So.lg) + Og ls) Exp Time lan! Total Premurelatn 1 0 Os a 100 os Colevlate Rate Courtent. Also colrutate sate of FEatHon when total Premurt iA 0+65 obm, B The cenveuion of Khe molecule ¥ to ¥ follows Aecond order kine . ZT} Me Concentration 0 X da tnerecuedh to 3 Hmed , how it will affect Aate of Reactou,? Scanned with Camscanner Scanned with CamScannermr Unit V:SurfaceChemistry SPeriods 2029-21 ——Aésorption - physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, _——— colloidal state: distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspension; lyophilic, lyophobic, multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation. | Gata What 4 adscyphou 7 How dot addorpWou of | & gas on a solid asvvface vary with a) Temperature b) Predure Rw Addorplton ua proce im which concentration of Aolute 34 wmoye at the Avyface aud led iw the bulk OD Temperature (Mm tb extent of aclsorplou) A "oe Wal TH 2 tT Pryaicat adsorplon decreas! Chemical addorpHon wit. Femporalure , Pvst taereoue and Than clecrease with Te . b) Preaure “ee > 7 in Yn PS 3 Phy dich cchorpHou fwerenue ° Chale \ win “oreehc wate adsorp ley hak Fucyecue. aud “become Tncependent ; pendent of Pres G2 Bereibe and explain whet i ohderved wheu . YO beam of light is poraed Hough « colloidal Aolution + As, $3. ") Aw blechle current b Colloidal dslution Posse Porous a ~~ Scanned with Camscanner Scanned with CamScannerfone ty The path of ight ia elearly viaible dur be $catterin of aight by ollotclal particles collect or Tyndall effect. HN) The Lolloidal portiler move towards one of He Lhectrocdes Olependiing upon thelr charge. Gut-3 Explain why lyophilic sols ane AtlaHvely mort Atable Han Lyophobic sola. EF Tu hyophilic sol, hoe t& wore fora o attracton between Riapered phase ond Ak puufon medium bot im hyophobrc Aol Hee "a viny 1e4 or no pover of atbrackou, G@uu-4 What happen when Neal aolulon iw addedl to Feleh), aol, explain 2 Write whether FeloH)s aol ia we mul proleevlon ov macromolerulan tolled. Ame When Na aclulon Su added to Felons aol, oagulaHoun tke place . FeELOH), te maullfmolerulay Colloid. Gut-5 Explatn Freundlich Addorphton laotherm. Aw Ato gives Tevaperature , Pre mo of the qos odiorboed by Aolid aclovbewt at vaniou predure de given 4 by am empirical ssluton Known “én ot Frendlich equakfou Mi= kp rr wa We owmount (maw) of qos adsorbed by om grey of Aolid ackorbent ot PrOsure (p). Scanned with Camscanner Scanned with CamScannerTM Low P, ale oc p! Cabraight line) NY AL High Pm ce pt (nd ependent) yA Wi) At jntevmediare P % we wx p™ mm P Our-6 Which of two He and Ne, gtk adsorbed on Pe Avy face of Charcoal more readily ound why? Ne will get adsorbed to wore diXbent becange ih how Loge. Aurfuce amen , therefore , more Vander Waal! doyees of ethyactou eorily Atquiffable aa Hompured to He, Th ha highes orth Temrperatire, Qu-t Which of he follow Llectroly te will be wmodk effeckve im Pre Aoagulaton Au,Ss dol amd why: BUg, Balls and Nal? Ray AILS fe mot etteckve fw Coagulation 6: Aaah Awl which de wegallvely charged volloid. AT hag greater wtharge | Ao, mosh effective. E 1 Gut-& — Beactibe with example 1) Macromolecular colloids i) MulHwolewlor colloids Ams i) There collofdi which have polymer a4 Colloidul porteler axe wmaucromoleculan Colloicls . £y - Bkuch Aol, tlbumta dol ate. W) Those tollofda fu which atom ov molecules aggregate Joy elrey to form biggey porlicle of colloidal orgy. Eq- Se sol , PH aol Lk. a _ Scanned with Camscanner Scanned with CamScannerQur-9 (0) Which will obsorh more Qos, & Lounp of charcosl or ih powder and why? tb) Beacvibe preparation of 1) Silvey sol ny éulphur sol fist) Powder of wharcoal will clbsorh more get oA Tb has more avrfate oAea. (b) iy) Silver Aol Using Rrediqys Ave Melhod- Silvey elettrocdes dipped in watery ond high Voltage JA pow edd through Ih. A lok o heat A Yemtmated hich will vapourice Ailvty metal jnto Vapovrs which on Condensing forma silver Aol, i) Sulphur Aol Oxidattonr Netlog Hat + [9] SBcunesy yo + ¢ Guo o) which of He following tlertrolyte ia meat effective doy He coaqulaton of Felon), scl and why? Nall, Na, $04 and NaxPOy b) How is Felox); aol Prepared 7 shat happens when a freshly precipitated Felons i Ahakem with Hie cmeunt of FeUly solobin? Aus a) Felon) s 4 positively thorged aol 1 Nias PO. wo Wighly cHtective glue “fo Pog fou, b) Felony, ds Preporcd by hycbrolyats a Felts. Fe(hy +3H,0 —> FeLon)s + 3HCq A collofdel oluWon of Felon: Le obbatned When Fe(oH); precipitate fa Akaken with Fe tls, scanned with Camscanner Scanned with CamScannerQu Ans: Q2 Ans: Q3 Q4 Ans: Qs Ans: Q6 Ans: Q7 Ans: Qs Ans: Qs Ans: Q.10 Ans: The p - block elements ( Nitrogen family ) Group -15 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; Nitrogen preparation properties and uses; compounds: n and properties of Ammonia and Nitric A Symbol AtNo. Electronic configuration Occurence N 7 [He] 2s*2p* NaNO, & KNO, P 15 [Ne] 35°3p* Fluorapatite As 33 [Ar] 3d! 4s°4p* Assulphide ore Sb 51 [Kr] 4d!°5s' Assulphide ore B 83 [Xe] 485d "%6s" Assulphide ore Unlike phosphorus, nitrogen show little tendeney for eatenation ? Nitrogen has little tendency for catenation since N-N single bond is weak Phosphorus show maximum tendency for catenation due to high P-P bond energy Why N- N single bond is weaker than P- P single bond ? This is due to the greater repulsion between non bonding electrons (2p) of nitrogen than those of nonbonding electrons (3p) of phosphorus. Bismuth is a strong oxidising agent in the pentavalent state. Or Bi(V) isstrong oxidising agent than Sb (V) Due to the inert pair effect +3 oxidation state of Bi is more stable than-+5 Why nitrogen show maximum tendency to form negative ions. Nitrogen with greater electronegativity & small size has stronger tendency to form N* ion Nitrogen exist as diatomic (N,)where as phosphorus exist as tetratomic (P,) explain. Due to small size of Nitrogen atom, Itcan form px-px multiple bond with another atom but the size of phosphorus atom is large so It can not form multiple bond why molecular nitrogen is not reactive? Due to the presence of triple bond, ts bond dissociation energy is very high and It has very low reactivity Why the bond angle of NH, is greater than PH, ? This is because nitrogen atom is more electronegative than phosphorus and due to which the bond pair in NH, are more towards the nitrogen atom in N-H bond than the bond pair in P-H bond in PH, Therefore the force of repulsion between the bond pairs is greater in NH, than PH, Why NH, is more basic than PH,” NH, is more basic than PH, due to the small size and high electronegativity of nitrogen due to which electron density on nitrogen atom is maximum, Why the boiling point of NH, is higher than PH, ? The high boiling point of NH, is due to the presence intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Why the dipolemoment of NH, is higher than PH, Due to high electronegativity of Nitrogen than phosphorus, N-H bond is more polar than P-H bond Scanned with CamScannerQn Arrange the 15 gp. element hydrides in decreasing order of bo reducing nature. 2 point, basic nature & Ans: NH, < PH, < AsH, < SbH, < | Reducing nature | PH, < AsH, < NH, < SbH, < BiH, | Boiling point | BiH, < SbH, < AsH, <= PH, =< =~ NH, | Basie nature | Q.12 Bond angle in PH, "is higher than PH,. Why? Ans: Pin PH, is sp” hybridised It has three bond pairs and one lone pair Due to the presence of lone pait- bond pair repulsions, the tetrahedral angle decrease Q.13 NCL. is not formed, why? This is due to the absence of vacant d-orbitals in Nitrogen atom Q.17 Why does R,P= 0 exist but R,N =O does not (R= alkyl group)? Due to the absence of vaccant d oribtals in nitrogen atom, it can show maximum covaleney of four but inR,N=O ,Nhasacovalency of 5 Q.18 Write the reaction of thermal decomposition of sodium azide. Thermal decomposition of sodium azide gives dinitrogen gas. 2NaN, ——> 2Na + 3N, Q.19 Write the conditions for the manufacture of ammonia by Haber’s process Ona large scale, ammonia is manufactured by Haber’s process. Ng) + 3H(g) = 2NHg), AH. = -46.1 KI mot! Inaccordance with Le Chatelier’s principle, The optimum conditions for the production of NH, are:~ (a) High pressure: (200atm to 900 atm ) (b)Low temperature:- a temperature of ~ 700 K (c) Catalyst: FeO with small amounts of K,O and AL,O, to increase the rate of attainment of equilibrium. Q.20 Inthe structure of HNO, molecule, the N-O bond ( 121 pm)is shorter than N - OH bond( 140 pm) Due to resonance N - O bond is having partial double bond character hance shorter than N - OH bond Q.21 Write the name of the complex compound formed in the ring test of nitrate ion. [Fe (H,0), (NO) (brown) Q.22_NF, isan exothermic compound whereas NCI, is not. Soln Due tohigh electronegativity of fluorine, N-F bond is stronger than N-Cl bond Reactions: ——+ N+ 4,0 +Cr,0, Cl(aq) | + = NaNOfaqg) = ——* — Nig) + 2H,0(1) + NaCl (aq) C “+ 4HNO,( Cone.) ——+ HCO, + HO + 4NO, 1, + 10 HNO,( Cone) ——- 210, + 48,0 + 10NO. P, + 20HNO,( Cone.) —— —4H,P0, + + S, + 48HNO,( Cone.) ——- =s-HSO, + 2HO + Zn + — 4HNO, (Cone) —+ = Zn(NO), + 2H,0 , 4Zn + — 10HNO,(Dil) ——+ = Zn(NO), + SHO + NO 3Cu +: 8HNO,( Dil.) > 3Cu(NO,), + 4H,O + 2NO Cu + 2HNO, (Cone) —— + Cu(NO), + = 2N0, + 2.0 Cu (aq) + ANH (aq) ——+ _[CuNH), (aq) + (deep blue AgCl(s) + 2NH, — [Ag(NH,),JCl(aq) Ba(N,), Ba + 3N, Scanned with CamScannerQi Q2 Q3 Qa 6 Q7 Qs Qs Qu0 Qu OXYGEN FAMILY ( 16 gp. Elements) Group 16 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, dioxygen: preparation, properties and uses, classification of Oxides, Ozone, Sulphur-allotropic forms; compounds of Sulphur: preparation properties and uses of Sulphur-dioxide, Sulphuric Acid.: properties and uses; Oxoacids of Sulphur (Structures only) 0, S , Se Te & Po ( Ossetepo ) Why oxygen atom does not show +4 and +6 oxidation states ? OR OF; isnot formed.why? This is due to the absence of vaccant d-orbital in the valence shell of oxygen atom Why +4 oxidation state of Po is more stable than +6? Due to the inert pair effect. Name the element in the oxygen family which show the maximum catenation property. Sulphur atom show the maximum catenation property due to its high bond energy than oxygen Oxygen exist as diatomic molecule and other elements exist as octa atomic explain, This is because oxygen atom hasa tendency to form Pa—Pz multiple bond but due to the large size of sulphurand other elements of this gp do not form stable multiple bonds. Oxygen exist as gas while other elements of this gp are exist as solid, This is because oxygen exist as diatomic molecules and weak vanderwall’s forces are present between the oxygen molecules, It sexist in the gaseous form, other elements of tis gp. exist as octaatomic and strong ‘vanderwall’s forces present in polyatomic molecules these are exist as solid. Name two most important allotrope of sulphur: Which one of the two is sta ‘What happens when the stable form is heated above 370K? Rhombie (c)sulphur and Monoclinic (B) sulphur are two important allotropes of sulphur Rhombie sulphur isstable at room temperature. When Rhombis sulphur is heated above 369 K it conver in tomonoclinie sulphur at room temp? Why does sulphur in the vapour state exhibits paramagnetic behaviour ? Inthe vapour state sulphur exist as S, molecule and S, molecue like O, has two unpaired electrons in the antibonding 1" orbital and hence exhibits paramagnetism. Why the bondangle in H,O is greater than HS? This is because oxygen is more electronegative than sulphur duc to which bond pairs are very close to oxygen atom in H.O than sulphur atom in H,S and due to which greater repulsion occurs between the bond pairs in H,O than H,S and bond angle is increase Why H,0 is a liquid while H,Sis a gas Due to small size and high electronegativity of oxygen. Hydrogen bond is present in H,O and there is no hydrogen bond in HS. Among the hydrides of group 16 elements water show unusual physical properties. Due to small size and high electroneqativity of oxygen hydrogen bonding is present in HO. Arrange the 16 gp. element hydrides in order of boiling point, acidic nature & thermal stability HO < HS < Hse < Hye {Acidic nature} HO > Hs > HSe > HyTe | Thermal stal < HSe < We < HO | Boiling point | Scanned with CamScannerQu2 Qu3 SF, is known but SI, is not known, Explain. Inthe highest oxidation state, sulphur can combine only with highly electronegative element like fluorine F , undergoes hy SF, is kine irolysis but not SI ly inert substance Ans s sterically proctected by six F atoms and hence does not allow H,O molecules to attack the Satom. Q.14 Which of the following does not react with oxygen directly 2Zn, Ti, Pt, Fe Pt, because it isa noble metal and sum of its first four ionization enthalpy is very large Q.15 Explain why O, is thermodynamically less stable than O, ? 20, = 30, AH = ~ 142 KJ mol Ozone is thermodynamically unstable with respect to oxygen because AH is—ve &AS is + ve forthe decomposition of ozone. These two effects reinforce each other, resulting large negative AG for its conversion to oxygen Q.16 Hows O, estimated quantitatively? Ans: When ozone reacts with an excess of potassium iodide solution buffered with a borate buffer (pH 9.2), iodine is liberated which can be titrated against a standard solution of sodium thiosulphate. This is a quantitative method for estimating O, gas. Q.17 Write tha name of the factors responsible for the depletion of ozone layer. Ans chlorofluorocarbons and nitrogen oxide (NO, ) Q.18 What happens when sulphur dioxide is passed through an aqueous solution of Fe(III) salt? 2Fe* + SO, + 2H0 2Fe* + SOP + 4H Q.19 Comment on the nature of two S-O bonds formed in SO, molecule. Are the two S-O bonds in this molecule equal ? Yes, S -O bonds in SO, molecule are equal due to resonance Q.20 How is the presence of SO, detected ? ‘SO, isa pungent smelling gas It can be detected by the following test Ittums the pink violet colour of KMnO, solution to colourless 2MnO- + SSO, + 2H.O——+ 2Mn* + SSO2 + 4H Reactions 2KCIO, 2KCl + 30, PbS + 40, PdSO,+ 40, 2KI + HO + 0, 2KOH +0, + 1, SOMag) + 2H (aq) H.0() + ° S0,ig) + 80,2) 2Fe* + SO, + 2H,0 soz + 4H 2MnO,- + 5SO, + 2HO0 + 4Ht , i 580; SO{g) + Cl(g) — 4FeS,(s) + 110, (g) — — © © © form ( : coke eheds adisulphurte ack Pyrosulpurte aes (eu HS.0), SO. See-saw shape Sup Scanned with CamScannerQl Q2 Q3 Qa Qs Q6 Q7 Qs Qo Q.10 HALOGEN FAMILY ( 17 gp. Elements) Group 17 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens, Preparation, properties and uses of Chlorine and Hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, Oxoacids of halogens (structures only), Fluorine F 9 [He] 2s? 2p* Chlorine a 17 [Ne] 38 3p° Bromine Br 35 [Ar] 3d!".4s° 4p* Iodine 1 53 [Kr] 4d! 33° Sp’ Astatine At 85 [Xe] dP Sd!” 6s°6p! Why the electron gain enthalpy of chlorine is more negative than that of fluorine ? This isdue to the small size of fuorine atom i e having high electron density, due to which greater inter electronic repulsion occur in the compact 2p subshell and the incoming electron does not fee! much attraction, Explain Why halogens are strong oxidising agents ? ‘Because the have high reduction potential values Arrange the halogens in decreasing order of their bond energies. bondenergydecreaseas) Cl > Br > F, > |, Although electron gain enthalpy of fluorine is less negative as compared to chlorine, fluorine is a stronger oxidising agent than chlorine. Why Itis due to (i) low enthalpy of dissociation of F-F bond. (ii) high hydration enthalpy of F- Suggest a method for the preparation of DCI write a balanced eq. for the reaction. Pc + =D, —* Pocl,+ 2DC1 Why H-1is more acidic than H-F This is due to the large size of iodine atom due to which H-I bond becomes weaks and hence breaks easily to givea proton Arrange the 17 gp. element hydrides in decreasing order of boiling point, acidic nature, reducing nature , dipolemoment & thermal stability Reducing character HIo> HBr > HCl > HF Thermal stab! WFO > HCL > Br > HL Dipolemoment HE > HCL > HBr > HL Boiling point HF > HI > HBr > HCI Acidic nature HIo> HBr > HAC > LE Why the dipolemoment of H-F is higher than H-Cl This is because H - F bond is more polar than H - CL Why fluorine form only one oxoacid Due tohigh electronegativity and small size, Fluorine forms only one oxoacids HOF What are the interhalogen compounds? Halogens combine with each other due to difference in their electronegativity forming compounds of the type XX", are called interhalogen compourds, X is always bigger atom and X" is smaller atom and X is less electronegative than X° and ‘n’ may have values 13,5 and 7. Scanned with CamScannerQu Qn Q.13 Q16 Quy Qus Quy Q.20 Q21 Ans: Q.22 ‘Why the interhalogen compounds are covalent in nature ? This is due to the low electronegativity difference between halogens Why interhalogen compounds are more reactive than halogens ? The interhalogen compounds are more reactive than halogens except fluorine because A-B bond is weaker than A-Aand B-B bond. Why is ICI more reactive than I, ? IC] ismore reactive than I, because I- Cl bond is weaker than I- I bond, Consequently , ICI breaks easily to form halogen atoms which readily brings about the reactions CIF, exist but FCI, does not exist explain, Fluorine is most electronegative element therefore It cannot show positive oxidation state, It how only -1 oxidation state therefore FCI, doesnot exist Because of bigger size ,Cl can accommodate three small F-atoms around it while F being small can not accomadate three large sized Cl atoms around it CIF is more stable than IBr This is because Thermal srability decrease as the size difference or the electronegative difference between two halogen atoms decrease or the stability of the interhalogen compounds increase as the size of the central atom increase. Thus CIF is more stable than IBr Fluorine provides the large variety of interhalogen compounds among halogen , why ? Fluorine is smallest in size, most electronegative and isthe strong oxidising agent Why Chlorine water on standing loses its yellow colour? Chlorine water on standing loses its yellow colour due to the formation of HCI and HOCI. Why Chlorine water acts as oxidising agent and bleaching agent? Chlorine react with water form hypochlorousacid which is unstable decomposes to gives nascent oxygen which is responsible for oxidising and bleaching properties of chlorine. C+ HO ——+[HCl + HOC] ——+ 2HCl + [0] Hypochlorousacid nascent oxygen Why bleaching action of chlorine water is permanent? Bleaching action of chlorine water is permanent due to oxidation When HCl reacts with finely powdered iron, it forms ferrous chloride and not ferric chloride. Why? Its reaction with iron produces H, Fe + 2HC] ——* FeCl, + 4H, Liberation of hydrogen prevents the formation of ferric chloride Name two poisnous gases which can be prepared from chlorine gas. Phosgene(COCI,), Tear gas(CCI,NO,), Mustard gas ( CICH,CH,SCH,CH,CD, Write two uses of ClO, Itisused as bleaching agent for paper pulp and textile industry and in water treatment, Scanned with CamScannerReactions Cl, + F, —28_ ocr; 1, + 3Cl, > 21Cl, (equal volume) —— Cl, + 3F, SK, 2CIF,: Br, + 3F, > 2B1F, (excess) {diluted with water) > 21C1; > 2BrF, MnO, + 4Hcl ——> Moc, + 2HO + Cl 2KMn0, +“ IGHC!_ « ——» 2KCL + MnCl, + 8HO + SCI, 8NH, + 3Cl +» 6NHCI + Ny (excess) NH, = + 3Cl, = ——* NCI, +3HICI (excess) 2NcOH + CC, ——> Nach + NaOCl + HO (cold and dilute 6N®OH + 3Cl, ——* snaCl + NaClO, + 3H, (hotand cone 2FeSO, + + ca — 2HCI Na,SO, _ 2HCI _ 2HCI — 10HCI ay) as ‘ i a A> Z Che o © oo o% \So oO HOCL HCIO, He , HCIO, Hypochlorous acid Chlorous acid Chlorie acid Perchlorie acid Fe E - Fis f oar en | INS J — CI—_ F 1 _8s a] ar, ', (Bent -T- shape ) BrF, (Square pyramidal) Scanned with CamScannerNOBLE GASES (18 GROUP ELEMENTS) Group 18 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses He - Helium, Ne - Neon, Ar - Argon. kr - Krypton, Xe - Xenon , Ro - Radon. ()—Theyare also called aerogens because they occur in air: QL Whatidea led Bartlet to study the reaction between Xenon and PtF,. (0, react with PEE, to form ionic compund O,"[PLE | The first ionisation energy of Xe (1170 KImol") is almost. same asthat of, (1175 KJmol), This led Bartlet to study reaction between Xe and PIE, Q.2_ Most of the known noble gas compounds are those of xenon This is due to the lowest ionisation energy of xenon. Q.3. Helium and neon do not form compounds with fluorine. why 2 This is due to the high ionisation energy and absence of vacant d- orbitals Q4 Noble gases have positive electron gain enthalpy. Explain This is due tothe fully filled stable configuration of noble gases Q5 Noble gases have very low boiling point. why ? ‘Noble gase are monoatomic. Their atoms are held together by weak dispersion forces and hence can be liquefied at very low temperature Therefore they have low boiling point Q.6. Neonis generally used for warning signals. why ? ‘Neon lights are visible from long distances even in fog and mist and hence neon if generally used in ‘waming signals. Q.7 Why are the elements of Group 18 known as noble gases ? ‘The elements present in Group 18 have their valence shell orbitals completely filled and, therefore, react, witha fewelements only under certain conditions. Therefore, they are now known as noble gases. Q8 Why hast been difficult to study the chemistry of radon? Radonis radioactive with very short half-life which makes the study of chemistry ofradon difficult. Q.9 Which gas is used in filling ballons for metrological observations? Helium isanon-inflammable and light gas. Hence, itis used in filling balloons for meteorological observations. Q.10 Xenon does not form such fluorides such as XeF, and XeF_ Ans. This is because Xe in its excited state contains even number of half filled orbitals. Reactions: Xe(g) + PE,(2) —— ss *Xe'[PIF Hs) XeF, + OF, — > Xe + 0, 2XeF(s) + 2H,O(1) ——* 2Xe(g) + 4HF(aq) + O(g) + 1DHLO —— + 2xe0, + 4Xe + 30, + 24HF XeF, + 3H,0 —— Xe0, + 6HF XeF, + PF, —— _ [XeFf (PEF XeF, + Sbk, —— > __[Xek [SbF XeF, + ME ——* Mek,“ (M=Na, K, Rb, Cs) eK (¢) Distorted octahedral (d) Square pyramidal (¢) Pyramidal (a) Linear (ey Square planar Scanned with CamScannerThe d- and f- Block elements ( UNIT -8 ) x Unit VII: d and f Block Elements 12 Periods General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals — metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, inters compounds, alloy formation Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, lanthanoid contraction and its consequences. ‘Those elements which have partially filled d-orbitals in the elementary form or ionic form are called transitionelements, ‘Those elements which are present between s and p block elements are called Transition elements. Those elements in which the last electron is enter to the Penultimate (n-1) d subshell are called transition elements. General Properties of d- block elements (1) Electronic configuration (2) Meltingand boiling point (3) Enthalpy of Atomization (4) Atomieandionie radi (5) onization potential (6) Variable oxidation states (7) Standard electrode potential (8) Reactivity (9) Magnetic properties (10) coloured comounds (11) Catalytic properties (12) Alloy formation (13) Interstitial compounds (14) Complex compounds Grgup 1 pono || 19 1418 16 37 2 + Transtton elements + a (a 4 8 6 7 8 9 1 n 12. 7 aid edeoe seul: 5 Y Zr Nb Mo Te mu mrs na co . (ta He ta w Le Pt aw Ho 7 Lae Rt) bb) Sa Bh Hs Mt Ds | Ag cn Figure The positions of transition elements Qu Write the general electronic configuration of d- block elements. Ans. The general electronic configuration of transition elements is (1-1) d'“" ns* Q.2 Why Zn, Cd and Hg are not considered as true transition elements, Ans: Thisis because neither they nor their ions have partially filled d-orbitals. unlike other transition elements they are not hard because they donot have unpaired electrons and the metallic bond is weak Q.3 Transition elements have high melting points. Why? Ans: Thisis due to the presence of strong metallic bond and strong metallic bonds are due to involvement of greater number of electrons in metallic bonding from (n-1)d orbitals in addition to ns electrons, Why Zn, Cd & Hgare soft and have low melting points? This is because they have fully filled d -orbitals and due to whcih weak interatomic interactions are present Iver atom has completely filled d- orbitals ( 4d" ) in its ground state. How can you say that i transition element’ Silver can exhibit +2 oxidation state wherein it will have incompletely filled d - orbitals, hence a tran element Scanned with CamScannerQ6 Q7 Ans: Q.12 Ans: Q.13 Ans: Qu4 Ans: ‘The melting point of transition elements for a given series first inerease and then attain a maximum value and_ after that decrease.Explain Thisisbecause the number of unpaired electrons of the transition elements first increase then decrease, Why do transition elements exhibit higher enthalpies of atomisation? Because of large number of unpaired electrons in their atoms they have strong interatomic interaction and hence strong bonding between atoms resulting higher enthalpies of atomisation. In the 3d series the enthalpy of atomisation of Zinc is lowest ie 126 Jmol. why ? Inthe formation of metallic bonds , no electrons from 3d orbitals are involved in case of zinc, while in all other metals of the 3d sereis, electrons from the d orbitals are always involved in the formation metallic bonds. ‘The metals of the second (4d Jand third (5d ) series have greater enthalpies of atomisation than the corresponding elements of the first series. This is because the 4d and Sd series of the transition metals have more. frequent metal - metal bonding in their compounds than 3d metals, ‘Metal -metal bonding is more frequent for the 4d and Sd series transition metals than that for the 3d series. Explain This is because 4d and Sd series elements have greater distance of outer eleectrons form the nucleus as compared to 3d series elements Thus the valence electrons are less tightly held and hence can form metal -metal bond more frequent In the transition series with increase in atomic number, the atomic radius does not change very much why is it so? As we move from left to right along a transition series, the nuclear charge increase which tends to decrease the size but the addition of electrons in the d - subshell increase the screening effect which counterbalances the effect of increased nuclear charge Why Zr and Hf show similiar Properties Zrand Hshow similiar properties due to same atomic radii Why the jon enthalpies of Zn, Cd & Hg are very high? This is due to the greater stablity of fullyfilled d-orbitals. Why the first ionisation energy of Sd elements is higher than those of 3d and 4d elements ? This is due to the weak sheilding effect of the 4f electrons present in Sd series of transition elements Why Transition elements show variable oxidation states? ‘They show variable oxidation state. This is because there is very little difference in energies of ns and penultimate (n-I)d subshell and electrons form both of shell participate in the bond formation, jame a tran! ble oxidation states. Scandium ( Z=21) does not exhibit variable oxidation states Which of the 3d series of the transition elements exhibits the large number of oxi Manganese , Mn(Z.=25 ) as its atom has the maximum number of unpaired electrons states and why? Scanned with CamScannerQ.18 Which of the 3d series of the transition elements exhibits highest oxid, states and why 2 ‘Ans’ Manganese , Mn(Z=25) Q.19 Why is the Ans: Because of's state hest oxidation state of a metal exhil oxide or fluoride only? all size and high electronegativity oxygen or fluorine can oxidise the metal to its highest oxidation Q.20 Whcih element of 3d series show more frequently +1 oxidation state? Ans: Cr Q.21 Why is the Evalue for the Mn*/Mn™ couple much more positive than that for Cr*/Cr® or Fe**/Fe*? Explain. ‘Ans: Much larger third ionisation energy of Mn (where the required change is? to) is mainly responsible for this. Thisalso explains why the-+3 state of Mn is of little importance. Q.22. Why Mn* compounds are more stable than Fe** compounds towards oxidation to their + 3 state? Ans — Mn** has half filled 3d° electronic configuration. Q.23 Which is a stronger reducing agent Cr or Fe” and why ? Ans: Cr*is stronger reducing agent than Fe* Reason: d* —3d' occurs in case of Cr to Cr* Butd’ —) “d occurs in case of Fe™ to Fe” Inamedium (like water) @’ is more stable as compared to d° ( CFSE ) Q.24 Which transition element of 3d series has positive £* (M"/M) value and why ? Ans: Cu, The reason for positive E° value for copper is that the sum of enthalpies of sublimation and ionization isnot balanced by hydration enthalpy Q.25 Acompound of vanadium has a magnetic moment of 1.73 B.M. Work out the electronic configuration of vanadium ion in the compound. Ans’ Magnetic moment (1) = ra 173 = yun) ‘Thus there is only one unpaired electron in the vanadium ion (23): Ist 2s? 2ps 3s? 3pt 3d? ve Is 2p? 3st 3p' 3d! Solving form weget n =I Q.26 One unpaired electro ‘moment for chromium. Ans Cry Is? 2st 2p* 3s! 3p! 3d° 4s! ‘There are six unpaired electrons, Therefore the total magnetic moment = 61.1 = 6.6BM atom contributes a magnetic moment of 1.1 BM. Calculate the magnetic Q.27 Which out of Fe and Fei more paramagnetic and why? 2p 3s 3p* 3d° Fe’ Is 2s 2p’ 3s¢ 3p* 3a Fe'*is more paramagnetic because it has more unpaired electrons (5) than Fe (4) Scanned with CamScannerQ.28 Q31 Ans: Q.32 Q.33 Ans Q34 Ans: Q.36 Ans Q37 0.38 039 Q.40 Soln, Calculate the magnetic moment of a divalent ion in aqueous solution if its atomic number is 25. With atomic number 25, the divalent ion in aqueous solution will have d* configuration (five unpaired electrons) The magnetic moment, pis a =\GR 5.92BM Which ion in the first transition series show highest paramagnetism ? Fe** and Mn ( 34°) Why Transition elemnts form coloured compounds? Due to the presence of unpaired electrons they show d-d transition and form coloured compounds [Ti (H,O),|* is coloured while [Se(H,O),|**is colourless explain, ‘T?hasone unpaired electron but Sc™ has no unpaired electrons. Zn™ salts are white while Cu* salts are coloured Zn** salts have completely filled d orbitals ( 34") thus d-d transition is not possible, while in Cur salt d- orbitalsare incomplete ( 3d” )and d - d transition is possible which makes its salt coloured. ‘Most of the transition elements and their compound show catalytic properties.Explain ‘Transition elements and their compound show catalytic properties because they show variable oxidation state and provide large surface area for the reactants to be adsorbed Why V0, act as catalyst. VO, act as catalyst because ithas large surface area so it ean form unstable intermediate complex which readily change into product, Why Transition elements form alloys ? Because they have nearly equal atomic rad Why Transition elements form Interstitial compounds? Due to the presence of vaccant space in their crystal lattice, they form interstitial compounds. Why Transition elements form complex compounds? Transition elements have good tendency to form complex compounds because of lower ionic radii higher nuclear charge and presence of vacant d orbitals Cu is more stable than Cu". Explain ‘Cu'* with d'® configuration should be more stable but actually Cu is more stable than Cu'* ion because of high heat of hydration Why some of the transition elements do not displace hydrogen form dilute acids why. This is because most of the transition metals have negative value of oxidation potential. Out of Fe and Cu, which would exhibit higher melting point? Fe, due to large number of unpaired d-electrons, metalling bonding is strong Scanned with CamScannerQ4l Ans Qa2 Ans Q43 ‘Ans 44 Ans: What are inner transition elements? Those elements in which the last electron is enter to inner shell of the penultimate shell (antepenultimate) are called f- block elements. They are also called inner transition elements. Write the general electronic configuration of f- block elements. (1-2) (n-1)d ns? Cet acts as good oxidising agent and Eu™ acts as good reducing agent ‘The most stable oxidation state of lanthanoids is+3. Hence, ions in-+2 state tend to change to +3 state by loss of electrons and those in + 4 oxidation state tend to change to + 3 by gain of electrons. Define the lanthanoids contraction. What cause and write the consequences of lanthanoid contraction. TT T_T TT T_T Lanthanoid contraction: 0 \ ‘The overall decrease ( contraction ) in atomic and ionic radi trivalent ions) oflanthanoids with increasing atomic number is called lanthanoid contraction. Cause of Lanthanoid contraction 100 This is beacuse the new electron is added to the same 4f- subshell ie nuclear charge increase and there is weak sheilding effect of 4f- electrons because 4f orbitals are large and diffuse due to which electrons are more strongly attracted by the nucleus and atomic & ionic radii decrease e d/pem A Consequences of lanthanoid contraction: we ie (a) Difficulty in separation of anthanoids 3 ai as as a7 a 7 Atom number —+ (b) in the atomic sizes of the elements of second and third transition series present in the same group. Zrand H'show similiar properties (c) Variation in basic strength of hydroxide: The basie strength of oxides and hydroxides decrease from La(OH), to Lu(OH), What is misch metal ? Give it one use. Itisanalloy and it consist of 95% lanthanoid metal and 5% iron with traces of S, C Caand Al Actinoids show large number of oxidation states. Explain Due to comparable energies of Sf, 6d and 7s orbitals, all the electrons present in these subshell may participate inthe bonding process. Actinoid contraction from element to element is more than Lanthanoid contraction. Explain This is because of poor shielding of Sfelectrons than 4f electrons Scanned with CamScannerPOUNDS Coordination compounds - Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties ‘and shapes, 1UPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding, Werner's theory, VBT, and CFT. Q.1 What is the meant by primary and secondary valencies of metals ? ‘Ans: The Primary valencies are normally ionisable and are satisfied by negative ions. The Secondary valencies are non-ionisable.Secondary valencies are satisfied by negative ions or neutral molecules Secondary valency is equal to the coordination number and is fixed for a metal. Q.2 When NiCl2.6H20 is treated with AgNO3, two molecules of AgCl are precipitated. What is the secondary valency of metal in this compound ‘Ans: 6 Because formula of complex is [Ni(H20)s]Clz ‘Q.3What is the meant by a ligand, What is denticity of a ligand ? ‘Ans: The ions or a molecule bound to a central metal atom or ion in the co-ordination entity is called Ligand. The number of atoms in a ligand through which itis bound to a metal gives it denticity e.g in monodentate one atom acts as donar atom e.g Cl+, HO, NH3 etc. Ifa ligand can bind through two donar atom it is called bidentate ligands H2NCH.CH:NH; and similarly tridentate and polydentate ligands -EDTA(Hexadentate). Q,4What do you mean by Ambidentate ligand ? ‘Ans: The ligand which can ligate through two different atom is called ambidentate ligand e.g NOx and CN’ e.g M—NO2,M—ONO and M—CN , Me—NC. Q.5What is meant by co-ordination number: AnsiThe coordination number of a metal or a metal ion in a complex can be defined as the number of ligand donor atoms to which the metal is directly bonded. For example (PtCls]? _ coordination number is 6. iat are homoleptic and hetroleptic complexes. Scanned with Camscanner Scanned with CamScannerAnsiFor neutral and catio fer fol nic complexes ion we write the name of ligands in their alphabetic llowed by name of metal with its oxidation number (,1,II.,Jete. anionic complex ion we atin name of metal (if any) number. write names of ligandsin their alphabetic order followed by with suffix ~ate( ferrate,cobaltate etc) with the oxidation ‘Q.B.Write the IUPAC name of the following compounds , (H) [N(CO).) W-LFe(CN)e|* MICO (NHs)g}* Ans: I-Tetracarbonyinickel (O)II-Hexacyanidoferrate(iNion I: Hexzamminecobaitlijion Ans: [Co(NH;)<(H:0)CI}Cly Q.10What are the main hybridisation and shape involved with complexes in co-ordination number 4,5,6 according to VSEPR The Ory. | Co-ordination number Types of Hybridisation [Shape - [ia Sp Tetrahedral 4 i ase ‘[Square planar PSE SG) p's Trigonal bipyramidal | 6a tsp a | Octahedral az Tese# —[oetahearal Q.12Distinguish [Fe(CN)«]? and [FeF* on the basis of hybridisation and magnetic Properties.spin and shapes Ans: [Fe(CN)e]?_ ——--d?5p?,low spin complex, inner orbital,octahedral & paramagnetic [FeFs}*----sp'd:high spin complexes, outer orbital complenes,highly paramagnetic Q.12What isthe difference in hybridisation involved in [Ni(CO}e] and [Ni(CN)|* Anszin (Ni (CO)«] ~sp? and [Ni(CN)4]?> ~dsp? Q.13What is the difference in magnetic properties of [Fe(CN}e|* and [Fe(CN}e) Ans: [Fe(CN). [Fe(CN)]*- dimagnetic complex due to absence of unpaired electron paramagnetic because one paired electron present, Q.14 What is meant by crystal field splitting AnsiThe splitting of degenerate orbitals (4) due to presence of ligands in a definite geometry is termed as crystal field splitting, Scanned with Camscanner Scanned with CamScannerr Q.15 Name two different types of d-orbitals. Ans: tap orbitals-dn,dye and da & e,- dx?-y?, daa Q.16, What are the strong field ligands and weak field ligands. ‘Ans:The ligand which produce strong fields causing large splitting (4° Pairing energy) for example CO,CN*The ligands which produce weak field causing small spitting are weak field ligand (Q%< Pairing energy) for example F- and Cl Q.17.What is a spectorchemical series ? Ans:Ligands when arranged in order of their increasing field strength, the series so obtained is called SPECTROCHEMICAL series. } MACHEN KC) chycl + KN0,7 cH30ND * leo) chy + AgeN 9 CHANC + Ag) +AgO) a cng) + Ag ND; > CH ND) Differenhate between chival and achival wol-ecule. she molecule which We won supyi mposeble bb heiy MiieveY We wplerwle which are image ore called chival, while Supwm posable oO their mij vroy image are called achiral ‘ H or ee: " yom 1 C uy any r ad ae 5 we By : x f UL —_ —_—’ : opheally achye, a, pairs Ach va) chia) Waplerule , 40% supwropiseb)+ caxbon altached wilh Four diftecnh abe | gvmps @3| Idewlsfy chival and achixal molecule H H Ho, om ~ Ae wy B s he oA, Dye g, c) " By 2 Cs Ch\val As) Am chivg B Achi val Scanned with CamScanner@ ae. @). g vohak 16 Walewie walxtune | walemic wood fitation race misay? A woixhine feobaising equal @erour of id’ aid 1b" frye Such Pha) op sca) oka of both cancelled ou) and vesuld Zex® oplical wokahim, is cae d Salowic Wivhne 7 watpwic Mpdificahom the prveess of Conversion of enanhomer into a *vacewvic wanthive is Known as Salomisalio Explain ov Write a Shoxt note on Bo Ele minalion ov dehydro halogenation whes aw alkyl halide containing ‘a! bydvogen i eohd wal alegholic Koh ulvim Phen ebemivahion of “pH and baloger frm ‘x’ posi Hom talee place , which vesult for mation of alkene. THs is called “p'- elemiughio YN ® PL) Sac 4 Bt —c—c~ ——2 Of N | I Explain SanTaeres vule, wilh Me help of txamplt By alckoH Je nL ale iéoh Cr <> Peot-2~enk 2- Brom opentone Prot Irene (ager) Cminoe) a), May, whee a alkyl hal de cpa w0ve fran me type \ of pH undergoes 'p' elemivabya, nen prefered produel ig Prat ablcene whith has We queatey mueobe of otky qraups alyarhed tv te doubly honded cabo alms. what if a bug noone lic tomprends | Grignard Reagen| : Give the vaehnnd of pre paralion , A dragnosd reagent is ayy organo wetall cope je ds which eaten Carbon- meal boo a, (H, > + My doy hy CHy OH, Mg BY Carvignard Reagent) Scanned with CamScanner%. @4. Ww! ni d 7 a ane xeogend shold be pre paird under anhy dvous ® Grignard seogel ae veyxeocHve and veal wilh any sowve of proton fe pve hydvorarbons ( waiel, alcohol, amines cam provide Hi) RmgX + HO —> RNY My (oh) (x) Ex pln following xeo chow fe SANDMENER'S RierIOw B- FINKELSTEIN REACTION C- SWARTS REACTION D-WURTZ REACTION E- WURTZ FrITIG REACTION F- Fist a REACTION A - SANDMENER'S REACTION- py Nanda + HA Nix = cs Bembne diazonium halide sy N2% tin x a rhe, =~ 4N xX 2 ¢),Byr cr xX =a, By co > when a primary ahomalc amine o> HOND at Low 4emnpermbare, Benzene dinzowium Chil produce , which reach Wik) Cup yous chipride Chivw benzene. xeacts wilh Nanot Ha oxide ib produce BW FINKELSTEIN REACTION = whes allyl chlovide] byw) de reacts with Nal iv dry acetme vabkylindide is produce a-xX+ Nat — RTF wax b x =a, By Noli ov NaBy Haus produced 1s precipitated im ayy i} faubletes tne feyward weachim acelme and Lechgliess principle accor ding to ce SWARTS REACTION | CH,” BY thy CHy Ft Ag Br whew alleyl chlovide/ bromide are heated im hye presence of a metallic tlupride Such as Agf. Hah | oof ar Sb then cov ves ponding fluoride are produced. Dp -WURTZ REACION~ = _29R-yy Na RR+ 2NAX vale abteyl bulide ic treated wilh Srdjuwy in day ¢Hhs Hen aditgo oo lycyorrbon combating dauble the hum ber 6f Scanned with CamScannerfrbom alwms presen) iso ic E= &| S Ql, Ihe halide will produced @ WURTZ FITTG REACTION” Aroiyluve of an abley| hahde awd arg) Whide gives an alkylbenzene when treat with Sodium Im avy eles and ig calhed Wurtz Bthg cy a es + Nat (Hyd. > ay + CHAt ay ebyen FEY VIGREACTION Whe aryl halide is Heated with Sodium iy yy eter Aven Hw aryl grup get Joined roger . x : aces + 2Me eM COTTON 4 amas ¥ 201, BY complete the followivng veotim . ft i) on So, — Ww os" Ha Bee ing = Ughr HH, 0H . it) coy +He| A iv) Star —> He — reed B Nat vi) vy) Chyth, Be + x CD68 ar a * “cH . eel i) ii) fos 3 i) 7 CH! cy Js we = By wc vam 0" FZ Eyplam nucleopWlic subshluto reactor wi Pa Ww help of eam ple and Syl @ Snr Mechanism, A nuclegpllic syubghtubo veachon ts Iw @whch a stvnges Muclepphule displaces a weale nucleophile (Teovi eg grup) tums halo ablcaw . e [ee , ine aye Nast - ' | Cleave ery a Yeechoo Scanned with CamScannerSyd ~ MECHANISM, CHsd+0H ——> che OH + OF c~ +0n —> ww H y)- Beoomobulane Butane ol ov mw BuBe + ecw HONE, Bulv Naecharuise ” 4 2 + cn bt ss nora By WG oN B 6 v fi He; Bi, - b nucleophile cH athe fom Transition shate | lacie side of C-Bx bund b iH forma Somembued tans hoo Slate and Mis ulbmabl hin get crowed inte product Ne 035 wilh invessi~ of configuration 7 WW . f f C Devevsim of orlguratiny) Gls Gus + Snt- Mechevusen-/0)- go Br 4 Ho —epek oh + BT en 1 3 ch, Shep G)— Slow skep, Frematm ef Corbocaten( planer), “abe aekeemining step: (ons + By” (Slow step) te yom = N on” £ m Be chy chs C Planer) _[stepes yh Jon” (Same side C Pack afrack) Ee I atkecle) CHS C2Hs ww Ph Phy ho “~oH ‘4 Hy ay 1 CTversion) ( Rem bom) Scanned with CamScanner4 JeoLBE's REACTION - when phewel is Unit XI: Alcohols, =) Phenolsandéthers rcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary Secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration. ' Jicohols only), identification of primary, preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of uses of phenols. phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, USES, _ ov Explain he Following seach gg) Reimer- Tiemann Real $ Lams TATIONS treated with NaH aduced, which witty CO, 8) Kolbe’s Reackm ction cy Estear fication dD) WILLIAN SON syn Hye ss AND ET: phemoxide ion is Pp ‘ undergo -ellec}vophilic subsh tuo weath™ "wa oH coo oH ) Gh mts GY Bee I . ait We 2-Hydvory benz oie aud Cealveyetic Acid) p) REEMER - Trema~NNn REACTION - On treatng Phenol wilh chloroform cHay3 IM the presence of NadH, a ~ CHU gyvup Is inbeoduced at oxthe posibon of benzene ving. oH o-wat owa* = 1. CHC; + Wavh cH) Nav Uy-0— C4, + NaBw du )e 1% 5 cH Cm aso) Lowi PAS ION - Tf alkyl lualide is pray Hen ether yield Ne gh ub sf ableyl halide 1s tetlieay » eMaee yield jg low amd abeene ie produced due elimniuahm veacho . fh, i, Cho: Nat + CHOC By —> CH, OH+ CHL =e —&H 7 7 \ 3 ) 3 oy > cH, 1 Methyl pe pen? Mazo) why 0 -Nj deo he nol has low boiling point but para~ Nit pheno! Nas igh - oR Why O-Nitywpherol bic Sham volat}e but peta-Nibe pheno! ty lew wlakk- oR How will You seperate He mixtuet of ortho amd para Nitto phenol tye oxtry and pare isomer Com be seperated by steam dshliakom . O-NAophenol is skam volatile (lew bp) due to \nbramolecular hydwgen bonding Chavous due bo close provimity of ok amd NU. gvrmp) while p-Nibsephenol i bess volak\e due be jake moletylar lydwaen by oding which causes he agspuahon Of mo)etule. os on ye ji Ho LOL iy o-nitwephewe! Pi- Niky, phesol ¢ salam C Lotetmolerylat H-bonding) Scanned with CamScannerExpl Me acidic chavacts oxyde of diffewmt q\cohas, 19, 2%, 3" gle) , The pvde of acidic characla is \° Ron + 2RoH > 3" ROH CPvimary) (Secondry) (Teaver ) Due fo polay O-H bond Me acidic charac. Axe. Hence mpve pola a-H bond ssesults move Acide chavacln . R—> CH, ol y Priva ary Second vy r SX cuou YY? Ree — oH R R Tea any glechya veleasing gwmys AF Intretts =v bond iacrease 0 tacvese acidic polar chavade. waite Hue tupac Naame of followive = Hy -h- 4 ~thy a) Cols? dy co) thy om He ) uu ra) s €) co *) oH a) a-metrylburenybenrene c) -iehory propane E) Benzene-ly U-adio We. 4, 3) or ane bu bu oH chy -cH —¢H2 0H > ty g) 2-Bivyy tri dimethyl cyclo trant 0) Pagane “13-4 ce) 2mebylp? pero! Scanned with CamScanner6 Empl ain why c-0-€ bond angle iw ever is @® vapre Prem cov-h bund amgle jn alertol Because in ele wepulelve Mberachow belween Hye Jwo bulky (-e) qnveps take place hut such xe pulgino Ys ls iy ROW alcohol How will ou pre part pheaol for (o\\owl ny. ) cliorwhenrere >): Benzene 3) Aline Yy Cumeane at a ci OB dn 25 6) ) oO 4 NavH ~Fopako? SPH wash i leu, cy — ) el > n) Wt her oO NH 20) Ni AMC i) ands _n20_» (oo) +”? Qs wwe fo) oH myc-gu-chy ne f0 0-H © 4 cy, OH ) at 3 ») — — 3 ven ction | Complete Mme following i) cH he Ky tao] at 0 ‘i yt “a oth, _MaBAy, va Bay va BMY, » yO 4 —cho aa Fil oH cH GOH ) ay - cH 8B) ) ) chy bho eth- cH CHO ii) Scanned with CamScannerExplain the Flowing HYDRATION MiecHANIEM of alieenc to produce a\cohol * chy eH HH ES ymca oH plve MWe fallvtotug Hav ee Sheps The mechanrem Invi ho frm coxtaocation Prolpnation af allcene clectvephilie alteck of Hoe Step-t - uN as Wbsa at 3 Ad! H | cH oo Nao ae & j= ‘ — ch —¢H, AW,0 . ON NT Steam 2 Nucleophidie attack of walt om caxbocaiom 4 oe \ ps cnc eH, A Hy OF chy on Hy greo- pepwtonatin fo form a a cohol é ow 3 RO os 1 ; , = CHa CH meHS 4Hy0 Expian the dehydrate of alerbol ab high Hyp to produce alkene. , Holoy CH, SCH tH! cHy cH, ou Te 207-Hy POY chHy-¢ =cH, + H20 ch, oR thy 2? oy in 35 Ble 3 dy, step-F: Frevation of prolwated alcoho) Se woos _ eee cH,on ot WO chHycHy Pa CFAS H repay Fsraaheon of cavbomahim , slowed step» wate debariving Ste “ ee: 4 HO (stow sie?) CHy CH OH, cH37 CM, alkene by eljvainahm of a proton srepiy Yale 0 : ea —_— \ 7 ne GRedy SEH oo Scanned with CamScannerExplain the mechanism of delydvalim of alechol (iD in prepence OF ad at low fevaperature ul3k bo fore ETHER cH, cH, oH H2 SY Coie-o -t Hy My Tee 2Uy 2s The forma of eWe is a yuchophilic \ienoberulan veackun (Sy 2) step J Prymako of protonated alevto) no uw Chy CH, OW 4 Ai 5 chy CH, Ne p-o ° Nucleophilic altace of estineardhdent® bo protonated alcohol mo berule 2. 7. —~ 4 te Gusoh + CHM BM, 7 We 9 HC ” 4 + Heo Loss of Preber b fxm alecho) Sre-p-m HH, CA 4 Ht 02 Heo ‘Gh \, tne frllowing veachions Predick tre products of f "4 te uty Ap yc CH, 8” (hy AHBY — ii) CORO UNE i OCahs HBr — WN) (Cp), 6-0 Hs i) oY + | oN GtsBr ij 2 i) chy on, ¢h, OH + CH; BY i) Co + s cake My ar is ee gy t ni) tos + 6) wy E QHe cy, 0 yy Jest to detect a Phenol ov Aviline HT sy Give a chemical ut 5 eno) Mae) Be By 2/4,b Tribwmop len Br (white ppd) a 4 Bails) ae ay oyig Tri byewaralive Coiite pp) Scanned with CamScanner‘and chemical properties, aldehydes,uses. Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature nlawye of Folluwing. Ox i) Cau, i’) a” ii) ar properties;uses. TT wire he ~ TUPAC SA cel pheno) Ww) CHa OH, vy) duo cue ¢HO vil) Orch vii) cook Coon Cook A-| 1) \- Phenyl ethan -\-one 9) Diphenylmethan one |g) 3-Oxopeodonl- a\ ‘Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclat mechani Propio phenamé rbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical sure, nature of ca lie addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in ism of nucleophil fe, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical —— C Benzophename) CHO 1 . chy ay-e —ch,-oH vi) ND, eo Aeon Br ub Phenyl peopan “lune iv) Propane “42,3 - bricarbaldelyse \- Ni hobenzene cava ldehy de vi) oR y-nii twobenzald eye Propane-i2, 3-bricarboxy bie aga Weye\-enaic acid Ceneid) of fallowing tes} Fehling Reagent Tor DY-DN-P TEST EF wii) vill) y-Bromo - 3-00 2 | Explam the chemishyy A. Tollen's Reagent Tat B- C. BW topvform tes D- nahico, TST On Warming an aldehyde CNot ketme) wilh Gres prepmed arnmonica) Agniny solubon (Tolten's | ~verqent) , a \ovight A c | ue i gut Ag wuixsoy te produced d » ye fermaion of atv ot. Weta) ' * ss 4 - Ron + 2CAg (NHS), J> + FOH A, Revo 4tAg 4 ayyD tUMH, R y R atollen's Reagent —> No year tim A |p ToWen’s REAGENT TEST h Scanned with CamScannerB. When Aldehyde (Alot Benzaldchyde) % heated wilh ® Sewing veagent Cmix: of 11 of Feh-A afeh- Bb’) A weddish brown precipitate ig abbunt. \cetome algo do Hot give Wiis feb 24, Sonn —> Revo 4 COL 4310 Red ppt Rep + lu wool ule . Beet cman F CH ‘ oO Ov Cy cH Styuchuve i y oH : weaked wie Sa ]NaoH gy Naot, a yellow precip etate OF CHES je pre duced c, Topo mem TET 1 when 0 na Bicy, SOtttEe, coe + CHES I MrelnyLleehme pelle ppt This Fat ie algo given by CH GH and CHycH oi Dd, 2)4-DN-P ov ” BRADY'S REAGEMT TEST~ When aldehyde ov \eehme 5 heated with 2s4- Divi pheno)~ Wy dynzint 7 O& yellow -ovange-*e preci private wil) protec. Nn won ‘ ec =Nn-N - NI, eno 4 NH,-NH-XO)-Me, ——> & £ 49) b . apyedinibe phenyl ~ hy daze test)- When = CAB NATE - tp, TEST (sodlom : oie ae cg dweated Wik Nale?s , Coy oe ve leated which twas Lime water milky, This confirms prone of carn borylic group: ¥ ~Coo” + + 60, Q-CovH 4aNahlv, ——? R-Coo Na H,O a oO Calon}, + 60, —> Calo, Gaitey J ape Calo, + C0,+42—s ca 03), @ es (colsurtors 5 canned wi amscannerDiskinguich between tee following paiv of compmerds GB 1 - CHgcHo CeWanal) amd chyco cH, C Aceh) H chycho Cethanal) and Lo)cuo CBenzaldehyde) 1 < ° cu cho Celmanal) and chycH,cH,cH0 CButaval) W- chycno (Erhanal) and cH, Cook (EMravpic acid) T- — CHyCooH (Ethamoie acid) amd HlooH (Methamoic avid) cH a- see aud) aad (0) (Benealdelyde) Wr CH tH oF (Ewanol) and cHy 0K (melanie) ae Write Phe reach also ey) TEST CH, CHO CHC OCH, A) Tollens! Test - oxy ane Compa + Avan: (Ag mj rv) No Reaction Silver Ni rahe + Hak 8) Fen Ling TEST © ory aie lompd + Feb At . = No Reactim Peh- gis Heat Curd Rn cup ir Test SICH I “roti UFEHUNG REAGENT TEST™ (cu,0) No Reachon Ovgarvec Compound + Fehliry A Red pp? a Felling ‘g’ +Heot 0 Te Sr CHZCHD Hy HOHE? Fone mem vest Cent: Wo Reach o@Gawe Compiuind + Tat ane ae Nook a Heat JES cH CHO Ch, C00n v A. TOLLE’ REAGENT TEST (A No reach Org arac Compound + Avam ovica) at Ree NO, + WaAw ) Na Hod, TEST- OVganic Cea toy) NaHCDs So) KY wh mille compl ANB ETS Oy Pei alt No Abe edie 4 Go canned wi amocanner@ ee Hyco 0H JTenen's Rengent 184- 3 H~¢CooH Orgaev¢ Comnpotnd + Ava omial Nig Reaations (Aq Mivwv) Aghty Silutions Weim ig pro duerd wh TE ST cH,CH, OH cH,0h Foperem TESt™ Ovqarve Compound + To4Ma 0H (curs) nivalis Atrear Yellow pp? cool Yo vw TEST yeNa Cb Kok Benzvic Acid Benzaldshy de > Oqqee Gmprand Qe ce Papin ed . 7 Naheo, and pars Ine qu Pilkey Appemance No Reaction produced Havovgh Lime water (ca £03) 2. ToLens TEST 6 (lg: Mimo Ovgawe Coeaprtend + Avamaorical No Reach Aq ) Agnos colubon+ War~ Ey plain THE LLoWwING REACTION ry WELL _yoLHARD ~ TELS REACTION D Rosen MUND ReEpuCTION STC PHEN REACTION ww erAeP REA CTION = CATTERMAN~ KOCH REACTION v w CANN\ TARD REACTION CoNPEnS ATION [REACTION Mm AvLdoL WM CRIS ALdo} REACTION @® Scanned with CamScannera. He UL vo LHR ZELINSIZY REACT onN~ It skates thal Ss cine iaainie Sie having an d-hydyvgen are te at the o- (alpha) position om }veabmen} weaaunt of ox bromine im the presence of $mall of Red phosphorus bo se ha of- Carbooyylic acids. give alpha &-lula- yt i e Ro CH) CoH ke [Red FS R- cH — Coon il) HO \, yn, BY D- Rosenmon’ REDUCTION = Acyl clipride (acid cWlorvide) is Wy droge mated over catalyst, palladium om barium sulphate 7 ey a cocl Hx oF O sam my _Srepen REACTION: NUNS Be veducrd FP iE Stamm ous cl\pride im ive Coxres|ooa dt % imine W : . mee ae aad aad, which ™ hy drolysis FV" cox vespon ding aldehyde \ py 1325 RcHO REN 4 snc}, + HCl —™ RHE N mlepeH REACTION — when \henzene oF “bs derivalive is preated wilh cachoo monowde and HCL im He presence of anhydrous AlCI3 oY Cup vous chipvide , it Gives yenzaldehyde ov substituted benzaldehyde awe GATVERMAN co, Hel CHO CO) eye We ul COO say) @ Scanned with CamScannerV- E ep ReAcrion- Chrwmyl clylovide ovidi ces methyl . . Temp ko a chryovium complex, which on hy dvoly sis qives corvesponding benzaldchy de cHo Ms Cv OH Cn) + coy eT a ter aa kyo o) - ck KM Elias oO = Sey CBenzeldey, 1 Atdely des which do wo} vave an A\pha Co) Hydrogen , undevgo self oxidation and reduchm Cdispre posal) ~seacho™ om treatment wil concentrated aleal). Tr tis weachH™ , owe molecule of tne aldehyde to veduced to alcohol while amnotwer is oxidised te caxboxylic acid salt © w CANNIZ7ARD REACTION y Le iil Xeueres weno + HCHO tale. KoH —7 4H é dH *H~Copk (matauol) (Pots formate) Q fay en 4 conc-NadH 7 LO)-chy od + (oor Benzyl alcohol Sodium benzoate WL Atpot REACTION ~ “Aldehydes and ieetmes having at least owe a\pha-‘o' Wydrogen uniegoe a veachHm in the pyvesence of dilute adteali as catalyst to form 6 ~ (Ben) hy drvxy aldelydes Caldo)) ov p-Hydvoxy ketones (ke tol) s ¥espectvely. dilvagh Pare 4 - Achy CHO —— Ny Pi=-Buy CHO sho” “Hy7 CH=CH-CHO oH But- 2-enal Balo)y is cH, Men end, CHC = CMC “Hs 8s chy c= CH CocHy ee 4-Methylpent-F-en 2-0ne & Scanned with CamScanners @ }- CROSS AL DOL CONDEN SATION - When aldo) condensatim . —— ig Carried out between two different aldely des set and bx leelmes » ibis called Cy0s$- aldol condensahion oq ¢ Nabl . eche Che cho + Chy thy HE ¢-chO CHyCHO + CH, CH, HO ed chy che CH-ch0 isi dy But-2-enal } 2-methyl pert-2- ena —sTmple [sei aldol produc 4 chy tH =¢-¢CHD + CHjCHy~ =CHCHO H5 Pent- 2-enal 2- Methyl but-2-enal uy. Cree aided produc: Predict tMe products of me following oa i) ad 4+ WOONH, Ht) Cos n-neke> a ve ut ah) Ren =cH CHO +MY CNH vy, 0 oon 4 CH3CH NH, ——> 24 d+ 2c, C00) Cos CHs),° '3 ecscy My vi) Cots v) Hyo- c= CH nm v anh AUD cy |, C02, Cb. 1@Q 4 tae o ee ) = Hor * cook, i Vx) 10294 ao, [Era NOL ‘ " vxi) o> (o) —_? CHO y.ay hiv benzelehyde + Cone: HS ty ») f © NUD ae i w i a =Cy-ceN-NHC MM, pare ewe nnedodena 8) Rarcanedene iN OCHS Cay 60% cu-nidro (hs we vi ‘ eoraic iv) ew —cnthy V) chy O-CHs i om See ix Mi) thy coches ted chy » 5 EEBY, 2H canned wi amocannerAwsxznge tre following competunds In Ineveasin Order of Her veacavity. ~ wuckeophi lie addon ete - Alto teplam whabis nucleophilic Addition i) Ehhanal (ect), Prrpanal(cuon, Ho), Propanene (e4,Ler) Butane Gaye, 6) ii) Benzaldehyde p-Tolualdelyde, p-Nibrobenzul dehyde O) HO CHO e oa one-cH Acetop henme Oo 3 Aldehydes , le ebmes wn devgpes wucleophilic addhon reach whose mechanism con sist of two Steps MECHANISM! STEP-IH slow step He! of Cro) carbonyl carlo qv™ep Ln volves wucleoplii Vie Takecle on planer (sp to form tebvahedval mteme diate. S nt Nu e mee slow Nu Fost C = a = ay Z —— en oo a wy on b spr Cplarar) b b Telahe dval > Addition (Planar) interme dake . Peeduct \ Srep-g + Fast step. velvahedsal Mieme diate caphures a protm from be seach medium bo qive electvially weulyal product GQ. &. GR, ¢ va 7 ve ‘ Nee CN. a (ey " ae We tama REA ta “420 9¥ = x 5 @ Roathvly wryveates canned with CamscannerA\ Stteye FACTOR- | Steuc hinderance INoreoses will wialee nucle ophibe il Aiffeult approach of nucleophile around carbomyl favbe and hence veachuily derveates qm ERErTPoNic FAcTIR~ Ag alkyl group adzecend Be Carbonyl carbon is ime veades id will weld “pve 11 effect - Hiereby derveases He elichsopbilic clhevader of the caxbonyl carbo and hance veorkulhy decyeaw. ch, c c C re 4, ym ch, y yee aa Ree, Ne =e % / fe ° Ms HM 4 SP effet increases 04 alley gYoup ivy yeates —Reophily impvertes 00 > 7 és” co cho cHD @) cHyw @® Nu, aT effect HT, -Reftet | Hy peceory goo | ey OEP erating reach uly ? tive due to shructuu(s) 6 Kelme 4% is dooch veo +x effect of Me and cleric himderwuie aren : acon. sisQ combum Ad eHedt of CH, aad Hypuemgare of me alo truubve lus vearhve Pan oy. Hower Gouru WH bas ~Dand -@ effeel of Ww, amd hene elt yop hlicily of Car booy| carbon if very high and yea phive . iy shown here would you which acid of each Pe es pla vivre Ses die tlbrnclen) expect te be Shum? 4 1) nh Cov oN CHF CO) i) CH, FeO H ow CH,01 (004 3 si) OF nl aH ov CH HF CH, C004 ¥) Fc ee “oH — es TMarlOs+ Nebrd Hao ® Cavbylawine Reackon | tocyauide Test * Text to 4° Aurines. + Aliphalte and aromahe pafurosry awn on heabu with chlovoform and athaneltc KOH form cyautde which are foul Awelltxg uvbsbarer. Secondary and berHary “amiuu do not ahow Hila ractou, Poe /ReNM, + CHU + KoH -—4S 5 R-nic ge KU + HO Cio Amine) — (Chlore jor) lsocyamide @® Diarolixation . e When aomiline react with NaNO, and conc He ak 5°C , benxene cliaxonium ehlovide Ww formed. NHL 0-5°% NEncl om + NeNO+ HU +NaU +Hio Aniline Diaxouiu Chloride Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner® Sanduryer Reaction *Diaroniom aall fm pretence of CuCT) fon can eauily give benrene on avbititvhon with ~C,-By,-ON. ay nin ucel Av-Gh 4 Na Ay-By + No Ay-CN + Nw 1en ® Hina berg Tea “Reagent — Benzeneaulphouy! Chlovide CaArvio,c) 4° Ruaine Be Pownce 30 Reawe ‘ e ° & 8 RNHg+ qd RoW UE GY and U-bey i 8 ® 2 L J NV] an fg n : RN E&Y RN ~ SRY No ReacH on ° ° N-Al kyl benxenc sulphoneanide NN-Bralky bk (Soluble in KOH due bewzeneilphovantee eA, } Csoluble a alkali PY tenn of Addie H) dt tee : bo aby of Acidic Hy © TMPORTANT TRENDS 1. Solubsli shower aminuts ane _ Aoluble in . Aromatic amtna are in o¥ygantc Avluenk, AYNH, £ (CaHs),NM © CHeNEG Lysvlutle Hi'ghty Loluble watey . insoluble fm Watery byt Aoluble 2. Boiling Potnt * Aminu have low botltng potut — thaw alcohol Carboxylic fat. anel fe Pwtnn have ax benstve He ondtug Av hauy Wighuk Boiling polar. | + (tg H5),N 4 (Cribs) ny GH. Na éN4 | Lowur @. P. a Scanned with Camscanner Scanned with CamScanner3. Ba SAN phake guia ake ghrong hare than GMamonia | * More He number of abkyt groups, more ta beulel * tea phose Ran > & NH > RNAg > NAg Be > ve > 1 > Rummonta Raneous phase Niky! Yroup Basics CH, - 2 > 1 > 3? CiHs- ae > sor . Bosicily eC Ky, at pkey cs pkey = ~ log ks * AromaHe amine are wtaler dit +o -den- aval bose Han amin itty of lone paty. Qu > EWG CNon, (A,X) clectease the ASK het Baw baasici ED@ (- 0cHy,—CHy,-Niw,) twrveaue beste Ab tng th * Concept VAL CONVERSION > Step Bown Curing Hofmann cleyradals oFRancmiut ikke metanamine HINO KHA0y CH CHANH, Goped> Hath, On ae FE thanumtat, Ethanol ‘on) Ch3C 00H Brhamote Arid NAA C Hana, BS — chy Con Mehanamlne Prhanuuat de > sep dp Cuatng KON wth eky! Haltele ) * Metonaminc inte FHanamine NI Pp Ka CHaNHy od CHaon FESS cys KMS Oey On Ara 50H Ch Hany, Scanned with Camscanner Scanned with CamScanner~fakontny GuttHont . ° tHyomine Mm Watty Atack with Ferre chloride to Precipitabe ferric hydaonfele. @ 3 73: CHyNHi + Hiro = — > CHyNHy + 0H Fedy + 38H —> Felon), + 3Ue Red Brounppt. @T} ta dif iadt bo prepare pure cumbnred by ammonolysit. > Becatue the Jormed primary auine wmeact wihh more alkyl halfde ) bo vm 2° and 3° murine. So, we get watxture of “aumfued, @ Aniline dou not undergo Friedel Craft Reaction. Aniline te baste ound ie" form adduct with AIC, , Whith wa bewld atid. ® Although amine group is o- and p- dlivectin ‘wo akomahe Aubshithou Aeactow » wi utbrahon giv Avhshauwal aumourt of m—nitro ani > Tho & because Ay- Hy £4 formned by protonalton tn vohlek — Sh ae EWG and hence it ts m-civectne, go we get 44% m—nibroauillue, © Before ~eacking antline with HNIO, it ia Converted into acebaniltde buhy TF > Because aniltne nikration, tz clone) gtt oxidised and protonated to give HHI, m-nitroauiltue on olfrect wihratoy., Therefore, TH tA couverted fute acetanilide hen aud uitraked 40 give o- 9 ponitvouce bamilide which on hydrolysis Va o- and p-nitroani | . 7 Une, © How we com obtain dt Aerine by awmmone lysia? | > NAx + R-X > R-NHgX oe Subshtuked Mumeutun self | RNH3X +NoOH —> RNa 4 Hid + Mak | & - 2 NI > RN BS RN HY Rye re ae 3 Quatetnory Aeumoniuns AF Bis advantage — Yield wixhye of Aa Vide and quaternary emmonivin dalt, SS Primaxy Aurine ds obbained by taking lange excera of Awwonia, Scanned with Camscanner Scanned with CamScannercougprep a aromourcus Con badye) telet— clei feken CAtdo 6: | Keboses Mono becccdonjolet C gutote Gnd fauc/oted ,d ~4 Sn fgu £2 ken + Cha terng ~ Ebmenlany jeleg sf amme acrli pephiolu Bone! Potyfedvvole, Prsiteine, tis pf Paoleine - Pri- bee ad and Qorlennony C Bheb'lekr+ j olan). bembtunchinn f Nachle aad - ANA and RNA Q.1What are Biomolecules ? ‘Ans:Molecules which are present in living beings and are essential for life e.g carbohydrates, protein, vitamins etc. Q.2What are reducing sugars and Non-Reducing sugars. Give examples. Ans:All those carbohydrates which reduce Fehling’s solution and Tollen’s Reagent are referred as reducing sugars for example all monosaccharides whether aldose or ketose (Glucose, fructose ).All those carbohydrates which do not reduce Fehlings solution and Tollen’s Reagent are called Non-reducing sugar for example sucrose. Q.3Write the products when glucose reacts with HI, Br: water,Nitric acid, HCN and NH2OH ‘Ans(I) n-Hexane which confirm straight chain nature of glucose (i)Gluconic acid- which confirm aldehyde group in glucose {l1)Saccharie Acid-which confirm primary OH group in glucose (Iv)Glucose cyanohydrins-which confirms carbonyl group in glucose (viGllucose oxime which confirms carbonyl group in glucose Q.4 Which reactions and chemical tests do not confirm the presence of free -CHO group in glucose ? ‘Ans (a) Glucose does not give 2,4 -DNP test ,schiffs test and does not form addition product with NaHCOs. (b) Pentaacetate of glucose does not react with hydroxylamine NH2OH. (cJGlucose is found to exist in two different crystalline form as alpha-glucose and beta- glucose with different melting points. ‘Q.5What are Anomers. Draw the structure of anomers of glucose and fructose Scanned with Camscanner Scanned with CamScannerAns:Cyclic forms of glucose and fructose which differ in the configuration of hydroxyl group at C-1 are called ANOMERS and those are named as alpha and beta isomeric forms, ' ‘ ANOMERS OF GLUCOSE: ‘ wD gheooyaroue ANOMERS OF FRUCTOSE: i : Gx0H ‘ by wort v0 gO 5 anomeric C ¥ were : HOYT scorer 3 ec 4 3 OW ) Con on | se Dinuctolwanose sD mvcetrvesn Q.6What are amino acids ? What are essential and non-essential amino acids ? ‘Ans: Organic compounds which contain Amino group (-NH;) and Carboxylic Acid group (- COOH) for example HaNCH(R]COOH. Essential Amino Acids are those which can not be synthesized in the body and are to be obtained through diet.Non-esssential Amino Acids are those which can be synthesized in the body, Q.7What are peptide bonds or peptide linkage ? ‘Ans: A peptide linkage is an amide formed between -NHz and COOH group after loss of a nfo \H o " ill - 1 nwii-gtc—nbe—c-o- i ft ny on \R water molecule kona) Q,9What are fibrous and globular protein? ‘Ans:When polypeptide chains run paralle! and are held together by hydrogen and disulphide bonds fibre like structure is formed.These are fibrous protein and these are water insoluble for example Keratin and myosin.When the chains of polypeptides coil around to give a Scanned with Camscanner Scanned with CamScannerspherical structure and shape these are called globular proteins. These are soluble in water for example INSULIN and ALBUMINS. Q.10What are four levels of structure and shape of proteins? Ans:Primary structure, Secondary structure , tertiary structure and Quaternary strucutre. Q.11.What is meant by denaturation of protein ? ‘Ans:Proteins found in a biological system with a unique three dimensional structure and biological activity is called NATIVE protein.On heating or change in pH or adding chemicals the biological activity is lost.This is called denaturation of proteins for examples coagulation of egg white and curdling of milk. 12 Distinguish ONA & RNA on the basis of sugars present and Nitrogenous bases. ‘Ans: DNA consist of beta-D-2deoxyribose sugar and nitrogeneous bases ‘Adenine,Guanine,Cytosine and Thiamine (A,G,C &T).RNA consist of beta-D-Ribose sugar and Nitrogeneous bases as Adenine, Guanine,Cytosine and Uracil (A,G,C& U). Q.13What are nucleoside and nucleotide ? Ans:Nucleoside -A unit formed by the attachment of a base to 1’ position of sugar is called 2 nucleoside that is it consist of a base and a sugar. Nucleotide-When anu — cleoside is linked to a phoshphoric acid at S’ position of sugar we get a nucleotide that is it consist of Base+Sugar+Phoshoric acid. Q.14Name the linkage present in a Dinucleotide ? ‘Ans: Phosphodiester linkage Q.15Name thginkage present in a DNA molecule which joined the two complementary strands ? ‘Ans:Hydrogen bond Q.16What are the different types of RNA molecules ‘Ans: I-Messenger RNA (m-RNA), II-Ribosomal RNA r-RNA),III-Transfer RNA (t-RNA) Scanned with Camscanner Scanned with CamScanner