6 Made of Money

page 79
6.12 workhouse (n) /ˈwɜːkhaʊs/
a place where poor people were sent to live
and had to do work ● In Victorian times, those
6.1 embed (v) /ɪmˈbed/
who could not support their families were often
place sth firmly into sth ● The enemy arrows
sent to the workhouse and forced to earn their
were embedded on his wooden shield.
keep there.
➣ embeddedness (n)
✎ Syn: poorhouse
6.2 shrine (n) /ʃraɪn/
6.13 gloom (n) /ɡluːm/
a place where people visit because it has an
a feeling of hopelessness and sadness; a lack
important personal or spiritual meaning to
of light ● An air of gloom and fear hung over
them ● A roadside shrine was erected near the
the city in the wake of the attacks. ➣ gloomy
site of the fatal accident. ➣ enshrine (v)
(adj), gloomily (adv)

Reading pages 80-81

6.14 set sth to rights (expr) /set ˈsʌmθɪŋ tuː
raɪts/
correct a situation ● The newly elected
6.3 precept (n) /ˈpriːsept/ government had promised to set the education
a principle or general rule ● She raised her system to rights.
children according to strong moral precepts.
6.15 establish (v) /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/
6.4 expenditure (n) /ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)/ create sth and make people accept it
the amount of money you spend ● Excessive ● The first high school in Scotland was
expenditure on overstaffed public services established in Dunfermline in 1120.
has led the country into debt. ➣ expend (v), ➣ establishment (n), established (adj)
expendable (adj)
6.16 periodically (adv) /ˌpɪəriˈɒdɪkli/
6.5 shilling (n) /ˈʃɪlɪŋ/ regularly ● Periodically, the guard walked
a coin worth 1/20 of one pound used in Britain along the corridors to check up on the
until 1971 ● Gran said she only needed a few prisoners. ➣ period (n), periodic (adj),
shillings a day to do all her shopping in the periodical (adj)
past.
6.17 oatmeal (n) /ˈəʊtmiːl/
6.6 miserly (adj) /ˈmaɪzəli/ crushed oats used to make food ● We were
mean; reluctant to spend money that you offered traditional biscuits made from oatmeal
have ● The miserly business owner refused and honey.
to upgrade the office equipment. ➣ miser (n),
miserliness (n) 6.18 gruel (n) /ˈɡruːəl/
a thin porridge; a dish made by boiling oats in
6.7 whereby (adv) /weəˈbaɪ/ water ● Slaves aboard the ship had nothing
because of which ● We had to sign a new but a plate of gruel to sustain them daily.
contract whereby we agreed to work unpaid ➣ gruelling (adj)
overtime.
6.19 copper (n) /ˈkɒpə(r)/
6.8 lustre (n) /ˈlʌstə(r)/ a large copper cooking pot ● The steaming
the quality that makes sth appealing ● The hot soup was served from an old-fashioned
palace grounds have lost their lustre with the copper. ➣ copper (adj)
ravages of time. ➣ lustrous (adj)
6.20 apron (n) /ˈeɪprən/
6.9 official (n) /əˈfɪʃl/ an item of clothing worn over the front of the
sb in a position of authority in an organisation body to keep clothes clean when you prepare
● Tax officials are examining the company’s food or do other work ● The baker’s long white
accounts. ➣ official (adj), officially (adv) apron was covered with flour.
6.10 parish (n) /ˈpærɪʃ/ 6.21 composition (n) /ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃn/
a small geographical area that has its own a mixture of different things which form sth
church and/or elected local government ● The composition of the village community is
● The Sunday morning church bells were mainly senior citizens with a handful of young
heard throughout the parish. ➣ parishioner (n) families. ➣ compose (v), composite (adj)
6.11 beadle (n) /ˈbiːdl/ 6.22 porringer (n) /ˈpɒ rɪŋə(r)/
a minor church officer ● The beadle made sure a small portion of food ● Oliver was refused
the hymn books were all neatly in place before another porringer of food.
the congregation arrived for the service.
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 6.23 devour (v) /dɪˈvaʊə(r)/ 6.36 rid sb/sth of sth/sb (phr v) /rɪd ˈsʌmbədi/
eat quickly and hungrily ● After devouring its ˈsʌmθɪŋ əv ˈsʌmbədi/ˈsʌmθɪŋ/
share of the prey, the lion lay down to watch remove the source of a problem from sb/sth
the cubs eat the remains. ● Drastic measures are being taken to rid the
6.24 voracious (adj) /vəˈreɪʃəs/ country of the disease. ➣ riddance (n)
greedy; eating a lot ● Our long hike had left 6.37 elder (n) /ˈeldə(r)/
us with a voracious appetite. ➣ voracity (n), an old and respected member of a tribe or
voraciously (adv) small community ● The village elders met to
6.25 implicitly (adv) /ɪmˈplɪsɪtli/ share air their views I the old square. ➣ elder
absolutely and without a doubt ● I’ve known (adj), elderly (adj)
Maria for years and trust her implicitly. 6.38 conspirator (n) /kənˈspɪrətə(r)/
➣ implicit (adj) sb who is involved in a secret plan to do
6.26 cast lots (expr) /kɑːst lɒts/ sth damaging ● The conspirators’ best
choose sth/sb by lot (where each person tool to bring down the dictator was media
selects sth from a container whoever gets the propaganda. ➣ conspire (v), conspiracy (n),
different one is chosen) ● Do we really need to conspiratorial (adj)
cast lots to decide who washes the dishes? 6.39 exploitative (adj) /ɪkˈsplɔɪtətɪv/
6.27 station (v) /ˈsteɪʃn/ using sb/sth unfairly for your own gain
send sb to stand or wait in a particular place; ● Grossly underpaid and overworked, she took
place yourself in a particular place to wait for her employers to court over their exploitative
or watch sth ● A patrol car was stationed at terms of service. ➣ exploit (v), exploitation (n)
every junction. ➣ station (n) 6.40 nudge (v) /nʌdʒ/
6.28 pauper (n) /ˈpɔːpə(r)/ push your elbow against sb beside you to
a very poor person ● The artist died a pauper, atract their attention ● Dora nudged me and
which is ironic given the current value of his pointed silently towards the snake emerging
works. from the rocks next to us. ➣ nudge (n)

6.29 range (v) /reɪndʒ/ 6.41 reckless (adj) /ˈrekləs/

arrange in a certain order ● The behaving in careless risk-taking way
photographers ranged themselves along the ● It was hardly surprising when she crashed
foot of the stage. ➣ range (n) off the road since she’s always been a
reckless driver. ➣ recklessness (n), recklessly
6.30 grace (n) /ɡreɪs/ (adv)
a short prayer made before eating a meal
● After George said a Thanksgiving grace, we 6.42 temerity (n) /təˈmerəti/
tucked in to the turkey dinner. ➣ grace (v), an over-confident outspoken manner that can
gracious (adj), graciously (adv) seem rude ● How dare you have the temerity
to speak to me like that!
6.31 commons (n) /ˈkɒmənz/
a school or college dining hall ● Ron sat at a 6.43 pinion (v) /ˈpɪnjən/
long table with his classmates for breakfast in restrain sb by tying or holding them so that
the school commons. they cannot move ● The kidnappers had
pinioned their victim to the chair.
6.32 compassion (n) /kəmˈpæʃn/
a feeling of sympathy for and urge to 6.44 countenance (n) /ˈkaʊntənəns/
help sb/sth that is suffering ● His eyes face or facial expression ● Happiness beamed
filled with compassion when he found the from each child’s countenance as they sang.
abandoned puppies. ➣ compassionate (adj), 6.45 distinctly (adv) /dɪˈstɪŋktli/
compassionately (adv) easily noticeable or recognisable; clearly
6.33 inmate (n) /ˈɪnmeɪt/ ● I distinctly remember the day we first met.
a resident of a prison or other institution ➣ distinction (n), distinct (adj)
which they are not free to leave ● A couple of 6.46 confinement (n) /kənˈfaɪnmənt/
inmates escaped from the prison by means of the state of being imprisoned or put in a place
a helicopter that suddenly landed in the yard. to limit or restrain your movements ● The
6.34 hesitant (adj) /ˈhezɪtənt/ prisoner was kept in solitary confinement for
slow to say or do sth because you are unsure six months. ➣ confine (v)
or unwilling ● I’m still hesitant about accepting 6.47 apprentice (n) /əˈprentɪs/
the job offer as it involves relocating. sb who works as a trainee with an experienced
➣ hesitate (v), hesitation (n), hesitantly (adv) worker to learn the skills of a trade ● The
6.35 capital punishment (n) /ˈkæpɪtl ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/ plumber arrived with an apprentice carrying his
punishment by death ● Capital punishment is equipment. ➣ apprentice (v)
still enforced in many states of the USA.

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 6.57 stock exchange (n) /stɒk ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/
People the business of buying and selling shares in
companies; the building where this activity
apprentice miser happens ● There was a flurry of activity on the
beadle official stock exchange following the announcement
conspirator retailer of the takeover bid.
elder shareholder
fraudster street vendor 6.58 field (v) /fiːld/
inmate tycoon receive and respond to questions or comments
● I spent half the night fielding comments on
my blog.
6.59 shareholder (n) /ˈʃeəhəʊldə(r)/
Vocabulary pages 82-83-84
sb who owns shares in a business ● Company
shareholders began to sell out when rumours
6.48 compensate (v) /ˈkɒmpenseɪt/ of closure were published.
make up for or pay sb back for sth ● He had 6.60 margin (n) /ˈmɑːdʒɪn/
to work double overtime to compensate for extra amount of sth included to ensure sth is a
having taken extra leave. ➣ compensate (v), success; small amount by which sb wins sth
compensation (n), compensatory (adj) ● The tight schedule left no margin for error.
6.49 incur (v) /ɪnˈkɜː(r)/ ➣ marginal (adj), marginally (adv)
become liable to pay sth; become subject to 6.61 merger (n) /ˈmɜːdʒə(r)/
sth ● They incurred a massive amount of debt the act of joining two companies together into
to repay on their credit cards as a result of one ● The possibility of a merger between two
their reckless spending spree. of the country’s major banks was ruled out.
6.50 reimburse (v) /ˌriːɪmˈbɜːs/ ➣ merge (v)
pay sb back for sth they have lost or paid out 6.62 tycoon (n) /taɪˈkuːn/
● The airline reimbursed us for the damage to sb who is wealthy and powerful due to
our suitcases. ➣ reimbursement (n) success in business ● Aristotle Onassis went
6.51 squander (v) /ˈskwɒndə(r)/ from humble beginnings to become a wealthy
spend money carelessly and wastefully business tycoon.
● He squandered all his spare cash on sports 6.63 concession (n) /kənˈseʃn/
cars and motorbikes and now he’s broke. a cost reduction for people of certain
➣ squanderer (n) categories ● People over 60 are entitled to
6.52 retailer (n) /ˈriːteɪlə(r)/ travel concessions in the UK. ➣ concede (v),
sb who buys goods from suppliers and sells to concessionary (adj)
consumers ● Many High Street retailers have 6.64 mortgage (n) /ˈmɔːɡɪdʒ/
closed their shops and turned to online selling. a repayable amount loaned from a bank or
➣ retail (v), retail (n), retailing (n), retail (adj) building society to buy property ● Thomas
6.53 frenzy (n) /ˈfrenzi/ faced the threat of eviction when he couldn’t
a state of fast uncontrolled action ● Supporters keep up with his mortgage repayments.
cheered in a frenzy of excitement when the ➣ mortgage (v)
winning goal was scored. ➣ frenzied (adj) 6.65 abuse (n) /əˈbjuːs/
6.54 backtrack (v) /ˈbæktræk/ the use or treatment of sth/sb in a harmful or
go back on a previous decision or statement wrong way ● The revolution came about to
● The moment they came to power, they curb the dictator’s abuse of power.
began to backtrack on their pre-electoral ➣ abuse (v), abusive (adj), abusively (adv)
promises. 6.66 misuse (n) /ˌmɪsˈjuːs/
6.55 inheritance (n) /ɪnˈherɪtəns/ the act of using sth wrongly or dishonestly
the property or money you receive as a legal ● She was fired from the bank after misusing
right from a relative after their death ● Mike’s customers’ private data for marketing
aunt left him a small inheritance in her will. purposes. ➣ misuse (v)
➣ inherit (v), inheritor (n), inheritable (adj) 6.67 bribe (n) /braɪb/
6.56 elaborate (adj) /ɪˈlæbərət/ an amount of money or other gift illegally
complicated but carefully planned ● It must offered to sb in exchange for help ● The
have taken you hours to prepare such an referee was accused of accepting bribes to
elaborate meal, but it was delicious. sway the result of the match. ➣ bribe (v),
➣ elaborate (v), elaboration (n), elaborately bribery (n)
(adv)

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 6.68 broke (adj) /brəʊk/ 6.80 lavish (adj) /ˈlævɪʃ/
without money; bankrupt ● Could you lend me luxurious; generous ● Despite their humble
a few quid till pay day? I’m completely broke. home, they always bestow the most lavish
✎ Also: flat broke = completely broke hospitality on their guests. ➣ lavish (v)
6.69 bureaucracy (n) /bjʊəˈrɒkrəsi/ 6.81 opulent (adj) /ˈɒpjələnt/
the complex system of regulations and ways wealthy; luxurious ● The room was decorated
of processing information in a government with opulent velvet furnishings. ➣ opulence
department ● You’d think the government (n), opulently (adv)
could save money and time by reducing 6.82 well-heeled (adj) /wel hiːld/
the amount of unnecessary bureaucracy wealthy ● Tim has managed to invest wisely
involved. ➣ bureaucrat (n), bureaucratic (adj), and remain quite well-heeled, so he has a
bureaucratically (adv) good life.
6.70 miser (n) /ˈmaɪzə(r)/ 6.83 well-to-do (adj) /wel tə duː/
sb who hates spending money, even if they wealthy ● Shirley comes from a well-to-do
are wealtthy ● Scrooge must be the world’s family and attended the most expensive
most famous miser who never gave anything private schools.
away until he got scared. ➣ miserly (adj)
6.84 aboveboard (adj) /əˈbʌv bɔːd/
6.71 posh (adj) /pɒʃ/ honest ● The plumber’s estimate was high, but
classy and elegant; expensive and high class it was completely aboveboard for the extent of
● I’m sure she got the job because of her repairs required.
posh accent, but it’s a pity she has nothing
interesting to say. ➣ posh (adv) 6.85 crooked (adj) /ˈkrʊkɪd/
dishonest ● A special task force was
6.72 skint (adj) /skɪnt/ established to weed out crooked public
having no money ● I need a new pair of shoes, officials. ➣ crook (n)
but I’m skint so I’ll have to make do without
them. 6.86 shady (adj) /ˈʃeɪdi/
suspicious-looking and dishonest ● I’d never
6.73 backhander (n) /ˈbækhændə(r)/ buy a car from that shady dealer.
a bribe; an illegal payment given secretly in
return for special treatment ● The surgeon was 6.87 stingy (adj) /ˈstɪndʒi/
caught red-handed accepting a backhander mean; miserly ● Contrary to popular belief, the
from the patient’s family. Scots are probably far less stingy than their
southern neighbours. ➣ stinginess (n)
6.74 tight-fist (n) /taɪt fɪst/
miser ● David was such a tight-fist that he 6.88 spendthrift (adj) /ˈspendθrɪft/
always managed to get out of paying his share spending more than necessary ● Their
of the restaurant bill. ➣ tight-fisted (adj) spendthrift gestures gradually put them out of
business when they ran out of cash.
6.75 dosh (n) /dɒʃ/ ➣ spendthrift (n)
money ● Let’s stop at the ATM; I need to get
some dosh for shopping. 6.89 penny-pinching (adj) /ˈpeni ˈpɪntʃɪŋ/
mean; miserly ● There’s a fine line between
6.76 red tape (n) /red teɪp/ careful and penny-pinching. What’s the point in
the bureaucratic process that makes it hard to having money if you can’t enjoy it?
deal with government departments ➣ penny-pinching (n)
● Replacing his stolen driving licence involved
an incredible amount of red tape. 6.90 bankruptcy (adj) /ˈbæŋkrʌptsi/
the state of not having enough money to
6.77 moneyed (adj) /ˈmʌnid/ pay your debts ● Not only have many small
rich ● The well-laid lawns of the moneyed firms closed lately, but some large companies
villas were a far cry from the backstreets of the have filed for bankruptcy too. ➣ bankrupt (v),
city centre. bankrupt (adj)
6.78 extravagant (adj) /ɪkˈstrævəɡənt/ 6.91 crack down (phr v) /kræk daʊv/
spending more than is necessary or than is make a more serious effort to stop an illegal
affordable ● It seemed extravagant spending activity ● Police are cracking down on identity
so much on a pair of shoes, but at least they theft. ➣ crackdown (n)
were ethically made and so comfortable.
➣ extravagance (n), extravagantly (adv) 6.92 dole sth out (phr v) /dəʊl ˈsʌmθɪŋ aʊt/
hand out a share of sth, e.g. money, clothes,
6.79 thrifty (adj) /ˈθrɪfti/ etc. ● She dropped in at the refugee centre to
cautious about spending money; not spending dole out donations of winter clothing.
more than necessary ● You ought to be a little ➣ dole (n)
more thrifty with your pay packet and keep
some cash for a rainy day. ➣ thrift (n)

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6.93 rip sb/sth off (phr v) /rɪpˈsʌmbədi/ˈsʌmθɪŋ 6.100 as a last resort (expr) /əz ə lɑːst rɪˈzɔːt/
ɒf/ when all other options have been tried
cheat sb/sth ● He realised he’d been ripped off ● As a last resort, she moved back to her
when the so-called nearly-new car broke down grandparents farm in the countryside.
on its first run. ➣ rip-off (n) 6.101 in the fast lane (expr) /ɪn ðə fɑːst leɪn/
6.94 shower sb with sth (phr v) /ˈʃaʊə(r) where everything seems exciting and full of
ˈsʌmbədi wɪθ ˈsʌmθɪŋ/ action ● As I prefer a quiet life, it’s not
give sb generous amounts of sth ● The so much life in the fast lane as life in the bus
organisation was showered with donations lane for me!
following the TV appeal. 6.102 on the side (expr) /ɒn ðə saɪd/
6.95 tip off (phr v) /tɪp ɒf/ as well as your main job ● Stanley works in
warn sb about sth likely to happen ● Police a bank, but he also designs websites on the
were tipped off that the suspect might be side.
heading for the airport. ➣ tip-off (n) 6.103 a safe bet (n) /bet/
sth that is likely to happen ● It’s a safe bet that
Adjectives the bank will agree to renegotiate your loan
repayment to make things a bit easier.
Rich Poor
➣ bet (v), betting (n)
elaborate broke
posh indigent 6.104 in the red (expr) /ɪn ðə red/
moneyed skint owing more to the bank than you have paid
well-heeled wretched them ● His account was already £2,000 in the
well-to-do red, so the bank refused to lend him any more.
minted Mean 6.105 bottom line (n) /ˈbɒtəm laɪn/
flush exploitative the main point to be considered ● The bottom
miserly line is that we’ve reached the end of our
Generous penny-pinching savings.
extravagant ruthless
lavish stingy 6.106 minted (adj) /ˈmɪntɪd/
opulent thrifty very rich ● Look at that car! She must be
spendthrift voracious absolutely minted. ➣ mint (v), mint (n), mint
(adj)
6.107 flush (adj) /flʌʃ/
having some money to spare, usually only for
Phrasal verbs a short time ● Having just received her holiday
bonus, Angela was feeling quite flush and
come into sth rid sb/sth of sth/sb
splashed out on a new hairdo.
crack down rip off sb/sth
dole out sth shower sb with sth 6.108 strapped for cash (expr) /stræpt fə(r) kɑʃ/
fritter sth away tip off short of money ● Theo will be too strapped for
cash to go out much until he pays off his car
loan.
6.96 fraudster (n) /ˈfrɔːdstə(r)/
6.109 rolling in it (expr) /ˈrəʊlɪŋ ɪn ɪt/
sb who pretends to be sb/sth they are not
having a lot of money ● Everyone thinks we’re
to cheat others out of money ● The gang of
rolling in it because we built our own house,
fraudsters operated an insurance scam to
but it took years of effort and we put everything
cheat people out of their savings. ➣ fraud (n),
into it.
fraudulent (adj), fraudulently (adv)
6.110 indigent (adj) /ˈɪndɪdʒənt/
6.97 come into sth (phr v) /kʌm ˈɪntə ˈsʌmθɪŋ/
very poor ● Who’d have believed that the
inherit ● Penny came into a fortune when her
former millionaire would ever end up indigent
grandmother passed away.
and homeless?
6.98 be in a tight corner (expr) /biː ɪn ə taɪt
6.111 born with a silver spoon in your mouth
ˈkɔːnə(r)/
(expr) /bɔːn wɪθ ə sɪlvə(r) spuːn ɪn jɔː(r)
be in a difficult situation that is hard to get
maʊθ/
out of ● Unemployed, and having a large
coming from a rich family ● Being born with a
mortgage to pay off Rita was in a tight corner
silver spoon in her mouth, she had certainly
and could see no way out.
had a privileged childhood.
6.99 nest egg (n) /nest eg/
6.112 grit (n) /grɪt/
an amount of money saved up over a period
determination ● Through sheer grit and
of time ● They saved a little bit every month
personal sacrifice, you should be able to get
to add to that nest egg which would make
the business off the ground. ➣ gritty (adj)
retirement more comfortable.
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 6.113 frame of mind (expr) /freɪm əv maɪnd/
a mood ● I’m not in the right frame of mind to Listening page 88
sit through a theatre play, so count me out for
6.120 bitcoin (n) /ˈbɪtkɔɪn/
tonight.
a unit of electronic money used for an online
6.114 wretched (adj) /ˈretʃɪd/ trading system ● Just imagine if we all start
extremely bad; awful ● We were shocked to trading with bitcoins and there would be no
learn just how wretched the conditions are in need for currency exchange.
clothing factories of some supposedly high-
6.121 hyperinflation (n) /ˌhaɪpərɪnˈfleɪʃn/
end brands. ➣ wretch (n), wretchedly (adv)
a situation of rapidly rising prices which is
6.115 on the wrong side of the tracks (expr) /ɒn damaging to a country’s economy
ðə rɒŋ saɪd əv ðə træks/ ● Hyperinflation during the nineties and early
in a poor neighbourhood ● Hamish may have noughties contributed to the world recession.
been born on the wrong side of the tracks, but
6.122 digital currency (n) /ˈdɪdʒɪtl ˈkʌrənsi/
he succeeded in breaking out of the cycle of
internet-based currency ● One day digital
deprivation that pervaded the district.
currency may replace banknotes and coins.
6.116 impetus (n) /ˈɪmpɪtəs/
6.123 time bank (n) /taɪm bænk/
a motivating factor; stimulus ● Federer’s loss
an exchange of work measured in hours or by
in the first round gave him the impetus to give
the hour ● Time banks are a logical concept
it his all in the final.
for people who are able to exchange similar
services.
Expressions 6.124 legal tender (n) /ˈliːɡl ˈtendə(r)/
currency that is valid and legally accepted
as a last resort ● The old drachma ceased to be legal tender
be in a tight corner in Greece after the euro was adopted.
born with a silver spoon in your mouth
cast lots 6.125 street vendor (n) /striːt ˈvendə(r)/
finders keepers (losers weepers) sb who sells goods or food directly on the
frame of mind street ● Street vendors were lined up outside
go the extra mile the station selling everything from bags and
in the fast lane clothes to cheap toys.
in the red
on the side
on the wrong side of the tracks Verbs
rolling in it backtrack embed range
set sth to rights command establish reimburse
strapped for cash compensate field salvage
the haves and have-nots devour incur squander
disclose pinion station

Grammar
Speaking
pages 85-86-87
page 89
6.117 tenant (n) /ˈtenənt/
sb who pays rent to live in a place 6.126 finders keepers (losers weepers) (expr)
● Prospective tenants were expected to pay /ˈfaɪndəz ˈkiːpəz (ˈluːzəz ˈwiːpəz)/
two months’ rent in advance before receiving a saying that means sb who finds a lost object
the keys. ➣ tenant (v), tenancy (n) has the right to keep it ● If nobody claims the
6.118 fritter sth away (phr v) /ˈfrɪtə(r) ˈsʌmθɪŋ purse you handed in, you’ll get it back. So it’s
əˈweɪ/ a case of finders keepers.
gradually spend money or time carelessly
● She had frittered away her inheritance within
a year. Writing pages 90-91
6.119 disclose (v) /dɪsˈkləʊz/ 6.127 the haves and have-nots (n) /ðə hævs ənd
reveal private or secret information ● The hæv nɒts/
doctor was fired when it was disclosed that he the wealthy and the poor ● Divisions between
had never actually passed a medical degree. the haves and have nots appear to be
➣ disclosure (n) deepening as more people fall into poverty.

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6.128 looting (n) /ˈluːtɪŋ/ 6.137 intact (adj) /ɪnˈtækt/
the crime of stealing things from shops during complete and undamaged ● You were so
or after an emergency, e.g. fire ● During the lucky the £100 note that was in your shirt
riots, gangs went on a looting spree in the pocket remained intact throughout the washing
High Street shops. ➣ loot (v), loot (n), machine cycle!
looter (n) 6.138 salvage (v) /ˈsælvɪdʒ/
6.129 societal (adj) /səˈsaɪətl/ save items from a (car/ship/train) wreck or
of a society and its organisation ● With the damaged building ● Thousands of pounds
Industrial Revolution came societal reforms in worth of jewellery was salvaged from the
Britain as more people moved to live in cities. safety deposit boxes found on the sunken
➣ society (n) liner. ➣ salvage (n)
6.130 windfall (n) /ˈwɪndfɔːl/ 6.139 stack (n) /stæk/
an amount of money that sb gets unexpectedly a pile ● From the stacks of papers awaiting
through a win or a gift ● We received a sudden attention on her desk, I realised it was a bad
windfall when our lottery ticket got lucky. time to ask Nancy to do me a favour.
6.131 ruthless (adj) /ˈruːθləs/ ➣ stack (v)
cruel and heartlessly determined ● He’s a 6.140 trooper (n) /ˈtruːpə(r)/
ruthless gangster who will stop at nothing a state police officer in the USA ● When they
to control the streets. ➣ ruthlessness (n), broke down on the highway, a state trooper
ruthlessly (adv) in a patrol car stopped to offer assistance. ➣
6.132 command (v) /kəˈmɑːnd/ troop (v), troop (n)
get sth e.g. rewards because you deserve 6.141 denomination (n) /dɪˌnɒmɪˈneɪʃn/
them ● As a much sought-after speaker, a unit of monetary value ● Sharon had a vast
she can command high fees for each public collection of coins of different denominations
appearance. ➣ command (n) from her international travels. ➣ denominate
(v), denominator (n), denominational (adj)

Video 6: Alaskan 6.142 go the extra mile (expr) /gəʊ ðə ˈextrə maɪl/
do more than is expected ● While the

Money Laundering company’s package tours are relatively pricey,

they do go that extra mile to offer that holiday-

page 92
6.143
of-a-lifetime experience.
bereaved (adj) /bɪˈriːvd/
6.133 money laundering (n) /ˈmʌni ˈlɔːndərɪŋ/ having lost a loved one who has recently
transfer money made illegally into banks died ● She went to pay her condolences
abroad or a business to make it look legal to her recently bereaved neighbour whose
● The company owner was arrested on a grandfather had passed away. ➣ bereave (v),
charge of money laundering when it was clear bereavement (n)
he was living beyond his means.
6.134 dollar bill (n) /ˈdɒlə(r) bɪl/
a US dollar banknote ● The film was a moral Money: nouns
tale about a man who found a million dollar bill backhander merger
in the street. bankruptcy miser
6.135 charred (adj) /tʃɑːd/ bitcoin money laundering
blackened as a result of a fire ● The charred bribe mortgage
remains of the pine forest extended along the denomination nest egg
hillside. ➣ char (v) dollar bill shilling
dosh stack
6.136 distinguishable (adj) /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃəbl/ expenditure stock exchange
recognisable ● On the inscription on the base inheritance tight-fist
of the statue, the name of the ancient sculptor legal tender time bank
was still distinguishable. ➣ distinguish (v), looting windfall
distinguished (adj) margin
✎ Opp: indistinguishable

49