MAGUINDANAO TONGUE ACCORDING TO THE MANNER OF SPEAKING IT THE INTERIOR AND ON THE SOUTH . COAST OF THE ISLAND OF MINDANAO. TRANSLATED FROM THE SPANISH oF REV. FATHER J. JUANMARTi, ORDER OF JESUITS, . By C. C. SMITH, . CAPTAIN FOURTEENTH U.S. CAVALRY. ‘WASHINGTON: RINTING OFFICE.WAR DEPARTMENT, Document No. 270, Ovvice or Curer oF Starr.ibn. Lethe, 34-44 90406 TRANSLATOR’S REMARKS. On taking up the work of translating a Moro grammar, the only book there was to follow, at least the only one that came to the hands of the undersigned, was a small, brief affair, called “ Gramatica dela Lengua Maguindanao”’, by Jacinto Juanmarti, Jesuit. The work was undertaken with a view to learning something of Moro. The dialect of the Maguindanaos of the Cottabato dis- trict, and that of the Lanaos of the lake region is quite similar, and it is believed that the grammar of the former, treated of in these pages, will suffice for the latter. The vocabulary of one is slightly different, however, from that of the other. In the last paragraph of the preface the author states that in the final pages of the book there is a vocabulary of Spanish, Moro, and Malay. For this, one of English, Maguindanao, and Malay will be substituted in the translation. The translator is well aware that this pamphlet is not free from errors, and the apology offered is that he has put his best efforts on it with the idea, and the hope, that it may be improved upon by some one else. A few notes have been added by the undersigned. C. C. SMITH, Captain, 14th Cavalry, Translator. Camp OVERTON, Minp., P. I., March $1, 1906. @)PREFACE (AUTHOR'S). In taking up my pen to write a grammar of the Moro tongue, I see that many difficulties may arise to prevent my object from being attained—difficulties common to all tongues which have not been polished or improved by printing. This is one of those tongues not much known, and in which scarcely any manuscripts exist, save a few poorly kept notebooks which serve the Moros of these districts to transmit among them- selves the usages and customs of the dialect. Such notebooks are generally written in a brief style, after the manner of letters which pass between them, in both of which much rudeness pre- vails, and which are written with no little work or difficulty. The scarcity of writings in this tongue, and the incorrectness of those that exist, make it difficult and almost impossible to compose a grainmar which shall be full and perfect. Grammar being the conjunction of rules for proper speaking, it will be seen that it is not easy to obtain these rules by listening to the natives, as each one pronounces, more or less, after his own inclination. Time and constancy, with observation and experience of some years as to the mode of expressing Moro ideas, has made it pos- sible to use the rules put down in this grammar. The Malay language, somewhat like the Visayan and Moro, both of which recognize it as a mother tongue, has aided me in the preparation of this book. We have confidence in God that this treatise will serve to facilitate the study of the Moro tongue for our brother mission- aries whom Divine Providence has destined to follow this work, and for others who may come to these lands who wish to learn it; and it will also serve the purpose of permitting the natives to learn the beautiful language of Castilla. ©)6 I do not believe, as I have said before, that my work will be perfect; even imperfect it will be of some use, and may be the means of prompting some one to perfect it, or to do better than Thave done. On the last pages of this book will be found a vocabulary of Spanish, Moro, and Malay, which demonstrates the relations existing between Malay and Moro, also between Moro and the other tongues and dialects of the Philippines.GRAMMAR OF THE MAGUINDANAO TONGUE. CONCERNING LETTERS AND THEIR PRONUNCIATION. The consonants are 20, as follows: B,C, D, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P,Q B, S, T, V, X, ¥, Z, and the Spanish XN. There are four vowels: a, e, i, and u. U is sometimes pro- nounced 0, though there is no distinct character to represent the latter sound, and custom regulates its use. In addition to letters already mentioned, this tongue contains the Spanish ch, also dz and ts, pronounced by accentuating the d in dz, and making ts sound like the Spanish tes; ng* is used with frequency, also mgat, common to all the tongues of the Archipelago; f is lacking and p takes its place. The lettersland Yr are not used before consonants, but precede vowels. It is very frequent, among peoples who speak this tongue, that these two letters are confounded, either being used in several of their expressions. The Malanaos ordinarily use the r, while the Ma- guindanaos prefer the l. * a In all other letters the pronunciation is Spanish. @t is always hard, as in ga, go, gu. H is not aspirated and is silent, as in Spanish words. Y is readily distinguished from b, having the sound of the vowel u, as vato, which is pronounced ‘‘uato”’ (rock). The Maguindanaos use an e sound between a and 0, and this sound (not given in the text) must be learned by practice when the student is among those who uée it. ng is pronounced ang (a as in arm) and is the indefinite pronoun it, ‘tmga isan abbreviation for manga (both a’s as in arm). For a fall description of this word eee note 2 on page 12. Bear in mind that the a, 0, and u in the examples ga, go, and gu are pronounced as in the Spanish alphabet. (7)8 PRONUNCIATION OF LETTERS. (Addition by translator.) Consonants. B—Be (e as in end). C—Ce (e as in end). D—De (e agin end). @—He (e as in end). H—Achy (A as in arm). J—Hota (0 as in note, and a asin arm). K—Ka (a asin arm). L—Elly (E as in end). M—Emny (E as in end). N—Enny (E as in end). P—Pe (e as in end). ’ Q—Ku (u as in prune). R—Erry (E as in end). S—Essy (E as in end). T—Te (e as in end). V—Ve (e as in end). X—Ekis (E as in end, and i as in ill). Y—Egriega (E as in meat, i as in ill, e as in end, a as in arm. Z—Setta (e as in end, and a as in arm). N—Pronounced as in Spanish in the word caiion (canyon). Vowels. . a—a (pronounced as in far). e—e (pronounced as in end). {4 (pronounced as in dl). u—u (pronounced as in prune).INTRODUCTION. Language is the conjunction of words for expressing ideas which the people of a tongue use. It therefore follows that the Maguindanao tongue is the union of words used by the Maguin- danaos to express their ideas, and the grammar of this tongue is the art of speaking and writing it correctly. Grammar is made up of Analogy, which treats of the relations which words bear to each other; of Syntax, which treats of the construction of sentences; of Prosody, treating of pronunciation; and Orthography, which treats of elementary sounds, spelling, and the manner of writing a language. (9)PART I.—OF ANALOGY. Analogy, as before stated, treats of the relations which words bear to each other. The union of words, which together express a clear idea, is called a sentence, thus: Malimu su Alatala canu manga tan—God loves mankind. Su tau akil-baligda matipu sa ped in—The just man does no harm to his neighbor. With reference to meaning and use words are, divided into nine classes, called Parts of Speech,* viz, Article, Noun, Pro- noun, Verb, Participle, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection. Cuapter 1.—OF THE ARTICLE. The article used alone never makes sense, but must accompany asubstantive name for this purpose, thus: Si Juan su mga kayo— John and the wood.} Inthe foregoing sentence si and su are defi- nite articles, si being used with proper and su with common nouns, si always preceding the proper noun. The indefinite article + is isa (singular) and aden (plural), thus: Isa ca bengala— | A shirt. Aden a miug, aden mamen da silang miug—Some desire and some do not desire. Aden mapia, aden marat—Some are good, others bad. * Notice that the adjective is not given in the parts of epeech. + The construction of sentences in this text naturally follows the modes of expression in Moro, Therefore the literal translation of this sentence is: The John and all the wood. } The indefinite article, singular, isa, is the Moro word for one (a), and the indefinite article, plural, aden, is ones (some). Tas {s equivalent to the Spanish uno (masc.) or una (fem.), according to whether used with @ masculine or feminine complement, and aden to unos (masc.) or unas (fem.), also according to whether used with a masculine or feminine complement. (a)12 Declpnsion of the definite article si* (the) singular, preceding a proper noun: Nom. Si Juan. Gen. Ni, or cani Juan Dat. Cani Juan - Acc. Cani Juan _ - At John. Voe. Ay Juan! Juan!. - Oh John! John! Abl. Cani Juan .......-----.-- With, of, in, on, by, for, from, without, and over John. There is no plural definite article.+ The name of the Deity always carries the definite article su, thus: Su Alataia (The God) and not Si Alatala. Declension of the definite article sut (the) singular: . John (The John). . Of John, John’s. - To, or for John. Nom. Su astt........-.-- - The dog. Gen. Sa, na, or cana asu. - Of the dog. Dat. Sa, cana asu .- . To, or for the dog. Ace, Sa asu.... . At the dog. Voc. Asu! ay asul. - Dog! Oh dog! - With, of, in, on, by, for, from, without, and over the dog. Abl. Sa, cana asu Declension of the definite article su (the) plural: Nom. Su mga asu. - The dogs. Gen. Sanu, canu mga asu -... Of the dogs. Dat. Sa, canu mga asu_ . To, or for the dogs. Acc. Sa, i, canu mga asu. . At the dogs. Voc. Asu! ay asul ... - Dogs! Oh dogs! Abl. Sa, canu mga asu........ With, of, in, on, by, for, from, without, and over the dogs. The articles! isalways used before a proper noun, except when the Deity is referred to. Mga, equivalent to all, and when used with the term su, to all the, is an abbreviation for mange (both a’s asin arm). It might be called a plural definite article denoting either masculinity or femininity, ds in the following examples: Su mga tau—The men or AU the men; Su mga habay—The women or AUl the women, It will be seen that it performs the office of the Spanish Jos (the) masculine, and las (the) feminine. J The article eu is used when the Deity is referred to, and with common nouns, and also admits of masculinity or femininity, thus: Su tau—The man; and 8u babay—The ‘woman. In this respect it is different from the Spanish article the, which is el (masc.) and Is (fem.).13 Examples. 1. Su ualay ni Pedro . The house of Peter. *2, Pinangabut sa asu si Pedro. The dog bit Peter. *8. Pangani si Jose cani Pedro.. Joseph begs Peter. *4. Inimatayan ni Pedro su saladeng. -..._--- The deer was killed by Peter. - This cris is for my son. - Your father is over there 6. San den su ama nin CuapTer 2.—OF THE NOUN. The nount is that part of speech which serves to make known things or persons, and the qualities which pertain to them. There are substantive nouns and adjective nouns. + OF THE SUBSTANTIVE NOUN. The substantive noun is the name which serves to make any thing or person known which is within the conception of man, thus: Palau—A wooded hill; Lalan—road; Islam §—Moro ; Capia—goodness. First. The noun may be proper or common. A proper noun is the name of some particular person, place, people, or thing, thus: Maguindanao, Malanao, Zamboanga, Manila. A common noun is the name which is applied to any one of a kind or class of objects, thus: Tau—man ; Kayo—tree; Kuda— horse. Second. A tioun may be either primitive or derivative. * To give an idea of the construction of sentences in this tongue, the second, third, and fourth are translated literally, ar follows: 2, Bitten of dog the Peter. 3. Bogs the Joseph of Peter. 4. Killed of Peter the deer. The eccond is equivalent to Peter was bitten by the dog; the third to Peter waa begged of by Joneph ; and the fourth to The deer twas killed by Peter; all showing how universal is the use of the passive voice, which will be treated of later. The part of speech which serves to givo a name to any person or thing. {As the adjective is not given in the parts of speech in this grammar, a Moro adjective noun is practically our adjective. §A Mohammedan.14 Aprimitive noun is one that has no origin from another noun, as: Lupa—earth ; Uatu—rock; Ig—water. A derivative noun is one that originates from another noun, as: Ulunan—pillow, derived from ulu, head, and an, a suffix, which is used when reference is made to a place. Derivatives from other nouns are called ‘“‘nominals,” thus: Palauan—a ridge of wooded hills, from Palau—a wooded hill, and an—a place. Derivatives which are from verbs are called ‘‘verbals,’”’ thus: Migaan—bed, from Miga—to be lying down, and an—a place. To form, in Moro, derivative nouns either from nouns or verbs, prefixes and suffixes are used with a primitive word, and the mode of*applying them isas follows: The terms ca and pagea are placed before nouns which express a quality, in other words, before adjectives, and by this means abstract nouns are formed which express what is desired, thus: Ca (the English suffix ness) a prefix, and puti (white) make caputi—whiteness; ca, with pia, a term referring to anything good, should be used as follows: Capia—goodness. Ca, with the term uyag, which expresses the idea of living, should be used as follows: Canyag—life. Pagea Alatala signifies the Deity; and pagea tau—humanity, showing that pagea in these cases is equivalent to the English suffix ity. Pagcambuat or Capacambuat signifies the act of getting up or rising, showing that pagea and ca here are each equivalent to the English suffix ing. Prefixing the terms pa, pag, pen, or ped to the duplicated first syllable of a root, a noun is formed of which the root gives an idea, thus: Tugues—seine, is changed to patutugues—fisherman; surat—to write, is changed to pasusurat—penman; ngauid—to till the land, is changed to pangangauiden or to tangangauiden— farmer; dado—to plow, is changed to padado—a plowman; ndagang—to do business, is changed to pendadagan-dagang—a merchant; pedsesedeca—one who begs alms, comes from sedeca— alms. The foregoing prefixes (pa, pag, pen, ped) after being used with a root to form a word, still form other words by using the suffix an,* as: Pendaganganan—a store; and pembunuan—a fight- ing place, which comes from mbunu—to fight or quarrel. ‘* The use of this term as a sufx is to denote a place,LO aie With the prefixes cam and cea and the suffix an, nouns and verbs often take the following forms: Bahagui—to divide, may be changed to cambahagui—division; ranguit—to snarl, to caran- guit—one who looks stern or fierce; mbunu—to fight, to cambunu— war; babasal—pumpkin, to babasalan—a pumpkin field; pam- bula—to plant, to pambulaan—a plantation (or garden); sueab— a cock fight, to sucuban—a cock pit. The term ta used with certain nouns or verbs expresses the idea of time (season), thus: Tagulan—rainy season; Tapane- nang—the time of very warm weather; Ta-calempec—clearing time (clearing the land of trees, shrubs, etc.); Ta-capamula— planting time. This term has another use explained in the fol- lowing examples: Taguinum—a drinker, and Tabrac—a talker. In the last two examples, ta, though a prefix, apparently is equivalent to the English suffix er. The term ki used with certain words expresses the idea of ownership, thus: Ki-ualay—owner of the house; ki-auang—owner of the boat (small boat); ki-basac—owner of cultivated land. Kina used with other words signifies imitation, thus: Kina- sila—to imitate the Spaniards; kina-islam—to imitate the Moros; kina-insie—to imitate the Chinese. The name of an instrument used to accomplish something with, is expressed by using ipa with the verb which expresses the action, thus: Ipamalid—the contrivance used to blow the chaff from rice; Ipa-nurat—an instrument used in writing; ipa-tip- aden—any tool for cutting or chopping wood. To show the nationality of a person, taga is used with the Spanish name of the country, thus: Taga-Espaiiia—Spaniard; taga-Africa—African; taga-America— American. Terms which magnify a primitive are not used in Moro, i. e., in the case of the word great there is no rule for forming the term greater, but a different word must be used, thus: Masla—great; macapal—big, stout, thick, greater. Words to express diminutives are formed by repeating a primi- tive, thus: Ualay-ualay—a small house; auang-auang—a small boat. Collective nouns which in the singular express a multitude of things or persons are used in Moro in two ways, according to the objects which are referred to. If animate objects are referred to, tumpuc is used; if inanimate, the prefix ca and the suffix an are employed or the suffix alone may be used.16 Examples. . A gathering of men. . A flock of sheep. 2. Camangaan -... Aplace where many mangotrees grow, or mango grove. Canatuan _ . A pile of rocks. Niugan - . A place where many cocoanut trees grow, or a cocoanut grove. Many things are expressed by a single word, thus: Kayo—tree; uatu—rock; dagat—sea. There are also composite terms made up of two or more words, thus: Panday a kayo—carpenter; ki-ualay—owner of the house; tagui-ualay—the person living in or occupying the house. A substantive noun has no gender or number in the Moro grammar, thus: Asu—dog; sapi—cattle; and kuda—horse, of themselves do not express either masculinity or femininity, and - may be used in the singular or plural. Now, in order to distinguish the sex, mama (male) or babay (female) is added to the noun, and to form the plural the term is modified by mga. Examples. Bitch. . A white man. - The white men. . A big tree. Su mga kayoa masla The big trees. OF THE ADJECTIVE NOUN. The adjective, which serves to express the qualities of persons and things, is lacking, in this tongue, of gender, number, and case; it follows, then, that there is a sole termination for all genders, cases, and numbers, thus: Tau mariga—a red man, and bengala mariga—a red shirt; su sica maitem—the black cat; and su mga papanue a maitem—the black birds.1% . It is customary to form adjectives of the root of a verb or noun, placing before the root the term ma, thus, with the root pia, which expresses the idea of goodness, we get mapia—good; with puru, which signifies the idea of height, we make mapuru—high, and with capal, which expresses the idea of thickness, we get macapal—thick. OF COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES. Comparatives are formed by simply uniting to the positive the word labi, which signifies more. To express an idea of less the word culang is used, also di tanto, which is equivalent to not so much. Examples. Su Timacu mapuru a palau, Timaco is a high wooded hill entabes labi a mapura su but Pico Cogonal is higher Balalaan. (more high). Si_Juan labi a mapia cani John is better (more good) than Roque. Roque. Su ualay ni Pedro culang a Peter's house is not longer than malendu cana ualay ni Jose. Joseph’s, nor is it shorter. Su begas ania di tanto maputi That rice is not so white as sa begas nami. ours. Superlatives are formed with the terms tanto and calabauan, both equivalent to much or very. Examples. Su Jadi tanto a cagaus. -- The King is very powerful. Su islam calabauan a mesquin.. The Moro is very poor. Diminutives are expressed by the terms maitec and padidu, equivalent to very small and little, respectively. Examples. Maitec a uata.-. A very small child. Glat padidu _.. A little knife. . 374218 OF NUMERALS. The following are some of the cardinal numerals: 16. 17. 20. 30. 40. 50. 100. 200. 300. 1,000. 2,000. 10, 000. 20, 000. 100, 000. 1,000, 000. Ordinal numerals. Su icapat Su icalima - - One. Two. Three. Four. Five. Six. Seven. Eight. Nine. Ten. . Sapulu isa .. Eleven. . Sapulu dua Twelve. Sapulu telu - Thirteen. . Sapulu pat -. Fourteen. Sapulu lima Fifteen. Sapulu nem . Sixteen. Sapulu pitu . Seventeen. Duapuln .. ‘Twenty. Telupulu.. Thirty. Apatpuln - Forty. Limapulu Fifty. Magatus .. One hundred. Dua-gatus Two hundred. Telu-gatus Three hundred. Sanguibu _ One thousand. Dua-nguibu - Two thousand. Salacsa . Ten thousand. Dualacsa.. Twenty thousand. Sa-juta . One hundred thousand. Sa-kati: The first. The second. The third. The fourth. The fifth. One million. ‘Multiplicative numerals, .| Single. -| Twofold. Threefold. Fourfold. -| Fivefold. i Ngaga lima.19 CuapreR 3.—OF PRONOUNS. Declension of the pronoun Saki (J), first person, singular : Nom. Saki, aku I Gen. Ku, salaki, laki. Of me. Dat. Salaki, sa salaki - To or for me. Acc. Salaki, sa salaki - At me. Voc, Abl. Salaki, sa salaki - Of, in, for, on, over, and with me Plural (we), when every one is referred to: Nom. Salkitanu, sekitanu, tanu, We, all of us. lekitanu. Gen. Salkitanu, sa salkitanu, tanu.. Of us. Dat, Salkitannu, sa salkitanu. To or for us. Ace, Salkitanu, sa salkitanu- At us. Voe. Abl. Salkitanu sa salkitanu --...... With, of, in, for, on, with- out, and over us, Plural (we), when only two persons (thou and I, or you and me) are referred to: Nom. Salkita, sekita, ta.--- Gen. Salkita, sekita, ta, lekita. Dat. Salkita, sa salkita Acc. Salkita, sa salkita Voe. Abl. Salkita, sa salkita - We. Of us. To or for us. At us. .... With, of, in, for, on, with- out, and over us. Plural (ze), when all except you or ye are referred to: Nom. Salkami, kami-.---.....---.-. We. Gen. Salkami, nami, lekami _ .. Of us. Dat, Salkami, sa salkami. To or for us. Ace. Salkami, sa salkami -- Atus. Abl. Salkami, sa salkami -........- With, of, in, for, on, with- out, and over us.20 Declension of the pronoun thou, second person, singular: Nom. Seka, saleka, ka.......--.---- Thou (you). Gen. Nengka, saleka, sa salka, Of thee (you). leka,.ka. Dat. Salka, sa salka -. To or for thee (you). Ace. Salka, sa salka_ At thee (you). Voc. Seka. ....--.-- Thou (you). Abl. Salka, sa salka--...-..--.---.- Of, in, for, on, by, with- _ out, over, and with thee (you). Declension of the pronoun you, second person, plural : Nom. Salkanu, kanu---...--.. ---- You (ye). Gen. Salkanu, sa salkanu, nu niu, Of you (ye). lekanu. Dat. Salkanu, sa salkann __-...-... To or for you (ye). Ace, Salkanu, sa salkanu - At you (ye). Voc, Salkanu, kann... You (ye). Abl. Salkanu, sa salkanu. .- With, of, in, for, on, by, . with, and over you (ye). Declension of the pronouns he, she, and it, third person, singular: Nom. Salkanin, sekanin, nin -- He, she, it. Gen. Salkanin, sa or na,lekanin_... Of him, of her, of it. Dut. Salkanin, cana salkanin, sa To or for him, her, orit. salkanin. Ace. Salkanin, sa salkanin _ . At him, her, or it. Voe. Abl. Salkanin, sa salkanin -.-....-. With, of, in, for, on, by, without, and over, him, her, or it. Declension of the pronoun they, third person, plural: Nom. Silan, salkilan -_- -. They. Gen. Kanilan, sa-kanilan, nilan. Of them. Dat. Kanilan, sa-kanilan- To or for them. Ace, Kanilan, sa-kanilan, silan..... At them. Voe. «ll. Kanilan, sa kanilan--..-.-..-. With, of, in, for, on, by, without, and over them.21 The demonstrative pronouns are inia—this, anan—that, entu— that one, and they are declined without change, using with them the proper prepositions for the making of sense. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. Laki, ku, salaki-- - My, mine. Nengka, salka, ka - Thine, yours. Lekanin, nin, salkanin - - His. Lekitanu, tanu, salkitanu Lekita, ta, salkita_. Lekami, nami, salkam: . Ours (belonging to all of us). . Ours (thine and mine). Ours (excluding a particular one, or some particular ones). ARR eee ‘Your and yours. AReanT ect Theirs. The genitives laki, leka, lekanin, lekitanu, lekita, lekanu, and nilan, it is customary to place before the noun, thus: Su lakia ualay—my house; su lekanin a bengala—his shirt; lekanu a ingued—your town. INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS. * The interrogative pronouns in this tongue are tinguin? or tinguen?—who?; ngain?—what thing?; antain?—which ? ; and antuna?—which thing? The relative pronoun, or that which takes its place in this tongue, is simply the word a (which) used as follows: Su kuda a pinamasa ni Pedro—The horse which Peter bought ; Su mga tau, a da sala nilan pagarian sa Alatala—These men which are free from sin are the friends of God. I (i) is also a relative pronoun, thus: Ngain i kinua nin?— What (thing) is that which he got out ? é The terminations den, lun, and un are also used, and it is cus- tomary to place them with nouns, verbs, and personal pronouns used as possessives. They appear to indicate some relation, but can not be considered as true relatives, thus: Tinguin nacua su bengala ku? Saki nacua lun—Who took my shirt? I was the one who took it; (I myself took it.) To signify our expression that which it is customary among the Moros to simply place the article before the verb, and in this case it takes the place of a relative, thus: Ngain ipa-guembal-ka? Su pegquiugan ku— What do you do? (What is the thing which you do?) That which I like. (The thing which I like.)22 Examples. Su mindaranguen cagay mapia He who sang yesterday has a su suala nin. good voice. Su nacauma cagay uata ni An- He who came yesterday is the cung. son of Ancung. SOME EXERCISES SHOWING USE OF PRONOUNS. Personal pronouns. Panalubaan nengka salaki You pursue me. Di pacuan-ka su tamuc ku Do not take my jewels. Su entu a pinamatay aku nin He is the one who struck me cagay. yesterday. Canu miug salkanu munut When do you wish to follow salaki taman sa palau? me to the hill? Mangay aku bu amag salka To-morrow I will go to your ualay. house. Mapia ka bun dapay da aku?... Can not you pass without me? Udi kena salkanu da guna nin.. Without you I can do nothing. Muu aku den . Iam going now. Muli aku den sa ualay ku - Iam going back to my house. Andau mangay aku bu--- - Where shall I go? Langun kami icalimu nami We all love you very much. salka a tanto. Ingatca amayca pamulasan ako Woe to thee if you insult me! nenka ! Duanin aku nasala aku sa Ala- ‘Woe is me, who have offended tala! God! Ampunan nenka aku .-- Pardon me. Sinumin aku endu papagtim- I have come to make peace be- banguen salkanu. tween you. Salig-ka salaki, di ka maguirec. . ae eae to me, do not be rightened. Demonstrative ‘pronouns. Di ka malipunget sa uata, sa anan, engu sa entu. Di nu pageua anan a mga ulac a kayo, engu su mga surat ania, engu su umbus entu na manga. Do not scold this child nor that, one nor the one yonder. Do not take those flowers nor these books nor that branch of mangoes (fruit).23 Sugati ka den san a caromamis, engu su muntay entu, engu di pan-gani-ka sa salacau. Ingay ka salaki su entu ped a munsala, Content yourself with that orange and lemon and do not ask for another thing. Give me that other handker- chief. Possessive pronouns. _Aua-ka sa laki a ualay engu tauag-ka su uata nengka, engu su ina nin. Pila su cauatan pun sin taman sa ingued nengka engu sa sekitanu ? Paguidan ka su-tamuc-ku sa auang nengka, en-gu-kani Juan. Tabangui nengka sekanin sa mga lima nengka engu sa ca- baguer nengka. Leave my house and call your son and his mother. How far is it from here to your town and to ours? Ship my things on your boat and in Juan’s. Help yourself with your hands and your strength. Interrogative and relative pronouns. Ngain a langun a taman inem- balan su ualay anan? Tinguin su ped nengka a mian- lug? Tinguin i minali salka?..- a Negain su pali, masla ataua padidu? Tinguin i pedsalig nenka? " Tinguin silan? Of what have they made that house? With which did you fall? Who wounded you? Which wound, the large or the small one? In whom do you confide? Who are they? Ngain a ingued minan-gay-ka?.. To which town have you been? CuapTer 4.—OF THE FORMATION AND CONJUNCTION OF VERBS. To be, To have, and To be in a place. The verb to be and the verbal expression to be in a place are wanting in Maguindanao, and to express ideas of their nature the substantive is simply used with the adjective for fo be, and24 with the place for to be in a place, as may be seen by the follow- ing examples : Su kayo macapal............... The tree is thick. Si Rodulfo (Rudolph) mapulu Rudolph is a tall man. a tau. Su islam talan _. --- The Moro is a coward. Su manobu mauarau The Montes is brave. Su glat sa linauau na tulugan .. The pocketknife is on the bed. ‘Su asu sa lama-lama ........... The dog is in the park. Ordinarily, to express the idea of ‘‘to be in a place,” it is cus- tomary to use one of the terms san or lu, which are both adverbs of place equivalent to here and there, thus: Andau Jose? Lusa basac— Where is Joseph? (There) In the field. Si Pedro sin a ualay—Peter is (here) at home. To have is expressed by the word aden,* thus: Aden aku bengala—I have a shirt. Aden ka sundang? Uay aden aku— Have youacris? Yes, Ihave. Adenataulu? Aden bun—Are there people there? Yes, there are. To take is also expressed by aden. Aden with the prefix na expresses past time, and with the suffix bu, future time, thus: Cagay naden aku pilac— Yesterday I had money. Paganay naden aku lipen—Before (once upon a time) I had slaves. Amag aden bu aku cabaguer—To-morrow I will have strength. To express the idea of “not to take, and not to have,” da is used, which means: There is or are none, thus: Da palay ko— I have no palay (unhulled rice). Da tau lu—There are no people there. Wa muslanin—He has no handkerchief. OF THE FORMATION OF VERBS AND THEIR TENSES. To better understand the formation of verbs, it must be observed that their roots may be verbals signifying the action of the verb, and substantive nouns or adjectives converted into verb forms by means of composing terms used with them. In fact, there are scarcely any common nouns in this tongue which can not be transformed into verbs. Aden is also used as the indefinite plural article some, or ones, ax explained on page 11 and in the third note on that page.25 Their formation is subject to the following rules : First. An expression of the nature of a verb, in other words, a kind of a verbal root, such as surat (or sulat)—written, and embal—done, is changed according to the term used with each as a prefix or suffix. See rule second, below. Second. To fix the signification of the root, in the active, in general, the terms um, inum, ma, mag, pag, etc., are used ac- cording as the root begins with a vowel or consonant, thus: Sulat—written, by the incorporation of the term um becomes sumulat—to write; and embal—done, by the prefixing of pag or pagu becomes paguembal—to do.* Third. Asa general rule, it is customary to form verbs from verbal roots which begin with a vowel by using the prefixes ma or mag in the present and future, with the prefix na for the past, and with pag or pana for the imperative. Examples. To fall. I fall. I will fall. - I did fall. You fall or fall you. Imperative The Moros of Lanao in place of prefixing the term na to form the past of the present, place i between m and a in ma, thus: miaulug ako—I did fall. There are some verbs in which. the past is formed by placing in between m and a, for example: Manii—to go up; present, manic ako—I go up; past, minanic nin—went up he. Observe, however, that this form is ordinarily passive. Fourth. Verbs whose roots begin with a consonant are usually formed by placing between the initial consonant and the vowel which follows, um for the present and future, inum for the past, and for the imperative, the root alone, or by adding pa, as in verbs which begin with a vowel. * In there examples it is scen that the term commencing with a vowel is used with the root beginning with @ consonant, and the one starting with a consonant with the root beginning with a vowel.- Sumulat bec ako. I will write. - Sinumulat ako....... I did write. - Sulat kaor panulatka Write you or you (The ‘‘s” in pasulat write. is changed to ‘n” for euphony’s sake.) ‘We may call the foregoing rules general and customary in the use of verbs. There are many exceptions, however, as there are many verbs whose roots begin with a consonant and are not con- jugated with the terms um and inum, but with the prefixes ma, na, and pag. Thus, for example, of the root limu—love, Lumimu is not a modification, but malimu—to love is, as is nalimu—he loved. Of the root saluba—pursued, we get manaluba—to pursue; nana- luba—he pursued; and saluba, or panaluba (imperative) pursue you or youpursue. Of salag—nest, sumalag is not used to sig- nify the making of it, but pedsalag is the term to be used in this case. There are verbs which admit of two forms, and others which admit of only one. These are distinguished by their beginning with a vowel or consonant, and also by the signification of the verb, and in accordance with this signification it takes one form or the other; thus, with the root ganad, expressing ‘‘to learn,’’ we say, maganad ako—IJ learn, and to signify ‘to go out’ gumanat ako—I go out, is used. ‘Verbs whose roots begin with p are converted into m in con- jugations by bu, ma and na, thus of pegues we say mamegues— to conquer; of panic, mamanic—to go up.av MODELS OF CONJUGATIONS OF THE TWO ACTIVE FORMS WHICH HAVE JUST BEEN EXPLAINED. Conjugation of the active form by “um” and “inum.” Root: Lutad—To go down (descend): PRESENT, Saki lumutad - Igo down (descend). Sing. + Seka lumutad - You go down (descend). Sekanin lumutad - He goes down (descends). Salkami lumutad Salkanu lumutad Salkilan lumutad . We go down (descend). - You go down (descend). _ They go down (descend). Plur. past. _ Lwent down (descended). - You went down (descended). - He went down (descended). . We went down (descended). . You went down (descended). . They went down (descended). FUTURE. Salkilan linumutad -_ “ Saki lumutad bu or I will go down (descend). Sing. { Tumutad ako bu. The future is like the present in all respects, excepting that the term bu is added. IMPERATIVE. Sin {Balutag ka . Descend you or you descend. 9: Palutad nit - Let him descend. Plur. Palutad kanu- . You descend. * ) Lalutad silan- = Let them descend. It is customary among Moros to use, by preference, for the imperative the root alone followed by ka (you), thus: Lutad ka— descend you; sin ka—come you; lacao ka—walk you. The Malanaos in the past tenses of verbs which carry the term um do not use inum, but place between the first and second syllables of the root the term min, thus: Of surat—to write they get sumiurat—he wrote; and of soba—to sail they get somiuba— he sailed.28 Conjugation in the active form with “ma” or ‘‘mag.”” Root: G@ueda—To embark : PRESENT. Saki magueda - - Lembark. Sing. | Seka magueda _ - You embark. Sekanin magueda _ He embarks. Salkitanu magueda - We embark. Plur. } Salkanu magueda. - You embark. Silan magueda... . They embark. Past. Saki nagueda . Lembarked. Sing. } Seka nagueda. - You embarked. Sekanin nagueda. - He embarked. Salkitanu nagueda_ - We embarked. Plur. } Salkanu nagueda. _..... You embarked. Silan nagueda - . They embarked. FUTURE. The same as the present with the addition of the term bu. IMPERATIVE. , Pagueda ka. . Embark you or you embark. Sing. { Pagueda nin - "Let him embark Plur. § Pagueda kanu - - You embark. * ( Pagueda silan . - Let them embark. Other tenses are formed of these prefixes (ma, mag, na, pag), and have no proper form. To express what they signify, use is made of some adverbs or terms which modify, according to the case, the idea expressed by said tenses. The term ped is a form very much used as a prefix to verbs, and there is no rule to determine its use. It is used in practice with all kinds of verbs, as often with those in which the term um is used as with those in which ma in the active is used, and for euphony’s sake it may be changed to peg, pem, or pe. Examples. Pelacau-lacau silan -.........-. Pedsulat ako kanu mga pagali cu. They are walking (for pleasure). I write to my friends.29 Ya pedtalu silan dadaura They say that other men insult nilan su mga a tau. them. Di ka pedsegad di pedsengal .... Neither cry nor sing. OF THE SIGNIFICATION OF ACTIVE VERBS. To fix the sense of an active verb it is well to note the idea expressed by the root of which it is formed. First. If the root expresses the general idea of a thing accom- plished or executed, the verb will signify the action by which that thing is done, thus, teped signifies the idea of something cut, and the verb pedteped is to cut, and bisay, expressing the idea of something scratched will have for its verb form mabisay—to scratch. : Second. If the root is the name of some instrument, the verb formed with it will express the action of using that instrument, thus, pana—a bow has for its verb form mapana—to use the bow (shoot arrows) , gued—a saw has pagnegued—to saw, and cotiapi— a guitar has mangutiapi—to strum the guitar. Third. If the root expresses the idea of a charge, office, or occupation, the verb will signify the exercise of that charge, office, or occupation, thus, panday sa kayo—a carpenter may become the verbal sentence pedpanday sa kayo—to work as a car- penter; gamut is medicine, and pengamut is fo cure; sarigan— —a commission, becomes pedsarigan—to fulfill a commission. Fourth. Finally, if the rootis of an adverbial nature, the verb will signify the idea which the adverb intimates, thus, sa lipag— the other side of the river has for a verb form lumipag—to cross it (the river); masiken—near has pedsiken—to get near, and sin— here has sumin—to come here. In addition to the above, in order to know well the signification of verbs, the following rules should be learned: First. When ca is interposed between the composing term and the root it makes the verb express the idea of quality, power, or command, thus: Macapia—to make a thing good, macaembal—to order a thing done, macaulian—to order to go behind, and paca- inum—to order to drink. Second. The term i, a suffix, united to the verb gives it a transitive sense, and indicates an object on which the verb does not depend directly in the active. It is used either in the active or passive.30 Examples. I will make it known to them. He will decorate the post. He will give the place a name. Icatau-i ku kanilan Pembulaun-i pulaus.. Paguengala-i dalepa “To them,”’ “the post,’ and “the place,” in the above sen- tences are what we call indirect cases or objects removed from the action of the verb. Third. To form a frequentative (denoting the frequent repe- tition of an action) verb, the root of the verb is repeated, for example, maglacau-lacau denotes to travel backwards and for- wards, or to travel the same road frequently, paguinum-inum— drink, and drink again. ‘When the composing term is placed in the second member of a word it signifies reciprocity (mutual action and reaction), and is the same as if the term an were placed at the end of a fre- quentative, thus, puala-magpuala, or puala-pedpuala, or puala- pualan—to dispute, are all the same. Examples of verbs to fit the foregoing cases. Malalaguy ka mana su mga saladeng. Kuman bu silan amai ca mag- utem silan. Di ka mesina su capia na ped nengka a tau. Napagueletan ku canu mga bunuan a tau. Duminado silan sa pamulaan engu sa basac. Nagueguet nin su kayo... .....- Pinana ku su mga papanuc da masugat. Su mga pepanday sa kayo di tanto marasay. Marguen den su pepanday sa putau sabap sa cayau. oe ka su mga bacataun a a. You run as fast as deer do (run). They will eat when they are hungry. Do not envy the welfare of your neighbor. I rushed in among those who were fighting. They have plowed the garden and the field. He has sawed the lumber. Ihave thrown rocks at the birds and did not hit them. Those who work as carpenters do not suffer any. The occupation of horseshoeing is hard on account of the heat. You cure those who have skin > disease. Tinguin i pendatu sa ingued Who is the dato or the governor antu? Canu sumin ka bu? of that town? ‘When will you come?31 Cross to the other side of the Lipag ka saguna -.__.-...-...-- 0 river now. Pakan ka su mga kuda engusu Order that the horses and dog asu. be fed. Macasia ako bu sa mga tau.-..- 7 will have the people come ere. Ngain engalan ipalauantu. What name have these hills ee am (wooded hills). Inicatau ku salka ...>...-.---- I made you know it. Cumubing cubing lalayun su Play, and play again the cubing mga uata. ‘a sort of a reed instrument) ‘or the children. Uman uman gay bunubunuan Every day they laugh among nilan, themselves. CuapTer 5.—OF THE PASSIVE FORM OF THE VERB. To learn the Moro tongue intelligently it is indispensable to know well the verb and its forms as it iscustomarily used among the Moros. This is particularly so of the passive form, common to all tongues derived from the Malay. The reason for this, ap- parently, is that all oriental peoples in expressing their ideas give more attention to an object on which falls the action of the verb than to the subject. This is just the reverse of more civilized languages, and is why it happens, many times, to those who are learning oriental tongues, that without noticing it, they express their ideas by the passive form, thinking they are using the active. Four forms of the passive are known to the Maguindanao tongue: The radical passive, the passive in “i,” the passive in “en,” and the passive in ‘‘an. OF THE RADICAL PASSIVE. This passive is proper in any radical diction which has a verb significance, or better yet, in a diction where the verb may be active by means of the terms which customarily determine it, and which of itself expresses a full radical and a passive idea, thus, the radicals teped, surat, and betad express the ideas, respectively, of cut, written and placed, and from these we may say: Teped ka su kayo—Cut is the tree or The tree is cut by you,32 and Betad ka su surat san—Place the book there or Let the book be placed there by you. To use this passive the subject is placed in the genitive in a sentence, and the complement of the action of the verb is in the nominative, as may be seen by the preceding examples. In the Malay tongue this passive is used in all its modes, but in Maguindanao it is used for imperatives, rarely in other modes. OF THE PASSIVE IN “1.” ‘This passive, which in the Malay tongue is di, is used by simply placing i before the first letter of the radical as a prefix. Examples. Root: Teped—Cut. Tteped ku su kayo... Icut the tree or the tree is cut by me. Root: Panie—To go up (ascend). Ipanic ku su uatu...........--- T ascend the rock or the rock is ascended by me. Root: Betad—To place. Inibetad ni Juan su mga ben- John placed the shirts there or gala lu. the shirts were placed there by John. o Make use of this passive when the verb expresses exterior ac- tion, instrument, cause, or motive why the thing is done, or the time when it is exécuted. Place the agent (the person or thing that exerts power) in the genitive and the instrument (not necessarily a musical instru- ment or instrument used for any particular thing, but an article of any kind, a thing, a noun), cause, etc., in the nominative. Thus we say: Ipagpasa ka su sundang ?—Sell you thecris? Canu ipalipag ka ?—When cross you the river? Su acad mapita ipali- pag ko—Sunday in the morning I will cross to the other side. Ngain ipanuru ka canu mga tau?—What are you showing to the people ? ‘We also make use of this passive when we present or give something to a person, placing the agent in the genitive, the re- ceiver in the nominative, and the thing or object in the accusa- tive. Thus, we may say: Inipait ku si Luis sa munsala—Z brought to Louis a handkerchief.33 It is well to bear in mind of this passive, and of passives in general, that ordinarily the agent of the sentence comes imme- diately after the verb, and the subject of the same comes before the verb or after the agent. From this we can see in the sen- tences Icalimu ni Juan si Luis—It is John who loves Louis, and Inicalimu ni Pablo si Jose—It is Paul who loved Joseph, that many times they leave off the articles which generally accom- pany proper nouns (names), and in these cases the subject of the sentence would be doubtful if it were not for this rule. If the sentence is an interrogative it is supposed that the agent always precedes the verb. OF THE PASSIVE IN “‘EN.”” This passive, which in the Tagalo tongue has the termination in and in the Visayan on, is employed to express action by the agent, modifying the subject of the same. Thus verbs which signify to do, to ask, to call, to receive, to eat, to drink, to think, etc., are expressed by this passive. The agent is placed in the genitive, and the last term of the sentence in the nominative. The termination en added to the root forms a verbal expression, and in past tenses the term in is placed after the first consonant of the root, but if the root begins with a vowel, in is placed before it. Examples. ‘Taunguen ka su bantay -.- Inembalen nilan su ualay - . They have made the house. Initen ku su mamis si Jose. .... Ihave brought candy to Joseph. Pikiren ku mapia su casucar Iam pondering over the danger - Call the guard. nami. which we are in. Binilang ku su mga pilac. .-..-. I have counted the dollars. Inumen ka su gamut_....-----. Drink the medicine. OF THE PASSIVE IN ‘‘AN.”” This passive, which is common to Tagalos, Visayans, and Moros, is used in this tongue to express action over a place, which is the termination or object of the action. It is formed by this term (an) being placed after the root of a'verb. su4—3,34 The place is arranged or putin the nominative, the agent in the genitive, and the complement in theaccusative. When it has two complements the direct one is placed in the accusative and the indirect one in the nominative. More use of verbs is made under this passive than under the preceding ones—when a place is referred to, when they signify occupations by which one makes his living, and when to buy, to sell, to dress others, to close, to mix, to smell, to like, and to touch, etc., are referred to. Examples. Inibetaden ku su surat san sa I have placed the book there caban. : in the box. Ngain a ualay nalusudan ni Which house did Louis go into? is? : Sa pamulaan nengkamamulaan Iam going to plant many cocoa- ku bu madakel a niug. nut trees in your garden. Minunutan ku su datar taman I have followed the plain to the sa palau. wooded mount. Di ka tayungan su ditar........ Do not touch the dress. Ududan ku su ladia sa sabao -.. I am emptying the soup in the cup. Tinguin pagadatan kanu mga Who respects the aged? ukes: It must be noticed respecting these passives and their use that there are verbs which come under the three (passives), besides the radical; others come under some, while some admit of only one, the use of the verb showing whether it is in the right passive or not. To have some idea and give some rule on this; it should be remembered that the passive in “i” serves for verbs which signify action of the agents as the exterior term, or the instrument with which it is executed; the passive in ‘‘an”’ for verbs which express action of the agent as the agent or material from which a certain thing is made, and finally the passive in ‘‘an’’ serves to express the place or end of the action of the verb. OF THE USE OF THE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE. To know when it is proper to use the active or the passive the signification of the verb must be looked to, also the object on which falls its action,35 Although it may not be possible to fix by rules in which cases one should be used by preference over the other, the following rules may yet be of service, which are common to other tongues of the Archipelago : First. The active form is used when the phrase or sentence is begun by the agent of the same placed in the nominative, though we speak in a sense already determined. Examples. Saki malimi aku kanumgaania I love these good men. a mapia a tau. Sakisumulatako sacalatasantu.. I write on this paper. Seka mangay ka bu pedtaua- You will go to call Peter. guen si Pedro. Saki di ako matau bichara I do not know how to speak casila. Spanish. Second. Ordinarily the active form is used when we speak in an indetermined sense or determined only in part. Examples. Minum ka sa ig a Pulangui-.... Drink you water from the river. Macus ako bu sa mga ulac a I will take the flowers from the kayo. tree. Su Luis tinumauag sa padi-.... Louis called the father. Palusud ka sa mga papan ...... Bring in the boards. Si Juan namasa madakel a John bought many things. tamuc. Kuman kanu sa bayabas ania, Eat of those guavas, which are namalembu a tanto. very good. Si_ Jose muit bu sa timus a Joseph a bring salt from the Moros. Moros. Third. Ordinarily, also, the active form is used in interroga- tives. .Thus we say: Tingin manutu bu sa manga Moros su ped- taluun ni senor gobernador?— Who will explain tothe Moros what his excellency the governor says? Other Examples. Canu macauma su ama nengka?. When will your father come? Tingin a minunut nin?_ Who has followed him? Tingin-i mamasa sa seda?_. Who buys the fish? Pila ca tau nalusud sa ualay? -. How many persons entered the Ouse36 Fourth. The active form being the most ordinary and frequent way of expressing one’s self, use is made of it when we speak in a determined sense outside of cases already indicated. Note that in indeterminate cases when the sentence has two complements use is made of the passive in ‘‘an,”’ or the passive in ‘‘i.”” Examples. Did you bring that book? Ipayupas ka mapia sy lantay a ualay. Pangui layan ka si Luis engu su manga ped nin. Iningayan-in su munsala cani on. Pinamasanin langun a palay sa padian. Tinguin inauydan su sulat ku?_. Sweep well the floor of the house. Hunt you Louis and his com- panions. He has given to Ramon the handkerchief. He bought all the palay in the market. Who has taken my letter? Cuarter 6.—INFINITIVES, SUBSTANTIVE VERBS, AND VERBAL NOUNS. Infinitives are formed of imperatives, placing before these the term ca, which for infinitives of past time is converted into kina. Examples. Of the root mile—to select : Present and future... Mamili ako .... I select or will select. Past .... Minamili ako -. I did select. Imperative Pamili ako. Select you or you select. Infinitive present.... Capamil To select. Infinitive past....... Kinapamili .... Tohave selected. Of the root ganad—to learn: Present and future... Maganad silan. They learn or will learn. Past -. Naganad nin... He learned. Imperative Paganad kanu - Learn you or you learn. Infinitive present.... Capaganad .... To learn. Infinitive past....... Kinapaganad .. To have learned. Su kinapaganad mapia su ca- After John had learned the pangadi, nabautis si Juan. prayer he was baptized.37 Su capaliu sa lalan diden muna managup ta. Su cailay ko salka macaridu su guinaua ku. Su kinauma su panday a kayo, ae 8a talay su baguer a endu. Su capalusud ka sa ualay a mga salacau a tau pagadat ka ka- nilan. Sy capatulug ko, sambayang aku den. The going into the streetshould be after one has performed his ablutions. Seeing you causes me sorrow. After the carpenter had arrived a strong wind demolished the house. On entering a strange house have respect for the people there. On going to bed it is customary with me to pray. On rising in the morning I com- mend myself to God.” A substantive verb or word formed of a verb consists of the root alone with the term ea placed before it after the manner of forming abstract nouns from adjectives (see Chapter 2, page 14), and we may thus say: Cabiag, calacau, calusud, caembal, caken, etc., words which signify, respectively, captivity, travel, entrance, work (something done), and food, coming from the verbal roots biag—to take, lacau—to travel, lusud—to enter, embal—to do, and ken—to eat. The following verbals it will be noticed are formed by repeat- ing the root, and using ca at the beginning of the word. It will also be noticed that in English the examples below are words ending with ble: : Su cambuat ku mapita pedtade- man ako sa Alatala. . Terrible. Amiable. Agreeable. New (admirable on account of newness). Inaccessible. CuapTzr 7.—ADVICE AS TO THE MANNER OF CONJU- GATING: VERBS. First. There are verbs which vary in their conjugation accord- ing to their signification. We saw that the verbal root ganad (chapter 4, page 26) when made a verb with the prefix ma signi- fied tolearn; maganad su mga uata sa bitiara casila—the children38 learn to speak Spanish; and when given a verb form with un interposed signified to go out, thus: Canu gumanat bu salkanu sa ualay nin?—When will you have left (gone out of) your house # The same may be said of the root sambay. If we say pedsambay- ang ako, the translation is I pray, but if we say sumambay aku sa glat, then the translation is I beg you to lend me the knife. Second. The signification of other verbs varies according to whether or not any syllable of the root is repeated, as happens with the roots pasan and laguy; of the former we get pamasan— to buy, and papasan—to sell, and of the latter, malaguy—to escape, and malalaguy—to run. Third. Of the composing term of verbs, or terms which modify their significance, used ih the Malay, Tagalo, and Visayan tongues, some are used in Maguindanao, generally the best known ones which have been quoted in a few of the foregoing pages. Pinaca.—This term expresses the idea of ‘‘to take the place of,” or “to be reputed.” Examples. Su pinacasla sa langun a mapia The best of all good thi: su calimu na Alatala. reputed to be the love SPR Seka pinacalukes ku - - You are like my father, or You are enough like my father to take his place. $u buhaya pinacajadicanumga The alligator is as the king of seda. all fishes, The alligator takes the place of the king of all fishes, or The alligator is reputed to be the king of all fishes. Kina.—We have seen that this term serves for past time to infinitives and for forming certain substantive nouns (see Chapter 6, page 36, and Chapter 2, page 15), thus: Su kinauli silan canu mga marat a tau—After they had returned they met with some bad men, Su kinalutad ku magabi—On my coming down at night. ~ Capag.—This term expresses the idea of ‘ after,”’ ‘‘on doing,” “on going,” ‘‘on entering,”’ etc., and, like verbals, begs geni- tive of the person or agent, and accusative of the object or39 termination of the action. Su capagaua nu ama ku maua bu aku manem—On my father’s going out (or after he goes out) I will go also, Talking of past time, capag becomes kinapag, thus: Su kinapagkan nilan minagtan After having eaten they excused silan. themselves. Su pagcalusud sa simban siu- On entering the church worship men ka sa Alatala. God. The term pagea has the same significance as capag, as is seen by the fact that in the last sentence capagusud could have been used as well as pagealusud, the word used. Maca and Naca are used for the past time. We have seen. be- fore that they express the idea of power, command, etc. (see Chapter 4, page 29). Macapanic aku—I can (have power to) go up; Nacambuat aku canu mga tau—I have ordered the people to rise; Macasurat ako cann mga uata—JI make the children write. Ca.—This term, in addition to its serving to form substantive nouns of verbs, and abstract nouns of adjectives, is used to ex- press the idea of a thing being finished or accomplished, this by joining it to the root and repeating the first syllable of the root, thus: Caguguman ku su ualay—Z have just come out of the house, or I have just finished coming out of the house; Calilipag nin saguna—On crossing to the other side of the river, or Having Jinished crossing to the other side of the river. It also expresses a command, or statement tersely uttered, thus: Cagagaan ka— Walk fast (Hurry up). Also ideas contained in the words “hardly,” “scarcely,” etc., thus: Andau den caguegueda ako paguta ako—Scarcely had I embarked when I became ill. The term ca as a prefix, with the termination an, to verbs makes them passive and serves for present time, thus: Calipun- guetan ako nin—J am scolded by him ; Catademan ku su mga lukes ku—I think of my elders, or they are thought of by me. For the past time kina is used, thus: Su uata a kinauyag ku—The child that was raised by me; Taman a kinembalan na Dios su duna— Since the time the world was created by its Maker. In addition - to the foregoing, ca with the termination an in words has the significance expressed in the following examples : Capatayan..................... A place where a massacre has taken place. Cabayabasan _.......--..------ A place where guavas abound.40 Cababasalan. ..- A place where there are many pumpkins. Capacasarucan . ---2ss--- A place of bad odors. Caamisan.-....-.--------.----- A place of sweetness. With the term an as a final toa word we also get the following: Duda-Dudaan -..........--.--- A Bisse to expectorate (a spit- Unut-Unutan... A leader, one to be followed. Paigo-Paigoan . . A tub, a place to bathe. Pina.—This term is of. past time and signifies the completion of a thing, ordinarily referring to the past. Examples. Pinaaua aku nu Gobernador ... The Governor excused me. Pinabatay aku nin .. He ordered me flogged. na naluba nu asa susaladeng .. The deer was pursued by the log. Maki and paki (passive).—The term maki, which for past time is nakl, signifies ‘‘to desire,’’ ‘‘to accompany,” or to use with other words something which the root states. Examples. Nakimbitiara silan si Luisengu Louis and John talked between si Juan. themselves. Di ka makisimbur canu mga Do not mix with bad men. marat a tau. Makipagueda bu aku canu mga I will embark with my brothers. Tusud sa tian. This term (maki) united to a noun signifies to ‘look like,” “‘to carry one’s self like,” or ‘“‘to appear like,” conforming to what the noun expresses, thus: Si Pablo makipanday a kayo— Paul looks like a carpenter. CuapTeR 8.—VERBS WHOSE CONJUGATION OFFER SOME DOUBTS. Pasa—To sell : Ped-pasa ako sa kuda -...-. ---- Tsell the horse. (I am willing to sell him.) Napasa nin sa ualay.-....-..--- He sold the house.41 Ped-pasa ako bu sa sapiu ---...- Pasa ka sa sundang anan_._.--- Pamasa—To buy: Su capamasa nu kanu mga pap- anuc, iket nu pia. Su kinapamasa nu dato su mga guinis nauasa. Pegues—To conquer : Mamegues aku_ Namegues nin - Pegues ka -.. “Su Capegues .._ Su kinapegegues - Lenen—To endure (bear): Lenen ku -. Nacalen silan Alen ka... Pagalen ka .... Su capagalen mapia..-.-----.-- Su kinapaguelen nilan nalaguy su mga lidu nilan. - Endure you. I will sell the hat. Sell you that cris. (Not inter- rogative.) I buy. I will buy. He bought. Buy you. (Not interrogative.) On buying the -birds you tie them well. On the buying (or after the e baying) of goods by the Dato they got wet. I conquer. He conquered. Conquer you. (Not interroga- tive.) To conquer. To have conquered. I endure. They endured. (Not interroga- tive. Endure you. tive.) To endure is good. Their enduring caused their enemies to flee. (Not interroga- Gragra—To devastate (pillage) : Magragra su mga tau Nagragra silan_ Gragra ka _ They are going to pillage the people. They pillaged. Pillage you. (Not interroga- tive.) Pulang-pulang also signifies to pillage.42 Laclac—To waste: Lumaclac ako . Linumaclac silan They wasted. Di ka pag-laclac ._ Do not waste. Su capag laclac marat. To waste is wrong. Su kinalac-lac nin_--. - On account of his having wasted. Tanked—To assure : Tumanked aku su talad ku. .... I assure that my promise will be carried out. Initenked or tinumanked ninsu He assured that what he stated benala catula nin. was true. Tanked-ka?___.....--..---.---- Do you assure it? Su catanked To assure. Kinatanked_ - To have assured. Nguinguisi—to laugh: Penguinguisi silan. ._ Minguinguisi ako cagay. Nguinguisi ka. ...... They laugh. Ilaughed yesterday. Laugh you. (Not interroga- tive.) To laugh. To have laughed. -- I will have laughed at you. Su canguinguisi Kinanguinguisi Nguinguisian ku saleka With the adverbs sin (here) and lu (there) the verb sumin (to go) is formed. For the imperative of this verb use the adverb as shown in examples below: - Come you (literally, Here you). Go there (literally, There you). -- Go them there (literally, There them). Lu-ka or mu ka. Muu silan -.-.. CuaptTer 10.-OF ADVERBS. An adverb modifies the signification of a verb or some other word with which the verb is joined or used. The adverb is divided into those of place, time, mode (manner), quantity, comparison, order, affirmation, negation, and doubt.43 ADVERBS OF PLACE. Sa licud or Ulian - Pantag-Sa-pantag unian Sa dalem or Sa lusud Sa pagueletan __. Iped, yamung, sa ubay Sa liu, Sa guemau . Masiken Caguina-Caguina pan - Ou-pen or Nia-pen. Nauguet-Nauri Bago-pen -... Muna-Paganay whither? to what place? Here, in this place. There, in that place. Here, hitker. Yonder, thither, there. Yonder, thither, there. In front of (the first one). In front of, ahead of. Behind, at the hack of. . In front. : Under. On top of, above, over. Up, high, above. Under, underneath, below. - Within. Between, in the meantime. Close to, near by. Out. Near. Far. OF TIME. Now, at this time. To-morrow. . Early in the morning. . Yesterday. Day before yesterday. i - After, afterwards. Presently, immediately. In the mean time. In the mean time. Before. Before. At this time, right now. Late. Recently. Anciently, formerly.44 - Finally, ultimately. . Anciently. . Always. - Never more. - Not yet. - Promptly, quickly. - In the meantime. ADVERBS OF MODE (MANNER). ~ So, thus, in this manner, - Consistent with, agreeable to. - How? - Purposely, knowingly. - Involuntarily. - Voluntarily. peste seu atemedates er oceisiee = Abruptly. Maripes, mabaling-balingan, Frequently. uman-uman. Malumbat, malanat, tana-tana.. Slowly. Nacambelag-belag Separately. - Strongly. Suddenly. Tightly, closely. Forcibly, violently, Freely, spontaneously. Badly, wickedly. Lalayan . Eternally, forever. Mategas . - Hardly, rigorously. Malemec . Softly, mildly, gently. Tumana - - Softly, gently. ‘Nasamaan - . Abundantly.. Da pen -- - Scarcely, hardly. Unpardonably. Catatancaan _ Justly. Una-una. Principally, mainly. Asar bu - Casually. Midtegas, miktegas - Tenaciously. Manem Also, likewise. Luar .. Simply, only. . Constantly.45 ADVERBS OF QUANTITY. -- Sufficient, enough. Excessive, more than enough. Abundantly, excessively. Much. Little, small in quantity. How much? Nothing. Very, much. Paidu sama u kulang - Little, more or less. ADVERBS OF COMPARISON. More. Less. So, so much, as well, as much. Better yet. Better. Worse. ADVERBS OF ORDER. HU 1 SaAGREnaaed MRaEAAGR SHEA ESSER AUAERESISS ORE Firstly. Cauli -... -- Lastly, ultimately. Tundug _ After, next. Ngaga isa Single. Caga dua Twofold. ADVERBS OF AFFIRMATION AND NEGATION. Yes. No. Never. Not yet. Never. Neither, not either. Certainly. ADVERBS OF DOUBT. Perhaps. By chance, by accident. In case of. Probably.46 ADVERBIAL MODES, Salebu. .---- To the exception of, at the ex- pense of. Alang-alang --...... So so. Di kena alang-alang. Not any way, under no consid- eration. Sa punan .............--------- At the beginning. Pagueletan - Among themselves. Saluc....- To the middle, in the middle. Sa dua mbala _ Of both sides. Takilidan-taliguidan At the side. Sa cauanan, sa biuang- To the right, to the left. Amag mapita - To-morrow in the morning. Mapita-pita -.- Very early in the morning. Tumindeg . On foot. Sometimes. One with another. . Rarely. In a little while. . It does not matter, it makes no difference. From here to there. Ngaga macaisa - Da acalon, da pacaidanum . Taman sin taman luu - PREPOSITIONS. Since. Until. Toward. For, on account of. With. Ahead, or in front of. Over. Under. Into. At, on, in to. Between, among. For. According to. Without. Behind. Under, below. Against. Puun, taman ...- Sampay, taman _4” CONJUNCTIONS. recor os If not, but, except. Neither, nor. In case. . Is that, provided that. In case of. This being as it is, being as itis. Calo-calo -......------.-- .----- If by chance. So that, therefore. Why for. Why. Therefore. But. Why for, for what. Nor, neither. Though, notwithstanding. If it is thus. Also. If it is not so. It may be. . Although. So that. INTERJECTIONS. (An exclamation of admi- ration.) Would to God! Hello! (salutation). Look out! Silence! What a pity! Poor soul! Courage! . How quick! We shall see! Sarig-ka! Cagangaan! Tlaen ta pen!_48 SENTENCES AND PHRASES IN COMMON USE. SENTENCES AND PHRASES IN COMMON USE FOR ASKING, GIVING, BEGGING, AND AFFIRMING. - What is this called? Tell it to me again. Give me the money. Ngain ngalan entu? Talo ka salaki salumai Ingay nenka salaki su pilac . Di aku miug. I do not wish to. Dala pilac-ku - Ihave no money. Pananguit-ka inia u sa ualay ni Take this to Peter’s house. dro. Idual ka salaki su cursi anan... Reach me that chair. Ngain i kiugan engka?-_ -- What do you wish? Tinguin ka?......-.-. Who are you? Ngaini ngala nengka? What is your name? Ya ku ngalan si Juan_ My name is John. Aden dtalun ku salka T have to speak with you. Catauan aku nengka?. Do you know me? Uay, catauan ku seka Yes, I know you. Neugaet a gay aquina kilala-i It is a long time since we met. a den. Ipakineg ka pia-pia Uay, pakineguen ku pia . Listen to me well. Yes, I will listen to you with with pleasure. How? Nacambelag-belag - Separately. Malimu su Alatalacanu manga God loves mankind. tau. Pekinasila k: Matau aku sa paidu Yes, a little. Nguin i panguenin nengka’ What do you beg? Di mapacay, da cabalebeg:in ... It can not be, it is impossible. . Yes. ‘Yes, sir. No. No, sir. Sapulu a salamat Many thanks. Sa ako ka pasalamat aku I come to give you thanks, salka. Do you speak Spanish?\ 49 SENTENCES AND PHRASES IN COMMON USE FOR PASSING THE COURTESIES OF THE DAY, ETC, Salamdu aku salkanu Asalam mualay cum - Alai ku misalam - Su Alatala ya matau Maguetau aku den -_ Ngain i betad nengka? Ngaini betad niu saguna?. Ngain i betad ni ama nengka?._ ‘Mapia sa calimu na Alatala -... Micapia aku den, na salka micapia ka. Micapia aku den Ngain i betad nu masakit antu?_ Cauli-ulian den? Mana ca gagaan su masakit antu. Sin sa duna dala mapasad a pacapia su guinaua ta. Mauguet ka a tanto sin sa duna_ Canu i cambalingan ka sin? ..__ Amay malulen_ Sa amisendau_. Taman sa cappaluman Maguetau aku salka Enduken ka paguetau ka?. Ayan ka muna. It ka sin su cursi ca ayanan su Capitan. Di aku den mayan, ca pengagan aku. Madakel a pengula-ulan ku... Mbalingan aku bu amay Di aku maguetau sa cadenan ku_ Paguetau ka suguna den Macapaguilayata bua cagabi. 3744 I salute you all. - Peace be with you all. With you all let it be peace. God be with you. God be with you, I now depart. . How are you? How are you all? How is your father? ‘Well, by the grace of God. I am now well and you are also. Also am I well. How is the sick one? Are you getting better? Get- ting better, you? The sick one is getting worse. There is not on earth a com- plete comfort. May you live many years. When are you coming again? This evening. Day after to-morrow. Till I see you again. I take my leave of you. Why do you go? . Sit down first (before you go). Bring the captain a chair. I can not sit down, asI am ina hurry. T have much to do. I will return shortly. I will not leave my master. Leave this instant. ‘We will see each other this evening.50 Tsain ka silan ngain icabetad Ask them how they are. ’ nilan? Enduken ca pinaua ka nin?..... Why did he make you leave? ing ca minacau sekanin sa Because he went to Spain. pafia. Maguetau aku den..-..---..--- Lam going. Macau ka saguna? -- 7 Are you going now? ~ Mangay aku sa ualay - lam going home. Endau ka pun? -- Where do you come from? Pun aku sa Simban Aden a inisugu nilan salaki Panic ka... Lutad ka den Tlutad ka su pagalungan - - Icome from church. - They have sent me a message. - You go up. ‘You come down now. Take down the mirror. Lusud ka -- - You come in. Aua ka sin_ . Go away from here. Lacau ka den - Go. Di ka pedtana _ - Do not stay. Tana ka pen - Stay: Di ka pengagalebec - . Do not move. Pengagalebec ka_ You are moving. Ubay ka sin - Come close. Sibay ka -.. . Get away, or Go away. Iseg-iseg kanu sa maitu sa ulian. Move yourselves a little to the rear. Sin ka... - Come here. Apa ka sa paidu _ Wait a little. Di ka papalaguy - . Do not run. Lacau-ka magaan..... - Go fast. Aua ka san .. . Get away from there. Calugat aku - Iam tired. Di aku pacalacau . I can go now no more. Panalus ka sa lalan - Follow the street. Manalus tanu sa Jalan ani - We a go forward on this road. Ngain i masiken sa dua lalan Which is the shorter of these anan? two roads? Nia i masiken.. - This is shorter. Nia va mauatan. - This is longer. Mauatan pen? ........ ........ Isit yet far? Masiken den ............------- It is now close.51 Endau su ingued? --.....-.-.-- Di ku catauan, Capitan Endau ae a pedsanguran 88... Endau su ukitan sa ....? Saguna pen i kinapacauma-ku_. Itulu nengka salaki su mga Jalan. Unut ka salaki-.. Itulu nengka salaki su lalalan a pedsangul sa ingued. Negain i Jalan a masla? Mayan tanu pen sa paidu Madakel a budta-._ Naca-tindulas aku Paidu aku ya bun maulug. Uli ka sa ualay, engu uit ka su carrusa. Isangan ka, cochero Where is the town ? I do not know, Captain. ee is the road which goes Which is the way to -...? I have just arrived, I am a - stranger. Show me the streets or roads. Accompany me, or Follow me. Show me the road to the town. Which is the big road or high- way? We are somewhat sorry. There is much mud. I have slipped. . Inearly fell. Go home and bring the carriage. Get the coachman. Hurry up. Upright. To the right. To the left. Get to one side. - Come back. I will come from the other side. SENTENCES AND PHRASES IN COMMON USE FOR DENOTING SOME- THING RELATIVE TO TIME, THE SEASONS, THE WEATHER, ETC. Pima Merete rere Marat a gay-....--.---- Gay a mayau saguna. Linekepan su gay Macapal a lekep-- Pagulan a gay How is the time? or How is the day? The time is good, or The day is good. aaa is bad, or The day is Summer season or time of heat. The day is getting cloudy. There is much mist, Arainy day.52 Di pagulan Mulan bu taman sa magabi Mergues den aulan...-.. Di ka pagaua, mauasa ka bu. Benal bun, cananasa aku. Ingay nengka salaki su payong. Muu aku den, ca benal bun a mayau sin a tanto. Pendadalendeg -.....--..-.---- Poegkilat ........ 5 Naulug su isa parti sa ualay ni Juan. Calu-calu basi tumalus bu su subu-subu. Maguilec aku a calabauan sa mga dalendeg. Lusud kanu sa alung a ualay ania. Pedsebang su mga bituun.....-. Amay ca sumedep su senai baling ka sia. e ad Maliuanag su ulan-ulan- Magabi den-.- Cadtibuas den Magan pamutian den su senang_ Tai ka u pagulan Mapita pen a tanto, casabutan 2 Mapita-mapita.- Ngain i capulu na senang? Catauan nengka su capulu na nenang? Mapulid den_......... Lujul Magan den malulem Asal den su senang-. Dala pen basi ....... It does not rain. It will rain all day. The rain is very heavy. Do not go out, for you will get wet. ‘What you said was so, for I did get wet. Give me the umbrella. Iam going, for it is truly very hot here. It thunders. Lightning is striking. Lightning zigzags. Lightning. Flashes of light. Lightning strack John’s house. It is possible that it will termi- nate in a hurricane. Iam very much afraid of thun- der. You all go into the hall of this house. The stars are now coming out. When the sun sets you return here. The moon shines. It is now night, or late. It is now daylight. It will soon be dawn. See if it rains, Very early in the morning, do you understand? Very early in the morning. What time is it? Do you know what time it is? It is one o'clock. It is three o’clock. It is near dark. It struck five. I believe not.53 Aden horas san sa ualay? ..-... Mautu a senang paigu ako bu-- Pucaua ku sa luc a gay Mapia uay ataua di, na ilain ku su horas. Dala pen basi, ca mapulu pen su senang. Di ka pelipat-i su sugu ku salka_ Ngain i ngalan su ulan-ulan saguna? Naca-pila ulan a di nengka calacau sa Cotavato? Naca-pila gay ka sin sa ualay?.. Valu ragun, isa ulan engu anem gay. Is there a clock at home? At twelve Iam going to bathe. Wake me at midnight. By yes or by no, I am going to see what time it is. It can not be, because the sun is high. Do not forget what I have com- missioned you to do for me. In what month are we? Since you have been to Cot- tabato? ‘You have been home? Eight years, one month, and six days. SENTENCES AND PHRASES IN COMMON USE FOR DENOTING SOME- THING RELATIVE TO EATING AND DRINKING. Cagutem ako .. Miug ka kuman?_ Uay ca pelunusan aku den Kan ka sa agad-agad Palitagae ka sin engu ka maca- an. Ngain kiugan ka kuman? Paguisupan.. Caguina ca saguna mapita, gala uu magutem. Kuman tant... Saki kinuman aku den_ Napangaluda kanu den su ken._ Nia den sa dulang su ken ‘Ayan ka sin tampal sa cauanan a. Ngain entu? lengan ka den, ca paidu bu. Panalagad ka sa cadenan. .. Nia ken calabauen a matimus -_ Tam hungry. Do you wish to eat? Yes, becatse I am dying of hunger. You eat something. Stay here to eat. ‘What’ do you wish to eat? Anything. It is very early yet, and I do not feel like eating, . Let us go and eat. . [have already eaten. Put the food (dinner) on the plates. The food (dinner) is now on the table. Sit here to my right. What is that? finish it all, it is very little. Serve the gentleman. This food is very salty.54 Pacainum ako Inguin aku sa ig engu arac. Taguy ka sa arac, engu paca- gaan ka. Sugat den.... - Nausug aku den - Kan ka sa casbudan, ca mapia. - Inguin aku sa palanan a sapu -- Miug ka sa bambang ataua umay ? Kuman aku sa manuc a pia- guiau. Su ken va mapia.... Da timus inia ken_--. Inum ka sa paidu Isa sakedu sa ig-- Iten ka sinsu canan a guina- gasan. Unas-i ka su salidut Paidu ka i cakan. Paidu pan . Sabuul a padidu pen - Sa sunguit pen... SENTENCES AND PHRASES IN SOMETHING RELATIVE TO Mangay tanu tumulug Tumulug tanu den. U ka den tulug ka. Di aku pacatulug Midtaquinep ka basi Paguedam, pagtuluguen Pamanguedan kanu den. Picauan ka si Juan... Embuat ka, magan ka. Tam thirsty. Give me water and wine. Serve wine, and move fast. Enough. Tam satisfied. Eat the fat part, which tastes better. Give me all lean. Do you wish bread or rice? Eat roast chicken. The food (dinner) tastes well. This food is saltless, insipid, and tasteless. Drink a little. A glass of water. Bring a clean plate Clean the spoon. ‘You scarcely eat. A little more. Still a small piece. A mouthful more. COMMON USE FOR DENOTING SLEEPING AND WAKING. Let us go to sleep. We sleep now. Go to sleep, . Iam not sleepy. - You have had a lucky dream. . Wake up, sleepyhead. All are awake. Wake John up. Get up instantly. Su paras nengka bagu pen na- It can be seen by your face that caguedam. Nacaguedam aku den, cadenan. zou have just gotten out of I am now awake, sir.55 Necaguedam gu cadenan neng- Your master has waked up. Pedturug pan sekanin -- He is yet sleeping. Apa ka sa paidu You wait a bit! Diden,capacatulug aku acala- No; for I too am falling with bauan. drowsiness. Tulug kanu langun!..........-. All of you tosleep! Ngain a horas i caiga nengka?_. a re hour will you go to SENTENCES IN COMMON USE FOR ‘DENOTING SOMETHING RELATIVE TO SERVICE, ETO. uilay ka su manalagad Find me a'servant. 1. Aden sacatau sa lupa a miug There is one below who wishes ad salka. to take service with you. U matau manalagad, papanic If he knows how to serve, let ka sekanin. him come up. Endau ka tau?. .- Where are you from? Tau aku sa Ilocos ---- Lam from Docos. Pila ragun su kinauguet ka sun What is your age? duna? : Dala ako pen macapanalagad_-_ I have never served anyone. Calitagac ka den sin sa ualay... Remain here then. Sukayan nosalkasa pata biring I will give you four sa uman wlan, u capacay salka, month, if you like, and if not udi panguilay ka sa salakaua you may look for another cadenan. master. Malat su kinalayam nin........ He has bad habits. Pangilay ka sa baliuan nengka Look for one to take your place saguna den. immediately. Cua ka sa ig sa parigui, engu Draw water from the well and taguy ka sa paigoan. put it in the tub. Panisin ka su lusud a.ualay.... Sweep out the parlor. Ucain ka su pintu.........- Open that door. Pintuan ka paniluangan anan-. Close that window. Uaden pacauma sin a tau,talu If anyone comes, tell him Iam ka dala aku sin sa ualay. not at home. Matau ka mules sa mga kuda?.. Do you know how to govern or manage horses? Endan ka nanalagad?.......... Where have you served? U a nanalagad sa ualay ni I have served in John’s house. uan.56 Na seka tingin ka? Saki su pamagapuy. . And you, who are you? Tam the cook. Matau ka mamagapuy mapia?.. Do you know how to cook well? Tucau-i aku bu tajragi ca_....- Try me before you take me. Pagapuy ka saguma-.---_....-- Go in the kitchen now. Taluun ku pen salka, masan- I warn you beforehand, I am guila ako a tanto sa cakan. very delicate in my eating. Uaden a macalupet sa paguisu- He who breaks anything should pan bayadan su alaga nin. pay for it. SENTENCES IN COMMON USE FOR DENOTING SOMETHING RELATIVE TO RISING, ETC. Cadenan, pidtalu nengka salaki You told me to wake you very na mapita-pita pukaun ku early, sir. fi 2. Sumebang den su senang?....-- Is the sun rising? Miug ka cumua ako sa ditar a Do you wish me to get outsome mapia? clean clothing? Di, cua ka muna sa isa cayab, No, 0, bring me a sheet, for I wish ca paigu aku. bathe. It ka salaki ditar a mapia _..._. Bee me clean clothing. Naca-kilala ka sa patatabungau Do you know any good barber? a mapia? Pacalilala aku sa isa --.-.--.--- I know one. Na panguilay ka sekanin, engu See if you can find him, and muit sekanin sa glat aipana- have him bring a good razor. bungau mapia. Matau katumabungau pia-pia?.. Can you shave well? Uay, cadenan, saki bu imapia Yes, sir, Iam the best barber on patatabungau sa lalan antu. _this street. Pagingat ka sa capanabungau, Shave me with much care, for 7 malemu aku capalian. my skin is very thin (tender). Gunting-gui aku....... .- Cat my hair. Miug ka sa mababa tanto?...... Do you wish it very short? Di, malo-malendu-lendu sa No, a little long. paidu. Pila isucay ku salka?_ .- What do I owe you? Seka bu i matan -.. -- What you wish to give. Pila i kiugan ka sa saca ulan, Howmuchdoyou wanta month panabungau ka salaki gaga shaving me every other day? dua gay? Amay ca man, na sin ka den Come then, from, to-morrow. puun sa amag.57 Taguy ka sia sa ig.....-....---- Put water here. Cua sa bangala, salual engu isa Getashirt, pair of trousers, and a ipanising. a towel. Isin ka su sapiu ... . Bring me the hat. Nia su mga talumpa Here are the shoes. It ka sin sa isa kayap - . Bring a sheet and soap. Cadenan, su ig natagu den sa Sir, the tub is full of water. paigoan. Paguipat ka sa ualay..........- ‘Take care of the house. Paganadi ka su canditar ku, Learn how todress me, and take engu paguingat ka pia su much care of my clothing. itar. Iaua nengkasu budsengsamga Take the dust from these shoes. talumpa anan. SENTENCES IN COMMON USE FOR DENOTING SOMETHING RELATIVE TO A JOURNEY. Endau mapia, u magueda tanu Whichis ter rot way, by water ataua lumalag? or by lan Migcarat su lalan sa lupa, sa The road is naa you can go by ragat mapacay mukit, en- sea, but it is best to go by tauna labi mapiasa lauasaig. river. Pakineg ka, bankero, sin ka.... Listen, boatman, come here. bho ,iincain nengka ibetas ku How much do you want to take me to the other side of the river? Upat-pulu a cuarta - Four reales (bits). Muig ka sa dua? _. - Will you take two? Na u tanu den, ingat kanu ca Let us go, then, and don’t tip basi tanu matalekeb --......- over. Ayan ka sa luuc, engu di ka Sit in the center and don’t ngagalebec. move. Mauatan tanu pen?_............ Is it very far? Di, cadenan, masiken tanu den.. No, sir, we are now close. . Ngein a horas i cauma tanu?... At what hour will we arrive? Mauguet tanu, ca casunsung Late, because the current is tanu su ragues. against us. ‘Nelat ka su layag -..--------.-- Put up the sail. Nacuda, ingat ka,ca maratsu Pilot, have a care lest we go capagauang tanu ............. ‘wrong. Ngain cauatan sin taman sa How far is it from here to the ingued? town?58 Telu horas, cadenan -_.......-. Three hours, sir. Ipanguilay aku nengka sa kuda Find me a horse and a good engu isa a pangunaan. guide. Pila ibayad ku salka, Capitan?__ aoe much do I owe you, Cap- in Cadenan, nia den su nabilang .- Sir, here is the account. Marguen den . It is very dear. ‘Natancaan den ania sa malay- It is according to the regular aman. rate. fe Pakipanguilay ka sa ualay a di Find me ahouse thatis not dear. mapulu su alaga nin. Ngéin cauguet nengka sia sa Will you live in it for some ualay ania? time?PART I1.—OF SYNTAX, PROSODY, AND ORTHOGRAPHY. Cuapter 1.—OF SYNTAX. Syntax is that part of grammar which teaches us the mode of uniting words to express intelligently our conceptions. If, in expressing our thoughts by words, we guard the rules of construction, syntax is said to be regular; if otherwise it is said to be figurative. In this pamphlet we deal only with regular syntax. OF CONCORDANCE. Concordance is the conformity of variable words in gram- matical use. It may be of gender and number among substantive nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and articles. This concordance has no place in Maguindanao, as all nouns are common of two, and articles and adjectives of three, without any of them changing their terminations. This also happens of the concordance of number and person, which consists of placing the verb in the number and person of the subject, as in this tongue the verb has the same termination for al numbers and persons, as has been already stated. Su bengala maputi--.....------ The shirt is white. Su tau maputi . The man is white. Su mga layac maputi . The sails are white. Mangay bu si mga sondalo - The soldiers will come. Mangay ka bu sin - You will come. Mangay bu sin si Juan - - John will come. In these sentences it will be seen that the same word maputi (white) serves for all genders and numbers; and the same term mangay (will come) scrves for all numbers and persons. (69)60 OF THE REGIMEN. Regimen is the dependence which some words have to others " inasentence. This dependence is considered in Maguindanao, more or less, as in other tongues. A substantive used with a preposition requires another sub- stantive, as: Kuda ni Jose—Horse of Joseph. A substantive used with a preposition also requires the verb - to be in the infinitive, as: Sulat ca capaganat—Book for learning, or Book for to learn. A noun without a preposition makes the substantive appear as the subject: Su asu nalalaguy—The dog escaped; Nacauma si Lais—Arrived Louis, or Louis arrived. A pronoun is required to appear only as a subject of the verb, as: Seka manalus den—You pass now; Saki di matau aku luman- guy—I do not know how to swim. The adjective before a preposition may be used with a sub- stantive, a pronoun, or averb, thus: Matiguel sa catalad—Faithful to a promise; Malemi san saleka— Easy for you; Malugat sa capa- nurau—Tired of teaching. An active verb may be used with a substantive, pronoun, adjective, adverb, another verb, or an entire sentence, thus: Sumalig ako sa Alatala—I conjide in God; Nailay ako sekanin— I saw him; Aden mapia tau—There are good people; Padtalu nin baliuanac a tanto—Speak very clearly; Miug ako mbalingan—I wish to return; Isapalan ku salka magucag canu ped nenka—I prohibit you from going around fighting people. In the regimen there are two classes of complements or subjects used: The direct complement is that on which falls the action of the verb directly, as: Cuan ka su hengala—Take the shirt; Saki malimu ako sa Alatala—I love God. The indirect complement is that on which falls the action of the verb indirectly, as: Di nin miug tutulen su magadi canu mga vata—He does not wish to explain the sentences to the children; Inuit nilan su mga kuda sa valay—They have taken the horses home. In these two sentences “the children” and “home” are objects or indirect complements. In the first two examples under direct complements “the shirt” and ‘‘God” are direct complements as are ‘‘sentences”’ and “horses” in the examples under indirect complements. There are some other rules treating of the regimen of words and of construction in Maguindanao, but we abstain from giving more, as real and fixed rules are not yet known to this tongue.61 OF CONSTRUCTION. Construction is the placing of words in their proper order in a sentence. The natural order is that the article be first, and it should be followed by a noun, which in turn is followed by an adjective, the verb and adverb coming afterwards. Between these parts of a sentence others are sometimes placed in order to better or more intelligently carry out the idea intended. Grammatical sentences may be simple or complex. A simple sentence consists of a single proposition: Mayau su senang—The sun heats; Su kayo mababa—The tree islow. A complex sentence is one some element of which contains a subject and a predicate: Miug su Alatala maga-sorga sa langun a tau—God wishes ail men to save themselves. A simple sentence may be a first or second. Firsts are those which have a direct subject, verb, and complement: Su panday a kayo membal sa valay nin—The carpenter makes his house. Seconds are those which have a subject and verb: Si Luis paga- nat—Louis studies. Respecting the verb in a sentence, it may he a substantive, an active, a passive, a neuter, a reciprocal, or a reflexive or reflective verb. We have before stated that this tongue is lacking in the verb “to be’? and the verbal expression ‘‘to be ina place,’ and to express ideas of their nature a substantive is simply used with the adjective for “to be,” and with the place for “to be ina place,” as may be seen by the following: Seka maguda tau— You are young, and San su asu—The dog is over there. The verbs. ‘to have” and ‘‘to take ’’ are expressed by aden: Aden tau sa valay—There are people at home; Aden manue si Luis—Louis has chickens. Neuter verbs form sentences in the same manner as the verb aden, thus: Nacauma si Victor masakit—Victor arrived sick. This is a first simple sentence. G@uminanat sekanin—He left, isa second simple sentence. Sentences of active verbs are formed with the subject in the. nominative, the verb, and the direct complement or accusative, if they are firsts: Su ama malimucanu mga vata nin—The father62 loves his children. If they are seconds, with the subject and verb only: Pedru miga—Peter reclines. Sentences of passive verbs are more difficult than others on account of being more complicated. These are formed according - to the modes of passives, which we have already explained. If they are in the passive in ‘‘i,” the direct complement is placed as the subject in the nominative, the verb in the passive in ‘‘i,”” and the subject in the genitive: Ipanic ka su sapiu—Up with the hat, or Bring the hat up. If the instrument (thing or noun), cause, or time used for accomplishing anything is expressed, it is placed in the nominative, the agent in the genitive, and the sub- ject or direct complement in the accusative: Su patuc inemoalen engka sa auang—You have made the boat with a hatchet; Sabap seka inembal-an ku sa valay—On your account I have made the house; Su ulan-ulan entu pamulaan engea sa palay—Plant the rice this month. The passive in “en” has no variations, and is formed by Placing the direct complement as subject in the nominative, the verb in the passive in ‘‘en,” and the subject in the genitive: Libeten engka 8u yalay—Are you nearing the house? In the passive in ‘‘en’’ the place is used, or where the action is executed, as the subject in the nominative, the verb which now becomes an, the agent or subject in the genitive, and that which is the object of the verb or direct complement is placed in the accusative: Ududan engka su lalan sa ig—You are spilling the water in the street; Papasan in su padian sa langun a taman— Purchase all the things at the market. . Sentences of infinitives are formed in this tongue the same as in other languages. In addition to the subject, and the verb in the personal mode, called “determinate,” they carry others which pass for the present of the infinitive called ‘‘ determined.” They may be firsts or seconds. They are firsts if they consist of a subject, determinate verb, determined verb, and direct comple- ment, as: Su mga Moros ming capaganat sa bahasa casila—The Moros wish to learn the Spanish tongue; Su mga marat a tau di mapacay capasaut sa sorga—The wicked can not attain glory. The seconds are those which have not the direct complement expressed, thus: Langun tanu mapatut capaguinugut—We all should obey; Ungaya sekanin di capatay—He desires not to die,63 Finally, sentences with relative pronouns are also formed asin other languages. They are composed of two sentences called the first or antecedent and the second with a relative, as the term a, which is a relative, occurs in the second part of the sentence, thus: Su tau a pedsugal di panguyag sa mga vata nin—The man who gambles does not support his children; Su mga manobo a mangangauit, pedcauasa silan—The Monteses who work’ become rich. CHAPTER 2.-OF PROSODY AND ORTHOGRAPHY. Prosody teaches the mode of accentuating words properly in order that they may be pronounced correctly, and that euphony may obtain. It is not known in this tongue, when it is written in Arabic characters, how the words are accentuated, and for this very reason, and on account of the crudity of the dialect, it is difficult to make any set rules for accentuating when it is expressed in other characters. Practice in speaking with the natives will enable one to get the proper sounds of words, which can then be accentuated with some degree of correctness. For the same reasons given above, fixed rules of orthography can not be given in Maguindanao, and, as before stated, practice in speaking with the natives will enable one to write and spell properly. : In this tongue there are no known rules of punctuation. The Maguindanaos have a final point or period only—this they call “*hayat.”A BRIEF VOCABULARY OF ENGLISH, MAGUIN- DANAO, AND MALAY. OF THE SKY, SUN, MOON, STARS, TIME, ETC. English. Meguindanao, Malay. -| Allab-allahta-hala -. | anh. -| Alam. Surga. Languit. The horizon-_. Kaki-langit. The atmosphere. Udara. The sun ..- Mata hari. The sunrise _ Mata hari naik. The sunset -_ -| Mata harih masok. The sun rays Eclipse of sun. New Quarter moon - Full The north - South East moon .... moon .... | Teapitu a sebang Sinar a senang Galana or garana_ Ulan-ulan _._- Bago or sebang . Sinar mata hari. Grahana. Bulan. Sa hari bulan. Bulan sablah. .| Pernama. Utara. Selatan. Timor. Barat. .| Bintang. Kilat. Petir-pana-petir. Guntar. Gempa tanah. Avan. Plangui.66 English, Maguindanao. Malay. Mist Kabus. Dew -| Embun. Comet -........-.--.| Bituun bericor or | Bintang bericor or b. berasab. -| Timor. Petang. Bintang el jabar. Kartica. Bintang-kutub. -| Timor-laud. Morning star -. Evening star Bituun-guiubar_ Kartica or Langao. Pole star __ Bituun-utara _ Northeast . Northwest -.........| Utara-sa taguru -...| Barat-lant. North and northeast | Buan utara Barat-Barat sa mata wind. selatan. South and southeast | Timor-... ..........| Selatan-Tongara. wind. West a southwest | Salatan-Barat -.....| Timor, timor-laud. wind. The warm season Rainy season The year -_ .| Musim a mayau Musim-barat - Ragun or lagun_ -| Ulan-ulan .. Saca-padian -| Acad ...-.-. Isnin - -| Musim panas-Mu. Musim-huian. Tahun. Bulan. Satu ningo. Achad. -| Senen o isnein. Selasa. Rabu. Khamis. Jumaat. Sabtu. -| Muharram. The first month ‘The second month ...| Sapar Safer. The third month ....| Rabi-el-aval Rabi-alaval. Fourth month. ' Rabi-el-ajir- Rabi-alakhir. Fifth month.........! Guiumadil-aval. ....| Jemad-alaval. Sixth month -| Guiumadil-ajir -....| Jemad-alakhir. Seventh month - Rejab. Eighth month. Ninth month .. : .| Shaaban. -.| Ramadlan Puasa... Ramthan.67 English. Maguindanao. Malay. Xaual -........:-----| Shaval. Chiulcaida Zil kaedah. Chiuljiguia_ Zil hay-jah. Hari. Ini hari. Esoc. Kelmarin. Tengah hari. Pagi. Malam. Early morning Late evening -- Very early morning Esoc pagi-pagi. The world...........| Duna............--.| Dunia. The earth - Tanah, bumi. Water .. Ayer. The people Manusia. The animals. Binatang. i Burong. Ikan. Laut. -| Kaludan. Pasir. Bato. Paya. Danao. Sunguey. Padang - Tanah la- pang. ’ Gunung-Bukit. Alug a madalem Lembah yang dalem. -| Landeng .......--- Xelah gunung. Dama eee Rimba-hutan. Lacungan .| Karang batu. -| Dagat-Laut_ -| Kaludan - Pedtad - Vato -.. ‘Woods Precipice Spring Mata-ayer. Clay or mud. Lumpur. Island. Pulau. Leher-tanah. -| Hujur-tanah. Isthmus Cape -.68 English. Maguindanao. Malay. Linéc-Labuan Pantey-Pasisir. ..|Serakan-Parit (si | hecho de mano). Genet eae | Saluran-Sarokan. --; Titi-an. Muvara. Mouth of river Current _ : | Harus. High tide - ..; Ayer pasang. Low tide ' Ayer surut. | Prigi. ..| Ayer. .| Ayer masin. \ Ayer tavar. Api. | Bunga-api. | Trang. Habu. Glap. Mata ayer. Hulu sunguey. Darkness. Spring -_ Source of river Cave... a A post of wood The wind CONCERNING MAN. Man ... _./ Orang. The people | Manusia. Male... | Laki-laki. Female Body Badan. Head Hulu, Kepala. Stomach 7 .| Prat.Malay. .| Bias-Paras - Tau a mata. Kiray Taculab Lengan. Blakang. Tulang. Otak. Dada. Susu. Pipi. Telinga. Siku. Mata. Matah-puti. Biji mata. Kening. Kelupak mata. Muka. -| Paras. Dahi. Rambut. Tangan. Id. canan. Id. kiri. Kuku. Mulut. Bibir. Peparu. Pusat. Tulang. Otak tulang. .| Hati-Limpah. .| Jantong. Leher. Hidong. Urat. Urat-darah.Malay. The memory Understanding will Goodness of heart Anger Desire Affliction or sorrow... Cold, distant Cough ---- Consumption -| Cailay...----- Kasusan-Caridugui- naua. -| Capikir, pandapat-.. Casium-Baun_ Sakit -.. Lesema_ Batuk .. Luda. Lidah. Gigi. Kulit. Ingatan. Budi. Kahandak. Nyavvah-Jivva. Akal-Budi-bichara. -| Pengasikan. Hati. Marah. Kainginan. Kasusah-an. Fikiran. Chium. -| Peng-liat. Sakit. Selismah. Batok. Batok-Kring. Buta. Savan-babi. -| Bentan. Timpang. Bisu-Kelu. Pekak. Kusta. Bengkak. Bangkok. -| Nanah.vel OF BUILDINGS, BUILDING MATERIAL, AND FURNITURE. English. Maguindanao. ‘Malay. Rumah. Pintu. Lantei. Bilik. Penjuru. Dapor. Atap. Kasau. Kunchi. Anak-kunchi. Jendela. Tangga. Krosi. Tempat-Tidor. Peniapu. Buayan. Kulambu. Tilam. Bantal. Gunting. -| Pemidangan. Sepit. Dulang. -| Kapak. Lendasan. .| Pingan. Pruik. Sendoc. Pahat.English. Malay. We (all of us). We (you and I) . ‘We (exclusive of you, plural) .- You or ye (plural) . They... ..--..-.-+-- Kang. Chankul. Batu guilingan. . Aku-Sa iya Jamba. Puna aku. .| Angkau-Dikau. Iya. Dia. Nia. Kita orang. Kita. Kami. Kamu-Kamu orang. Dia orang-Marica. A FEW SENTENCES, Of what country is that man? What is your name?.| What is this for?.... Where are you from?_ Bring here another - - Understand Take, carry - Be careful not to ar- rive late. What is that worth?. To-morrow you will buy. How much per day? Givemeaneedle with a little thread. How many are there? Ngain su ingued a Ngain i guna anan?_ Endau ka pun? __..- It ka sin sa salacau - Pacasabutan - Pananguiten _ Ingat ka, dika mau- Pila i alaga anan?._. Amag mamasa ka bu. Pila ngaga isa gay?.- It ka sin sa raguum engu paidu a ta- Apa bansa ma orang itu? Apa ka nama ngkau? Apa ka gunia itu? Derimana angkau datang? Casi ka lain. Mungarti. Membaua. Jangan lombat da- tang. Brapa ka arga ini? Beso angkau buli- bili. Prapa satu hari? Casi sama sa ia satu batang giarom sama sidi kit be- nang. Brapa caping ada?13 English. *Maguindanso, Malay. Who are in port? ....| Tinguin sa dalem a Apa ada dalam la- 7 linec? | buan? Take that home ----_ Pananguit ka ana sa | Menbua angkau itu ualay. yang rumah. They are unable to | Di ta makilala ngain | Tiada-lah -berkenal- distinguish friends | pagari ngain lidu. an kavan dengan from enemies. lavan. It sleeps by day and | Amay ka gay tumu- | Siang-tidor, malam watches (or is| lug, magabi ndi-| jaga (Yangkring). awake) ‘by night| aga (su dalanug). (the cricket). Sell, buy .. Jual, membeli. Kechil, besar. Makan, minum. Idop-mati. Kira nia! Baik, jahat. Tanan, dangkiri. Ja, tiada. Pagan, pamasan Padidu, masla -_- Kuman, minum Let it be thus God wills it! Good, bad. Right, left ‘Yes, no Cauanan, biuang - Uay, di. In, out -| Lusud, liu Didalem, luar. SOME VERBS. To fan Mangambel Kipaskan. To abolish . Buang. Pangandam -| Benehi. Gakesen -_ Dakap.- Pacababaan Renkaskan, Buca-an-! Pembuka - --| Membuka. Manipu .. Maki-Manipu. Mapasad Putuskan. Sumipa. Tendang. Maped-Munut | Deut. Paguindau - Nasehat. ..| Baring. -| Ber-tambah. Pungut. Dava. To accompany . To advise - To lie down To increase... -. To accumulateMalay. with To applaud hands. To tighten .. To approve. Ingay su. peatulugan. Sukayan-- Itungul Malimu .. Paguileken - Baluten-Iketen - Iket -..... Macarau - Tabang-an-. Pedta-taua - Makuda .... Heiran. Tengguelam. Sampei. Peliharakan. Tumpang. -| Seva. Angkat. Ber-Kasih. Takut. kat. Inei. Tekok-Tangan. .| Lepit. Menanguio. Tuju. Bajak. Petek. Melata. -| Rampas. Meniesal. -| Tangkap. Melutut. Lempar-buang. Lotong-gergaji. Ikat. Brani. .| Tolong. Menari. -| Turon. Mandi. Supa. Mimi. -| Chim. Meng-Uap. Olok-Olok. .| Tunggang.15 English. + Maguindanso. Malay. ‘Mangantuc. Mengantok. Mauluc... Yatoh. Ttung, bilan Hetong, bilang. Tukar. -| Me-nyanyi. Muat. -| Hukumkan. Men-gali. Menburu-kejar. Ayak. Kunchi. Susupen .. Men-his ap. Maga-islam Men-sun at. Patucan .... Pakukan. Pacalutu - Masak-Rebus. Ungaya Meng-inguin. Cuan - Tangkap. Bitinen. Gantong. Kuman-Makan - Makan. Malimu .. Mengasihani. -| Bandingan . Bandingkan. Pacapia-en - Men-baikien. Pamasan - Bii. Mapasad - Habis-kan. Parachaya-Ma-sarik.| Perchaya. Makilala - Tahu. Itunguen _ Simpan. Tuntulen - Bilang. Menjadi. Yemput. Banxung, Potong. Menetak, | -| Yahit. Ber Tumboh. .| Paratchaya . .| Perchaya. Uyagueniayam .| Meng-ram. Sapeng-an -....-- Tudong.16 ‘English. ‘Maguindanuo.+ Malay. Ber-bisek. Peduli. Ber-kasi-Membri. Ber-layer. Ber-kata. Togive To let out sail To say .. To leave. Meniggalkan. Tospill.. Tumpah-kan. To melt Hanchur. To desert. To untie_ To neglect. To desire Tinggalkan. Buka. Malipat Ungaya Carusen -- -| Mahilo - Upisen - To awaken Pucaun To marry Talad i kauing To destroy To disappear To defer... To divide To double Tosleep To begin To push To elevate. Kupas kulit. Ber-jaga. Tukar-chinchin. Rosak. Ber-layac. Lenniap. Mulay-Mulaina. Tolak. Henggap. .| Memasang. -| Ber-pumpa. Men-dapat. Ber-tipu. Menyirat-choban. Meng-ajar. Kikir. Mengarti. Masuk. Merachunkan. Ber kirim. .| Men-pilih. Macasembak - Matipu-Magakal Menuit-Suguen - MamiliEnglish. ‘Maguindanso. Malay. Sembuni. -| Tabur. Menantikan. To be in a place - Ada. Yadi. To sneeze - Berain. To deliver - Gesek. To examine - Preksa. To excite ._.. Pamitiaran _ Ber-niala. Toexplain _._...-...! Tuntulen_ -| Me-niantakan. To extinguish - | Bunuen -. --| Padam. Pacauntung-Mali | Ber-untung. mu. | Sendaguen . Goring. ! Pedsigupan_ Minum rokok.* Men-dapat. Men-rentah. Bochor. To shout Pelalis. Menjeret. Totry- Taaman Men-rasa. To have and totake..| Aden ....- Ada. To inhabit. Tinggal-Diam. To talk”. Ber-tutor. To do ~ Mem-buat. To make signs_ Melambei. To tickle Men-geli. To inherit. .| Dapat pusaka. To wound. Ma-pali._.........--| Me-luka-kan. To boil. . Dumidi-ma-didi Mendideh. To thread - Subiden -- Pintal. To swell .. Beng-kak. To humble .| Pijak. To honor Hormat-kan. To steal - Menchuri. To inquire ._ Parisksa---.-.------ Preksa. To interpret. .| Ulugan sa mana | Kasi-arti. orisalin. To go... Lacau, mangay- Pergi. To play - .| Daremtan --.- -| Main pili.‘Malay. Ber-sumpah. Menjilat. Basoh. Men-bacha. Naik. Panggil. Sampei-batang. Meng-isi. Bava. Menanguis. Mag-ulan . Hujan. Rupeten, pedlu-pit..| Tumbok. Pedtanes - Ber-layu. Mamah. Men-bumoh, To measure _ : Ber-ukur. To beg ..---.--...--. Minta-Sedekah. To lie(tell falsehood) .| Embutuden Bahong. To mix Pedsimbur - Pandang-May-lay. Ber-sungut. Te-per-anak. Bernang. To bear (bring forth). To swim -- To wreck . Berpexah. To navigate . Berlayar. To deny -.. Mangkac. To do business Berdagan. Bernama. Turut. .| Nampak. ‘ Dapat. Sembuni. Pakei. Tavar. To name79 English. | Magaindanso, Malay. Chiu. Lupa. 'Malauan. To smell --| Baun--... To forget To oppose . To oppress | Auyaya. To harangue -| Minta-Doa. To order ..|Suguun _- Suruh. To live .. ' Mauyag -- Hidop. To return _ ‘Mbalingan - Balik. Lacav-lacau Benpalan. Berdosa. Mintah. Pinjam. -| Kupas-kupan. Ber-klahi. Jikir. Ampunkan. Timbang. Panching. Lapuchat. Anyam. Letak-bubon. Tania. Sediakan. Kasi pingam. Karankang. Berjanji. Kikis. Meretak. -| Garu-garis. Trima. Tolok. Kampongkan. Tebus. -| Malilini Bersuka. Tataua - Tertaua. Mapura-pedayong -.| Berdayong. --; Iuasan - --| Rendam. --| Palaua . - | Berteng-kar. -. Mutang . _-| Mupis _...To bleed To ransack To seduce To reap - To follow - To plant To tremble... To stretch. To have acare. , Batuc-embatuc _ Panguiaun . To swallow - To value -- Betuan su alaga Mapipit --' Pasan .. Malay. Javab. Pulaskan. Rampas. Minta. Pechah. -| Groh o deng-kor. .| Melompat. Ber-salam. Berdarah. Samun. Kasisuap. Tuei. Mengikut. Menabur. Duduk. Gatal. Ada. Lepascan. Simugum. -| Bertiup. -| Berdiri. Panjat. Menjelah. Tenun. Gementar. Bentang. Ingat. Tarek. Ketok. Ambil. Batok. Pang-gang. Karja. -| Telan. Nilei taroh harga. Menang. Jual.