Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region 1
Schools Division of Ilocos Sur
Sinait National High School
Ricudo, Sinait, Ilocos Sur
CASE STUDY: DIABETES
A Case Study Submitted In Partial
Fulfilment Of The Requirements In
Capstone Project.
Submitted by: Trixia Savellano
Submitted to: Mr. Darwin Sablay
INTRODUCTION
Diabetes is a disease that occurs when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too
high. Blood glucose is your main source of energy and comes from the food you eat. Insulin,
a hormone made by the pancreas, helps glucose from food get into your cells to be used for
energy. Sometimes your body doesn’t make enough—or any—insulin or doesn’t use insulin
well. Glucose then stays in your blood and doesn’t reach your cells. Over time, having too much
glucose in your blood can cause health problems. Although diabetes has no cure, you can take
steps to manage your diabetes and stay healthy. Sometimes people call diabetes “a touch of
sugar” or “borderline diabetes.” These terms suggest that someone doesn’t really have diabetes
or has a less serious case, but every case of diabetes is serious.
The most common types of diabetes are type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes. If you
have type 1 diabetes, your body does not make insulin. Your immune system attacks and
destroys the cells in your pancreas that make insulin. Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in
children and young adults, although it can appear at any age. People with type 1 diabetes need to
take insulin every day to stay alive. If you have type 2 diabetes, your body does not make or use
insulin well. You can develop type 2 diabetes at any age, even during childhood. However, this
type of diabetes occurs most often in middle-aged and older people. Type 2 is the most common
type of diabetes. You are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes if you are age 45 or older, have a
family history of diabetes, or are overweight. Physical inactivity, race, and certain health
problems such as high blood pressure also affect your chance of developing type 2 diabetes. You
are also more likely to develop type 2 diabetes if you have prediabetes or had gestational
diabetes when you were pregnant. Learn more about risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Gestational
diabetes develops in some women when they are pregnant. Most of the time, this type of diabetes
goes away after the baby is born. However, if you’ve had gestational diabetes, you have a greater
chance of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Sometimes diabetes diagnosed during
pregnancy is actually type 2 diabetes. Less common types include monogenic diabetes, which is
an inherited form of diabetes, and cystic fibrosis-related diabetes
How can you tell if you have diabetes? Most early symptoms are from higher-than-
normal levels of glucose, a kind of sugar, in your blood. The warning signs can be so mild that
you don't notice them. That's especially true of type 2 diabetes. Some people don't find out they
have it until they get problems from long-term damage caused by the disease. With type 1
diabetes, the symptoms usually happen quickly, in a matter of days or a few weeks. They're
much more severe, too. Both types of diabetes have some of the same tell-tale warning signs:
Hunger and fatigue. Your body converts the food you eat into glucose that your cells use for
energy. But your cells need insulin to take in glucose. If your body doesn't make enough or any
insulin, or if your cells resist the insulin your body makes, the glucose can't get into them and
you have no energy. This can make you hungrier and more tired than usual. Peeing more often
and being thirstier. The average person usually has to pee between four and seven times in 24
hours, but people with diabetes may go a lot more. Why? Normally, your body reabsorbs glucose
as it passes through your kidneys. But when diabetes pushes your blood sugar up,
your kidneys may not be able to bring it all back in. This causes the body to make more urine,
and that takes fluids. The result: You'll have to go more often. You might pee out more, too.
Because you're peeing so much, you can get very thirsty. When you drink more, you'll also pee
more. Dry mouth and itchy skin. Because your body is using fluids to make pee, there's less
moisture for other things. You could get dehydrated, and your mouth may feel dry. Dry skin can
make you itchy. Blurred vision. Changing fluid levels in your body could make the lenses in
your eyes swell up. They change shape and can’t focus. Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes These
tend to show up after your glucose has been high for a long time. Yeast infections. Both men
and women with diabetes can get these. Yeast feeds on glucose, so having plenty around makes
it thrive. Slow-healing sores or cuts. Over time, high blood sugar can affect your blood flow
and cause nerve damage that makes it hard for your body to heal wounds. Pain or numbness in
your feet or legs. This is another result of nerve damage.
Diabetes is called a self-managed disease, meaning that the patient can probably take
responsibility for his or her own day-to-day care. Much daily care involves keeping blood
glucose near normal levels at all times. Studies show that controlling blood sugar levels lowers
the risk of some complications of diabetes, such as eye and heart disease and nerve damage, so
it’s important for the patient to stick to his or her diabetes management plan as closely as
possible.
OBJECTIVES
General Objective
To be able to have a comprehensive understanding on the causes, risk factors, disease
process of diabetes, and to determine what nursing interventions are essential to render.
Specific objective
Patient-centered objectives
To improve airway patency.
To promote rest and conserve energy.
To provide information about disease process, prognosis, and treatment.
Family-centered objectives
To be able to impart knowledge to the family members about the causes and risk factors
in acquiring diabetes.
The family will be able to know the preventive and promotive measures to optimize the
well-being of the patient.
Student-centered objectives
To be able to determine the etiology of pneumonia.
To have an idea on how to handle patients with diabetes – what nursing interventions or
services to render to the patients.
