to date from the sixth century, that is to say,
'

the earliest of them may be ascribed to that period. But Toramanas

'

continued in circulation until the fifteenth century, and it is clear, as

Dr. Stein observes, that such pieces were struck, not only by the king
'

who bore this name, but by a succession of rulers after him.' I cannot
pretend to distinguish the imitations from the originals. Nor is it at all
certain who Toramana was. Dr. Stein probably is right in believing
that he is to be identified with the prince so called, who put
'
in circula-
'
tion coins struck in his own name during the lifetime of his brother,
king Hiranya. But we do not know when king Hii-anya lived. In
Section XIII, ante, coins of a Toramana have been described which
undoubtedly must be attributed to the White Hun chief, the son of
Mihirakula. an open question whether or not the Toramana of the
It is
Kashmir chronicle is identical with that chief.
Dr. Stein's identification of Pratapa of the coins with Pratapaditya II,
or Durlabhaka, who was reigning in 700 a.d., is highly probable, if not

quite certain.
The fixation in time and place of the king Yasovarman, who struck
rude coins in the style of the early Kashmir rulers, has long been a matter
266 THE HINDU COINAGE OF KASHMIR
of dispute, and the problem has not been solved yet. The name does
not occur in the Kashmir lists. The correct reading appears to be
Ya^ovuTTiia, not Yasodharma and it is, therefore, unlikely that
;

Dr. Hoernle's conjecture can be correct that the coins were struck by
Yasodharman, (dtas Vishnuvardhana, who defeated Mihirakula in or
about 528 a.d. The coins are so barbarous that it is impossible to fix:

their date by their style. They are found, I think, chiefly in the Panjab
— one was deposited in the —
Manikyala stupa and there are difficulties
consequently, in identifying the prince who issued the coins with Yaso-
varman of Kanauj whom Lalitaditya of Kanauj defeated between 730
and 740 A.D. but no better specific suggestion is available. I am
;

inclined to believe that the coins were struck by an unrecorded Raja

either in the Panjab or Kashmir during the sixth or seventh century.
The similar, but, perhaps, still ruder coins with the legend Vinayaditya
are assigned rightly to Jayapida of Kashmir (about 750-80 a.d.), who
assumed that title. The similar coins on which Cunningham read the
legend 6ri Vigraha are of the same rude type, and of approximately
the same period, but there is no record of any Kashmir prince of that
name. Dr. Stein reads the legend as Vihxtmkideva^ but on the specimens
which I have seen Cunningham's reading seems preferable.
From the time of Sankaravarman (883-902 a.d.) onwards, the
chronology being certain, no difficulty occurs in the attribution of the
coins. The series catalogued is very poor and incomplete, most of
the rarer kinds being absent. The type of all the coins without excep-
tion ^ is derived from the standard Kushan type, with the standing king
on the obverse and the seated goddess on the reverse. The coins of
Pratapaditya, Vinayaditya, Yasovarman, and Vigraha present the type
in an extremely debased, almost unrecognizable form, executed boldly in

high relief, and the material often is an alloy intended apparently to

pass as base gold. But some of the coins seem to be honest copper
or bronze. The coins of this class in the catalogue range in weight from
83-8 to 123-5 grains, and their mean diameter is about -85 inch. The

long series beginning with Sankaravarman presents the same Kushan

type in a difierent form, which is characteristic of Kashmir currency.
J'he earliest examples of this form are found in the coinage of Toramana,
some specimens of which exhibit the king sacrificing at an altar after the
Kushan manner, clad in a peculiar skirt and frilled drawers. This
curious costume assumes a very grotesque appearance on the later more
debased coins, and the seated goddess of the reverse sufi'ers equal degrada-
tion. No Kashmir coins possess any pretence to beauty the whole —
coinage is utterly barbarous. The weight of the Toramana coins

'
The Khihgi coin may not belong to Kashmir.
 EARLY KINGS 267

catalogued in this section ranges from 83-8 to 111-5 grains. Most of

them weigh about 100 grains, a little more or less. The coins from the
time of Sankaravarman onwards are lighter. Those catalogued range
in weight (excluding the exceptional No. 5 of Kalasa) from 71-5 to 97-5

grains. A
full discussion of the weight standard of the Kashmir currency

will be found in Dr. Stein's essay, already cited, to which the reader is

referred. When Cunningham wrote, an accurate translation of the

Kashmir chronicle was not available, so that some of his remarks need
correction in the light of Dr. Stein's researches. But, notwithstanding
this resei-vation, Cunningham's work must be studied by any person
still

who takes an interest in the rather unattractive Kashmir coinage.

CATALOGUE
EARLY KINGS
Serial
No.
Museum Obverse Reverse

KHINGILA ((?)
= KHINKHILA, NARENDRADITYA I),
about
(i)
400 OR 500 A. D.

A.S.B. ^ 13 Bust r. diad. Vase {lota) ;

to 1. Br.
.45 Khi to
;
r. 'ngi
(PI. XXVII,

1
268 THE HINDU COINAGE OF KASHMIR
Serial
 TORAMANA — SANKARAVARMAN 269

Serial
No.
270 THE HINDU COINAGE OF KASJIMIR

Serial Reverse
Museum Obverse
No.

3 A.s.n.

4 I.M.

1 A.S.B.

2
 GOPALAVARMAN — SANGRAMA 271

Serial
No.
272 THE HINDU COINAGE OF KASHMIR

Serial
Obverse Reverse
No.

1 I.M.

6
 ANANTA — UNCERTAIN 273

Serial Metal,
No.
Museum Weight, Obverse Reverse
Size

JAYASIMHADEVA, 1128-55 a.d.^

1 I.M. M 85-8 Goddess ;
1.
Jay a ;
r. King ;
no legend.
•8
si\^i'nha].
2 A.S.B. M 86 Similar. Similar.
•78

JAGA-DEVA, 1198-1214 (Cunningham)

1 A.S.B. M
2

4 I.M.

2
 Section XVIII

THE COINS OF THE MAHARAJAS OF

KANGRA
INTRODUCTION
The great fort at Kangra (N. lat. 32° 5', E. long.
76° 18') in early
times was the stronghold of the kingdom of Jalandhara or Trigarta.
The family of the Rajas claimed the honour of very high antiquity, but
their coinage is comparatively modern. It begins with coins bearing

the legend Sdnnanta deva, directly imitated from the bull and horse-
'

man' coins of the kings of Ohind {ante, Sect. xiv). It is impossible

to deteitnine the personal name or the exact date of the Raja of

Kangra who struck the Sdmanta deva pieces ; but, so far as may be

judged from their appearance, and their close resemblance to the coins
known to belong to the fourteenth century, they cannot be assigned
to a period much anterior to 1300 A. d. The earliest coins assignable
to a named Raja of Kangra are those of Pithama (Prithivi) chandra deva,
who reigned from about 1315 to 1330 a. d. The series closes with Triloka
chandra deva in the beginning of the seventeenth century, and thus
extends over a period of three hundred j^ears in round numbers.
During this period, according to Cunningham's list (CM. I., p. 104),

eighteen Rajas reigned, and fifteen of them are known to have struck
coins. In the following catalogue the coinage of twelve of those fifteen
is
princes represented.
The coins from first to last vary little, all being shabby little pieces

of copper or bronze, rudely executed and devoid of all pretence to

artistic merit. The type is a degraded imitation of the bull and '

horseman' device of the Ohind coins (ante, Sect, xiv), the bull being
sometimes omitted, and the outline of the horseman often barely
recognizable. The diameter ordinarily varies between '5 and -6 inch,
with an average of about -55. The coin of Dharma chandra deva,
diameter -41, is exceptionally small. The weight usually is a little
above or below 50 grains. Excluding the anomalous Dharma chandra
deva coin with a weight of 22-5 grains, and a few worn coins weighing
 INTRODUCTION 275

between 30 and 40 grains each, the weight of the specimens catalogued

ranges from 40 to 63-3 grains.
The chief interest of this merely local coinage is derived from its
remarkable uniformity and persistence of type. The coins are described
with sufficient fullness by Cunningham (C 31. I., pp. 101-8, PI. XI),
but Rodgers has pointed out that the reading of the name Kapa is
erroneous. The coins attributed to the imaginary Kapa appear to
belong to Rupa chandra deva, the contemporary of Firoz Tughlak in
the fourteenth century. Dr. Vogel has been engaged recently in investi-

gating the antiquities of the Kangra Valley, and when his researches
are published the local history will be known more fully than it is at

present. He now announces (1906) that the historical fort and the
'

numerous temples of Kangra Kot are completely destroyed' by the

earthquake of 1905.

CATALOGUE
Serial
No.
Museum Obverse Reverse

SAMANTA DEVA, about 1300 a.d.i

A.S.B. M

4
276 THE COINS OF THE MAHARAJAS OF KANGRA
Ml-IuI,
Sorial Reverse
Museum Woisht, Obverse
No.
Size
I

APURVA CHANDRA DEVA, about 1345-60 a.d.

1 .4..S.7;. 47-1 Recumbent bull 1. ; Sri Debased horseman (PI.

•58 Apu[r^va above. XXVII, 20).
2 51-2 Similar ; ^ri Aim. Similar.
•
56
3 JE 48-5 Ditto ;
ditto. Ditto ;
^ri above.
•55
4 M 50-3 Ditto; ditto. Ditto ;
ditto.
•
57
5 JJI. 48 Ditto; Apurva. Ditto.
•
55
6 JE 48-7 Ditto ;
^ri Apurva. Ditto.
•55
7 JE 59 Three-line legend, (1) Ditto.
•6 Maharaja (2) ^ri Apu (3)
rva Chandra deva, imper-
fect.
8 52 Similar ; legend indis- Ditto.
•
56 tinct.
9 A.S.B. JE 43^5 Ditto; (1) Mahard[ja'\ Ditto.
•5 (2) ^rl Ap[u] (3)rva Chan-
dra deva, imperfect.
10 oval Four-line legend, (1) Ditto.
39^2 [Ma]hdra.ja (2) [^r]l Ap-
6X-45 urva (3) [chayidra deva
(4) perhaps a date, indis-
tinct.^
11 M 49-5 Three-line legend, (1) Ditto ;
Sri above.
.55 Apu chandra (3) deva.
(2)
12 ^ 44^3 Two-line legend, (1) ^rl Ditto ;
ditto.
•55 A {2) chandra.

RtJPA CHANDRA DEVA, about 1360-75 a. d.

I.M. JE 46 I
Two-line legend in large
5 script, {l)\_Rujpacha[ndra^
(2) deva.
JE Recumbent bull 1. ;
mar-
ginal legend above, Sri
Rilpa cha\ndra^.
3 Similar Sri Rupa. ;

4 Ditto; ditto. (The Ru

looks like Ka, and was so
read on similar coins by
Cunningham, but Rodgers
' '

gives the Kapa coins to

Rupa.)
 APURVA CHANDRA DEVA — HARI CHANDRA DEVA Til

Serial
No.
278 THE COINS OF THE MAHARAJAS OF KANGRA

Serial
No.
 PLATE XXVI

NY

J
-?v*.

Jr^ C:^^:^'--:
A/

w h:^c
'\-:

A/

^
;!'-*V'*w

-^^^ -^ "-
*« .*->
v-^

lO >E

KASHMIR AND KANGRA

J
 KARMA CHANDRA DEVA — TRILOKA CHANDRA DEVA 279

Serial
No.
Museum Obverse Reverse

DHARMA CHANDRA DEVA, about 1528-63 a. d.

IJI. yE 22-5 Two - line legend in Defaced ; should be

•41 square, (1) Dharrna (2) Durgd devi (Rodgers not ;

chan[dra]. as given by Cunningham).

TRILOKA CHANDRA DEVA, about 1610-25 a.d.

IJI. 49-6 Three -line legend, (1) Debased horseman
1
(PI.
•56 Maharaja (2) -Sri Triloka XXVII, 23).
(3) chandra deva, almost
complete.
2 49-7 Similar; less complete. Similar.
•
55
3 53-5 Ditto. Ditto.
•58
4 43 Ditto. Ditto.
•57
5 A.S.B. 49 Ditto. Ditto ;
Sri.
•6
6 JE 43 Ditto. Ditto.
•57
7 4G-2 Ditto. Ditto.
•55
8 47^3 Ditto. Ditto.
•55
9 M 44-6 Ditto. Ditto ;
Sri.
•55
 I

Section XIX

NEPAL AND CHAMPARAN

INTRODUCTION
The modem kingdom of Nepal, a considerable territory extending
east and west for a distance of about five hundred miles between the
Indian plains and the Himalayan snowy range, with a breadth of about
one hundred and thirty miles, was formed by the Gurkha or Gorkhali
trans-
conquests in the eighteenth century, as modified by subsequent
actions with the Government of India. But, strictly speaking, the name

Nepal applies only to the valley surrounding the capital, and in ancient
documents must be so interpreted. The other territories now included
it

in kingdom were ruled formerly by various independent Rajas.

the
The Valley of Nepal is a tract of comparatively level ground elevated
about 4,500 feet above the sea, with an average length from east to
west of about twenty miles, and an average breadth from north to
south of about fifteen miles. This small region contains no less than
three considerable towns or cities, which have been the capitals of

principalities, namely, Kathmandu^ (lat. 27° 42' N., long. 85° 36' E.) or

Kantipur, the present capital Patan ;

or Lalitapur, two miles to the
south-east of Kathmandii, and Bhatgaon or Bhatgaon, nine miles to
the east of that city. About sixty smaller towns are scattered over
the valley.
Nepal, in the limited sense defined above, was included in the
empire of Asoka, but in the fourth century a. d. was outside of the
dominions of Samudra gupta. About 637 a. d. it seems to have been
conquered by Harsha vardhana, Lord Paramount of Northern India,
whose era, dating from 606-7 A. D., was used in the country in 640 and
645 A. D. {Ind. Ant., xix, 40; contra, Ettinghausen, Harm-Vardhana^
p. 47, Louvain, 1906). But his suzerainty over the valley lasted only
a few years, and at the time of his death in 648 a. d. Nepal was a
dependency of Tu-fan or Tibet.
Its numismatic history begins in the sixth century with a series
of large copper coins bearing the names of Mananka, Gunaiika, Vai^ra-

'
For tlio spoiling see Bendall, Journey, p. 3, note. The text follows Wright's History
of Nepfd, cited as W.
 INTRODUCTION 281

vana, Amsuvarman, Jishnugupta, and Pa^upati. Inscriptions and the

testimony of the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang prove that Amsuvarman
was reigning between 640 and 650, and that he was succeeded by
Jishijugupta. The dates of the coins inscribed with the names of
Manahka, Gunaiika, Vaisravana, and Pasupati cannot be determined
with equal precision, but those of Mananka may be assigned to the sixth,
and the latest, those of Pasupati, to the eighth century. Vaisravana
and Pasupati probably are the names of deities, not of kings.
A Raja named Raghava deva introduced a new era, the Nepali
or Newar Samvat, the first year of which began on October 20, 879 a.d.
Dates recorded in this era are converted roughly into dates A. D. by
the addition of 880. M. L^vi believes that the establishment of the
Nepali era was the official declaration of the independence of Nepal, which
then severed its political dependence on Tibet. A wide gap separates
the latest ancient coins, those bearing the name of Pasupati, from the
earliest coins of the Malla kings at the beginning of the seventeenth
century, when the country was divided into the three principalities of
Bhatofaon, Kathmandu, and Patan, The first recorded coin date seems
to be 751 N. S. = 1631 a.d. of Siddhi narasimha of Patan; but the
catalogue includes an undated coin of Lakshmi narasimha of Kathmandu,
who reigned from 1595 to 1639 a.d. According to the native chronicle
the first silver coinage of Nepal was struck in the sixteenth century
by Raja Mahindra Malla (No. 13) of Kathmandu, who visited Delhi,
and obtained special permission from the Emperor, presumably Akbar
(W., p. 207). The coins of the Malla Rajas of the three principalities
are dated, if dated at all, in the Nepali or Newar era, and the series
extends up to the Gorkhali conquest in 1768 a.d.
In that year Prithvi narayana sah, who had become Raja of Gorkha,
forty miles to the west of Kathmandu in 1742 (W., p. 290), conquered
the Valley of Nepal, and established the dynasty which still subsists,

although overshadowed by the hereditary ministers, who are the real

The Gorkhali coins are dated in the Saka era,
rulers of the country.
which may be converted roughly into the Christian era by the addition
of 78.
The ancient copper coinage of Amsuvarman, &c. is closely allied to
the Yaudheya coinage, and, like it, is descended from the Kushan.
The heaviest of the specimens catalogued weighs 208-4 grains, and may
have been intended for a 1^ pawa piece of about 219 grains. The Malla
coinage, in silver only, seems to have been struck to the Delhi rupee
standard of 175 grains. Some specimens exhibit imperfect attempts to
All the
copy the Persian or Arabic legends of the Mughal coinage.
known coins are broad thin pieces about an inch in diameter, generally

weighing about 85 grains. The heaviest recorded weight for these half-
282 NEPAL AND CHAMPARAN
rupees is 87-5 grains for coins of Siddhi narasiiiiha of Patan and
Kanajita raalla of Bhatgaon. The types, excepting
a few pieces which
to the Mughal coinage, are local in character.
attempt copy
The Gorkhrdi coinage bears a general resemljlance to that of the Malla
Rajas, and is struck to the same standard,
but includes examples of whole

rupees, as well as of fractions smaller

than the half. Glrvan yuddha
vikraraa and Surendra vikrama issued gold coins similar to the silver in
weight and design and the last-named prince also emitted an extensive
;

'

copper coinage. But the Nepalese prefer the so-called dumpy pice ',

rough lumps of copper manufactured by private persons, which

are

largely used to this day, not only in Nepal, but in the adjoining
British districts.
For the ancient copper coinage, C. A. I., pp. 112-18, PI. XIII, is the
best authority. The Malla and Gorkhall coinage has not been described
previously in detail, and, except a few specimens in Marsden's Numis-
mata Orientalia, could be studied hitherto only in Mr. Rodgers' rough
lists.The collection now catalogued, the origin of which I do not
know, is sufliiciently comprehensive to give a good notion of the coinage
of Nepal from 1600 A. D. to the present time.

Materials for the history of the country will be found in sundry

articles in Ind. Ant., vols, ix, xiii, xiv; D. Wright, History of Nepal

(Cambridge Univ. Press, 1877, cited as W.) Prof. C. Bendall, A Journey

;

in Nepal and Northern India (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1886 esp. ;

Table II) The History of Nepal and Surrounding Kingdoms (1000-

;
'

'

1600 A. D.), compiled chiefly from MSS. lately discovered (/. A. S. B.,
Part I, 1903) and Prof. Sylvain Levi, Le Nepal, iStude historique d'un
;

Moyaume hindou (3 vols., Paris, 1905). The last-named work embodies

the results attained by all earlier inquirers. I have seen only the first

volume.
The proper attribution of the coins of Madana simha deva of Cham-
paran was discovered by the late Prof. C. Bendall, who gives the
following list of the
'

Dynasty of Gorakhpur-Champaran (Western Tirhiit)

1. Prithvi-siriiha deva, A. D. 1434-5.
2. Saktisiriiha.
3. Madana (Siriiha deva), 1453-4, 1457-8' {J.A.S.B., Parti, 1903,
ut sup., pp. 20, 31 of reprint).
The coins, which are common in Gorakhpur, also occur in the
Panjab (Rodgers, Cat. I. M., Part III, pp. 100, 125 Cat. Lahore Mus.,
;

Part IV, p. 12 (20 specimens), with erroneous readings V. A. Smith, ;

J. A. S. B., Part I, 1897, 310

p. the reading j'>?'a«a2/a gives better sense
;

than pranava).
 CATALOGUE
NEPAL
1. ANCIENT KINGS; sixth to eighth centuries a.d.

Serial
No.
Museum Obverse Reverse

Copper
MANANKA (? MANADEVA), exact DATE UNCERTAIN
A.S.B. M 184-8 Lion standing 1.; in front Goddess seated cross -
1-0 of him, according to Cun- legged, with r. hand raised ;

ningham, lotus plant, legend r., Sri Bhogini

flower, and bird ; above, {C.A.I., PI. XIII, 1).
Sri Mdndnka.
2 LM. M 208-4 Similar; standard with Defaced.
1-05 ribbons in front of lion.
3 M 202-8 Similar lion in dotted;
Goddess and legend as
1-04 circle ;
no object in front on No. 1.
of him ; legend lost or
wanting.
M 202-8 Similar ; long - stalked Almost defaced.
l-Ol lotus flower in front of lion;
legend as on No. 1.
M 185 Similar; only lion visi- As No. 1 ;
in bad con-
1-04 ble. dition.

AMSUVARMAN (Thakuri Dynasty), flor. 640-50 a.d.

A.S.B. M 163-3 Winged lion standing 1., Lion standing 1., off fore-
-95 with off fore-leg raised ; leg raised ;
no legend ;

legend r., Sryamiuvarma circle of large dots ;

cres-

(note the sandhi). cent over lion (C. A. I., PL

XIII, 6).
M 138-7 As No. 1 : much worn. Cow standing 1. ; above,
•95 Kdmadehi, 'incarnation of
Kama,' apparently a syno-
nym for Kdmadhenu, 'the
cow that yields every wish'
(C.^./., PI. XIII, 4).
M 187 Winged lion, as on No. Sun in centre surround- ;

-96 1 ;legend above, Sryansoh, ed by legend in bold cha-

'
of Sri Aihsu,' imperfect. racters, mahdrdjddhirdja-
' '

sya, of the sovereign

(C. A. I., PI. XIII, 5).i

^
The A. S. B. specimens of Mananka and Amsuvarma, part of a find of forty coins,
were presented in 1887 by the author, to whom they had been given by Dr. Gimlette,
Residency Surgeon at Kathmandu. No. 3 of Arhsuvarman was the only one of its kind in
the lot. Three specimens of Mananka and five of Amsuvarman, which were then retained
by the author, are now in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.
284 NEPAL AND CHAMPARAN

Sorial Mital,
No.
Museum Obverse Reverse
Si/c.

PASUPATI, PROBABLY EIGHTH CENTURY

l.M. ^
 PASUPATI — (JAYA) CIIAKRAVARTENDRA 285

Serial Metal,
No.
Museum Weight, Obverse Reverse
Size

No. 17. PRATAPA MALLA, 1639-89 a. d.

I.M. M 83 Three-line legend in cen- As coin of Lakshml nara

1-08 tral square, ( 1 ) Sri Praia simha.

(2) pa malla (3) 861 (N. S.

= 1G41A.D.); drum above;
marginal ornaments.
M 84-9 Type imitating coin of Corrupt Arabic legend,
1-0 Jahangir, with his name probably intended for lid hi ;

in Arabic also Pratdpa in field Nagari legend, Sri

;

malla in Nagarl letters in irl Kavindra jay a, victory '

field; date 776 below to Kavindra,' or the lord '

(N. S.= 165G A. D.). of poets '1 (PI. XXVm, 3).

NRIPENDRA, son of Pratapa, Raja for a year in his father's

LIFETIME, 796 N. S. = 1676-7 A. d. (W., p. 219)
I.M. M 83-5 Similar to No. 2 of Pra- Sword in centre crescent ;

l-Ol tapa malla, with imperfect at top ;

imitation Arabic
imitation of Arabic legend; legend Nagari legend,
;

rayed sun above ; trident malla deva, 796 (N. S.=

in centre floral ornaments
;
1676 A.D.).
in field ; Nagari legend
scattered over field, ^rl irl
jaya Nripendra.
2 M Similar ;
same date. Similar.
1 01
3 M> 84 Ditto; ditto. Ditto.
1-01

(JAYA) CHAKRAVARTENDRA, son of Pratapa, Raja for one

DAY, 789 N. S. = 1669-70 a.d. (W., pp. 219, 220)
I.M. JR 84-5 In central circle, shell,
shell. In centre a triangular
1-01 lotus, sun, moon on hdndstra, or conventional
and moon; ;

margin to r. a bow, to 1. bow and arrow pattern ;

five arrows, and floral or- and around it a noose

naments. Legend above, {pdia); elephant-goad (an-
^rl jaya, below, Chakra kus), long-stalked lotus,
va. and yak-tail fly- whisk,
more or less distinct. Date
below 789 (N. S. = 17G9
a. d. pi. XXVIII, 4).2

Pratapa malla inonde de sa prose et de

*
^
The
honorific prefix Sri is not translated.
ses vers I'^tendue de ses domaines' (Levi, vol. i, p. 216\ See also W., p. 215.
^
For the story see W., pp. 219, 220. 'The inscription on Chakravartendra's coin,
devised by the Svami, consists of a triangular Bandsira (bow and arrow), Pas (a noose),
Ankus (the iron hook for driving an elephant), Kumal (a lotus), Chamar (a yak's tail),
and Sambat 789. This device caused his death. Note. —A
bow and arrow are ominous of
death, but, nevertheless, the water in which such a coin is dipped possesses the quality
of causing a speedy delivery in child-bed. These coins, which are very rare, are still used
for this purpose.'
280 NEPAL AND CHAMPAKAN

Serial Motal,
No.
Museum Weiglit, Obverse Reverse
Size

No. 19. (JAY A) BHASKARA MALLA, about 1695-1710 a. d.

IJI. Ai 85-3 In central circle, trident In central circle, sword,

M and legend Bri Jaya Bhds- legend malla deva, date
kara; floral and other or- 821 (N. S. 1701 A. D).
naments in margin. Marginal legend, each
character in a trefoil orna-
ment, Nepdleivara girin-
dra, 'king of Nepal, lord
of the mountains.'

(JAYA) ViRA MAHENDRA, flor. 1709 a.d.

I.M. M, 83 In central circle,sword, In circle, sword, wreath,

1-0 ^rl Sri, and date 829 sun and moon. Marginal
(N. S.= 1709 A.D.). Mar- legend in ornamental bor-
ginal legend in sinuous der, Sri Lokandtha nama,
border, Jaya Vira Mahendra
'
worship of Lokanatha,' a
malla. Nepalese deity (PI. XXVIII,
5).

No. 20. JAGAJJAYA MALLA, alias Mahipatindra Malla or Jaya

Mahindra Simha, of Kathmandu and Patan, 822-52 N. S.
= 1702-32 A.D.

I.M. M 83-4 In central circle, trident, In central circle, malla

1-08 and Sri Jaya Jagajjaya ; deva, date 851 (N. S.=
ornaments on margin. 1731); sword and wreath
between the words mar- ;

gin, NepdleSvara rdjendra,

'

king of Neprd, lord of the

kingdom.'
M 83-9 In central circle, trident, In octagon, ^rl 2 Mahi-
M and Sri Jagajjaya malla ; patindra malla, and date
inmargin ornaments only. 838 (N. S.= 1718 A. D.);
sword and wreath in cen-
On margin, Nepdle-
tre.
ivara rdjendra.
M 82-8 In central circle, trident, In central circle, sword
1-09 and Sri Sri Jaya Mahin- and wreath; legend, s?/HAa
dra in margin ornaments deva, and date 836 (N. S.
;

only. =
1716 A. D.). Marginal
legend, Nepdlesimra girin-
'
dra, king of Nepal, lord
of the mountains.'
A\ 79-8 In square with curved Sword and wreath. Le-
1-02 sides, trident, and pellets ; gend, tendra malla deva ;

in marginal lozenges, and pellets, &c. ;

no date.
in field, Sr't 2 Jaya Mahlpa.
 (JAVA) BHASKARA MALLA — (JAYA) NIVASA MALLA 287

Metal,
Serial
No.
Museum Weight, Obverse Reverse
Size

(JAYA) INDRA MALLA

(not IxN W.)
I.M. M. 83 In central square, sword In scolloped frame, tri-
1-03 with wreath, and legend dent with wreath, and le-
ft
Sri Sri Lokandtha; sun and gend Sri Bhagavatl devl ;

moon above with Sri Sri date below 826 (N. S.= ;

outside square, Jay a Indra 1706 A.D.) (PI. xxvm,

malla deva. 6).
M 85 Duplicate of No. 1. As No. 1.
l-Ol

(JAYA) PRAKASA MALLA, of Kathmandu and Patan, 1732-71 a. d.

I.M. iR 83 Whole surface covered In central scolloped frame,

1-13 with elaborate patterns;
patterns ;
an equilateral triangle with
in central rectangle, le- pellet in centre, and legend
gend, Jaya PrakdSa malla Sri 3 Talatrimdtri on in-
; ;

above Nepdleivara, king ner margin, Sri Sri Sri Ku-

'

of Nepal'; to 1. date, 873 mdrl mdtri on outer mar- ;

(N. S.= 1753 A.D.). gin, Sri mallyatedaga. (?)

(PI. XXVIII, 7).^
UNCERTAIN
I.M. M. 2-5 I
Legend not read, in Sword in centre sun ;

•46 rayed border. and crescent moon above.

Legend, ^rl Bha (A . .

minute, thin piece, probably

struck as largess money, or
nisdr.)

C—RAJAS OF PATAN (Lalitapur, W., chap, vii,

list, p. 315)
No. 2. SIDDHI NARA SIMHA, about 1618-57 a.d.
I.M. M 87-5 In central circle, sword In central circle, winged
1-12 and star. Legend, iSrZ Sri lion standing 1. in inner ;

Siddhi ; marginal orna- margin among ornaments,

ments. above nara, below singd.

No. 3. (JAYA) NIVASA MALLA, 1657— about 1700 a.d.

I.M. M 84 Fieldoccupied by two In central circle, eleva-

1-0 intersecting triangles with tion of a Nepalese temple,
various ornaments in ;
and other indistinct sym-
central compartment, sword bols date, 786 (N. S.=
;

with wreath, sun, moon, 1666 A.D.) on inner mar-

;

stars, and legend, Sri Sri

'
gin NepdleSvara, king of
Jaya ;
in other compart- Nepal.'
ments, Sri Nivdsa malla.

1
He built a house in Kantipur for the Kumans to live in, which was constructed
'

'

according to Mstu-chakra, and instituted their rath-jatrd [procession] (W., p. 227).

288 NEPAL AND CIIAMPARAN

Serial Metal,
Museum Weight, Obverse Reverse
No.
Size

No. 4. (JAYA OR ViRA) YOGA NARENDRA MALLA, about

1700-5 A.D.
l.M. M 83-9 Field covered by two Field covered by a rhom-
1-01 svastikas interlaced, with boid and two equilateral
legend and floral orna- triangles interlaced, with
ments dispersed in com- temple in centre, and le-
partments. Central legend, gend dispersed in compart-
&rt 3 [i.e. 'thrice'] Loka- ments; date below 806
ndtha ;intermediate le- (N. S.= 1686 A.D.). Cen-
gend, Srt ^rl Yoga narendra tral legend, ^rl Narendra
malla deva outer legend, Lakshml devl
;
outer le- ;

Sangi tdndava pdraga, gend, Sri Pratdpa Lakshml

Sangl [? meaning] skilled devl (PI. XXVIII, 8).
'

'
in the tdndava (dance or
mantra).
M 84-2 Similar. Similar ;
same date.
1-05
M 83-7 Ditto. Ditto ;
ditto.
1-05
M 75-5 Sword with wreath in Trident with wreath in
1-0 centre ; sun, moon, and centre ;
orl Sri Vlra Yoga
stars above; inner legend, narendra malla outer le-
;

^rl Sri Jaya Yoga narendra gend, Nepdla churdmani,

'
malla ; outer legend, Sangl ' crest-jewel of Nepal ;

tdndava pdraga. date below 820 (N. S.=

1700 A.B.y

YOGAMATI, C?)
WIDOW of Yoqanarendra, with her son Loka
Praka1\, 827 N. S. = 170/ a. d.^
/..!/. M 82-5 Square with smaller Two interlaced equi-
1-02 square inscribed diagon- lateral triangles, with cen-
ally, and in centre a third tral scolloped compartment
square containing sword containing trident. Legend,
with wreath. Outer le- Sri Srt Yogamatl devl; date
gend, Sri 2 Jaya Lokapra- below 827 (N. S. = 1707
kdia malla deva inner a. d,). ;

legend, Sri Sri Kalund-

maya.
YOGAMATI, (?) WIDOW of Yoqanarendra, with (?)her son
ViRA Nara Si[m]ha Malla, 82 (?) N. S. = 170 (?)
a.d.
I.M. M loop Equilateral triangle, with
Square with prominen-
attached ces outer legend, Sri Vlj-a smaller one inscribed tri-
;
;

1-0 nara siha malla deva; inner dent in centre. Legend,

legend, Sri 2 Lokandtha. Sri Sri Yogamatl devl date ;

below 82 (?) (N.S.= 170 (?)

a. d.) ;
much worn.
'
No. 4 apparently was struck after Yoga narendra's accession Nos. 1-3 must liave ;

been struck during the lifetime of his father Nivasa. 'a.d. 1703, at an auspicious
moment, the Raja placed a Chudamani in the temple' (W., p. 195). For dances see
AV., pi>. 120), 205.
^
Inscr. No. 22 (Tnd. Ant., ix. 102) records dedication of a temple in 845 by Yogamatl
in memory of lier deceased son Lokaprakasa.
 YOGA NARENDRA MALLA — PRITHVI NARAYANA 289

Serial
No.
Museum Obverse Reverse

No. 6.1 (JAY A) YOGA PRAKASA MALLA, about 1722-30 a. d.

IJI. M 83-5 In central circle, trident In central octagon sword

1-09 with pellets, and legend with wreath. Marginal
Sri irl Jaya Yo, with date legend, each character in
852, On margin, each a compartment, ^ri hi hi
character in a compart- Kalundmaya.
ment, ga prakdia malla
deva.
2 M 85-6 Similar ; same date. Similar ; Karundmaya.
l-OG
3 M 85 Ditto; ditto. Ditto; ditto.
M
4 M 82-4 Ditto ; date illegible. Ditto; ditto.
1-07

No. 7.
(JAYA) VISHNU MALLA, about 1730-41 a.d.
IJI. JR 82-6 Network of raised lines Outer legend, Sri Jaya
1-02 over surface imitations vira Yoganarendra malla
;

of Arabic characters, and deva in scolloped central;

legend Sri hi Jaya Vishnu circle, dagger with wreath,

malla deva, with trident in and Sri hi hi Lokandtha.
centre, and date below 861
(N. S.= 1741 a. D.).
M 84-6 Similar; same date. Similar.
Ml
M 81 In central circle, trident, Reticulated surface; imi-
M ^rl hi, and date 859 (N. S. tations of Ai'abic charac-
= 1739 A.D,). Marginal ters legend Sri hi Karu-
;

legend in ornaments, Jaya ndmaya; sword with wreath

Vishnu malla deva. in centre.
M 80-7 Similar to No. 1 date Similar to No.
;
1 ; poor.
M2 861 (N. S.= 1741 A.D.).

III. THE GORKHALI DYNASTY

(W., chaps, ix, x, xii, list, p. 315)
No. 1. PRITHVI NARAYANA. 1768-74 a.d.

Silver
I.M. M 83-7 Square, with sun, moon, Central circle enclosing
1-29 and stars above, orna- legend, Sri hi Bhavdnl;
ments at sides in centre, marginal legend, each cha-
;

small circle containing tri- racter in an ornament, ^rl

dent. Legend in square, hi hi Gorakhandtha.
Sri hi Prithvl ndrdyana
sdha deva. Date below
1691 (^aka =
1769 a.d,),'
^
No, 5 of W. is Jagajjaya or Mahipatindra of Kathmandu. The dates do not always
a^ree.
SMITH U
290 NEPAL AND CHAMPARAN

Serial Metal,
Museum Weight, Obverse Reverse
No.
Size

I.M. /U 84-3 As No. 1; datelG93S.= AsNo. 1(P1. XXVIII,9).

1.15 1771 A.D.

No. 2. PRATAPA SIMHA, 1774-7 a. d.

Silver
I.M. m. 83-4

A\

4
 PRATAPA SIMHA— SURENDRA VIKRAMA 291

Serial
292 NEPAL AND CHAMPARAN

Sorial
No.
 PLATE XXVIII

NEPAL AND CHAMPARAN

 PRITHVi ViRA VIKRAMA — MADANA SIMHA DEVA 293

Serial
No.
 Section XX
THE NORTH-EASTERN FRONTIER
KINGDOMS; ASSAM AND MINOR STATES

INTRODUCTION
It is unnecessary to discuss in this place the meagre data available
for the reconstruction of the ancient history of the kingdom of Kamarupa,
which corresponded roughly with the modern province of Assam (Asam).
The early rulers of the country have not left any numismatic memorials.
The modern history of Assam begins with the invasion of the Ahoms,
who are the descendants of those Shans who, under the leadership of
'

Chukapha, crossed the Patkoi [mountains] about 1228 A. D. (or just

about the time when Kublai Khan was establishing his power in China)
and entered the upper portion of the province, to which they have given
their name. The Ahoms were not apparently a very large tribe, and
they consequently took some time to consolidate their power in Upper
Assam. They were engaged for several hundred years in conflict with
the Chutiyas and Kacharis, and it was not till 1540 a. d. that they finally
overthrew the latter, and established their rule as far as the Kallang
[river near Gauhati]. . . .
Subsequently the Koch kingdom [further
west] was divided into two parts, and as its power declined that of the
Ahoms and the Rajas of Jaintia, Dimarua, and others, who
increased,
had formerly been feudatories of Biswa Singh, acknowledged the

suzerainty of the Ah5ms. The Musalmans on several occasions invaded

their country, but never succeeded in permanently annexing it. In . . .

1663 A.D. Mir Jumla invaded the country with a large army, and after
some fighting took the capital. [But difficulties ensued, which made]
him glad to patch up a peace.
'
The Ah5ms then took Gauhati and
. . .

. defeated another Musalman army.

. . The Ah5ms were then [about
1670 A.D.] at the height of their power; all the minor rulers of the
country acknowledged their supremacy. But even then the decline . . .

was at hand. They had for some time hankered after Hinduism, and
the Rajas had for years been in the habit of taking a Hindu as well
as a Shan name. Eventually Rudra Singh, alias Chukrungpha, who
became king in 1695, [and is regarded by many as the greatest of all the
 INTRODUCTION 295

Ah5m kings] resolved to make a pu-blic profession of Hinduism, but . . .

died in 1714 while still unconverted. His son, Sib Singh [Siva simha],
succeeded him, and became a disciple of Krishna-ram [the Sakta Gosain
of Nadia], In his reign the seeds of future dissensions were sown by the
persecution of the Moamarias, while the pride of race, which had hitherto
sustained the Ahoms, began to disappear. Patriotic feeling soon
. . .

disappeared, and the country was filled with dissensions. Captain . . .

Welsh was deputed by Lord Cornwallis to help the King Gauri-nath

Singh, who was then being besieged at Gauhati, and with his aid he was
once more freed from his enemies. At this juncture Sir John Shore
succeeded to the Governor-Generalship, and one of his first acts was to
recall Welsh (1794 a.d.), after whose departure the country was given

again over to anarchy. The aid of the Burmese was then invoked
(1816 A. D.), and the latter remained in the country until 1824, when
'

they were driven out by our troops, and the country was annexed
[early in 1825].
^
An Ahom Raja however continued to exist for some
time longer, and in 1844 the last of the royal line did good service by
arranging for the publication of a history of his country, which had
always been careful to preserve its annals.
The foregoing summary of the history will serve, with little additional

explanation, to render intelligible the fine series of coins now catalogued.

A list of the Rajas will be found in Prinsep's Useful Tables, copied into

Dufl["8Chronology of India, and corrected by Gait {Report on the

Progress of Historical Research in Assam, Shillong, Secretariat Printing
Ofiice, 1897). The blue-book named
gives complete references to
last

all publications on the subject of Assamese history, which has recently

been treated in detail by Mr. Gait in his work entitled History of A

Assam (Calcutta, Thacker Spink, 1905), which also deals with
the

neighbouring minor states.

The initial syllable of the Shan names of the kings is generally given
as Ghu, but Babu Golap Chandra Barua, the Ahom translator, translite-
rates it as Su (^)
in his account of the Ah5m coins (J. A . ;S'. B., Part I,

1895, p. 286, PI. XXVII). The six coins described by Babu andthe
Mr. Gait are all included in this catalogue, with the addition of two
specimens of Supatpha or Gadadhar simha from the Indian
Museum
cabinet. The earlier Rajas seem to have issued coins inscribed with

legends in the Ahom language and character only,

but Raja Pramatha
simha, alias Sunenpha, used both Ahom and Sanskrit. The catalogue
includes one of his coins with Ahom and eight with Sanskrit legends.
The Ahom language, which is now almost extinct, is a member of the
group of Northern Shan (Sham or Tai) languages, and is written in
1
Grierson (quoting Gait), Linguistic Survey of India, vol. ii, p. 61, with additions in
brackets.
296 THE NORTH-EASTERN FRONTIER KINGDOMS
a peculiar character, ultimately derived from the Pali. In the work
above cited Dr. Grierson has supplied ample materials for the study of the
Ahom language and alphabet, but his vocabulary fails to include the
words in the coin legends. The readings of those legends in the catalogue
are given on the authority of Babii Golap Chandra Barua.
The coins of the dynasty are all octagonal, except a few of the
which are circular or oval,' and certain square pieces struck by
.smallest,

Queen Pramathesvari and Rajesvara simha, which bear Persian legends.

Raj es vara sirhha also struck coins of the usual octagonal shape with
Persian legends. These Assamese coins with Persian legends, although
struck in considerable numbers, have become known only recently.^
The larger pieces are of thick, solid fabric, and are said to be of good
metal. Most of them are in silver, but some are gold. The legends are
well executed, and those in the Sanskrit language usually are inscribed
in the Bengali script. They are intensely devotional in expression, the
commonest formula describing the Raja as a bee feeding on the nectar
from the feet of Siva or some other deity of the Hindu pantheon.
'
Poetical words, such as aravinda for lotus and makaranda for nectar
' '

',

are sometimes substituted for the more common equivalents kamala and
amrita. The Ahom legends of Supatpha or Gadadhar simha express
devotion to the tribal god Lendan, who was identified with the Hindu
Indra or Purandara. The legend on the coin of Suklenmuu represents
the Raja as praying to the Almighty (tdrd).
The coins, the heaviest of which weighs 176-7 grains, appear to be
intended for rupees of about 175 grains each, or for fractions of a rupee.
The smallest is a tiny silver piece of Gaurinatha, '22 inch in diameter,
and weighing only 4-2 grains ;
it is, the Raja's name is
but small as
distinctly legible (PI. XXIX, 8). The gold coins are struck to the same
weight standard as those in silver. Most of the coins are dated in the
Saka era, and some show the regnal year in addition.
The coinage of the minor states may be dismissed briefly. The small
principality of Jayantapura, now known as the Jaintia Parganas to the
north-east of the Sylhet District, was annexed in 1835 owing to the abduc-
tion of four British subjects for use as human sacrifices to Kali. Its rare

coinage is represented by four specimens in the Indian Museum (PI. XXIX,

13, 14), one of which is dated in 1630 Saka = 1708 A. d,, and the three others
are dated 1653 6. = 1731 a. d. One duplicate of the latter date has not
been catalogued. The coins are exceptionally broad, and bear legends
similar to those of the Assamese coinage. Mr. Gait has recorded that

*
The prevailing sliape is supposed to have been suggested by a statement in the
Jogini Tantrawhich describes the Ahom country as octagonal (Gait, History, p. 97).
"
Mr. H. N. Wright kindly examined the coins -with Persian legends, which were
received in May, 1906.
 INTRODUCTION 297
'
a number of new Jaintia coins were brought to light by Babu Giris
Chandra Das, Assistant Settlement Officer of Jaintia, and a collection
was made which has been presented to the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
I The collection includes whole coins of Qaka 1591, 1592, 1630, 1653,

1696, 1704, 1707, and 1712 and quarter coins of Qaka 1653 and 1712
;
:

the quarter coins alone have the name of the kings who minted them,
viz. Bara Gosain and Ram sinha respectively. These coins have been
'
described (with a plate) in the /. A. S. B. for 1895, Part I, p. 242
{Report, p. 4). The paper referred to, entitled Some Notes on Jaintia
'

ju
P History', and chapter XI of Mr. Gait's History of Assam, give all the
information available on the subject. The A. S. B. collection described by
Mr. Gait has not been sent to me.
The Tipperah country (Tripura), which lies to the south of Sylhet
and the east of Dacca, is now in part a British District, and in part
a native state, known as Hill Tipperah. Mr. Gait {Report, p. 4) mentions
two coins of Tipperah, one of Govinda Manikya deva, dated Saka 1602,
the other of Dharma Manikya deva, dated 1636. The latter was presented
to the A. S. B. {Proc. 1895, p. 86), but has not come into my hands.
The specimen now catalogued, struck by Ramasirhha Manikya deva and
his consort Tara, is new, but similar to the coins previously known.
The reverse device is a grotesque lion with a trident on his back, and
the date is 1728 ^. = 1806 A. D.

The Manipur State, lying between Cachar and the Burmese frontier,
was deprived of its independence in 1891 on account of the massacre of
Mr. Quinton and his companions (Gait, History, p. 343). Some small
copper coins with ma on the obverse, and the reverse blank, are ascribed
to this State by Mr. Rodgers.
Chhota Udaipuris, I believe, part of Tipperah. The utterly barbarous

copper coins assigned to it by Mr. Rodgers are undecipherable to me. The

recent copper coins of the Sikim State to the north of Darjeeling are not
in any way remarkable.
 CATALOGUE
ASSAM (ASAM)
Metal,
S.Tial Reverse
Mu30um Weight, Obverse
No.
Size

A. With legends in Ahom

language and script; silver, octagonal
SUKLENMUN, 1539-52 a.d.
A.S.D. M 177-3 Five-line legend, ( 1 ) Chad Four-line legend, (1) Kdo
•89 phd (2) ^uklen mu (3) n pin phd (3) tdrd (4) htu
(2) baij
*
chad (4) Idkni (5) j)lekni ;
chu meaning, I (kdo) the
;

meaning 'in the year plekni king (phd) offer {heu chu)
(fifteenth year of Jovian prayer(6a?y)tothe Almighty
cycle of sixty years), in the (tdrd) {J. A. S. B., Part I,
reign {pinchdo) of the great 1895, PI. XXVII, 1, with
[chad) king {phd) Suklen- rev. printed sideways).
mun' = 1543 a.d. Dog
running 1. below.

^UPATPHA, ALIAS GADADHAR SIMHA, 1681-95 a.d.

A.s.n. M 16G Four-line legend, (l)CAay Four-line legend, (1) fCdo
•95 ^u (2) pdtphd pi (3) n khun hay (2) phd len (3) dan heu
*
Idk (4) ni rdiidn in the (4) chu; *I the king offer
;
'

year rdiidn (thirty-third prayer to Indra (len dan)

year of cycle 1681 =
a.d.), (/. A. S. B., ut sup., Figs.
in the reign (pinkhun) of 2-5).
the great (chdo) Supatpha.'
Trace of winged dragon
below.
JR 171-2 Similar ; winged dragon Similar ;
bird r. above.
•92 r. below.
M 176-2 Ditto no dragon.; Ditto; winged monster
-89 and bird to r.

M 165-8 Ditto ; winged dragon r. Ditto; bird only r. be-

-97 below. low.
I.M. Ai 174 Ditto ;
no dragon. Ditto winged monster
;

•
93 r. below, and (?) crown
with four points to 1. (PI.
XXIX, 1).
6 M 175-7 Ditto :

winged dragon r. Ditto; bird r. in semi-

•95 below. circle above.

SUNENPHA, ALIAS PRAMATHA SIMHA, 1744-51 a.d.

A.S.B. M 176 Four-line legend, ( 1 ) Chdo Three-line legend,
da
(1)
-92 .4u
[2) neii phd pin [3) khun Kdo bay (2) phd len (3)
'
Idkni (4) kdtked ;
'
in the n heu chu; the king offer
I

year kdtktO (thirty-sixth prayer to Indra.* Winged

year of cycle =
1744 A.D.), dragon 1. below. (For
in the reign of the great Sanskrit coins of Pramatha
Siinenpha.' No animal. siijiha see jiost, p. 302.)
 SUKLENMUN — RUBRA SIMHA 299

Serial
No.
Museum Obverse Reverse

B. With legends in Sanskrit language and script ; octagonal,

excei^t two coins

SURGA (SVARGA) NARAYANA, alias PRATAPA SIMHA, alias

^USENPHA OR CHUCHENPHA, 1611-49 a.d.^
Silver
I.M. M 175-2 Four-line legend, (1) Sri Four-line legend, (1) Sri
-82 hi Su (2) rga ndrdyana (3) irl Ha (2) ri Hara chara
devasTja &dke (4) 1570; (3) na pardya (4) nasya;
[coin J of His Majesty (de«a) intent on the feet of Ilari
' '

Surga narayana, 1648 A.D.' and Hara (Vishnu and

^iva).' (P1.XXIX,'2;N.B.
the words charana and pa-
rdyana are spelt with the
dental n.)

I.M. M

10
300 THE NORTH-EASTERN FRONTIER KINGDOMS

Strial Metal,
Museum Weight, Obverse Reverse
No.
Size

11 IM. A\

12

13

14

15

16

IM.

I.M.

6
 SIVA SIMHA — AMBIKA 301

Serial
No.
302 THE NORTH-EASTERN FRONTIER KINGDOMS

Serial
No.
 SARVE^VARi — RAJE^VARA SIMHA 303

Obverse Reverse

RAJE^VARA SIMHA, 1751-69 a. d.

Gold
I.M. N 44-2 (1) ^rl sri Rd (2) jeSvara (l),^aA:e(2) 1677. Cres-
•5 sim (3) ha nripasya. cent with pellet and parts
of lotus flowers (PI. XXIX,
5).
N ring Ditto. Similar; date 1678 =
•51 1756 A. D.

Silver

I.M. M 175 (1) Sri sri svarga (2) (1) Sri Sri Hara (2) Gaurl
•
86 deva iri Rdjeiva (3) ra charana ka (3) mala maka-
simha nripasya (4) Sake randa (4) madhukarasya ;

=
1674 ( 1752 A.D.). Dra-
'

[coin] of the deity of

gon 1. below. heaven, king Rajesvara
simha, a bee on the nectar
of the lotus of the feet of
Hara and Gaurl.'
JR 43-2 (1) Sri irl Rd (2) jeivara Sake 1674.
•56 simha (3) nripasya.
M 175-8 As No. 3; date 1675 = As No. 3.
.88 1753 A. D,
M 175 As No. 3; but date 1675, Ditto ; substituting Md-
•8 and script Nagari, not Ben- heSvarl for Hara -Gaurl.
gali. Dragon 1. below (PI. XXIX,
6).
M 175 As No. 3; date 1678. As No. 3.
•9
M 43 As No. 1. Sake 1678.
•55
M 43-7 Ditto. Sake 1679.
•5
M 43 Ditto. Sake 1680.
•55
M 43-3 Ditto. Sdke 1681.
•54
M 175 As No. 3; 1682. As No. 3.
.92
M 174.2 Ditto; 1683. Ditto.
•88
M 175-3 Ditto; 1684. Ditto.
-9
M 175 Ditto; 1686. Ditto.
-95
JEi 175-5 Ditto; 1688. Ditto.
•86
M 41 As No. 4. Sdke 1689.
55
304 THE NORTH-EASTERN FRONTIER KINGDOMS

Serial Metal,
No.
Museum Weight, Obverse Reverse
Size

18 I.M. Ai

19

20

21

22
 LAKSHMi SIMHA — GAURINATHA SIMHA 305

Serial
No
306 THE NORTH-EASTERN FRONTIER KINGDOMS

Serial
No.
 BHARATHA SIMHA — JAYANTAPURA 30r

Serial Metal,
No.
Museum Weight, Obverse Reverse
Size

KAMALESVARA SIMHA, ok Kinnaram, 1795-1810 a.d.

Silver
I.M. /R 87-3 Three-line legend, (l),^ri Three-line legend, (l)^n
•65 irl Ka (2) maleivara si
(3) irl Ha (2) ra Gaurl chara
(3) na parasya ;
'
rhha nripasya. [coin] of
king Kamalesvara simha,
devoted to the feet of Hara
and Gauri ' (PI. XXIX, 10).

CHANDRAKANTA SIMHA NARENDRA, 1810-18 a. d., restored

NOMINALLY IN 1819

I.M.
308 THE NORTH-EASTERN FRONTIER KINGDOMS

Serial
No.
 PLATE XXIX

^'^--*—'
2 /R

]?^i^ii^

THE NORTH EASTERN FRONTIER KINGDOMS

ASSAM. JAYANTAPUR, MANIPUR, TiPPERAH
/
CHHOTA UDAIPUR. SIKIM
i
 MANIPUR — SIKIM 309

Obverse Keverse

IV. CHHOTA UDAIPUR (Rodgers, Part III, p. 119)

Copper
NAME NOT DECIPHERED
i
l.M. Two-line legend not read.

4
 Section XXI

WESTERN AND SOUTHERN INDIA,

EXCLUDING YIJAYANAGAR AND MYSORE

INTRODUCTION
The metric system of Southern India appears to be based upon the
weights of two kinds of seeds, the manjadi {Aclenanthera pavonina), '

averaging about five grains Troy, and the kalanju,

Molucca bean or '

bonduc nut {Caesalpinia bonduc, Guilandina bonducella), which was

'
'

considered as equivalent to ten manjadis. The rati seed {Ahrus pre-

catorius), the base of the metric system of Northern India, was not
used in the south in early times, but in practice the kalanju weight did
not differ widely from the northern standard of 32 ratis, to which the
punch-marked silver coins {ante, Sect. V) were struck. These punch-
marked coins, which occur all over India, north and south, have been

considered in Section V with reference to the whole country. The

southern specimens may be regarded as roughly equivalent to a kalanju.
Large classes of ancient thin, flat coins, such as are described in

Loventhal's little book, The Coins of Tinnevelly (Madras, Higginbotham

& Co., 1888), are found in the peninsular region, but, not being repre-
sented in the Indian Museum or Asiatic Society of Bengal cabinets, may
be passed over with this allusion.
The most characteristic southern coinage is that in gold of small

pieces known as fanams, equivalent in weight to maiijddi seeds, and

of larger pieces known as huns, vardhas, or pagodas, ten times the

weight of the fanam, and equivalent to kalanju seeds.

The fanam is a tiny, thin, circular die-struck coin, and I do not
know whether it was an independent Dravidian invention or was
derived from some foreign model. The pagoda (hun or vardha) was
developed independently, like the early Lydian coins, from a globule
or spherule of gold. The earliest examples, of uncertain date, are
either quite plain or have a faint punch-mark in the centre. Specimens
'
of these early coins are catalogued under the sub-head Early Anonymous,
blank or nearly blank '.
Gradually, as in Greece, the globule was
 INTRODUCTION 311

flattened, and became an ordinary die-struck coin. Pagodas continued

to be struck until 1819. In 1835 the special southern currencies were
superseded by the imperial rupee coinage. The reader will find the
numismatic history of the south, so far as it is known, worked out in
Elliot's Coins of Southern India (Intern. Num. Or., 1885) Tufnell's ;

Hints to Coin Collectors in Southern India (Madras, Higginbotham

& Co., 1889) ;
Loventhal's Dr. Bidie's article, The
work already cited ;
'

'

Pagoda or Varaha Coins of Southern India (/. A. S. B., Part I, 1883,

p. 33) and Mr. Thurston's catalogues of coins in the Madras Museum,
;

especially the volume entitled History of the Coinage of the Territories

of the East India Company in the Indian Peninsula (Madras, Govern-
ment Press, 1890).
The curious cup-shaped pieces known as padma tankas, or
'
lotus-
coins', are heavier than the pagoda, averaging about 58 grains each.
Their peculiar form connects them with the coinage of the Western
Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani, but their date cannot be determined
with accuracy. The gold coins of Jagadekamalla of that dynasty, either
J. I (1018-42 A.D.) or J. II (1138-49 A.D.), are now published for the

first time (PI. XXX, 2, 3).

The base silver coins of Vishamasiddhi or Kubj a- Vishnu vardhana,

the king of the Eastern Chalukya dynasty of Vengi (615-33 a. d.),
first

although described by Dr. Hultzsch, have not been figured previously

so far as I knowXXX, 1). The strange broad, thin punch-marked
(PL
gold coinage of the same dynasty in the eleventh century, which has
been known for many years, is represented in the catalogue by a single
coin of Saktivarman or Chalukya chandra.
Two of the rare coins of the Kadamba chiefs of Goa in the twelfth

century, one gold and one silver, are catalogued, but unluckily
the

king's name cannot be read completely on either (PI. XXX, 5, 6).

The Ganga dynasty of Kalinga is represented by eight gold fanams
(PL XXX, by Anantavarma Chodaganga (1075-1146 a.d.). The
7) issued
the modern Mukhalingam
capital of this dynasty was at Kalinganagara,
in the Ganjam District (Ejx Ind., iv. 188 Ind. Ant, xxv, p. 322).
;

The specimens of the coinage of the Hindu state of Travancore

(PL XXX, 8-15) aremodern, the oldest not being earlier than the
all

eighteenth century. silver chakrara is of the same weight as the

The
'

gold fanam, between five and six grains. The copper kdsu or cash ',

of Bengal, and was

weighing nearly ten grains, represents the cowrie
valued as the eightieth part of the gold fanam (C. S. /., pp. 59, 139).
The recent coins of Travancore copy English models.
The representation in the Museum of the Indo-Portuguese, Indo-
French, and early Anglo-Indian coinage is so fragmentary that it would
be out of place here to go into any detail on the subject. Generally
312 WESTERN AND SOUTHERN INDIA
speaking, the collection of southern coins now catalogued is miserably
imperfect, and wholly unworthy of an imperial museum.
For convenience the coins of Vijayanagar and Mysore are treated
in a separate section ; but, excepting those of the Muhammadan dynasty,
they follow the ordinary southern types of pagoda and fanam.
The southern coinage, as a whole, is of far less interest and
historical value than the northern, the most characteristic kinds rarely

being inscribed or dated. No adequate work on the subject exists, the

publications cited above all being imperfect in one way or another.
Sir Walter Elliot's work, The Coins of Southern Imdia, is the most

important, and gives the best general view.

The history of the Chalukya and other dynasties of the Deccan and
Peninsula will be found in Fleet's Kanarese Dynasties (2nd ed., Bomb.
Gaz., vol. i, Part II). The Chalukyan coins are not struck to the
southern scale of weights. The gold coins seem to be intended for
drachmas, and the coins of the Kadamba chiefs of Goa may be struck to
the same weight standard. The Ganga king of Kalinga and Orissa,
Anantavarma Chodaganga, who reigned from 1075-1146 A. D., issued
heavy gold fanams, weighing between seven and eight grains each. The
specimens in the Museum formed a necklace or similar ornament.

CATALOGUE '

I. THE EASTERN CHALUKYA DYNASTY OF

VENGI {Ind. Ant, xx. 94)

Serial Metal,
No.
Museum Weight, Obverse Reverse
Size

VISHAMASIDDHI, alias KUBJ A- VISHNU VARDHANA, 615-33 a.d.

A.S.B.
 VISHAMASIDDHI — JAGADEKAMALLA 313

Serial
No.
314 WESTERN AND SOUTHERN INDIA

Serial Metal,
Museum Obverse Reverse
No. Weight,
Size

ANONYMOUS, (?)
CHALUKYA
IM. M base Cup-shaped centre Blank (PI. XXX, 4 this
;
in ;

53-5 Hanuman on margin Ha may be only a piece for

;

•9 four times, with symbols, temple offerings, not a true

(?j solar, interposed. coin, see C. S. I., p. 99).

III. THE KADAMBA CHIEFS OF GOA

Gold

(?)JAYAKESIN m, 1187— ABOUT 1212 a.d.

I.M. N 67-8 In circle surrounded by Heraldic - looking lion

•72 border of dots, five-line standing 1. sun and moon ;

Nagarl legend, (1) ^rl Sap- above legend jana or ;

tako- (2) tiivara lahdha jdna (Fleet) in front, which

vara (3) A;e .
(5) ought to be,
. but is not, the
. . . .

. . .
meaning that the name of a year of the
.
,

Raja obtained boons from Jovian cycle. (PI. XXX,

'

'

Saptakotlsvara or Siva. 5 ; comp. C. S. /., PI. II,

68-71.)
Silver

(?)
VISHNU CHITTA-DEVA, 1147— about 1185 a.d. I
I.M. M 37-8 In square with marginal In circle surrounded by
.68 ornaments, three-line le- border of dots, a rampant
gend, (1) Saiaka gu (2) lion 1. ;
sun and moon
. chi (3) tta devah.
.
(The above; and below characters
name ends in chitta-devah, which probably are the
but the first part is ob- name of the Jovian year
scure.) (PI. XXX, 6).^

IV. THE GANGA DYNASTY OF KALINGA

ANANTAVARMA CHODAGANGA, 1075-1146 a.d.
Gold fanams
UI. N loop Telugu regnal date, Recumbent bull r. sym- ;

attached namely, Sa\mvat] above, bols above and in front.

' '
•45 figure 4 below.
2 A.S.B. A'' loop Similar; Sa 5. Similar.
attached
42 •

I.M. N loop Ditto; Sa 13. Similar.

attached
•
41
'
No. 1 was submitted to Dr. Fleet, and both coins were examined by Dr. Ilultzsch,
but tbe king's name bas not been deciphered fully on either. Both pieces seem to belong
to the Goa series. For list of the Kadamba rulers of Goa see Fleet, Kan. Dynasties, 2nd ed.,
p. 565.
 ANONYMOUS — TRAVANCORE STATE 315

Serial Metal,
No.
Museum Weight, Obverse Reverse
Size

4
316 WESTERN AND SOUTHERN INDIA
Serial Metal,
No.
Museum Weight, Obverse Reverse
Size

10 I.M. N base A kind of dagger, and Characters, not read (PI.

5 other marks. XXX, 10).
•25

Silver chakrams, half-chakrams, double and treble chakrams,

of same period as the gold fanarns
1

2
 RAJA RAMA YAUMA — PADMA TANKAS 317

Serial
No.
318 WESTERN AND SOUTHERN INDIA
Serial
 GAJAPATI PAGODA— EAST INDIA COMPANY 319

Serial
No.
Museum Obverse Keverse

2. Indo-French of Pondicherry
I.M. M 22-7 Three fleurs-de-lis. Obscure device, (?) crown
•43X-36 (Tu., p. 44, Fig. 45).
3. Anglo-Indian
CHAKLES II, 1660-85 a.d.
Silver
I.M. Standing deity (Vishnu).
(PI.XXX, 19; Th., E.i.C.
Catal.,p. 109, PI. XI, 11.)
Similar.

Similar, but thicker.

Ditto ;
ditto.

Similar to obv. (Attribu-

tion doubtful; PI. XXX,
20.)

EAST INDIA COMPANY, and possibly other Powers

Gold
'
Star pagoda' type
Standing Vishnu, star
320 WESTERN AND SOUTHERN INDIA

Serial
No
 EAST INDIA COMPANY — SUNDRY COINS 321

Museum Obyerse Reverse

I.M. M 163^3 Similar, with slight va-

riations.
M 13^3 In central circle, falam
.47 in Persian character; on
margin, fanam.

I.M.
 Section XXII

THE KINGDOMS OF YIJAYANAGAR

AND MYSORE
INTRODUCTION
The most convenient abstract of the history of the kingdom of
and fuller
Vijayanagar will be found in Sewell's Lists,
vol. ii, p. 243,
information is given in the same author's work, A Forgotten Empire.
The First is represented in the catalogue by five coins, two
Dynasty
of Harihara II and three of Deva Eaya II. Krishna deva Raya of the
Second Dynasty (1509-30 a. d.) is traditionally held to have been 'one
of the greatest monarchs that ever ruled the country'. Fourteen of
his gold coins are catalogued, the attribution of one being doubtful.
The next king, Achyuta, was either a brother or son of Krishna deva.
The two specimens of his coinage have the reverse device of a double-
headed eagle monster (ganda bherunda). I think it desirable, contrary
to the practice of previous writers, to call the mythological side of
these coins the reverse, and to designate as the obverse the side bearing
the kingsname. The next king, Sadasiva, who succeeded as an infant
in 1542, seems to have been a son of Achyuta. Two coins are cata-
logued under his name, of which No. 2 is certainly his, but No. 1 may
belong to an homonymous chief of Ikkeri.
The coinage of the Third Dynasty is
very poorly represented.
Eama Raja, to whom four coins are attributed,
was killed in 1565 a. d.
at the battle of Talikota, which ruined the kingdom of Vijayanagar ;

although descendants of the royal house continued to rule as petty

chiefs forsome time longer. Three coins bearing the name of Venka-
tesvara belons: to one or other of these chiefs, about 1600 A. D.
The best account of the Vijayanagar coinage is that given by
Prof. Hultzsch in the article entitled 'The Coins of the Kings of
The
{Ind. Ant., \ol. xx (1891), p. 301, with two plates).
'

Vijayanagara
author gives references to earlier publications.
full In Ind. Ant.,
'

vol. XXV, p. 318, Prof. Hultzsch has published the only silver coin
of the Vijayanagara kings that has hitherto come to light'.
The
 INTRODUCTION 323

numerous copper coins of the series are not represented in the very

poor collection now catalogued.

The kingdom of Mysore grew out of the wreck of the kingdom of
Vijayanagar. The catalogue includes only one specimen of the coinage
'

of the early Hindu Rajas, a Kanteroy fanam of Raja Kamthirava

'

(1628-58 A. D.). The extensive coinage of Mysore during the reigns of

Haidar *Ali and his son Tipu, the Muhammadan conquerors or usurpers,
is represented in the Indian Museum only by a few odds and ends.

A full discussion of the Mysore coinage will be found in Mr. Thurston's

catalogue of the Mysore coins in the Madras Museum (Madras, Govern-

ment Press, 1888).

CATALOGUE
KINGDOM OF YIJAYANAGAR
FIRST DYNASTY
324 THE KINGDOMS OF VIJAYANAGAR AND MYSORE

Serial
No.
 PLATE XXX

^^ ^N>

/R

.-»^^ti

N
^^^
It

A/

/R

19

N A/ N

28
ft 29
^
;^.^^

26

A/
- N ^iv

33 N
30 34

WESTERN AND SOUTHERN INDIA

VIJAYANAGAR, MYSORE
 ACHYUTA RAYA — RAJA KAMTHIRAVA 325

Serial
No.
326 THE KINGDOMS OF VIJAYANAGAR AND MYSORE

Serial
No.
 Section XXIII

THE MEDIAEVAL COINAGE OF CEYLON

INTRODUCTION
The mediaeval history of Ceylon having been recorded by the
native chroniclers in considerable detail with reasonably close attention
to chronological accuracy, and having been made readily accessible to
European readers in many modern books, no difficulty is felt ordinarily
in assigning the extant coins to the
proper kings and approximately
to correct dates. Exact years cannot be determined because no coin
is dated. The only doubt in the attribution of the coins occurs in the
case of those bearing the name of Vijaya Bahu. Several kings of that
name ruled in the latter years of the twelfth century and during the
thirteenth, to any one of whom the coins might be assigned but they
;

are attributed usually to Vijaya Bahu II, nephew of the great Para-
krama Bahu, and this attribution has been followed in the catalogue.
The known coins extend over a period of nearly a century and
a half, beginning with Parakrama Bahu (1153-86), and ending with
Bhuvanaika Bahu who came to the throne in 1296 A. D. They are all
substantially identical in type, and are copies of the coinage of the
powerful Chola king, Rajaraja, who reigned on the mainland from 985
to 1011 A. D. The generals of Parakrama Bahu invaded Southern India
in or about the year 1175, and it may be assumed with a high degree
of probability that the Ceylonese imitations of the Chola coinage are all

subsequent to that date. No coins are extant of eight of the series of

sixteen rulers beginning with Parakrama and ending with Bhuvanaika.
The small collection now catalogued includes specimens of the
copper coinage of six of the eight sovereigns whose coins are known,
but the rare issues of Nissanka Malla (1187-96) and Chodaganga
(1196-7) are not represented in it, nor are there any examples of the
limited gold and silver coinage. The existence of a silver coinage,

ignored in Professor Rhys Davids' book, has been fully proved by

Mr. Lowsley, who collected numerous genuine specimens. Parakrama
Bahu, when his armies invaded Southern India, evidently was impressed
by the huge amoi nt of Rajaraja's coinage in copper. Sir Walter Elliot
328 TFIE MEDIAEVAL COINAGE OF CEYLON
observes :
— Copper
'

pieces, the more perfect specimens weighing from

50 to 60 grains, bearing the name of Raja Raja, are met with every
day. They are brought in numbers to be melted up by the copper-
smiths, and one find within my own knowledge in Tanjore yielded
upwards of 4,000^' (G.S.I.,^. 133). The Ceylonese monarch exactly
copied the proceedings of his model and issued immense quantities of
copper coin, but comparatively little of silver and gold. The type
introduced by Rajaraja is characterized by a very peculiar image of
the king standing on the obverse, and a grotesque monkey-like seated

figureon the reverse. The legend in contemporary Nagari script is

on the reverse. These characteristics, evidently of northern origin,
and ultimately traceable, through the Gupta and Kushan coinage, to
Greek models, were faithfully reproduced by Parakrama Bahu and his
successors.
The standard coin in this style was the mdska or massa of about
70 grains and most of the extant examples in all metals are massas.
;

The subdivisional pieces are scarce or rare, as also are the double
nuasaas. The twenty-five coins catalogued and twelve excluded dupli-
cates are all massas, except one small worn piece of Parakrama Bahu,
which now weighs only 8| grains, but may have been intended for
a quarter-?7iassa. The octagonal massa of Queen Lilavati (PI. XXXI, 5)
is not mentioned in the books, and seems to be unique.

The first intelligible, although imperfect, account of these Ceylonese

coins was given by Prinsep (Essays, ed. Thomas, vol. i, PI. XXXV j.

They are briefly noticed by Elliot (C S. I., pp. 108-10), and have been
treated at considerable length by Prof. Rhys Davids (' Ancient Coins
and Measures of Ceylon', in Intern. Num. Or., London, Triibner,
1877). But Pi'of. Rhys Davids' account requires numerous correc-
tions and additions, which have been supplied by Mr. B. Lowsley in
a valuable essay entitled Coins and Tokens of Ceylon' (Num. Chron.,
'

1895, p. 211, PL VIII). Abstracts of the history of the period will be

found in Prof. Rhys Davids' work, Emerson Tennant's Ceylon, and in
many other books easily accessible.

Tanjore was the Chola capital.

'
 PARAKRAMA BAHU — Ll LAV ATI 329

CATALOGUE
Serial
No.
Museum Obverse Reverse

PARAKRAMA BAHU, 1153-86 a. d.

A.S.B. M 60 Rude figure of king

•8 standing facing, with the
folds of his waist-cloth
hanging down at each side;
his hand raised holds a
1.

flower, and below to r. is

a branch; his r. hand holds
a weapon or symbol, which
may be described as a mace
with four hooks.
M

A.S.B. \JE

JE

JE

J'
330 TTTE MEDIAEVAL COINAGE OF CEYLON
Mo till,
Serial Obvorso Reverse
No.
Museum Woiglit,
Size

3 A.S.li. G2-2 Similar to No. 1, Similar to No. 1.

•
83
4 41 -2 Ditto. Ditto ; rude and worn.
79 (' Soiiu! of the massas are
rather roughly struck, and
these are worn', Num.
Chron., 1895, p. 221.)
6 ^3 oct. Ditto. As No. 1 (PI. XXXI, 5 ;

this variety is
r)2-4 octagonal
.75 unpublisheil).

SAHASA MALLA, 1200-2 a.d.

A.S.n. JE

1 A.S.B.
 Section XXIV

COINS OF ARAKAN AND OTHERS

INTRODUCTION
The few coins described in this section hardly can claim a rightful

place in this catalogue, but, having been sent to me, must be disposed
of. The little that appears to be known about the history and coinage
of Arakan has been published by Sir Arthur Phayre in his treatise
entitled 'Coins of Arakan, of Pegu, and of Burma' (Intern. Numi. Or.,
London, Trubner, 1882).
The silver coins with the effigy of a recumbent bull and Nagarl
'

legends are referred to the '

Chandra dynasty, supposed to have
reigned between 788 and 957 A. d. Coins of this type arc found buried
in the ground and among old ruins in various parts of Arakan. Several
were presented to the Asiatic Society of Bengal, and have been described
in the Society's Journal, but those specimens, if still preserved, have
not been submitted to me. The examples now described all belong to
the Indian Museum cabinet, and there is no record of their provenance.
No. 1, with the legend Sri ^Iva^ya (? Glvasya), is not noticed by Phayre.
The two thick silver coins, Nos. No. 22 of Phayre's
8 and 9, are
Plate and were struck in the year 1144 of the Arakanese era,
II,

equivalent to 1782 A. d., by Maha Samada Raja, the last king of Arakan,
prior to the conquest of the country by the Burmese, who
were com-
to cede it to the Indian Government by the treaty of Yandaboo
pelled
in 1826. These coins have no device, and the obverse legend is
repeated, letter for letter, on the reverse.
The coins which I am unable to assign precisely include a little
bronze coin of Cambodia, supposed to date from the eighteenth century.
Mr. Rodgers has recorded the odd fact that it was obtained at Kangra
in the Panjab. Possibly may have been brought
it there by a Sikh
policeman returning from Bangkok. I am indebted to Prof. Rapson

for identifying this piece as Cambodian. The 'symbolical' coin from

Burma differs from all of those published by Phayre. I am unable to
read the legends on certain inscribed coins. The characters on Nos. 1
and 3 are Nagarl, but I cannot make sense of them, while the script on
332 COINS OF ARAKAN AND OTHERS
Nos. 2 and 4 is wholly unknown to me. Nos. 7 and 8 are supposed
to be Tibetan. Icannot make any suggestion about No. 9, which bears
the legend Jajjapurd (or -purl).

CATALOGUE
ARAKAN
Serial
Obverse Reverse
No.

Early thin coins, silver; eighth to tenth centuries

^Ri SIVA
I.M. M 103-7 Recumbent humped bull A trident-like ornament,
1-2 with wreath round neck; defaced, with large crescent,
I.,

above, Nagari legend, Sri and also sun and moon

^ivasya, or possibly Giva- above (PI. XXXI, 9).
sya.
YARIKRIYA
2
 PLATE XXXI

/E

"

fe4ily.'^ lav
"iSil:

,<^^^m

CEYLON, ARAKAN AND OTHERS

 SRi SIVA — UNASSIGNED BRASS 333

SUNDRY COINS
Serial Metal,
No.
Museum Weight, Obverse Reverse
Size

1
 INDEX OF RULERS, CITIES, COUNTRIES,
DYNASTIES, AND MINTS IN PART III

(«.
= city ;
CO. = country ; chj.
= dynasty ;
m. — mint ;
r. = ruler,)

Abdallah bin Hazim, r., p.230. Chalukva, E. and W., dy., Hamirah, Sri, r., pp. 258, 263.
Abhimanyugupta, r., p. 270. pp. 311, 312, 313. Harichandra deva, r., p. 277.
Achyuta Raya, r., pp. 322, Champaran, ci., co., pp. 280, Harihara II, r., pp. 322, 323.
_ 324. 293. Harsha, r., of Kashmir, p.
Adi-varaha, see Bhojadeva I, Chandella pp. 250, 253.
dy., 272.
r. Chandrakanta simha na- Hindu
Ahani, Sassanian m., p. 228. rendia, r., p. 307.
Ai (Airan), Sassanian m., p. Charles II, r., p. 319.
22fi. Chauhan pp. 257, 261.
dy.,
Ainiir, ci., pp. 256, 257, 259, Chedi, E. and W., co,, pp.
'261. 250, 251, 252, 254.
Ambika, r., pp. 300, 301. Chhota Udaipur, co., pp. 297, Indo-Sassanian coins, p. 232.
Amsuvarman, r., pp. 281, 283. 309. Indra malla, r., p. 287.
Ananga-pala, r., pp. 256, 259. Chittaraja, r., p. 233. ,

Ananta, r., p. 272. Chucheiipha, v.l. for Susen- Jagadekamalla,r., pp. 311,313.
AnantavarmaChodaganga, »•., pha, r., q.v. Jaga-deva, r., p. 273.
pp. 311, 312, Bli. Chukrungpha, r., p. 294. Jagajjaya malla, r., p. 286.
Apurva chandra deva, r., p. Chunenpha, v.l. for Sunen- Jaintia Parganas, co., p. 296.
276. pha, r., q.v, Jajalla-deva, r., pp. 251, 254,
Arakan, co p. 331. ,
255 n.
Ardamitra, r., p. 221. Dahala, co,, p. 252. .Tajjapura, ci., pp. 332, 333.
Ardeshir I, n, pp. 217, 218, Delhi, ci., pp. 256, 257, 259, Jamasp, r., pp. 217 n., 227
220. 261. Jayakesin III, r., p. 314.
Artahshatr, see Ardeshir I, r. Deva Eayall, r., pp. 322, 323. Jayantapura, co., pp. 296, 307.
Asata-pala, r., pp. 244, 249. Dharma chandra deva, r., Jayapida, r., pp. 266, 269,
Assam, co., pp. 294, 298. pp. 274, 279. Jayasimha II, r., p. 313.
Auharmazdi, see Hormazd, r. Dharmasoka deva, r., p. 330. Jayasimha deva, r., p. 273.
Avatara chandra deva, r., p. Didda, queen, r., pp. 270, 271. Jejakabhukti, co., p. 253.
278. Donna Maria I, r., p. 318.
Durlabhaka, r., p. 268. Kabul, ci., pp. 235, 244.
Babekan, see Ardeshir I, r. Kadamba dy,,pp. 311, 312,
Bahram, see Varahran, r. Ephthalite dtj., pp. 232, 233, 314.
Bah ram, Patan, c('., m. = Se- 235. Kalachuri dy., pp. 250-2.
ringapatam, p. 326. Kalasa, r., pp. 244, 265, 272.
Bara Gusain, r., p. 308. Firoz, r., pp. 217, 219, 226, Kalinga, co.. pp. 311, 314.
Bharatha simha, r., p. 306. 233, 237. Kallar, r., p. 244.
Bhaskara malla, r., p. 286. Kalyani, ci., pp. 311, 313.
Bhatgaon, ci., pp. 281, 284. Gadadhar simha, r., pp. 296, Kamalesvara simha, r., p.
Bhimagupta, r.,p. 271. 298. 307.
Bhojadeva I, r., pp. 232, 233, Gadhaiya coins, pp. 283, 240. Kariithlrava, Raja, r., pp. 323,
241. Gaharwar dy., pp. 257, 260. 325.
Bhupatlndra malla, r., p. 284. Gaiiga dy., pp. 311, 314. Kanauj, ci,, pp. 233, 241, 257,
Bhuvanaika malla, r., pp. Gahgeya deva, r., pp. 250, 252. 260.
327, 330. Gaurlnatha simha, r., pp. 296, Kangra, ci., pp. 274. 275.
Brajnatha simha, r., p. 307. 305. Kapa, r.l. for Rupa chandra
Biikliara, co., pp. 230. 231. Girvan yuddha vikrama, r., deva, r , q.v.
Burma, co., \>p. 331, 333. pp. 282, 290. Karma chandra deva, r., p.
Goa, ci., pp. 311, 312, 314. 278.
Ceylon, co., p. 327. Gopala varman, r., p. 270. Kashmir, co., p. 265.
Cliahada deva, r., pp. 258, Gorkhali dy., pp. 281, 289. Kathmandu, ci., pp. 281, 284.
262.' Govinda-chandra, Khamarayaka. v.l, for Kliu-
r., pp. 257,
Cliakravariendra, r., p. 285. 260. duvayaka, r., q.v.
Chalnkva chandra, r., pp. Khingila (? Khinkhila), r.,
311, 313. Haidar 'Ali, r., pp. 323, 326. pp. i65, i:67.
 INDEX OF RULERS, ETC., IN PART III 335

Khuduvayaka, r., pp. 243, Narendra chandra deva, r., Rad (Lad), Sassanian w., pp.
249. p. 278. 227, 229.
Khurasan, co., m., pp. 230, Narendraditya, r., p. 267. Rajendra vikrama, r., p. 291.
234. Narses (Narsahi), r., pp. 217, Riijesvara simha, r., pp. 296,
Khusru I and II, r., pp. 217, 223. 303.
219, 228. Narwar, ci., dy., pp. 257, 262. Ral, Sassanian m., p. 229.
KlUi (Kirti), r., pp. 258, 263. Naushlrwan, r. — Khusru I, Ram, Sassanian r., p. 227.
Kinnaram, r.. p. 307. q.v. Rama chandra dova, r., p.
KTrti-varma-deva, r., pp. 250, Nepal, CO., p. 280. 278.
253. Nl (? Nab), Sassanian »«., p. Kama Raja, r., pp. 322, 325.
Kobad pp. 217, 227.
I, r., 227. Rama simha, r., of Jayanta-
Kota (?) coins, pp. 258, 264. Nih (?Nah, Nahavend), Sas- pura, p. 308.
Krishna deva Kaya, r., pp. sanian m., p. 228. Rama simha manikya, r., p.
322,' 323. Nivasa malla, r., pp. 287, 308.
Krishna Raja, r., p. 326. 288 n. Rama varma, r., p. 316.
Kshemagupta, r., p. 270. Nripendra, r., p. 285. Rana Bahadur, r., p. 290.
Kubja-vishnu-vardhana, r., Ranajita malla, r., p. 284.
pp. 311, 312. Obeidallah bin Ziad, r., p. Raimpur, Ci., m., pp. 304,
Kumara - pala - deva, r., pp. 229. 306.
256, 259. Ohind, ci., pp. 243-.5. Rathor or Gaharwar dy , pp.
Omiah bin Abdallah, r., p. 257, 260.
Lad (Rad), Sassanian m., pp. 230. Ratnadeva, r., pp. 251, 255.
227, 229. Rudra siiiiha, r., pp. 294,
Lakshminara siihha, r., pp. Padma tankas, pp. 311, 317. 299.
281, 284. _
Pagodas, p. 310. Rupa chandra deva, r., pp.
Lakshml siiiiha, r., p. 304. Panjab, co., pp. 243-6. 275, 276.
Lalliya, r., pp. 244, 245. Parakrama I3ahu, r., pp.
LTlavati, r., pp. 328, 329. 327-9. Sabhajita malla, r., p. 284.
Lohara dy., pp. 271, 272. Paramardi (Parmal), r., pp. Sadasiva Raya, r., pp. 322,
Loka prakasa, r., p. 288. 250, 253, 257. 324.
Partha, r., p. 270. Safdar 'All Khan, r., p. 326.
Madana-pala, r., pp. 257, 260. Parviz = Khusru II, r., q.v. Sahasa malla, r., p. 330.
Madana simha deva, r., pp. Pasupati, (?) r.. pp. 281, 284. Sahi dy., pp. 244, 245.
282, 293. Patan, ci., pp. 281, 284. 287. Saktivarman, r., pp. 311. 313.
Madana- varma-deva, r., pp. Perma, r., p. 313. Salim bin Ziad, r., p. 230.
250, 253. Persia, co., p. 217. Sallakshana-pala, r., pp. 256,
Madras, ci., m., coins of, jDp. Phulesvarl, r., pp. 300, 301. 259.
319-21. Pipala, r., pp. 258, 263. Samanta-deva, r., of Ohind,
Malia- Kosala, pp. 251, Pirthiraj = Prithvi-raja,
co., r.,
243-5, 247.
254. q.v. of Kangra,
Samanta-deva, r.,
Maha-Samada-Raja, r., pp. Pithama chandra deva, r., pp. pp. 274, 275.
331, 332. 274, 275. Sangrama, r., p. 271.
Mahindra simha, r., p. 286. Pithi, (?) r., pp. 258, 263.
Sankaravarman, r., pp. 244,
Mahipala, r., pp. 256, 260. Pondicherry, ci., p. 319. 264-7, 269.
Mahipatindra malla, r., p. Portonovo, ci., m., p. 320. = Shapur,
Sapor r., q.v.
286. Portuguese dy., pp. 311, 318. Sarvesvari. pp. 300 n., 302.
r.,
Malaya-varman, r., pp. 257, Prakasa malla, r., p. 287. Sassanian dy., p. 217.
262. Pramatha simha, r., pp. 295,
Seringapatam, ci., p. 326.
Malla dy., pp. 281, 284. 298, 302. r. =
Shahi-tigin, Vahi-tigin,
Maiiahka (?Manadevay, r., pp. Pramathesvari, r., pp. 296,
q. V.
280, 283. 300 n., 301.
Shahiya dy., pp. 244, 24o.
Manipur, pp. 297, 308.
co., Pratapa, title of Vijayanagar ShapOr I, II, III, r., pp.
Mar (Merv), ci., m., pp. 229, r., pp. 323-5. 217-25.
230. Pratapaditya, r., pp. 265, 268. Shi, Sassanian m., p. 228.
Megha chandra deva, r., p. Pratapa malla, r., p. 285. Siddhi nara simha, r., pp.
277. Pratapa simlia, r., of Nepal, 281, 282, 287.
Mihiragula, r , pp. 232, 236. p. 290.
Sikim, CO., pp. 297, 309.
Muhammad the Mahdl, r., p. Pratapa simha, r., of Assam,
Silahara dy., p. 233.
230. p. 299.
Singara chandra deva, r., p.
Multan, ci., p. 234. Prithvi-deva, r., pp. 251, 254, 277.
Mysore, co., p. 322. 255 n.
Siva, Sri, (?) pp. 331, 332.
r.,
Prithvi-narayana, r., pp. 281,
Nab Siva pp. 295, 300-2.
siiiiha,
Ni), Sassanian m., '289. r.,
(? p.
227. Prithvi-raja, r., pp. 257, 261. Someivara-deva, r., pp. 257,
Nah Prithvl vira vikrama, r., p. 261.
(Nih), Sassanian m., p.
228. 293. Sona-deva, r., pp. 258, 263.
Nandigupta, r., p. 270. Prlti,'(?)r., p. 332. Spalapati (Syalapati), r., pp.
243-6.
Napkl, r., pp. 232, 242. Pudukota, CO., p. 321.
336 INDEX OF RULERS, ETC., IN PART III

6ru(a (?) coins, pp. 258, 264. Tribhuvanagupta, r., p. 271. Vira-varma-dova, r., pp. 250,
SMt;aiidliil Rrml, r., p. 270. Triloka chandra dova, r., p. 254.
298. 279. Vishamasiddlii, r., pp. 311,
yuklonmvui, r., pp. i290,
=
Tripura, co. Tipperah, q. v. 312.
bunenphu, r., pp. 296, 298, Vishnu chitta-deva, r., p.
302.
,
Udaipur, ChhotA, co., p. 297. 314.
Supatphft, pp. 296, 298.
r.,
Vishnu malla, r., p. 289.
Surciidrft vikriima, r., pp. Utpalad!/.,p. 269,
(?) Visramsadeva, r., pp. 266,
282, 290-3.
Vah, Sassanian m., p. 226. 269.
Surga (Svarga) narayana, r.,
Vahi-tigin, r., pp.232, 234.
p. 299.
Vakka, r., pp. 243, 244, 248.
,

Suaenphfi, r., p. 299. Varahran I-VI, r., pp. 217, Wah, Sassanian m., pp. 226,
Sussala, r., p. 272. 227.
222, 226, 226, 228, 230,
231 n. White Hun dy., pp. 232, 233,
Thakurl dy., p. 283. Vengi, ci., pp. 311, 312. 236.
Tibet, CO., pp. 332, 333. Venka, v. I. for Vakka, r., q. v.

Tipperah, co., pp. 297, 808. Venkatesvara, r., p. 325.

Tipu Sultan, r., pp. 323, 326. Vigraha, r., of Kashmir, pp. Y.arikriya, (?) r., p. .3.32.
Toniara dy., pp. 256, 259. 266, 269. Yasovarman, r., pp. 205, 268.
Toramana, r., of Kashmir, pp. Vigraha-pala, r., pp. 233, 239. Yezdegird I, II, r., pp. 217,
264, 267. Vijaya B.ahu, r., pp. 327, 329. 225, 226.
Toramana, r., "White Hun, Vijayanagar, ci., dy., p. 322. YogamatI, r., p.i288.
pp. 232, 235, 265. Vinayaditya, r., pp. 266, 269. Yoga narendra malla, r., p.
Trailokya-varma-deva, r., pp. Vira mahendra, >., p. 286. 288.
250, 253. Vira nara simha malla, r., p. Yoga prakasa malla, r., p.
Travancore, co., pp. 311, 315. 288. 289.
 GENERAL INDEX
ABBREVIATIONS
ci. = city or town ;
co. = country d. = deity d)/. = dynasty
; ; ;
k = king or
chief qu. = queen
;
= type. ; ti/.

Abdagases, Indo-Parthian k., 36, 37, 57. Apnrva chandra deva, k. of Kflngra, 276.
Abdallah bin Hazim, Arab governor, 230. Arab governors of Persia,218, 229, 231 n.
Abhimanyugupta, /c. of Kashmir, 270. Arabic legends on Nepalcse coiiiM, 281, 285.
AhrwH precatoriun, the ra^i seed, 310. Arachosia, co., 35-7.
Achsnita, /c. of Ahichhatra, 18.5, 188. Arakan, co., coins of, 331, 3.32.

Achyuta Baya, k. of Vijayanagar, 322, 324. Archebioa, Indo-Greek k., 5, 17.

Adtnanlhera pavortina, rnanjddi seed, -"ilO.
•
Archer' ty., 103, 105, 111, 117, 119-21.
Adi Vardha, ty. of Bhoja k., 232-4, 241. Ardamitra, k., 221 n.
Agathoklela, Indo-Grcek qu., 5, G, 21. Ardeshir, Ka9^anian k., I, I'fthekan, 217,

Afathokles, Indo-Greek k., 3, 5, 10, 147. 218, 220; II, 217; III, 218.
Agrnimitra, k. of N. Panchala, 184, 186; Ardochsho, d., 76-90.
Sunga k., 184. Arjunayana tribe and coins, 160, 166,
Aham, Sassanian mint, 228. '
Arrow '
ty., 62.

Ahichhatra, ci., Gupta copper mint, 97 ;

Arsakes Dikalos, k., 36, 37.
coins of, 14G, 184, 18.5. Artahshatr, see Ardeshir.
Ahom, dy.j triVje, and language, 294-6. Artaxerxes, = Ardeshir, q r., 220. /,•.,

Ai (?= Airan), Sassanian mint, 226. Artemidoros, Indo-Greek k., 5, 6,

Aja-varma, k. of Ajodhya, 144, 1.50. Artemis, d., ty., 9, .'39.
Ajayapala-deva, k. of Tomara dy., 2.56. As^ta-pala, k., 244, 249.
Ajmir, <:i., Chauhan dy. of, 2.57, 261 Tomara ;
A.i('ivarl h^gend, 261, 262.
dy. of, 256, 259. Asiatic Society of Bengal, Pref. and Gen.
Ajodhya, ci., Gupta copper mint, 97 ;
coins In trod.
of, 144, 148. A6oka, k., 280.

Alberuni, on Shahiya dy., 244, 245. Aspavarma, slratnjnn, 37, 38, 52.
Alexander the Great, 3, 7, 135. Assam, co., 294, 298.
Ambhi, k. of Taxila, 13.5. Aivaghosha, k. of Kosam, 146, 155.
Ambika, Ahom qu., 300 n., .301. Aivomedha, horse -sacrifice, 96, 101.
Amoghabhuti, Kuninda k., 161, 167. Athsho, Persian d., 69, 72, 76, 79-82.
Amiuvarman, k. of Nepal, 281, 283. Andnmbara tribe and coinn, 147, 160, 166.
Amyntas, Indo-Greek k.j 5, 31. Angnstua, head of, ty., 66 denarius of, ;

Ananga-pala, Tomara k., 2.56, 259. 135.

Ananta, k. of Kashmir, 272. Aureus, varying standard of, 63, 218.
Anantavarma Cliodaganga, Avantl, CO., coins of, 145, 152, 198,
203.
k., 811, 312, 314.
Andhra dy., 208. AvatSra chandra deva, k. of Kangra, 278.
Anglo-Indian coinage, 311. Aynmltra, /.. of Ajodhya, 145, 1.50.
Anio r?), d., 78. Azarmi-dubht, Sassanian qu., 218.
Antialkidas, Indo-Greek k., 5, 15, 13.5. Azes ^Aya), Indo-Partliian k., I, 36-8, 48 ;

Antimachos (IX) Nikephoros, Indo-Greek II, 36-8, 50.

L, 5, 29, 13.5. Azilises ^Ayilishay, Indo-Parthian k., 36,

Antimachos (I) Theos, k. of Bactria, 4, 37, 49.

.5,
10.

Antiochos the Great, Syrian k., 3. Babekan, .see Ardeshir I.

Apollo, d., ty., 11, 20, 28, 29. Bacharna, Later Kushan h., 89.

Apollodotos, Indo-Greek /;., 4, 5, 18, 161. Bactria, ';'>., 7, 8, &c.

.36 n.
Apollophanes, Indo-Greek k., 5, 6, 28 n. Bagapharoa, k. in Jihlam,
SMITH
338 GENERAL INDEX
Bahasati (Brihaspati) mitra, k. of KOsam, Caduceas symbol, .38, 133, 137, 138-40,
146, 165, 185, 142.
BahrSm, = Varahran, q.r. Caesnlpinia honduc, Molucca bean, 310.
Bahram patan, ct., = Seringapatam, 326. Cambodia, co., coin of, 331, 333.
Balabhuti, A. of Mathura, 190, 192. Camel, Bactrian, ty., 27, 48, 67, 242.
Baladitya, see Nara, 119. Carlleyle, Mr. A. C, discoveries of, 161.
Balban, k. of Delhi, 258. Carnatic, Nawab of, 319.
Bdndstra defined, 285 n. •
Cash {Kaxu), a copper coin, 311, 316.
'

Bara Ouiialu, k. of Jayantapura, 308. Cast coins, 198-203.

Bars used as coins, 133, 136. Central India, mediaeval dy. of, 250.
Bartholomaei, General de, on Sassanian Ceylon, mediaeval coinage of, 327.
coins, 217, 219, 231 n. Chahada-deva, k. of Narwar, 258, 262.
• '
Battle-axe ti^., 96, 104. Chaity'a, ty., 131, 198.
Bazodeo, = Vasudeva, k., q.v., 84. Chakiam, silver Travancore coin, 311, 316.
Beghram, coins collected at, 235 n. Chakravartendra, Nepalese k., 285.
Bendall, Prof., on Nepal, 282. Chalukya, dy.. Eastern and Western, 311-13.
Bengali script, 296. Chalukya chandra, E. Chalukya k,, 311,
Besnag^ar, ci., 145, 152 n. 313.
Bhadra, Later Kuslian k., 88. Chamba, CO., Asata A-. of, 245.
Bhadraghosha, k. of N. Panchala, 185, Champaran, co., coins of, 280. 282, 293.
187. Chanda, district, Andhra coins from, 209.
Bhagadatta, mythical k. of Assam, 306. Chanda Mall, forger, 65.
Bhagavata, k. of KOsam, 146. ChandeUa, dy., 250, 253.
Bhagavati, d., 287. Chandra (Chada), Andhra k., 209, 213 dy. ;

Bhanumltra, Audumbara k., 161, 166 ;

k. of Arakan, 331 .

of N. Panchala, 185, 187. Chandra deva, k. of Kanauj, 257.

Bhapamyana, Malava ^-., 163, 174. Chandragupta, k. of Gupta dynasty I, 95,
Bharatha simha, k. of Kangpur, 306. 99 ; II, 96, 97, 104, 162 (corrigenda).
Bhartridaman, W. Satrap, 124. Chandrakanta simha narendra, k. of Assam,
Bhaskara nialla, Nepalese k., 286. 307.
Bhatgaon, cl, 280, 284. Characene, ci., in Susiana, 3, 9 ».

Bhavadatta, k. of Mathura, 190, 193. Charles ZZ, k. of England, 319.

Bhavani, cl, 289, 290. Chatre^viira ty., 161, 170.
Bhima-deva, k. of Oiund, 243, 244. Chauhan (Chahamana), dy. of Ajmir, 257,
BhSma-gTipta, k. of Kashmir, 271. 261.
Bhogini, (l, 283. Chedi, CO., Eastern = Mahakosala, 251, 254 ;

Bhojadeva I, k. of Kanauj, 232, 233, 241. Western = Jabalpur, 250-2.

Bhumi-mitra, k. of N. Panchala, 185, 187. Chhota Udaipur, co., 297, 309.
Bhupatindra malla, Nepalese k., 284. Chhu, Later Kushan k., 89.
Bhnvanaika malla, k. of Ceylon, 327, 330. Chittaraja, Silahara k., 233.
Bondnc nut, or Molucca bean, 310. Chodaganga, k. of Ceylon, 327.
•
Bow and arrow ty., 132, 208, 209.
•
Chola, A-., Rajaraja, 327.
Bralima-mitra, k. of Mathura, 190, 194 ; Chuchenpha, v. I. for Susenpha, k., q. v.
an earlier k., 199, 205. Chukapha, Ahom k., 294.
Brahmanya, Svaml, Yaudheya k., 165, Chukrungpha, AhOm k., 294.
181.' Chunenpha, v. I. for Sunenpha, k., q. v.
BraJnStha simha, k. of Assam, 307. Churdmani defined, 288.
Brihaspati mltra, k. of Kosam, 146, 155, 'City' ty., 30, 58.
185. •
Club ty., 27.
'

•
Buckler ty., 26.
' •
Cock ty., 7.
'

BukharS, bilingual coins of, 230. •

Cock and BuU '
iy., 144, 150.
•
BuU and horseman ty., 243, 256, '
274. Coinage, origin of Indian, 133, 136, 310.
Bnnddlkhand, the Chandella kingdom, Copper coinage, antiquity of, 133, 135.
250;=Jejakabhukti, 253. Corinthian coinage, 133.
Burmese, in Assam, 295 symbolical coin, ;
'Couch' ty., 104.
331, 333. Cowries, used as money, 135.
 GENERAL INDEX 339
Cunningham, Sir A., on Alexander's suc- EphthaUtes, = White Huns, q. v., 233.
cessors, 6 Coln» of Sakas, 37
;
on find- ; Era, Arakanese, 331 Gupta, 95 Malava ; ;

spots of coins, 143. or Vikrama, 03 MauliuU, 326 Nowar; ;

or Nepali, 281 Saka or Saka, 245, 281,

;

Dahala, co.,
= W. Chedi, or Jabalpur, 252. 296.
Damajada ^ri, k., son of Eudrasena, 125. Eran, ci., coins of, 141, 145, 152 h., 163 71.

Davids, Prof. Bhys, on coins of Ceylon, Eiikratides, k. of Bactria, 4, 5, 11.

328. Euthydemos, k. of Bactria, 3, 5, 8.
Delhi, ci., Chauhan dy. of, 257, 261 ;
Tomara
dy. of, 256, 259. Panam, small southern coin, 810.
Demeter, d., ty., 46. Pire-altar, Sassanian ty.,218, 233.
Demetrios, h., 3, 5, 9. Piroz, Sassanian k., 217, 219, 226, 233, 237.
Deopadi, see Ambika, qu., 300 n. Pish, 132, 136, 139, 140.
ty.,

Bephd, legend, 199, 206. Forgeries, 7 n., 65, 100 ».

Deva, 1:., (?) of Kosam, 199, 206. Prench coins, 311, 319.
Deva-mitra, A-. of Ajodhya, 144, 146, 151. Pyzabad, ci., 144, 148, 150.
Deva Naga, k., 164, 178.
Deva Raya II, k. of Vijayanagar, 322, 323. Oadadhar slmha, Assamese k. 296, 298.
Dhana-deva, A-, of Ajodhya, 144, 148. Gadhalya (Gadhiya) coins, 233, 234, 240.
Dharann, = punch-marked coin, 134, 139. Qaharwar, dy. of Kanauj, 257, 260.
Dbarma Chandra deva, k. of Kangra, 274, Gait, Mr., Sietory of Assam, 295.
279. Gajapati pagoda. 318.
Dharmaioka deva, k. of Ceylon, 330. Gajava, Malava k., 177.
Dhruvamitra, k. of N. Panchala, 185. Ganapatl (Ganendra), Naga k., 164, 178.
Diadema, ti/., 28. Gandhara, co., Kanishka k. of, 69.
Dldda, qu, of Kashmir, 270, 271. Gandikota pagoda, 325.
Dillhvdls, = bull and horseman
' '
coins, Ganga, dy. of Kalinga, 311, 312, 314.
257. GSngeya-deva Vikramaditya, k. of W.
Diodotos I and II, k. of Bactria, 3, 5, 7, 10. Chedi, 250-2.
Diomedes, k., 5, 16. Ganjam, co., rude coins from, 64.
Dionysios, Indo-Greek k., 28. Gardner, Prof. P., on Bactrian coins, 6, 37.
Dioskouroi, d,, ty., 11, 13, 16, 17. Gargaon, an Ahom mint, 301.
Dog, ty., 132, 140, Garuda, ty., 109, 110, 116, 321.
Donna Maria I, qn. of Portugal, 318. Gauda, co., = Karna-suvaraa, 98.
Drachma, weight standard, 218, 251. Gaurinatha slmha, k. of Assam, 295, 296,
Dramma coins, 251. 305.
Drang-iana, co.,
= Sistan, 35. GautamI, mother of Andhra kings 208, 209,
Drouin, M., on Sassanian coins, 231 n. 212.
Duddu coin, 316. Ghatotkacha, a Gupta k,, 95.
Dumpy pice, 142, 282. (?) Ghosha, k. of Mathura, 190,
194.
Durga devi, d., 279. Girlndra, Nepalese title, 286, 287.
Bfxriji pagoda, 324. Girvan ynddha vikrama, Nepalese k., 282,
Dnrlahhaba, k. of Kashmir, 265, 268. 290.
Goa, ci.. coins of k. of, 311, 314.
Earthquake of 1905, 275. Gojara, Malava k., 176.
East India Company coinage, 311, 319, Gomitra, k. of Mathura, 190, 194 ;
an earlier
321. k., 199, 205.
Elephant head or scalp Gondophares, Indo-Parthian k., 36-8, 54.
ty., 9, 14, 27, 38.
'
Elephant-rider' ty., 79. Gopalavarman, k. of Kashmir, 270.
Elliot, Sir W., Coins of Southern India, 311, Gor, epithet of Varaliran V, 217, 226.
312. Gorakhanatha, d., 289, 290.

Enadari, see Sarvesvari, qu., 300 «. Gorakhpur and Champaran, dy. of, 282.
English models of coinage, 311, 319, 321. Gorkhali (Giirkha), dy., 280, 281, 289.
Epander, k., 5, 6. Ootamiputa, see Vilivayakura II and Yajna
Epheaus, minute silver coins of, 163 ». Sri.

Ephthalite symbol, 233. Govinda, d.,

= Krishna, 293.
340 GENERAL INDEX
Govindachandra, k. of Kanauj, 257, 260. Jaga-deva, k. of Kashmir, 273.
Greek, k.. 3-33. Jag-ajjaya malla, Nepalese k., 286,
Guhe6vari, rf., 290. 280 n.

Ouilandiiia bonrfuceUa, Molucca bean, 310. Jahang-ir, k., Nepalese imitations of coins
Gnnanka, h. of Nepal. 280, 281. of, 281, 285.
Gupta, dy., 95, 99 ; era, 95 ; k., 95. Jaintia Parg'anas, ro.. 296.
Jajalla-deva, I and II. k. of E. Chedi, 251,
Hagamasha, satrap, 190, 195. 254.
Hag-ana, satrap, 190, 195. Jajjapura, c/., coin of,331, 333.
Haidar 'All, 1i. of Mysore, 328, 326. Jalandhara, ci., co., 274.
Haihaya, or Kulachuri clan and dy., 250-2, Jamaka, Malava k,, 177.
254, 2o5. Jamapaya, Malava k., 111.
Hallakshaua, — Sallakshanavarman, Jamasp, Sassanian fe., 217 ».
k., qv.
Hamirah,Sri, rogal title, 258, 263. Janapada legend, 164.
Hanuman, d.. tij.. 251. '
Javelin ty. of Gupta coins,
'
see '
Spear-
Hari chandra deva, of Kangra, 277.
7i'. man' ty., 102.
Harihara II, A-. of Vijayanagar, 322, 323. Jayachchandra, k. of Kanauj, 257.
Harsha, Ic. of Kashmir, 272. JayagTipta, k., 121.
Harsha vardhana, k. of N. India, 280. Jayakeiin III, Kadamba k., 314.
Hastin, Rana, 118. Jayamitra, k. of N. Panchala, 185.
Heliokles, A', of Bactria, 4, 5, 13. Jayantapura, ci., co., 296, 307.
Helios, fZ., ty,^ 71. Jayapida, /;. of Kashmir, 266, 269.
Hellenistic coins, 3. Jayasimha II, Chalukya k., 313.
Heralos, k., 65, 94. Jayasimha deva, k. of Kashmir, 273.
Herakles, rf., ty., 8, 9, 14, 21, 22, 28, 31, 33, Jayavarnian, Chandelia k., 250.
39, 41, 49. Jejakabhukti, co., = Bundelkhand, 253.
Hermaios, k. of Kabul, 4, 5, 31, 65. Jetha mitra, k. of Kosam, 146.
Hermes, d., ty., 46, 47. Jihunia, = Zeioni.'ses, satrap, q. v., 31, 58.
Hindu dy. of Ohind, 243. Jishnugupta, k. of Nepal, 281.
Hippostratos, k., 5, 30. Jivadaman, W. Satrap, son of Damajada,
Hiranya, h. of Kashmir, 265. 123.
Hormazd, Sassanian k., imitations of Jovian cycle, 314.
coins of, 92. Jwalamukhi, coins found at, 161.
Hormazd I, II, III, IV, V, Sassanian k., Jyeslitliadatta-(deva), A., 199, 205.
217, 218, 221, 223.
Hun, or pagoda coin, 310. Kabul, various k. of, 17, 22, 29, 31, 33,
ci.,

Huns, White, or Ephthalites, 97, 233, 235. 63, 68 so-called Hindu k. of, 243 ;
;

Huvishka, Kushan k., 63, 65, 75. Indo-Sassanian coins of, 227 n.
Hyrkodes, k., 65, 93. Kacha (Kaclia\ k. of Gupta dy., 96, 100.
Kadamba dy. of Goa, 311, 312, 314.
Indian Museum, Pref. and Gen. Introd. Kadphises, Kushan k., I, 4, 33, 63, 65 ; II,
Ikkerl pagoda, 324. 36, 59, 63, 64, 68.
Indo-French coins, 311, 319. Kalachuri or Haihaya clan and dy., 250-2,
Indo-Greek coins, 3. 254, 255.
Indo-Parthian dy., 35. Kalanju seed used as weight, 310.
Indo-Portuyuese coins, 311, 318. Kala^a, k. of Kashmir, 246, 267, 272.
Indo-Sassanian coins, 64, 232-42. Kalhana, Rajaiaranginl of, 265, 273 ».
Indra, d., 296, 307. Kaling-a, co., anonymous coins of, 64 ;

Indra malla, k. of Nepal, 287. Ganga dy. of, 311, 312, 314.
Indra mitra, k. of N. P.inchala, 184, 187. Kalinganagrara, ci., 311.
Indravarma, father of Aspavarma, 52. Kallar, k. of Ohind, 244, 245.
Ingots used as coins, 133, 136. Kalliope, Indo-Greek qu., 5, 31.
Irano-Scythic characters, 234, 242. Kalyani, ci., 311, 313.
Kamadatta, k. of Mathura, 190.
Jabalpur = W. Chedi, 250-2.
District, Kamadebi ty., 283.
JagadekamaUa, W. Chalukya k., 311, 313.. Kamale^vara simha, Assamese A'., 307.
 GENERAL INDEX 341

Kamara, ^, of Ohind, 243, 244. Kujulakara, Kushan /r., = Kadphises I, q.v.^

Kamarupa, co.,
= Assam, 294. 4, 33.
Kamthlrava, Raja of Mysore, 323, 325. Kula,CO., the Kuninda territory, 161.
Kanauj, cL, capital of Bhojadeva, 233, 241 ; Kumara, Yaudheya k., 182.
Gaharwar or Rathor dy. of, 257, 260. Kumara devi, qu., lOO.
Kaneshko, Kushan k. distinct from Kan- Kumaragupta, k., of Gupta dy., I, 97, 111 ;

ishka, 64, 87. II, 98, 120.

Kanishka, Kushan k., 36, 37, 63, 64, 65, Kumarapala-deva, k., of Tomara dy., 256,
69, 127. 259.

Kangr^a, ci., co., coins of, 274-9. Kumari, d., 287.

Kantipnr, ct., =Kathmar!dQ, q. v., 280. Kumaridevi, d., 113.
Eapa, V. I. for Rupa (chandra deva), A., q.v., Kumuda-sena, k. of Ajodhya, 144, 150.
275. Knnet tribe, = Kuninda, 161.
Karma chandra deva, k. of Kangra, 278. Kunhama, (?) k., 198, 200.
Earua suvarna, co., =Gatida, 98. Kuninda tribe and coins, 161, 167-70.
Kdrshapa7ia, copper coin, 134. Kushan, dy. and coins, 63-91, 93, 94, 97,
Karttikeya, d., 76, 181 w. 218.
Kashmir, co,, Hindu coinage of, 265-73. Kushano-Sassanian coins, 64, 91, 235 n.
Kdsii., or '
cash', a copper coin, 311, 316. Kutamdna legend, 258, 263.
Kathmandn, ci., dy. and coins of, 280, 284. Kuyulakapha, = Kadphises I, q, v.
Kauiambi, ci., of the Jains, = KGsam, q.v.,
146. Iiad (Kad), Sassanian mint, 227, 229.
Kavira, (?) h, 199, 205. Lakshmi, d., 103, 105, &c.
Kerman Shah, title of Varahran IV, q. v., Iiakshmi nara simha, Nepalese k., 281,
217, 225. 284.
Khamarayaka, v. I. for Khuduvayaka, k., Iiakshmi simha, Assamese k., 304.
q.v., 244. Lalitaditya, k. of Kashmir, 266.
Kharoshthi script, 7, 68 m., 161. ialitapur, ei.,
= Patan, q. v., 280.
Khinkhila (Khing'ila), k., 265, 267. Lalliya, Ohind, 244, 245.
k. of

Khuduvayaka, h. of Ohind, 243, 249. Laodike, Bactrian qu., 5.

Khurasan, Sassanian mint, 230. lead coins, 199, 204, 208-13.
Khusru I, II, III, Sassanian k., 217-19, Iiendan, (/.,
AhOm equivalent of Indra, 296.
228. I.6vi, M. Sylvain, Le Nepal, 282.
Kidara coins, 64, 89-91, 268, 269. Iiichchhavi clan, 95, 99, 100.
Killi (? Kirti), k., 258, 263. Iiilavati, qu. of Ceylon, 328, 329.
King' and queen ty., 99, 117, 127. Ling dy at pagoda, 318.
* '

Kinnaram, Assamese k., 307. Iiocal coins of N. India, 143, 148.

Kirtivarman, Chandella k., 250, 253. Lohara, dy. of Kashmir, I, 271 ; II, 272.
Kobad I, II, Sassanian 217, 218, 227.
k., Iiokanatha, Nepalese d., 288.
Kolhapur, ci., Andhra coins from, 208, 210. IiOkaprakaSa, Nepalese prince, 288 n.
Kosala, co., kings of, 184, 186. IiongTP^i^ler, U., on Sassanian coins, 217,
Kosam, ci., coins of, 145, 146, 155, 206. 219.
Kota legend, 258, 264. Lowsley, Mr., on coins of Ceylon, 328.
KramddUya, title of Gupta k., 98, 117, 122. Itucknow, coins in Provincial Museum at,

Krishna deva 3Saya, k. of Vijayanagar, 322, 185.

323. Lydia, early coinage of, 133, 310.
Lyrist ty., 96, 101.
« '

Krishna Baja, of Mysore, 326.

k.

Kritanta, f/., = Yama, god of death, 96, 104. Iiysias, Indo-Greek k., 5, 14, 135.

Kritavirya, Little Yueh-chi k., 89.

Kshatrapas, see Satraps.
'
Slacedonian soldier' ty., 66.
A'ji^atnya, -^Rajanya, q.v., 164. Madana-pala, k. of Kanauj, 257, 260.
Kshemagupta, k. of Kashmir, 270. Madana simha deva, k. of Champaran, 282,
Kshudraka tribe,
= Oxydrakai, 160. 293.

Kuhja-Vishnuvardhana, E. Chalukya k., SXadana-varman, Chandella k., 250, 253.

311, 312. Madhari-puta, see Sivalakura,
madras Museum, coin catalogues of, 311.
Kufic script, 217 n., 219.
342 GENERAL INDEX
Magachha, Malava I:, 177. Mihira, title of Bhojadeva, q. v., 241.
Magaja, Malava k., 176. Mihiragiila, Wliite Hun k., 232, 236, 266.
Magaja6a, Malava h., 175. Miiro (Mioro, Minro), solar d., 70, &c.
Mag-ojava, Malava I:, 176. Milinda (Milindra), = Menander, k., q.v., 4.

Maha-Kosala,=E. Chedi, 251, 254. Mints, AhOm, 301, 304 Sassanian, 219, ;

Mahi'iLs/iatra)>ai^ of Suriishtia, 9!), 123. 225-30; ofTipu, 326.

Maharaya, Malava k.. 163, 177. Mithradates I and II, k. of Parthia, 35, 36,
Malia Samada Raja, k. of Arakan, 831, 332. 02, 191, 218.
Mahasena, d.,
= Karttikeya, 76. 'Mitra' coins of Ajodhya, 144; of N.
Maheudra, title of Kumaragupta I, 111. Panchala, 184, 186.
Slaliicliandra, k. of Kanauj, 257. Moa, = Maues, q. v.
Mahimitra, Audumbara Ji.,
166 Molucca bean, or kajanju, 310.
Mahindra sijuha, Ncpalese Ic 286. , Monogrrams and marks, 7, PI. vii, x, xviii.
Mahipala, J:, of Ajmlr and Delhi, 256, 260. Mughal coinage imitated in Nepal, 281.
Mahipatindra malla, Nepalese k., 286, Muhammad bin Sam, k., 256.
289 «. Muhammad the Mahdi, of Bukhara, 230.
Mahmud, k. of Ghaznl, 245. Multan, Vahi-tigin probably k. of, 232.
ci.,

Mahoba, ci., capital of Chandella

di/., 250. Museums, A. S. B. and I. M., Pref. and
Mahodaya, c/., = Kanauj, q.v., 241. Gen. Introd. Lucknow, 185 Madras,
; ;

(?) Majupa, Malava A., 175. 311.

Malava or Vikrama era, 63 symbol, 145 ; ; Muttra, ci., see Mathura.
tribe and coins, 160, 161, 170. Mysore, co., coins of, 322, 323, 325.
Malavikagnimitra drama, 184.
Malaya-varmaxi, k. of Narwar, 257, 262. Nab (? Ni), Sassanian mint, 227.
Malla, d7j. of Nepal, 281, 284. Naga, dy. and coins, 162, 164, 178.
Mallei tribe, 160. Nag°ar, ci., Malava coins from, 161.

Managnla, satrap, 59.

Nah (Mih). Sassanian mint, 228.
Mananka (?
= Manadeva), Nepalese it., 280,
Wahavend, battle of, 218.
283. Nameless King", = Soter Megas, q. v.
Manao-bago, the moon Nanaia (Nana shao), Persian d., 70, &c.
d., 76.
Manipnr co., coins of, 297, 309. Nandigupta, k. of Kashmir, 270.
Manjddi seed used as VFeight, 310. Nandipuda symbol, 148, 150, 315.
Mao, the moon d., 70, &c. Napki, A-., 232, 235, 242.
Mapaka, Malava ^•., 176, Wara Baladitya, Gupta 7;:., 98, 119.
Mapaya, Malava h., 175. Narbada river, 96.
Mapojaya, Malava k., 175. Narendra Chandra deva, k. of Kangra, 278.

Mar (Merv), ci., Sassanian mint, 227, 229, Narendraditya, k. of Kaslimir, 265.
230. Narendragnpta, fc., = Sasanka, 5,1-., 98,
Maraja, Malava 111. 121.
k.,
Maria Donna,
Z, qu, of Portugal, 118.
Narses (Narsahi), Sassanian k., 217, 223.
Markoff, M. A. de, catalogued Sassanian Narwar, ci., coins of, 164, 257, 272.
coins, 231 n. Naushirwan, epithet of Khusru I, q. v., 217,
MaSapa, Malava k., 176. 228.

Mansa coin of Ceylon, 328. Nepal, CO., position of, 280 ; dy. and coins
Mathari (Madhari), Andhra qu., 208, 209.
of, 281-93; era of, 281,

Mathura, ci., dy. and coins 61 Newar era,

= Nepali, 281.
of, n., 190,
192. Nickel, in coins, 9 n.
Manes, Indo-Parthian k., 35, 36, 38. Nike, d., ly., 13, 17, 22, 26, 29, 33, 39, 43,
Mauludl era, 326. 56, 57, 58, 62.
(?) Maya, Malava k., 163, 174. Nikias, Indo-Greck k., 5, 6.
Meg'ba cbandra deva, k. of Kangra, 277. Ni6i5anka malla, k. of Ceylon, 327,
Menander, Indo-Greek k., 4, 5, 6, 22, 135. Nivasa malla, Nepalese k., 287, 288/1.
Merv, Sassanian mint, 227, 229, 230. Northern India, mediaeval dy. of, 256.
Metric system of N. India, 134 of S. India, ;
Nripendra, Nepalese k., 285.
310. Numerals on coins of Ohind, 245.
Miaios, k., v. I. for Hcraios, q. v., 94. Nushirwan, = Naushirwan, q. v.

_lK^_
 GENERAL INDEX 343
Oado, d., the wind-god, 74. Peyasa, Later Kushan k., 127.
Oanao (Oaninda), d., 78. Pbalgr«ni-mitra, /;. of N. Pauchala, 185,
Obeidallah bin Ziad, Arab governor, 229. 188.
Octagonal Assamese coins, 295 of Ceylon, ; Pbarro, d., 71, 79.
330. Pbiloxenos, Indo-Greek k., 6, 30, 135.
Odumbara, = Audumbara, q.v., 160, 166. Pholid dam, a Nepalese copper coin, 293.
Oesho (Oesha", d., 70, &c. Pbuleivari, AhOm qu., 300, 30).
Ohind, ci., Hindu kings and coins of, 243-9, Pipala, k. of Macharl, 258, 263.
274. Pirtbiraj, = Prithvl Raji Chaulian, q. v.
Omiah bin Abdallah, Arab governor, 230. Pitbania cbandra deva, k. of Kangrii, 274,
Omphis, k. of Taxila, 13.5. 275.
Onia (Onio), (7., 78. (?)Pitbi, k, 258, 263.
Onones, = Vonones, q.v., 35. Plato, Biclrian k., 6.
Ooemo, = Kadphise3 II, q.v., 36, 63, 68. (?) Polyzenos, k., 6,
Orlagno, (/., 71. Pondicherry, ci., the French capital in
Ormazd, d., 220, 223. India, 319.
Orodes I, k. of Parthia, 64 n. Portonovo, ci., mint, 320.
Ortbagrnes, Indo-Parthian h., 36, 37, 57. Portuguese coins, 311-18.
Owl ty.. 17, 26. Poseidon, d., ty., 11, 43.
Oz-liead ty., 27. Potin, a mixed metal, 208, 210-1.3.
Oxydrakai, or Kshudraka, tribe, 160. Prabbasa, title of Bhojadeva, q.v., 241.
Praka^aditya, a Gupta k., 98, 119.
Pachba, Malava k., 176. Prakaia malla, Nepalese k., 287.
Padama, I: of Ohind, 243, 244. Pramatba simba, Assamese k., 295, 298,
Padma tanka, a gold coin, 311, 317. 302.

Padmavati, ci., Narwar, the Naga capital, PramatbeSvari, Assamese ju., 296, 300 ».,
164. 301.

Pag^oda, a gold coin, 310. Pratapa, title of k. of Vijayanagar, 323-5.

Pahlavi language and script, 217, 219. Pratapa (Pratapaditya), k. of Kashmir,

Pakores (Pakura), Indo Parthian k., 36, 265, 268.

Pratapa malla, Nepalese 285.
37, 58. k.,

Pallas, d., ty., 9, 18, 21-6, 28, 41, 44, 48, 49, Pratapa simba, Nepalese k., 290 ;
Assamese
2-4. Ahom k., 299.

Fana, a weight or a coin, 134. Prayaga, ci., = Allahabad, 9.5.

Panobala, N,, co., coins of, 184, 186. Pritbvideva I, II, k. of E. Chedi, 251, 254.
Panjab, various h. of, 4, 14-16, 21, 30, 31. Pritbvi narayana, Nepalese k., 281, 289.
Pantaleon, Indo-Greek k., 3, 5, 10, 147. Pritbvi Baja, Chauhan k., 257, 261.
Parakrama Babu, k. of Ceylon, 327, 329. Pritbvi simba deva, k. of Champaran, 282.
Paramardin, Chandella k., 250, 253, 257. Pritbvi vira vikrama, Nepalese k., 293.
Partba, k. of Kashmir, 270. Priti, (?) k. of Arakan, 331, 332.
Partbia, relations with India of, 35-8, Provenance of coins, 143.
191. Pudukota, CO., coin of, 321.

Parviz, epithet of Khusru II, q. v., 218,

Andhra k., 209, 210.
Puliimavi,
228. Pnncb-marked coins, silver and copper, 131,

Pasaka, Later Kushan k., 89. 136; gold, 311.

Pa^upati, (?) d. or k., 281, 283. Pura^pta, k. of Gupta dy., 98, 119.
the Gupta capital, 95. Pwrdnn, =piuich-marked coin, 134, 1.39.
Pataliputra, ci.,

Patan, in Nepal, 280, 284, 287.

ci. Purandara, d., =Indra, 296, 307.
Pavata (Parvata), k. of Kosam, 146, 155. Pnran-dukbt, Sassanian qu., 218.
Paya, Malava &., 163, 177. Puri, cL, rude coins from, 64.
Peacock ty., 97, 113, 115, 116, 118. Purusbadatta, k. of Mathura, 190, 192.

Perma, Chalukya k., 313.

Persia, Sassanian coins of, 217-31. Queen, Didda of Kashmir, 271 ;
Lilavatl of

Persian legends on Assamese and Nepalese Ceylon, 328, 329.

Queens, Assamese, 296, 300-2 Bactrian and
coins, 281, 285, 296, 301, 304. ;

Peukelaos, Indo-Greek k., 5, 6.

Indo Greek, 5.
344 GENERAL INDEX
Bad (Lad), Sassanian mint, 227, 229. Saktivarman, E. Chalukya A-., 311, 313.
Bag-hava deva, K: of Nepal, 281. Salim bin Ziad, Arab governor, 230.
BajaSya, ro. and coins, 164, 179. Sallakshana-pala deva, Tomara 7c., 256, 259.
Bajaraja, Chela 327. /.-., Sallakshanavarman, Chandolla k., 250.
Bajendra vikrama, Nepalese i., 291. Sallet, von, on successors of Alexander, 6, 37.
Rajei^vara simha, Assamese *-.. 29G, 303. Salt Bange, co., 3, 7.
'Ktijpntdi/., 25G. Samanta deva, title of 7i;. of Ohind, 243, 247 ;

Bal, Sassanian mint, 229. of Pipala, 2o8, 263 ;

of Somesvara and
Bam, guardian of FirOz k., 227 n. Prithvi Raja, 261 ;
of k. of Kangra, 274,
Bama Chandra deva, k. of Kangra, 278. 275.
Bamadatta, k. of Ajodhya, 190, 193. Samudragnpta, k. of Gupta dy., 95, 101, 160,
Bama Bgja, k. of Vijayanagar, 322, 325. 164, 165, 280.
Bama simha, k. of Jayantapura, 308. Sana, Later Kushan k., 89.
Bama simha manikya, k. of Tippenih, 297, Sangframa, k. of Kashmir, 271.
308. Sankaravarman, k. of Kashmir, 244, 265,
Bama varma, k. of
Travancore, 316. 267, 269.
Bamnagar, ci., = Ahichhatra, q.v., 97, 184. Sanskrit legends on Assamese coins, 296.
Eana Bahadur, Nepalese k., 290. Sapadbizes (Sapaleizes), k., 65, 94.
Banajita malla, Nepalese k., 282, 284. Sapor, = Shapur, k., q. v.
Bangrpur, ci., A horn mint, 304, 306. SaptakotiSvara, d,, a name of Siva, 314.
BanjubTila (Bajuvnla), satrap, 56 n., 190, Survardjochchhettd, Gupta epithet, 96, 100.
191, 196. SarvvayaSa, Little Yueh-chi k., 90.
Bapson, Indian Coins, 6, 37, &c. Sarve^vari, Assamese qtc, 300 n., 302.
Bathor, dy. of Kanauj, 257, 260. Sasanka, k. of Gauda, 98, 121,
£ati seed used as weight, 134, 310, Sasana legend, 38.
Batnadeva, k. of E. Chedi, 251, 255. Sassanian dy. of Persia, 217.
Batuapura (Batanpur), d., capital of E. Satakarni, Andhra title, 210.
Chedi, 251. Satrap, a Persian title, 191.
Batnaraja X, ZX, XZX, k. of E. Chedi, 251, Satraps, of Mathura and Taxila, 190, 191,
255. 195 Western, 97, 99, 123.
;

Bawliuson, Canon, historian of Persia, 219. Satya-mitra, k. of Ajodhya, 150.

Bhinoceros <i^., 132, 139, 145, 154. Sayatha, Later Kushan k., 89.
Bivett-Carnac, cabinet of coins, 100 n. Seistan, co., see Sistan.
Bohilkhand, co.,=N. Panchala, 184. Seleukidan era, 6 7i.
*
Boman head iy., 185.
'
Seleukos Nikator, k. of Syria, 7 n.
Budradaman, W. Satrap, 123, 165. Seringapatam, ci., 326.
Budrasena, W. Satrap, son of Rudradaman, Seshadatta, k. of Mathura, 190.
125son of Rudrasimha, 124
;
son of ; Shahdherl, site of Taxila, 147.
Vlradanian, 124. Shahi (Shahiya) dy., 244.
Budra simha, Assamese Ahom k., 294, 299 ; Shahi-tigin, k., see Vahi-tigln.
W. Satrap, son of Jivadaman, 126 ; Shahryar, Sassanian k., 218,
W, Satrap, son of Rudradaman, 123 ; Shan (Shanx) nation, 294.
W. Satrap, son of Satyasiihha, 97. Shaoreoro (Shahrewar), d., 79,
Bupa Chandra deva, k. of Kangra, 276, 276. Shapur XII, Sassanian
X, IX, k., 217, 218,
liiipdk: it i legend, 104. 221, 224, 225.
Shi, Sassanian mint, 228.
Shield ty., 9.
Sahhajita malla, Nepalese k., 284. Shihab-ud-din, h., 256, 257.
Sada^iva Baya, k. of Vijayanagar, 322, 324. '

Ship
'
ty. ,
209.
Safdar 'Ali Khan, Nawab, 326. Sialkot, ci.,
= Sakala, 232.
Sahasa malla, k. of Ceylon, 330. Siddhi nara simha, Nepalese k., 281, 287.
Sahi dy., 244, 245, Sikim, CO., coins of, 297, 309.
6aka (Saka) era, 245, 281, 296. Silahara dy., 233.
Sakala, ci., cajiital of Mihirakula, 232. Sind, CO., 36, 37.
Sakanibhari(Saml}har), ci., dy. of, 257, 261. Singara Chandra deva, k. of Kangra, 277.
Saktisimha, k. of Champaraii, 282. Sistan, co., Indo-Parthian k. of, 35-7, 57,
 GENERAL INDEX 345
58 Vasu coins from, 64, 87
; ;
Kushano- Tai or Shan languages, 295.
Sassanian coins of, 64, 91. Talatrimatri, </., 287.
Siiuchandradatta, L of Mathura, 190. '
Taurine symbol, 132, &c.
'

Sita (SIta), Later Kushan k., 89. Taxila, ci., Indo-Parthian k. of, 35, 38, 43,
6iva, (?) k. of Arakan, 331, 332. 50; various coins
'
135, of, 133, MO,
'
Siva and bull tif., 84, 87, 88, 91 ;
and 143, 147, 156, 157, 159, 202, 204.
ParvatI ty., 320. Taxilan symbol, 157 n.
Sivadatta, k. of Ajodhya, 144, 149; k. of Telephos, Indo-Greek h., 6.

Mathura, 190. Tewar, ci., see Tripuri.

Sivalakura, Andlira A-., 208, 209. Thakuri dy. of Nepal, 283.
Siva simh.a (Sib Singfli), Assamese Ahom Theophilos, Indo-Greek k., 31.
h., 300-2. Thomas, E., on Sassanian coins, 217.
Siyadoni inscription, 251 n. Thomas, St., cross of, 318.
Skandagnpta, k. of
Gupta ily., 97, 117, 127. Tihet and Nepal, 280, 281 coins ; of, 333.
Sodasa, satrap of Mathura, 190, 191, 196. Tinnevelly, co., coins of, 310.
'
'
Solomon's seal device, 316. Tipperah, co., coins of, 297, 308.
Some^vara, Chauhiin h., 257, 261. Tlpu (Tippoo), Sultan, of Mysore, 323, 320.
Sona-deva, k., 258, 268. Tomara <ly. of Ajmir and Delhi, 256, 259.
Sonpatli, Yaudheya coins from, 165. Toramana, White Hun h., 232, 235 h. of ;

Sophytes, h. of Salt Range, 3, 6, 7. Kashmir, 2C5-7.

Soter Megfas, Indo-Parthian /i., 59. Trailokya-varma-deva, Chandella k., 250,
Southern India, coinage of, 310. 253.
Spalagfadama, Indo-Parthian viceroy, 35, Travancore, co., coins of, 311, 315.
41. Tribal coins, 160.
Spalahora (Spalyris), Indo-Parthian h., 35, Tribhuvanagupta, h. of Kashmir, 271.
41. 'Trident' ty., 9, 127.
Spalapati-deva, h. of Ohind, 243, 244, 246. Trigarta, co., =Kangra, 274.
Spalirislia (Spalirises), Indo-Parthian k., Trilochana-pala, k. of Ohind, 244.
35, 42. Triloka Chandra deva, k. of Kangra, 274, 279.
'
Spearman' ty., 102. 'Tripod' ty., 20, 21, 27, 28, 29.
Sruta legend, 258, 264. Tripura, co., = Tipperah, q.v.
'
Stag' ty., 167. Tripuri, ci., capital of W. Chedi, 250.
'
Standard' fy., 100. Triskeles (Triskelis) symbol, 132.
'
Star pagoda coin, 310.
'
Tu-fan, co.,=Tibet, 280.
Stein, Dr., on Shahiya dy., 246. Tufnell, Hints to Coin Collectors in 8. India,
btrategos,
= satrap, 53 n. 311.
Strato I and XI, Indo-Greek Tc., 6, 21, 28 n. Tuttii, a copper coin, 317.

Stupa or chaitya, on punch-marked coins,

131, 132, 137-41. Udabhandapura, ci., = Ohind, q. v., 244.
Sugandha Rani, qu. of Kashmir, 270. Udaipnr, Chhota, co., 297, 309.
Suklenmnn, Assamese Ahom k., 296, 298. Ujjain, ci. of Avanti co., q. v., 145 symbol, ;

Sunenpha, ditto, 295, 298, 302. 145, 152 71., 209.

Sunet, ci,, votive tablets from, 165. Ulngh Khan, - Balban, k. of Delhi, 258.

Snnga dy., 145, 184. 'Umbrella' ty., 109, 116.

Supatpha, Assamese AhOm h, 295, 298. TJnd,ci.,
= Ohind, q. v.
Suraslitra, or Kathiawar, 22, 97, 99. Undopherres, = Gondophares, k., q.v., 54.

Surendra vikrama, Nepalese k., 291. Utpala dy. of Kashmir, 269.

Snrga (Svarga) narayana, Assamese h., Uttamadatta, k. of Mathura, 190, 193.
299.
Snryamitra, k. of N. Panchala, 185, 188 ; Vada, misreading for Chandra, Andhra 7.-.,

k. of Mathura, 190, 195, q.v., 209.

Su^enpha, Assamese Ahom h, 299. Vagharsh, Sassanian k., 217.

of Kashmir, 272. Vah, Sassanian mint, 226.

Sussala, k.

Swami pagodas, 319, 320. Vahi-tigin, k., 232, 234.

Srastika symbol, 132, &c. Taisali, ci., Lichchhavis of, 95.

Vai^ravana, or 281.
Syalapati, v. I. for Spalapati, h,, q. v. d., (?) 7;.,

SMITH A a
346 GENERAL INDEX
Vakka-deva, 7i. of Ohind, 243, 248. Visbnu-mitra, k. of N. Panchala, 185 ;
of
ValabM, ci. and co., coins of, 127. Mathura, 190, 191.
Tdifiha coin, = pagoda, 310. Vishnu vardhana, or Yasodharman, 7;.,

Varahran, Sassanian A., I, II, III, IV, 217, 266.

222 V, 217, 226 VI (Chobin), 228, 230,
; ; Vi^ramsadeva, v. I. for Vigraha, q. v.
231. Vi^va, Little Yueh-chi 7.., 90.
VasitM-puta, soo Pulumavi. Vi^vasena, W. Satrap, 126.
Vasu, (?) = Vasudeva, q. v., 64, 87. Vi^vasimha, W. Satrap, 125.
Vasudeva, Kushan k., 63, 64, 87. Vououes, Indo-Parthian 7c., 35, 40, 42.
Vdtdscdka legend, 147, 157.
Veng-i, ci., 811, 312, Wah, Sassanian mint, 226, 227.
Venka, Ic, v. I. for Vakka, q. v., 243 n. Waihind, ci., = Ohind, q. v.
Venkate^vara, k. of Vijayanagar, 322, 325. 'Warrior' iy., 182.
Vigrraha, ^.(Visrariisadeva), 266, 269. Western Satraps, 97, 99, 123.
Vigraliapala, k. of Magadha, I, II, III, 233, White Huns, coins of, 232, 233, 235.
239. Wima, k., ^ Kadphises II, g. v., 63.
Vijaya Baliu, Jc. of Ceylon, 327, 329. Wright, Ilidory of Nepal, 282.
Vijayachandra, h. of Kanauj, 257.
Vijaya-mitra, Jc. of Ajodhya, 151. Yajna Sii, Andhra k., 209, 212, 213,
Vijayanagar, ci., co., coins of, 321-5. Ya'kub Lais, Muhammadan general, 245.
Vijayasena, W. Satrap, 124. Yama, Malava 7c., 163, 174, 176.
Vikrama or Malava era, 63. Yandaboo, treaty of, 331.
Vikramaditya, title of
Gupta Jc., 97, 104, Yarikriya, (?) 7c. of Arakan, 331, 332.
109 ;
title of Gangeya-deva, 250. Ya^odaman, W. Satrap, 126.
Vilivayakura II, AndhraA:., 208, 210. Ya^ovarman, k., 91 n., 265, 268.
Vinayaditya, I: of Kashmir, 266, 269. Ya^ovigraha, 7c. of Kanauj, 257.
Viradaman, W. Satrap, 125. Yaudheya tribe and coins, 165, 180, 281.
(?) Vira Kramaditya, k., 122. Yezdeglrd, Sassanian 7c., I, 217, 225; II,
Vira Maheudra, k. of Kathmandu, Nepal, 217, 226 III, 218.
;

286. Yodheya, see Yaudheya.

Vira nara simlia malla, Nepalese prince, Yogamati, Nepalese qw., 288.
288. Yoga narendra malla, Nepalese 7c., 288.
Virasena, h. of Gangetic Doab, 191, 197. Yoga prakasa malla, Nepalese k., 289.
Viravarman, Chandella 7c., 250, 254, Yueh-chi, Little, horde, 64.
Visakha-deva, of Ajodhya, 144, 148.
/.-.

Vishamasiddhi, E. Chalukya k., 311, 312. Zeidnises, satrap, 37, 38, 58.
Vislinu chitta-deva, Kadamba k,, 314. Zeus, d., ty., 7, 10, 13, 15, 17, 31,32, 39, 40,
VishnugTipta, 121. 7.-., 42, 43, 50, 54, 57, 61.
Vishnu malla, Nepalese k., 289. Zoilos, Indo-Greek k., 6, 28 n., 30.

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