International Terrorism and its effect on International Relation

SUBMITTED TO:

Dr. Avinash Samal

Faculty, Political Science, H.N.L.U., Raipur

SUBMITTED BY:

Rajat Chopra

Roll no.-113, Section-A

Semester-V, B.A. LL.B(Hons.)

HIDAYATULLAH NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

UPARWARA, NEW RAIPUR – 492002 (C.G.)

 DECLARATION

I, Rajat Chopra, hereby declare that, the project work entitled, “International Terrorism and its effects
on International Relation” submitted to H.N.L.U., Raipur is record of an original work done by me
under the guidance of Dr. Avinash Samal, Faculty Member, H.N.L.U., Raipur. I have adequately cited
and referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have adheres to all the principles of academic
honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in
my submission.

Rajat Chopra

Roll no.-113, Section- A

Semester-V, B.A, LL.B (Hons.)

Date- 18/08/2018
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to sincerely thank the Political Science teacher; Dr. Avinash Samal for giving me this project
on “International Terrorism and its effect on International Relation” which has widened my knowledge
on the scope and relevance of it in the study of International Relations. His guidance and support has
been instrumental in the completion of this project.

My heartfelt gratitude also goes out to the staff and administration of HNLU for the infrastructure in the
form of our library and IT lab that was a source of great help in the completion of this project.

I also thank my friends for their precious inputs which have been very helpful in the completion of this
project.

I take this opportunity to also thank the University and the Vice Chancellor for providing extensive data
base resources in the library and through internet. I would be grateful to receive comments and
suggestions to further improve this project report.

I feel highly elated to work on the topic ”International Terrorism and its effect on International
Relation.”

Rajat Chopra

Roll no.- 113, Section-A

Semester-V, B.A. LL.B.(Honrs.)

 CONTENTS

Introduction…………………………………………………………………….01

Objectives of the study………………………………………………………....02

Scope of the study……………………………………………………………....02

Organisation of the study………………………………………………………03

Research Methodology……………………..…………………………………..03

Chapter-1:- Meaning of International Terrorism…..……………………......04

Chapter-2:- Causes of Terrorism……………………………………..….…....06

Chapter-3:- Effects of Terrorism …………….…………………………….…10

Chapter-4:- Impact of International Terrorism on World Security..…........12

Chapter-5:- Terrorism and its effect on International Relation…………….15

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………....16

Bibliography and References………………………………………………….17

 1

INTRODUCTION

The Latin verb ‘terrere’ means: to frighten. The English word 'terror', just like the French terreur, derives
from that Latin word and means from of old: fright, alarm, anguish, (mortal) fear, panic.

Oxford English Dictionary reportedly states that the word 'terrorist' (French: terroriste) was invented in the
year 1794, during the French Revolution. The first meaning of the word 'terrorist' was then: adherent or
supporter of the Jacobins.

Terrorism is the use of violence for furthering political ends; it seeks to create a climate of fear, apprehension
and uncertainty. Global terrorism is aimed at inflicting damage and humiliation on a global power or at
transforming global civilisational relations with the key example being 9/11 and al-Qaeda. The significance
of terrorism has increased as its impact has become more threatening on global security, for instance 9/11
demonstrated how a global hegemon could still be struck by terrorism – the idea that no country is exempt
from terror. However, this argument is limited, while America was attacked, it only happened once, proving
that terrorism does not pose a ‘major threat’ to global security as it is quite rare compared to other global
disasters such as famine.
Political, religious or ethnic-based instability within a country has the potential to imperil peace, unity,
economic and social development. Though the terrorist groups are mostly based in the north fighting for an
unidentified cause at present, its potentials to disrupt the entire country are high. For instance, the activities
of terrorist have paralysed almost all sections of the country. It had breached peace, threatened the unity and
impeded economic progress and development.

Terrorism is a serious threat to international and national security. Despite the diverse definitions of
terrorism, some common factors can be found in all terrorist organizations. They agree that, first, terrorism
always has a political agenda. Secondly, terrorist organisations depend on the use of violence or the threat of
using violence. Thirdly, terrorist groups always have a target, for example, the government or civilians or
journalist. Terrorism is in fact a serious threat no matter the cause they try to accomplish. The fact that it
involves the taking of innocent lives possesses a threat. Further due to the resources fuelled into countering
terrorism; the countries tackling terrorism have the chances of going through economic difficulties. So not
only does terrorism threaten the national and international security, it can lead a nation into economic crises
with can lead to other form of security challenges.
 2

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To study the meaning and definition of International Terrorism.

2. To study the causes and effects of terrorism.

3. To study the effects of International Terrorism on World Security.

4. To study the effects of International Terrorism on International Relation.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This project particularly deals with international terrorism and its effect on world security and
international relations. The project covers the international ambit of terrorism and not domestic
terrorism. Bilateral relations of particular countries have been used as example only, and not
specifically.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This Project is descriptive and analytical in nature. Secondary and Electronic resources have been
largely used to gather information and data. Books and other reference as guided by Faculty of political
 3

science have been primarily helpful in giving this project a firm structure. Websites have also been
referred.

ORGANISATION OF STUDY

The project deals with meaning and causes of international terrorism firtsly. Then, effects of
international terrorism has been discussed. In further chapters, effects of international terrorism on
world security and international relations have been discussed.
 4

Chapter 1- Meaning of International Terrorism

Secretary-General of the United Nations described terrorism as any act "intended to cause death or
serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or
compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act"

Terrorism is one of the most contested definitions in the field of international relations. Scholars have
and continue to debate what is terrorism, as well as what causes terrorism. Often, many use the term,
knowing the idea of terrorism, but not the detailed definition. There are many definitions of terrorism,
but it still becomes a challenge to agree upon what classifies a “terrorist” and “acts of terror.”

Hoffman states that “terrorism is thus violence–or, equally important, the threat of violence–used and
directed in pursuit of, or in service of, a political aim”. 1

Viotti & Kauppi define terrorism as “politically motivated directed against non-combatants and designed
to instill fear in an audience”.2

According to the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation,

“International terrorism” and “domestic terrorism” for purposes of Chapter 113B of the Code, entitled
“Terrorism”:3

“International terrorism” means activities with the following three characteristics:

• Involve violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that violate federal or state law
• Appear to be intended (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the
policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a
government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and

1
Inside Terrorism, book by Bruce Hoffman
2
International Relations Theory, book by Mark V Kauppi and Paul Viotti
3
www.fbi.gov
 5

• Occur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the U.S., or transcend national boundaries
in terms of the means by which they are accomplished, the persons they appear intended to
intimidate or coerce, or the locale in which their perpetrators operate or seek asylum.

“Domestic terrorism” means activities with the following three characteristics:

• Involve acts dangerous to human life that violate federal or state law;
• Appear intended (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of a
government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by mass
destruction, assassination. or kidnapping; and

• Occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the U.S.”4

Terrorism is the use of violence for furthering political ends; it seeks to create a climate of fear,
apprehension and uncertainty. Global terrorism is aimed at inflicting damage and humiliation on a
global power or at transforming global civilisational relations with the key example being 9/11 and
al-Qaeda. The significance of terrorism has increased as its impact has become more threatening on
global security, for instance 9/11 demonstrated how a global hegemon could still be struck by
terrorism the idea that no country is exempt from terror. However, this argument is limited, while
America was attacked, it only happened once, proving that terrorism does not pose a ‘major threat’
to global security as it is quite rare compared to other global disasters such as famine.

4
NATO Science for Peace and Security Series (2008) Organizational and Psychological Aspects of Terrorism. Netherlands:
IOS Press
 6

Chapter 2 - Causes of Terrorism

This is one of the major questions with regards to understanding terrorism. In fact, some scholars have
asked whether we can know what causes terrorism? Scholars have in fact attempted to find factors that
lead an individual to commit an act of terror, all the while recognizing that “Terrorism…is a complex
set of phenomena, covering a great diversity of groups with different origins and causes…”. Some key
arguments and finding with regards to what are the causes of terrorism5 is dealt in this chapter.

Bjorgo argues that when we are trying to understand the causes of terrorism, we must be aware that
there are “structural” causes and “facilitators”. Some causes of terrorism are “preconditions” which “set
the stage for terrorism in the long run” and precipitants, which “are the specific events or phenomena
that immediately precede or trigger the outbreak of terrorism”. Thus, some events may set the
conditions, but the person may not know about it, whereas other events may be more directly and
immediately tied to a response.

• Grievances
As Crenshaw says,” The first condition that can be considered a direct cause of terrorism is the
existence of concrete grievances among an identifiable subgroup of a larger population, such as an
ethnic minority discriminated against by the majority. A social movement develops in order to redress
these grievances and to gain either equal rights or a separate state; terrorism is then the resort of an
extremist faction of this broader movement. In practice, terrorism has frequently arisen in such
situations: in modem states, separatist nationalism among Basques, Bretons, and Quebecois as
motivated terrorism. In the colonial era, nationalist movements commonly turned to terrorism” 6.
However, it is important to note that just because a group has grievances, this does not mean that they
will commit actions of terrorism. Furthermore, many who do not fall in this category end up
committing acts of terror. That is why it is important to note that it is but one of many causes of
terrorism.7

5
Wilkinson, P. (2006) Terrorism versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response. London: Routledge
6
Colarik, A. (2006) Cyber Terrorism. London: IGI Global
7
www.jstor.org
 7

• Lack of Political Expression

A related cause of terrorism to grievances seems to be the lack of political expression of grievances.
While this might be related to a specific group that is marginalized, it is far from necessarily the case. It
may just be that the government is oppressive of all its citizens, unwilling to allow any sort of political
expression. This in turn may lead individuals to commit acts of terror against that said government. It
can be the case that these individuals are acting as a small subsection of the overall population, who
while may be frustrated with the government, would not be willing to carry out such acts. As Crensha
argues, “many terrorists today are young, well educated, and middle class in background. Such students
or young professionals, with prior political experience, are disillusioned with the prospects of changing
society and see little chance of access to the system despite their privileged status”8.

• Economic Grievances
Along with political grievances, as well as the inability to express actions through the political
system of the state, scholars have also argued that economic deprivation can also lead to an increase
in terror attacks. Some, such as Bird, Blomberg, & Hess have suggested that the less one has,
particularly compared to others may be the reason that some would commit such attacks. This could
be compared to those in their communities, their country, or compared to others in another country.
As Bird, Blomberg, & Hess argued, “the perpetrators are those who believe that they have been
disadvantaged by the status quo and the victims are those who they perceive as having benefited
from it…”.

• Ideological/Religious Motivations
Along with psychology, economic, political grievances, some causes of terrorism may stem from a
particular ideology. This can vary, and of course differs from politics, although there of course can
be overlap of these causes. With ideology, there is a belief in some idea, which in turn is the
motivation for their behaviour. For example, “Historically, Marxism-Leninism has proven to be
powerfully attractive to individuals who seek a framework that enables them to understand not only
why injustices exist in a society but also how to end them” 9. Some of the most recent attention to

8
Judith Palmer Harik, Hezbollah, The Changing Face of Terrorism
9
Bruce Hoffman, “Foreword: Twenty-First Century Terrorism”, James M. Smith and William C.
 8

ideology has been when examining the motivations of Al Qaeda, who emphasizes a puritanical
interpretation of Islam in their actions.10

• Domestic Policies of a State

Scholars believe that a state’s domestic policy can lead to individuals committing acts of terror. This
can be apparent based on various political actions, and numerous examples throughout the
international system, and throughout history. For example, the conflict in Northern Ireland, and the
resulting terror attacks that occurred throughout the years were at least partially motivated by what
some saw as problematic British government policies in Northern Ireland. The same motivation
could be argued for South Africa, where many were furious at the government’s apartheid policies,
or with the Palestinian Liberation Organization, and what they saw as abusive policies by the Israeli
government and military in the Palestinian Territories. Again, much of this may be policies of the
state, or the perception that the state is unwilling to remedy these particular grievances, and thus the
state becomes a political target due to their policies, perceived indifference of the policies, or tacit
approval of said policies.11

• Foreign Policy of a State

A government’s foreign policy positions and actions have also been known to be another cause of
terrorism. For example, today, some have argued that recent terror attacks have been at least partially
driven by their views on United States foreign policy in the Middle East and elsewhere. However, the
issue of targeting a state due to their foreign policies are not a new phenomenon. As Payne explains,
one can look at the Roman Empire and see that some used terror to attack the Empire.12

• Psychological Causes of Terrorism

Some have looked at terrorism from the lens of psychology, trying to understand whether there are any
mental disorders, or other psychological issues with individuals who commit such actions. For
example, many have looked at a child’s upbringing to see if there were any issues, or any signs that
may have led to future actions of terrorism. Yet as Viotti & Kauppi explain, while one might see some

10
Kapur R.N,1996. Terrorism and Integrated Approach to Counter it. National Defence College Paper
India.
11
McNamara R.S, 1968.The Essence of Security
12
Zero the story of Terrorism by Robert Payne
 9

of these issues in some of the individuals who committed terrorism, “to dismiss all terrorists as
mentally ill is simply wrong”13, as there are many who have committed such acts of terror that did not
fit this psychological profile. Within the field of psychology, some have looked at social psychology to
help better understand the causes of terrorism, namely “the study of the relations between people and
groups” to see if there were any factors in the individuals’ interactions that could help explain why they
committed the act of terrorism. For example, some social psychologists look to see whether individuals
that moved to new country felt like “outsiders” in this new environment, and if they then found places
or groups that not only supported them, but also may have influenced them towards radical
interpretations of faith or had a role in convincing them to carry out acts of violence.14

Chapter 3- Effects of Terrorism

13
Gupter, D.K. (2008) Understanding Terrorism and Political Violence. Oxon: Taylor & Francis Group
14
Alex S, 1988.Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors Authors, Concepts, Data Bases Theories. North Holland
Publishing Company
 10

Political, religious or ethnic-based instability within a country has the potential to imperil peace, unity,
economic and social development. Though the terrorist groups are mostly based in the north fighting for
an unidentified cause at present, its potentials to disrupt the entire country are high. For instance, the
activities of terrorist have paralysed almost all sections of the country. It had breached peace, threatened
the unity and impeded economic progress and development.

A. Social Effect
Terrorism has had a negative impact on the people regardless of status and the society at large. It
has disrupted and offset the normal social life and a good number of innocent lives have been lost.
Terrorists’ activities have dislocated people from their usual bases to different unintended locations.
The mass movement of people creates refugee problems with substantial costs to the individual,
host communities and the government. In addition, these episodes of violence had hit strongly
against and disorganised the socio-cultural tranquillity, the fragile religious tolerance among the
people and polluted the serene and spiritual based of the environment. The human costs in terms of
lives and properties can hardly be valued and quantified since the upsurge of the violence began

B. Political Effect
Since the rise of Boko Haram, the Islamic sect in spreading terror in the last three years, spreading
clouds of fear across the country, and especially in many parts of the north where law and order has
collapsed. Different murderous gangs roam the nooks and crannies of the cities, streets and villages
day and night exploding bombs, shooting and killing innocent people. They set homes and business
premises on fire, destroying places of worship, and attacking security agents and institutions. The
process has promoted anarchy by causing confusion and widespread panic among people in
Nigeria. The civil rights of individuals and even their more basic civil liberties as guaranteed by the
Constitution has been jeopardised. While the Islamic sects unleash terror on the people, the
activities of the security agents have become deplorable as well hence the abuses of people’s liberty
have become the order of the day. They have deployed an unconventional and extra-judicial method
of shoot at sight which is usually adopted by the government to tackle widespread public
disturbances and terrible crimes. The security agents stop people at will, restrict people’s movement
by the day and especially at night and kill anyone at the least suspicion. The sects’ activities have
spread fear across the length and breadth of not only northern Nigeria but the entire country
especially among the political elites. Given the ethnic sensitivity of the country, it has pushed
 11

further its political polarisation and raised the existing suspicion and distrust especially between the
north and south.15

C. Economic Effect
Extreme violence repels rather than attracts business investors as in the case of the activities of
Boko Haram. When human, material and financial resources are channelled into the advancement
of sectarian ideology, economic development is retarded. The violence afflicted in northern Nigeria
has affected business and economic activities have slowed down. Moreover, the movement of
people to these zones that would have buster economic activities have been stalled. Terrorism has
already worsened the development space of the region as it has scared foreign and local investors
alike and limited the earnings from tourism. Jos the capital of Plateau State that was once the pearl
of tourism and a dream home for most people across Nigeria has become a shadow of itself. There
is no doubt that wars, terrorism had led to political instability which in turn have a significant
negative effect on the economies in which they take place. Terror attacks are known to cause
decrease in aggregate private investments. The orchestrated attacks on vital government
installations, infrastructure and investments have sent northern Nigeria to the brink of development.
One of the most obvious effects is the distress it has caused to local businesses and the people who
reside in that part of the country. The violence has caused the destruction of lives and property in
the north thereby paralysing economic activities in the region in spite of its natural endowment in
agricultural productivity. It has succeeded in creating fear and terror that has hunted everybody and
the productivity of people has been stalled. Most economic activities have come to a halt due to
uncertainty in the country. It has paralysed economic activities especially in the northern parts of
the country were these incidents are prevalent, thereby worsening the already bad situation. It also
has disrupted economic activities because people fear to go to the markets to transact business
because they do not know where the next attempt will be. The northern part of the country that used
to be a major food supply to the entire country has been fled by people living in the region. This has
had adverse effect on food supply and prices as well. Northern Nigeria that is trying desperately to
industrialised but with a dangerous group such as Boko Haram, investors either foreign or local
cannot invest in an unstable environment.

15
Achike O, 1976. Ground Work of Military Law and Military Rule in Nigeria. Fourth Dimension Publisher, Enugu
 12

Chapter 4 - Impact of International Terrorism on World Security

By a mere examination of the question, the first answer to come to mind is Yes, indeed terrorism
is a serious threat to international and national security. Despite the diverse definitions of
terrorism, some common factors can be found in all terrorist organizations. They agree that, first,
terrorism always has a political agenda. Secondly, terrorist organisations depend on the use of
violence or the threat of using violence. Thirdly, terrorist groups always have a target, for
example, the government or civilians or journalist etc. Fourthly, terrorist organisations are well
structured and not just the activities of individuals. Fifthly, it mostly involves non state actors and
mostly targets non state actors or state or both; and sixth, terrorist organizations always struggle
for some kind of power change. Terrorism is in fact a serious threat no matter the cause they try to
accomplish. The fact that it involves the taking of innocent lives possesses a threat. Further due to
the resources fuelled into countering terrorism; the countries tackling terrorism have the chances
of going through economic difficulties. So not only does terrorism threaten the national and
international security, it can lead a nation into economic crises with can lead to other form of
security challenges.

Also, the nature, structure and mere existence of the state is being threatened by these violent
groups. For instance the initial attacks by the Tamil insurgents relied on the use of violence
(terrorism) which later escalated to guerrilla attacks that led to a civil war (2012:62). They
acknowledge that even though terrorism has not been 100% successful, we cannot deny that it has
led to couple of changes in both national and foreign policies round the world. They point out
that, all countries around the world are scared of three major things; First is, weapons of mass
destruction, second is the funds put into counter terrorism which will not allow for economic and
infrastructural growth and third 2 is demeaning security at a long run. However, they fail to accept
that the reality of the existence of weapons of mass destruction is clouded.16

In the same light, the internet and technological advancement in the 21st century, has made the
access to material and chemicals used for making weapons of mass destruction more accessible by
terrorist. This however has led to innocent individual being put in harm’s way or being killed.

16
Peu Ghosh, International Relations
 13

However, for terrorist around the globe, the weapons of terrorism are no longer simply the guns
and bombs that they always have used, now those weapons include Mini-cam and videotape,
massed marketed CD-ROMs, world wide web access that have defined the information of
revolution today17.

On another hand, projects that since the world has transcended to the fourth wave of terrorism,
every diverse and multicultural society is met with the fear of being battered by a cluster of
extremist, especially if it an external threat. ‘Every society has felt angry insecure and utterly
confused about what to do’. This leaves a lot of nations in panic of what to do and how to go
about it when terrorist organizations or groups strike innocent civilians. He states that ‘the sight of
innocent, unsuspecting people being killed or injured gives us all a collective sense of insecurity’

The media plays a major role in making terrorism a serious threat to international and national
security. He says that ‘Increasing numbers of individuals and groups that advocate violent jihad
are known to be using the internet extensively, both as a tool for spreading their message and in
some instances, attack planning and preparation’ Furthermore the media promotes terrorism and
makes it a serious threat because it possesses three major outcomes. First, it increases fear in the
global society, is one of the aims of terrorism. Secondly, it tends to make people who have nearly
the same believes, sympathise for terrorist organisations and lastly, the media has help terrorist
organisations in getting more followers to labour on its cause. The internet is also use as a
propaganda tool, also for terrorist to contact their colleagues and provide individuals with
instructions that can help to make bombs and join their cause. Other than the media improving
terrorist acts, the media is also seen as being a major threat to national security. The media would
go to whatever length, with or without prove to make a story that would boost their ratings. The
media which are supposed to be non-biased is also often influenced by the government to protest
its interest.

However, despite the fact that terrorism might seem as a serious threat to international security,
the measures that the government has put in place has by no means helped in solving the problem.
The threat of terror has not only increased but has spread round the global system. The amount of
funds put into countering terrorism cannot be justified as there has been no improvement.

17
Guelke, A. (2006) Terrorism and Global Disorder. New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd
 14

Terrorism is a serious threat to international and national security. However, it has been
established that the methods used to counter it has not properly worked. It has been pointed out
that state responses to terrorism has not helped but instead furthered the cause of terrorism. In
dealing with terrorism, the state or government must by all means try to control the media to some
extent, keeping in mind that there are no solutions to all forms of threats. Wilkinson states that
countering terrorism is like being a goalkeeper, you can be the best but, people will only
remember the one goal that gests past you.
 15

Chapter-5 Terrorism and its Effect on International Relations

All of us have been affected by terrorism at some point or the other in our lives. Terrorism has destroyed
nations, homes and individuals the world over. There is no state, all over the world, that has not been
effected by terrorism. This kind of widespread misery and devastation calls forsome action against
terrorism. Till now we have been fighting our individual wars against terrorism, but the time has come
when we need to join our hands and fight terrorism collectively. This essay explores the effects
ofterrorism on international relations and how it has changed the global equation.

Terrorism is defined as an act of violence aimed at civilians with the intention of instilling fear,
generating attention, creating political upheaval and at times, also trying to destabilize a government.
Generally, Terrorism is understood in the context of small groups that fight against powerful states. But,
apart from this, even government can practice terrorism. Government supported terrorism can be directed
either at civilians or at other countries. Directed either ways, terrorism can have an adverse effect on the
country and can also raise doubts in the minds of the citizens about their security.

All through history, terrorism has taken various forms and directions. Just in the last two centuries,
terrorism has been used by Russian nihilists, nationalists in Israel, Nazi forces, environmentalists
worldwide, left-wing guerrillas in Europe, disgruntled radicals in the United States, Latin American death
squads and Islamic fundamentalists. Unfortunately, terrorism is not tied to any particular philosophy or
set of people.

Take the example of the killings of Indians in Australia. Though called racial discrimination, is it not an
act of terrorism? No Indian would feel safe in Australia. In fact, even Indians who want to visit Australia
would have second thought about doing so. This act of pseudo terrorism has resulted in strained
relationships between both the countries.
 16

Conclusion

There are a number of costs to terrorism. For example, the effects of terrorism alter the lives, as
well as responses of individuals, non-government actors, and state actors. For example, when
looking at the individual, Individuals usually suffer the most from terrorist acts in terms of loss of
lives and social, psychological, and physical problems. Many citizens are made ill by fear, and a
sudden loss of personal freedom. In addition, what terrorism also does is, it build tension and
undermine[s] trust between members of the community, such as was the case between the Arab
and Muslim communities in the United States, with their neighbours. As we see, there are still
numerous forms of Islamophobia and racism towards Arabs and other communities (such as the
Sikh community) because of the effects of the September 11th, 2001 terror attack on the United
States, and according to reports, sadly, there are many in the United States who think it is
permissible to restrict the rights of Muslims and Arabs due to these concerns. Some individuals
sadly generalize about an entire group, which continues to promote misunderstanding, instead of
peace, acceptance, and the importance of a seeing ourselves as a global human community.

In addition to the individual costs associated with the effects of terrorism, there are also economic
costs to terrorism. According to scholars, the terrorist attack committed could have greats effects
on the international economic system. For example, “after the 2001 attacks [on the United States],
airlines suffered major financial losses and continue to feel the impact of terrorism. It is estimated
that the global airline industry lost $18 billion in 2001 and $13 billion in 2002 following the
attacks”. Furthermore, it could also effect how states act. For example, a state, following a terror
attack, or even a threat of terrorism, may began increasing their budgets on surveillance, security,
and counterterrorism measures. Or, they may also alter their foreign policy actions or
relationships with states following an attack. And hence terrorism also effects the international
relations between the states.
 17

Bibliography

Books

• Kenneth Waltz, Man, the State, and War.

• V.N. Khanna, International Relations Paperback
• P. B. Rathod, International Relations Concepts And Theories
• Peu Ghosh, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

References

• Crenshaw, M. (1981). The Causes of Terrorism. Comparative Politics

• Hoffman, B. (2006). Inside Terrorism. New York, New York. Oxford University Press.
• Viotti, P. R. & Kauppi, M. V. (2013). International Relations and World Politics (5th Edition).
New York, New York. Pearson.

• www.fbi.gov.in

• www.jstor.in
18