OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY

Thermal Load Analysis

and HVAC System Design
for Oklahoma Air National
Guard Building
Ian Blanski
Rendra Heodinata
Matthew Hulsey
Chris Sanchez
MAE 4703
Summary
The group was tasked to develop a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system for the Oklahoma
Air National Guard Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The building is a 19,000 square foot facility
with offices, training rooms, showers, lockers, restrooms, and a vehicle maintenance bay. The building is
a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) silver certified facility. The major constraints for
the design are occupancy, the radio maintenance work center, and the maintenance bay. The front
offices are occupied year round, while the remainder is occupied one weekend a month and 2 weeks per
year for the guard members. The radio maintenance work center requires local exhaust for soldering.
The vehicle maintenance bay calls for only heating and ventilation.

Introduction
The distribution of tasks for the group was divided into zones per person. Each person was responsible
for the completion of analysis and calculations for tasks one through seven as in accordance with the
project handout provided by Dr. Cremaschi. A general outline for our schedule is given by the Gantt
chart in Appendix A. The following describes each members report responsibilities.

 Ian Blanski- Zones : 4, 5, 6

o Diffusers
o Air Distribution System
o Grammatical Revisions
 Rendra Heodinata- Zones: 7,11,12
o Heating Load
o Air Distribution System
o Fans
o Energy Consumption
 Matthew Hulsey-Zones: 8, 9, 10
o Cooling
o Thermal Resistances
o Introduction/Conclusion
o Formatting
 Chris Sanchez-Zones: 1, 2, 3
o Air Flow Rates and Supply Temperatures
o Air Quality
o Introduction/Conclusion
Table of Content

s
Summary.....................................................................................................................................................1
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................1
Table of Figures...........................................................................................................................................2
Zones...........................................................................................................................................................3
Thermal Resistance of Walls........................................................................................................................3
Heating Load................................................................................................................................................4
Assumption and Outside Condition.........................................................................................................4
Heat Conduction......................................................................................................................................4
Heat Infiltration.......................................................................................................................................5
General Results........................................................................................................................................5
Detailed Results.......................................................................................................................................6
Cooling Load................................................................................................................................................6
Solar Radiation........................................................................................................................................7
Solar Heat Gain through Fenestration.....................................................................................................7
Internal Heat Gains..................................................................................................................................7
Sol-air Temperature.................................................................................................................................8
Conduction Heat Gain.............................................................................................................................8
Infiltration................................................................................................................................................8
Radiant Time Series.................................................................................................................................9
General Total Cooling Load....................................................................................................................10
Air Flow Rates and Supply Temperatures..................................................................................................10
Assumptions and Methods....................................................................................................................10
Supply Temperatures............................................................................................................................11
Flow Rate Results..................................................................................................................................11
Diffusers....................................................................................................................................................12
Air Distribution System..............................................................................................................................13
Fans...........................................................................................................................................................17
 Size of the Fan.......................................................................................................................................17
Type and efficiency of the fan................................................................................................................18
Fan selections........................................................................................................................................18
Air Quality..................................................................................................................................................19
Fresh air and Air recirculated................................................................................................................19
Filters.....................................................................................................................................................20
Energy Consumption.................................................................................................................................21
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................22
Appendix A................................................................................................................................................23
Gantt Chart............................................................................................................................................23
Appendix B................................................................................................................................................23
Zones.....................................................................................................................................................23
Appendix C................................................................................................................................................24
Thermal Resistances..............................................................................................................................24
Appendix D................................................................................................................................................26
Heating Loads........................................................................................................................................26
Appendix E.................................................................................................................................................33
Solar Angles...........................................................................................................................................33
Solar Irradiation.....................................................................................................................................34
Sol-Air Temperatures.............................................................................................................................35
Sensible Internal Heat Gain for Zone 1..................................................................................................36
Sensible Internal Heat Gain for Zone 1..................................................................................................37
Heat Gain Summary for Zone 1.............................................................................................................38
Total Cooling Load in Radiative and Convective Components for Zone 1..............................................39
Total Cooling Load for Zone 1................................................................................................................40
Total Cooling Load For Each Zone..........................................................................................................44
Appendix F.................................................................................................................................................45
Solar Irradiation Code............................................................................................................................45
Appendix G................................................................................................................................................52
Cooling Condition..................................................................................................................................52
Heating Condition..................................................................................................................................53
Appendix H................................................................................................................................................53
 Diffusers................................................................................................................................................53
Appendix I..................................................................................................................................................55
Ducting..................................................................................................................................................55
Zone 11..................................................................................................................................................55
Zones 8,9,10..........................................................................................................................................57
Zones 4, 5, 6...........................................................................................................................................58
Appendix J.................................................................................................................................................59
Fan Data................................................................................................................................................59
Appendix K................................................................................................................................................61
Recirculation Ducting.............................................................................................................................61
References.................................................................................................................................................61

Table of Figures
Figure 1: Zone Division................................................................................................................................3
Figure 2: Heating Load for Each Zone in (Btu/hr)........................................................................................5
Figure 3: Cooling Load Zone 1......................................................................................................................9
Figure 4: Total Cooling Loads.....................................................................................................................10
Figure 5: Ducting System...........................................................................................................................14
Figure 6: Ducting system for the Zone 1, 2, and 3.....................................................................................15
Figure 7: Pressure Diagram for Longest Run in Zone 1, 2, and 3...............................................................17
Y

Table 1: Transmission Heating Load for zone 11.........................................................................................6

Table 2: Infiltration Heating Load for Zone 11.............................................................................................6
Table 3: Cooling Air Flow Rates.................................................................................................................11
Table 4: Heating Air Flow Rate..................................................................................................................12
Table 5: Diffuser........................................................................................................................................13
Table 6: Flow rate and Duct Diameter for each section in zone 1, 2, and 3...............................................16
Table 7: Specification of a single fan for main handler unit from Twin City Corporation..........................18
Table 8: Specification two parallel fans arrangement for main handler unit from Twin City Corporation 19
Table 9: The Amount of Recirculation air needed for Each Zone...............................................................19
Table 10: Filter used During Recirculation in Each Plenum of HVAC System.............................................20
Table 11: Total energy consumed during summer for peak load condition..............................................21
Table 12: Total energy consumed during winter for peak load condition.................................................21
Zones
The preliminary task in the system design was to break up the building in zones, depending on the
room’s function, occupancy load, and locations. below shows the zone division for the entire building.
The three zones to the left of the figure are all flight offices that were broken down into individual zones
because they encounter different occupancy loads at the same time. Zone 4 was where the full time
staff was located and had the heaviest traffic through the building; hence it was assigned its own unique
loading. Zone 5 contained the simulation room where occupants exhibit medium activity and requires
medium air recirculation. Zone 6 was also occupied year round similar to the main offices, but because
of the room locations they were designated as different zones. A similar case can be seen for zones 7
and 12 where they had their own heating sources and only required ventilation during the summer.
Zones 9 and 10 exhibit similar characteristic where no air recirculation is desired. Yet because the gym
(Zone 10) had higher loads due to the high duty activity, it had to be separated from the locker room.
Zone 8 and Zone 11 had their own characteristics that had to be separated from other zones.

Figure : Zone Division

Thermal Resistance of Walls

The LEED certification is a rating system on how energy efficient a building is. To acquire such a
certification the building must limit the amount of energy transmitted through the walls, roof, and
foundation. Thus, insulating materials were used liberally creating a thermal barrier. The majority of the
walls were made of 5/8” gypsum board, R-19 batt insulation with 6’ metal studs 16” on center, ½”
gypsum sheathing, an air space, and 4” brick face. The resistance for each material was found in HVAC
analysis and design [ CITATION McQ05 \l 1033 ] and ASHRAE Fundamentals. The overall heat transfer
coefficient was calculated using equation 1 for the heat transfer coefficient and equation 2 to determine
a coefficient for the insulation including the studs. All the resistance information for wall, roofs and
floors can be found in in the end of the report.

1
U= ()
R
U t A t=U b A b+U f Af ()

Heating Load
The winter heating load for the building was divided to several components because heat was
conducted through several different media. Conduction through walls, doors, windows, roof, floor and
infiltration were all factors that needed to be accounted for. All assumptions and heat transfer
calculations are carefully explained in the next few subsections.

Assumption and Outside Condition

Due to the existence of unknown variable and worst condition analysis, there are several assumptions
that were made during heating load calculation of this project. Those assumptions included:
 An Indoor comfort temperature assumed to be 72°F and relative humidity of 40% with an
outside design temperature of 17°F was used from Table B-1a [CITATION Mcq05 \l 1033 ]
 For pressure calculations during winter condition, outside wind speed was assumed to be 15
miles per hour.
 It was assumed that all exterior walls experienced windward conditions with C p = 0.5 for worst
case analysis.
 All doors and windows were assumed to be tight fittings with a leakage coefficient of K = 1
 Outside relative humidity was assumed to be 0% for the worst case scenario.

Heat Conduction
Utilizing the resistance for walls, doors, windows and roof the heating conduction was calculated by
using equation 3 below.

q̇ =UAΔT (3)

The floor conduction had its own unique equation (4) that utilized the heat loss coefficient of concrete,
the perimeter of the room and the difference between the interior and exterior temperatures. All the
conduction heat through different media was then summarized and called total transmission heat.

q̇ =UPΔT (4)
Heat Infiltration
Infiltration or the permeation of outdoor air into the interior space was calculated by using the crack
method. The equations for this method depend on the length of crack, the pressure difference between
the two spaces, and the type of crack. Because the OKANG building was a single story structure and was
not internally pressurized, the only pressure difference included in the analysis was due to the wind
speed. Based on the total infiltration, the sensible load and the latent load were calculated using
equations 5 and 6.
q̇ sensible= ṁCpΔT (5)
q̇ latent =ṁ hΔω (6)
Where:
Cp = average wall pressure coefficient
h = enthalpy of vaporization
Δω = absolute humidity difference between indoor space and outdoor condition

General Results
The heating load for each zone is calculated and is shown in .

Figure : Heating Load for Each Zone in (Btu/hr)

It can be seen from that the heating load was not distributed evenly throughout the building due to
each zone’s surrounding conditions. Zones located in the middle of the building had very little
interaction with exterior conditions required a smaller amount of heating load per unit area. The
simulation room (Zone 5) for example, had a smaller load compared to the flight office (Zone 1) that had
a smaller area. The Latrine and locker room required the smallest load of 2,680 Btu/hr. On the contrary,
the front offices which had multiple doors, windows and exposed walls forcing it to require the largest
amount of heating load (32,690btu/hr). This meant that the amount of heating load depended heavily
on the surface area of exposed walls, doors and windows, but the roof and concrete slab had a much
smaller effects on the heating load. After summing heating values for all of the zones, the building’s total
heating load was found to be 174,537 Btu per hour.

Detailed Results
A sample heating load calculation from the radio maintenance room (Zone 11) was discussed in this
section to further illustrate the group’s findings. The heat transmission load and the infiltration load are
shown below in and respectively. The calculation for other zones can be found in at the end of the
report.

Table : Transmission Heating Load for zone 11

Table : Infiltration Heating Load for Zone 11

In this particular zone, the north and south walls were directly exposed to the outside conditions while
the east and west walls were connected to other zones. Heat was conducted through the exterior north
and south walls as well as the roof and the floor. There were also 5 windows that contributed infiltration
effects to the zone and had to be taken into account. The total infiltration for the zone was found to be
approximately 1000 Btu per hour. After calculating all the transmission and infiltration loads, the
resulting total heating load in zone 11 was found to be roughly 11,600 Btu per hour.

Cooling Load
During the warmer parts of the year the facility needed to be cooled. In order to determine the cooling
load, the group needed to consider several factors such as the amount a radiation striking the building,
internal heat gains, and infiltration from outdoor air. To determine the maximum cooling load during the
year, it was assumed to be worst case on the summer solstice, July 21. The radiant time series method
was utilized to for calculating the total heat gains seen by the building in a 24-hour period. To illustrate
the group’s findings zone 1 will be looked at in detail.

Solar Radiation
In order to determine the amount of radiation striking the surface the position of the sun throughout
the day needed to be determined. The local Solar Time (LST) was essential in determining the position of
the sun based on time, latitude, and longitude. The LST on a given day made it possible for the solar
altitude angle β, the solar azimuth angle φ, and the angle of incidence θ to be calculated. With these
angles the sun’s relation to the building for any given 24-hour period was accurately calculated. The
total amount of radiation striking a surface is given by equation 7.

G t =[max ( cosθ , 0 )+ C F ws + ρ g F wg ( sinβ+C )]G ND (7)

For zone 1 there are three outside surfaces in which radiation strikes, the south wall, the west wall, and
the roof. The radiation calculations for zone 1 are in .

Solar Heat Gain through Fenestration

Windows are great for allowing light into a building. However, they also allow for radiation to pass
through as well. The amount of solar radiation passing through the window determines the amount of
heat gain. To be able to account for the total amount of heat gained through fenestration the areas of
the glaze, the area of the frame, and the amount of solar irradiation needed. The solar heat gain
coefficient simplifies the process. It allows for a fraction of the incident solar energy to be calculated.
The coefficients for the glaze were found in table 7-3 [ CITATION McQ05 \l 1033 ]. The solar heat gain
coefficients for the frame were found by using equation 7-31 [ CITATION McQ05 \l 1033 ]. The total solar
heat gain was then obtained by equation 8, where IAC is the interior solar attenuation coefficient. It was
assumed that there was nothing covering the windows from the inside, thus, IAC was assumed to be
one. It was also assumed that the windows were not setback, therefore no shading occurred.

q̇ SHG=[ SHGC f A sl GDθ + SHGCf A f Gdθ ] + [ SHGC gD Asl , g GDθ + SHGC g d A g Gdθ ] IAC (8)

For zone 1 there were two small sets of windows on the south wall and two small windows on the west
wall for radiation to pass through. The calculations for the windows in zone 1 are shown in .

Internal Heat Gains

Internal heat gains were a significant component to the cooling load and were broken down into three
main categories for the OKANG building: people, lights, and equipment. For calculating heat gains
caused by people, the amount of heat given off depended on the type of activity the people are
participating in. Table 8-2 of McQuiston’s Heating Ventilating, and Air Conditioning, gave a broad range
of heat gains for people based on their activity level. The amount of heat given off by lighting was
determined by the total wattage of the lights themselves. The amount of lighting was estimated by using
Table 2 of the provided AHRAE handbook which provided a value with the units Watt per square foot
[CITATION ASH09 \p 5 \l 1033 ]. The amount of heat gain from equipment was given by the amount of
power used. For safety and energy efficiency reasons it was assumed that lights and equipment was at
twenty percent of full capacity outside of business hours. It was also assumed that no one would be in
the building outside of typical business hours.

From the occupancy plan, zone 1 would have twenty people doing sedentary light work. From Table 8-2
of Heating Ventilating, and Air Conditioning the total sensible heat gain for zone 1 during business hours
was determined to be 4900 Btu/hr and the total latent heat gain for zone 1 during business hours was
3100 Btu/hr. The internal heat gain for the lights was estimated using 1.4 W/ft^2, yielding 8000 Btu/hr
at peak load[CITATION ASH09 \p 5 \l 1033 ]. The calculations for zone 1 are found in .

Sol-air Temperature
The sol-air temperature or, the effective temperature of outdoor air that would give an equivalent heat
flux, was calculated by using equation 9[ CITATION McQ05 \l 1033 ]. Sol-air temperature calculations for
each zone are shown in .

t e =t o+(αG t )/ho−εδR/ho (9)

Conduction Heat Gain

The conduction heat transfer at the inside surface was found using equation 10. The periodic response
values were assumed to be Wall 2 and Roof 2 from table 8-18 in McQuiston’s Heating Ventilating, and
Air Conditioning, because of the similarity to the walls and roof of the building.

q } rsub {conduction,in,j,θ= sum from {n=0} to {23} {{Y} rsub {pn} ( {t} rsub {e,j,θ-nd} - {t} rsub {rc} )} ¿
(10)

The conduction heat gain was given by equation 11.

q̇ conduction ,∈ , j , θ= A j q } rsub {conduction,in,j,θ ¿

(11)

The conduction heat gain for windows was given by equation 12.

q̇ conduction ,∈ ,window ,θ=(U f A f +U g A g )(t o −t i ) (12)

The conduction heat gains for zone 1’s three surfaces are in . They were calculated by using a nested
loop in Microsoft Visual Basic, see .

Infiltration
Using the crack method the total flow rate of outside air was calculated. The total heat gain due to
infiltration is given by equation 13 is shown for zone 1 in .

Q̇ c p
q̇ infiltration = ∗(t o −t i ) (13)
vo
Radiant Time Series
The Radiant Time Series method estimates the cooling load due to the radiative portions of each heat
gain. [ CITATION McQ05 \l 1033 ] Each heat gain was split into radiative and convective fractions with
accordance to table 8-20 of McQuiston. The radiant time factors for medium weight wall1 were
assumed from Table 8-21 of McQuiston. The radiative cooling load was then calculated using equation
14.

q̇ θ ,cl =r o q̇θ +r 1 q̇ θ−δ +⋯+ r 23 q̇ θ−23 δ (14)

The total cooling load was then found by summing the infiltration, radiative cooling load, and the
convective heat gain. The radiant time series calculations for zone 1 are found in .

The total cooling load for zone 1 is shown in . It exemplifies that the two primary drivers for the cooling
load were people and lights. Infiltration and equipment heat gains are almost negligible during business
hours. The graph shows that the walls have a thermal mass because of the delayed drop in cooling load
after the people leave and the lights are turned off. All other zones were calculated in a similar manner.

Cooling Loads Zone 1

Cooling Loads [Btu/hr]

30000
25000
20000 Wall
Lights
15000 People
Equipment
10000
Total
5000 Infultration
0
1 6 11 16 21

Time (hr)

Figure : Cooling Load Zone 1

General Total Cooling Load
By using similar manner as previous example, the total cooling load for each zone is then calculated and
shown in .

Figure : Total Cooling Loads

By analyzing results in Figure 4, it was found the highest cooling load required was in the simulation
room (zone 5) with the front offices and radio maintenance work center being the second and the third.
A lot of cooling was required in zone 5 due to the massive amount of internal heat gain developed in the
zone. The simulation equipment and computers produced an equipment load of approximately 27,000
Btu per hour. It is understandable that offices required a lot of cooling load because of their exposed
walls, doors and windows are located in that area. The reason why radio work produced such a high
load was due to the infiltration and heat conduction from the east wall that was connected to radio
maintenance bay. During summer, cooling was not provided in the radio maintenance vehicle bay and
therefore, its temperature will be similar to outdoor design temperature. The total cooling load for the
entire building based on the calculation was found to be 298,519 Btu per hour; detailed calculation can
be found in .

Air Flow Rates and Supply Temperatures

Assumptions and Methods
After calculating the heating and cooling loads for each of the zones, the air flow rates required to size
ducts and diffusers for each zone were determined. By using assumptions provided by (McQuiston 68)
an initial supply temperature of approximately 20°F less than the dry bulb temperature of the room was
assumed. Once a good estimate supply temperature was known the corresponding enthalpies of the
room and the air entering the room were found using the Psychometric Chart. Then using equation 15
the mass flow rate was found. Also using the Psychometric Chart the specific volume corresponding to
the supply temperature was used to calculate the volumetric flow rate using equation 16. All the
Schematic from Psychometric chart can be found in Appendix E. The same procedure was done for the
heating flow rates however the supply temperature was assumed to be 20°F greater than the
comfortable air temperature of the room. Table 3 and Table 4 show the initial flow calculations with the
20 degree assumption for cooling and heating condition respectively.

Q̇
ṁ=
( hroom −h supply )
(15)

Where m dot [lb/hr], is the mass flow rate, Q dot [Btu/hr] is the cooling load at peak conditions, h room
[Btu/lb] is the enthalpy of the dry bulb room temperature, and h supply [Btu/lb] is the enthalpy of the
dry bulb air being supplied to the room.

V̇ =v supply × ṁ (16)
Where V dot [cfm] is the volumetric flow rate and v supply [cft/lb] is the specific volume of the air being
supplied to the room.

Supply Temperatures
The 20 degree assumption was a good approximation because it accounted for all of the losses in the
ducts and assumed that energy from the fan is completely transferred to the air which results in a lower
supply temperature. In this design all of the air not exhausted is recirculated back to the main air
handler and cooling coil. This allowed the supply temperature to remain at a constant 55 °F and the air
flow rates to be controlled by dampers to decrease or increase the flow based on whether the building
was operating in full load or part load condition.

Flow Rate Results

 Table : Cooling Air Flow Rates

There were no calculations for the Maintenance Room (Zone 7) and Mantenance Bay (Zone 12) because
the zones only require ventialtion during the summer conditions. The Simulation Room (Zone 5) had the
largest load due to all of the internal heat gains from the equipment and as a result has the largest air
flow requirements. The Multi-Purpose Room (Zone 8) and the Workout Room (Zone 10) are required to
handle the greatest about of bodies and activity so their loads in respect to their zone areas are high.
Zone 11, which is the zone right next the maintenance bay, also has a large air flow rate requirement
due to the infultration through the double doors that connect to the bay.

Table : Heating Air Flow Rate

The first Flight Office (Zone 1) and the Front Offices (Zone 4) have larger air flow demands for heating
because the heating load requirements are the largest for these sections. The first flight office has 4
windows and a large area connected to the outside wall. The front offices have a large amount of
windows and two sets of vestibule doors conncected to the outside so this confirms that the air flow
rate demand would be the greatest for this section.

Diffusers
For diffuser selection each group member was responsible for knowing their own zone airflow rates and
characteristic lengths, two of the major variables for selecting diffuser types and locations in a given
zone. The first step in selecting a diffuser was to decide on a diffuser type and determine its
characteristic length L. For the majority of the building circular ceiling diffusers were selected based on
the climate that the building was located in. Because of Oklahoma’s hot summers and mild winters, the
HVAC system is forced to be cooling dominated, meaning that over the course of a year the majority of
the load will be cooling loads. For the system to effectively neutralize outdoor heat gains in addition to
internal heating caused by occupants, lighting, and equipment, circular ceiling diffusers were the best
choice. Circular ceiling diffusers provided a relatively even cooling profile minimizing stagnation during
cooling. After selecting a diffuser type and number for a particular room, a characteristic length could be
determined by looking at the given floor plans and Table 11-1 of the text book. In zone 6 (room 125) for
example the width of the room was 15ft and the diffusers were placed centrally making the
characteristic length 7.5ft. Next, values from table 11-4 allowed a size to be selected based upon flow
rate and the radius of diffusion. Zone 6 required three 10” diffusers with approximately 268cfm per
diffuser to neutralize the heat gain for the room. After selecting a size, actual values for radius of
diffusion, noise criteria (NC), and total pressure were determined by interpolation when a flow rate was
between two values in table 11-4 of Heating Ventilating, and Air Conditioning. shows the calculated
values of throw (La), total pressure (Pt), and noise criteria.

Table : Diffuser

Room 125
Flow Rate 860
Lc 7.5
X50 6
Diameter selection 10"
La 8.6
X50/La 0.7
NC 12.7
0.04
Pt 8
Number of Diffusers 3

Air Distribution System

Because of the building’s size and LEED requirements for efficiency, a variable air volume (VAV) system
was chosen to distribute air throughout the structure. Depending on loading conditions of individual
zones, VAV systems respond by “throttling” the volume of air supplied to each zone[ CITATION Mcq05 \l
1033 ]. For the OKANG building only two zones are needed to be regulated year round and the other ten
are occupied one weekend a month and two weeks out of the year. Because of the buildings occupation
schedule the VAV system could close the dampers to the vacant zone, decrease the fan’s speed, and
reduce the cooling/heating coil load, thus improving the overall efficiency of the system. Besides lower
operation costs a VAV system also has lower initial costs compared to other individual space control
systems because it requires single runs supply duct [ CITATION Mcq05 \l 1033 ].
Once a system type was selected, ducting had to be run from the roof top unit to the individual zones.
To achieve this, a main duct was used to supply all of the zones. From the main, single run ducting
branched off to supply air to the diffusers. After a schematic was drawn for the ducting system (shown in
), calculations for duct diameter were performed by utilizing the equal-friction method.

Figure : Ducting System

The equal-friction method assumes that there is a consistent pressure loss per foot of duct length for
the entire system. To estimate the pressure loss, the longest run or longest distance from the plenum to
diffuser needed to be considered for the calculation. Next equivalent lengths for the fittings along the
selected longest run were determined and summed with the longest run length to get a total duct
length. The total available pressure for the ducting was then divided by the calculated total length which
resulted in a pressure loss per unit length. Next the friction loss and supply flow rate were used to look
up duct diameters from Figure 12-21 in the HVAC analysis and design text book (McQuiston, 420). At a
standard duct size the actual pressure drop per 100ft section was obtained from the chart as well. With
the actual pressure drop and equivalent length a pressure drop could be calculated for each section of
ducting. The pressure drop for each run in the zone was then calculated. This process was repeated for
every zone in the building to determine fan sizing.
A sample zone 1, 2 and 3 is taken for pressure loss and equal friction analysis while those from other
zones can be found in . below shows the ducting design for zone 1, 2, and 3 starting from the plenum
located near the simulation room.

Figure : Ducting system for the Zone 1, 2, and 3

In , the plenum is shown by the blue box and the longest run runs from section 1 to section 6. It is seen
that the ducting system is designed utilizing as less tee junction four way intersection as possible to
minimize pressure loss. By using the equal friction method, the duct size for every section in the zone
can be calculated and is shown in .
 Table : Flow rate and Duct Diameter for each section in zone 1, 2, and 3

  Section Number Flow [cfm] D [in]

  1 4500 24
  2 2980 22
3 1530 16
4 879.75 14
5 229.5 8
6 114.75 6
Zone 1
7 114.75 6
8 114.75 6
9 382.5 10
10 382.5 10
11 108.75 6
12 217.5 8
13 108.75 6
14 362.5 9
Zone 2
15 833.75 14
16 108.75 6
17 362.5 9
18 1450 16
19 114 6
20 228 8
21 114 6
22 380 10
Zone 3
23 874 14
24 114 6
25 380 10
26 1520 16

From , ducts diameter was consistent where the main ducts such as section 1 and 2 which had larger
diameters compare to the branch ducts connected to diffusers such as section 19. The largest diameter
for ducts coming out directly from plenum was 24 inch. By using the diameter and the air flow rate, the
pressure loss through every run was then calculated. below illustrates the pressure loss for the longest
run in the zone (run 6).
 Figure : Pressure Diagram for Longest Run in Zone 1, 2, and 3

It is seen that pressure is decreasing steadily as air going further to the diffuser number 6. The figure
shows that both static pressure and total pressure losses did not exceed the supply pressure in the
plenum. An ending static pressure of approximately 0 inches of water column also further indicates that
the room was at atmospheric pressure. The pressure drop diagram for the other zones can be found in
on the end of the report.

Fans
With the calculated flow rates, it was possible to do a fan selection for the main unit and the rest of the
air handler to every zone. From previous section it was noted that around 15,000 cubic feet per minute
was required to be distributed to all zones inside the building. In order to compensate the flow rate
required, a suitable fan had to be selected. 3 major parameters that were used in fan selection was the
size of the fan, type of the fan and the efficiency of the fan.

Size of the Fan

The size boundary condition for fan selection was the ducting spaces that were located in the attic of the
building. The approximate attic height was found from the architectural plan of the building is around 3-
4 feet. Therefore fans selected for VAV unit and those in other air handlers had to be smaller than the
specified space constraint. A parallel fan arrangement that substitute one large fan to multiple small
fans was one possible solution to solve size issue. This type arrangement is commonly used when a
building has a wide attic area with a limited height [ CITATION Mcq05 \l 1033 ].
Type and efficiency of the fan
Generally, fans are divided into centrifugal and radial axis fan. Yet, centrifugal is the most widely used
fan in HVAC system due to its cheaper price and simpler construction. Centrifugal fans can have a
backward curve blade or a forward curve blade depending on its purpose. Backward fans are usually
used for medium flow rate and high static pressure application with maximum efficiency between 75 to
80% [ CITATION Yas06 \l 1033 ]. On the other hand forward curved blades are often used to deliver large
amounts of air flow with a small static pressure, but they have a lower maximum efficiency that range
from 60 to 68%. Therefore, a forward curved blade will have a lower rpm than the backward curved
blade. For this project application, forward curved fan blades were chosen to be a more suitable choice
considering the small static pressure of 0.5 inch of water column and a relatively high flow rate of 15,000
cubic feet per minute.

Fan selections
Considering the three constraint mentioned from previous sections, the team did an online search to
find suitable fans for the application. The first attempt was to select a single fan that operates under the
calculated air flow rate of 15,000 cubic feet per minute. shows the specification of the largest forward
curved blade fan available from Twin City corporation [ CITATION Twi12 \l 1033 ]. From , it was found
that a fan of 36.5 inches in diameter was required for the application. This diameter was within the size
constraint but it was located on the edge of the range. A low efficiency of 53% also indicated that the
fan was undersized and unstable during its operation. Therefore, smaller fans in parallel were more
preferable for such a condition.

Table : Specification of a single fan for main handler unit from Twin City Corporation

Fan Selection TOTAL SYSTEM

Total Flow rate in the Zone
(cfm) 15472
Outlet Velocity (fpm) 2000
Total pressure (in-wg) 0.75
Total Static Pressure (in-wg) 0.5
Type of Fan FCV 365
Diameter Size (in) 36.5
rpm 249
Shaft Power (hp) 3.5
Static Power (hp) 1.2
Total Power (hp) 1.8
Total Fan Efficiency (%) 53
Static Fan Efficiency (%) 35
Total Power Main Fans (hp) 7.3

With the parallel arrangement, the supply air flow rate was reduced from 15,000 cubic feet per minute
to 7,500 cubic feet per minute which then allowed us to select smaller and more efficient fans. below
depicts the specification for two parallel fans inside the main unit. Specification for all the fans used in
other sub air handler units can be found in .

Table : Specification two parallel fans arrangement for main handler unit from Twin City Corporation

Fan Selection TOTAL SYSTEM (2 parallels)

Total Flow rate in the Zone (cfm) 7736
Outlet Velocity (fpm) 1035
Total pressure (in-wg) 0.57
Total Static Pressure (in-wg) 0.5
Type of Fan FCV 330
Diameter Size (in) 33
rpm 226
Shaft Power (hp) 1.1
Static Power (hp) 0.6
Total Power (hp) 0.7
Total Fan Efficiency (%) 63
Static Fan Efficiency (%) 55
Total Power Main Fans (hp) 2.8

Air Quality
Fresh air and Air recirculated
The occupancy for each zone was observed and using Table 4-2 in (McQuiston, p 103) the required flow
rate per person was calculated. The required flow rate per person of fresh air changes depending on the
activity and functionality of each zone. Once the Required Fresh Air in flow rate was found the
percentages of how much air needed to be fresh with respect to the air flow requirement to that zone
was calculated. The results are shown in .

Table : The Amount of Recirculation air needed for Each Zone

Zone 7 and Zone 12 are ventilated so there is no recirculated air. Zone 9 and Zone 10 are going to
require 100% fresh air because of the functionality of the zone and the physical activity of the people.
The Radio Maintenance Rooms (Zone 11) require 20% of its total flow to be fresh air however due to the
quality of the air in the workshops all of the air will be exhausted and not recirculated back to the main
unit. The percent of Recirculated air from Zones 1-6 and Zone 8 gave a good approximation of how
much air was going to be mixed with the outside air. Mixing the recirculated air with the outdoor air
determines how large the cooling coil needs to be. An illustration of the state points on the
Psychometric Chart is found in .

Filters
With the amount of recirculation known the size of the filters were able to be calculated using a
pressure drop of 0.5 for each Plenum. Since all of the recirculation air from the zones are of similar
quality all of the filters can be assumed to be the same. The M-15 filter size 24 x 24 x 12 from Table 4-3
of (McQuiston, pg 111) was selected based on its performance and fitted into position A in our
recirculation line (McQuiston, pg 112). shows the result of the size of the M-15 for each plenum. The
recirculation ducting for the entire building is also shown in on the end of the report.

Table : Filter used During Recirculation in Each Plenum of HVAC System

Energy Consumption
Energy consumption was the final parameter to determine the efficiency of the whole HVAC system.
Low energy consumption is desired throughout the whole system to achieve maximum efficiency. In
summer, energy was consumed through cooling coils, fans and the mini splits in the common rooms. On
the other hand energy was consumed through radial heater, hydronic unit, Heating coils and fans. The
total energy consumed could be reduced by using recirculation to the main unit. This would results in a
smaller temperature difference in between the coils and therefore lower energy requirement. and
show the energy consumed during summer and winter conditions with and without recirculation.

Table : Total energy consumed during summer for peak load condition

Total with no circulation at peak load(tons) 24

Total with circulation at peak load (tons) 13
Energy Saved (%) 45
Average Load 6.6
Part Load 3.3

Table : Total energy consumed during winter for peak load condition

Total with no circulation at peak load(tons) 26

Total with circulation at peak load (tons) 13
Energy Saved (%) 48
Average Load 6.7
Part Load 3.3

From both tables, it can be seen that air recirculation saves almost 50% of the energy used in those
system without recirculation. The average load was estimated to be half of the peak load and therefore
only consumes half of the energy in the peak condition. In part load calculation, the only loads used in
the calculation are the main offices and the break room.

Conclusion
The Oklahoma Air National Guard Building located in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma presented a lot of
unique and challenging problems from a HVAC design stand point. One of the main challenges was
analyzing the drastic changes in occupancy for full and part load conditions. The different functions of
zones and their locations in the building made it difficult to predict the necessary load requirements.
Despite the difficulties, the knowledge and experiences learned in this course gave us a good foundation
for making reasonable assumptions to provide respectable calculations and design for this HVAC system.
The heating and cooling loads were calculated using ASHRAE standards, and assuming worst case
scenarios. The maximum cooling load at peak conditions by our calculation was found to be 300,000
Btu/hr while the maximum heating load was found to be 173,000 Btu/hr. Therefore, this building the
dominant load is the cooling load. The air handling system including ducts, fans, and filters were found
using the flow rates needed to meet the cooling load demands for each zone. The ability to recirculate a
portion of the inside air allowed the system to be more efficient in comparison to a system that uses
only outside air. These savings will be appreciated by the customer for years to come.

Appendix A
Gantt Chart

Appendix B
Zones
Appendix C
Thermal Resistances
 R (hr-
Roof Resistance Type R (hr-ft^2- Floor Resistance Type ft^2-
F/Btu) F/Btu)
Outisde Air 0.17 Inside Air 0.68
WS1 0 WS 34 1
WS2 0 WS 44 0
WS5 0 WS 45 0
WS3 30 Outside Air 0.17
WS4 0 Total 1.85
WS20 1.12 U Floor 1.45
Inside Air 0.68
Total 31.97

R (hr-
Wall Resistance Type R (hr-ft^2- Wall Resistance Type ft^2-
F/Btu) F/Btu)
Outisde Air 0.17 Outisde Air 0.17
WS 11 0.00 WS 11 0.00
WS 24 0.44 WS 24 0.44
WS 25 0.00 WS 25 0.00
WS 9 0.56 WS 9 0.56
WS 12 0.02 WS 12 0.02
WS 13 19.00 Metal Stud 0.02
WS 16 0.56 WS 16 0.56
WS 20 1.12 WS 20 1.12
Inside Air 0.68 Inside Air 0.68
Total 22.55 Total 3.57

U (Btu/hr-
Wall Total U Value
ft^2-F)
Insulation 0.04
Stud 0.28
Total 0.0738
Roof Resistance Type R (hr-ft^2-
F/Btu)
Outisde Air 0.17
WS1 0
WS2 0
WS5 0
WS3 30
WS4 0
WS20 1.12
Inside Air 0.68
Total 31.97

Floor Resistance Type R (hr-ft^2-F/Btu)

Inside Air 0.68
WS 34 1
WS 44 0
WS 45 0
Outside Air 0.17
Total 1.85
Appendix D
Heating Loads
Zone 1  
Rooms 111,112,113

Zone 1 Total Heating Load [Btu/hr] 24163

Lc [ft] V/L [cfm/ft V [cfm] Q sensible [Btu/hr] Q latent [Btu/hr] Total Q [Btu/hr]
4 Windows [W1] 69 0.12 8 504 281 786
1 Door [116D] 23 0.12 3 165 92 257

Exterior Wall Area (ft²) 988

Door Area (ft²) 30
Window Area (ft²) 75
Floor Perimeter (ft) 84
Heating Load Wall(Btu/hr) 2521
Heating Load Door(Btu/hr) 834
Heating Load Window (Btu/hr) 1027
Heating Load Floor (Btu/hr) 14926
Heating Load Roof (Btu/hr) 3822
Total Heating Transmission Load
(Btu/hr) 23120

Zone 2  
Rooms 115,116,117

Zone 2 Total Heating Load [Btu/hr] 17543

Lc [ft] V/L [cfm/ft V [cfm] Q sensible [Btu/hr] Q latent [Btu/hr] Total Q [Btu/hr]
2 Windows [W1] 35 0.12 4 252 141 393
1 Door [116D] 23 0.12 3 165 92 257

Exterior Wall Area (ft²) 360

Door Area (ft²) 30
Window Area (ft²) 37
Floor Perimeter (ft) 31
Heating Load Wall(Btu/hr) 919
Heating Load Door(Btu/hr) 834
Heating Load Window (Btu/hr) 513
Heating Load Floor (Btu/hr) 10805
Heating Load Roof (Btu/hr) 3822
 Total Transmission Heating Load
(Btu/hr) 16893

Zone 3  

Rooms 115,116,117

Zone 3 Total Heating Load [Btu/hr] 18986

Lc [ft] V/L [cfm/ft V [cfm] Q sensible [Btu/hr] Q latent [Btu/hr] Total Q [Btu/hr]
2 Windows [W1] 35 0.12 4 252 141 393
1 Door [116D] 23 0.12 3 165 92 257

Exterior Wall Area (ft²) 1005

Door Area (ft²) 30
Window Area (ft²) 37
Floor Perimeter (ft) 83
Heating Load Wall(Btu/hr) 3357
Heating Load Door(Btu/hr) 834
Heating Load Window (Btu/hr) 513
Heating Load Floor (Btu/hr) 9810
Heating Load Roof (Btu/hr) 3822
Total Transmission Heating Load
(Btu/hr) 18336

Zone 8  
Rooms 145

Zone 8 Total Heating Load [Btu/hr] 10604

Exterior wall area (ft²) 1044

Window Area (ft²) 0
Heating Load wall (Btu/hr) 4239
Heating Load window(Btu/hr) 0
Roof Area (ft²) 905
Heating Load Roof (Btu/hr) 1239
Heating Load Floor (Btu/hr) 5125
Heating Load Total (Btu/hr) 10604
Zone 9  
Rooms 138, 139, 140, 141

Zone 9 Total Heating Load [Btu/hr] 2680

Exterior Wall Area (ft²) 104

Window Area (ft²) 0
Heating Load Wall (Btu/hr) 422
Heating Load Window (Btu/hr) 0
Roof Area (ft²) 1125
Heating Load Roof (Btu/hr) 1540
Heating Load Floor (Btu/hr) 717
Heating Load Total (Btu/hr) 2680

Zone 10  
Rooms 137

Zone 10 Total Heating Load [Btu/hr] 11043

Lc V/L V Q Sensible Q Latent Q Total

Window 3 53 0.12 6 388 216 604

Exterior Wall Area (ft²) 883

Window Area (ft²) 80
Heating Load wall (Btu/hr) 3586
Heating Load window(Btu/hr) 1112
Roof Area (ft²) 738
Heating Load Roof (Btu/hr) 1011
Heating Load Floor (Btu/hr) 4729
Heating Transmission Load
(Btu/hr) 10439
Zone 4  
Rooms 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109

Zone 4 Total Heating Load (Btu/hr) 32690

Lc V/L V Q sensible Q latent Q

2 Vestibule Doors 66.00 0.12 7.92 479.73 267.84 747.57
2 Frame (F1) 76.83 0.12 9.22 558.48 311.80 870.27
2 Window (W1) 34.67 0.12 4.16 251.98 140.68 392.66
3 Window (W4) 60.00 0.12 7.20 436.12 243.49 679.61

Exterior Wall Area (ft²) 1316

Heating Load Wall (Btu/hr) 3160
Heating Load Door (Btu/hr) 346
Roof Area (ft²) 1406
Heating Load Roof(Btu/hr) 2419
Perimeter of the Floor (ft)   134
Heating Load Floor (Btu/hr) 10686
Total Glass Area (ft²) 202
Total Frame Area (ft²) 93
Heating Load Window (Btu/hr) 13386
Total Transmission Heating Load (Btu/hr) 30000

Zone 5  
Rooms 110, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 136

Zone 5 Total Heating Load (Btu/hr) 10672

Lc V/L V Q sensible Q latent Total Q

2 Doors 40 0.12 4.8 290.75 162.32 453.07

Exterior Wall Area (ft²) 98

Heating Load Wall (Btu/hr) 4822
Heating Load Door (Btu/hr) 173
Roof Area (ft²) 3915
Heating Load Roof(Btu/hr) 4091
Perimeter of the Floor (ft)   14
 Heating Load Floor (Btu/hr) 1132
Total Transmission Heating Load (Btu/hr) 10219
Zone 6  
Room 125

Zone 6 Total Heating Load (Btu/hr) 8195

Lc V/L V Q sensible Q latent Total Q

Door 20 0.12 2 145 81 227
Window (W2) 28 0.12 3 204 114 317

Exterior Wall Area (ft²) 429

Heating Load Wall (Btu/hr) 1031
Heating Load Door (Btu/hr) 86
Roof Area (ft²) 427
Heating Load Roof(Btu/hr) 735
Perimeter of the Floor (ft) 45
Heating Load Floor (Btu/hr) 3588
Total Glass Area (ft²) 36
Total Frame Area (ft²) 7
Heating Load Window (Btu/hr) 2209
Total Transmission Heating Load (Btu/hr) 7651

Zone 11  
Room 149, 150 151, 152, 153, 154

Zone 11 Total Heating Load (Btu/hr) 11608

Lc [ft] V/L [cfm/ft V [cfm] Q sensible [Btu/hr] Q latent [Btu/hr] Total Q [Btu/hr]
5 Windows [W1] 86.7 0.12 10.40 630.19 351.84 982.03

Total Exterior Wall Area (ft²) 506

Heating Load Wall(Btu/hr) 1235
Roof Area (ft²) 1533
Heating Load Roof(Btu/hr) 2639
Perimeter of the Floor (ft) 75
Heating Load Floor (Btu/hr) 5981
Heating Load Window (Btu/hr) 771
Total Transmission Heating Load (Btu/hr) 18062
Zone 12  
Room 155

Zone 12 Total Heating Load (Btu/hr) 20142

Lc V/L V Q sensible Q latent Total Q

2 Overhead Door 120 0.12 14 872 487 1359
2 Door (155a, 155d) 40 0.12 5 291 162 453

Total Exterior Wall Area (R2) (ft²) 1254

Total Exterior Wall Area (R3) (ft²) 203
Heating Load Wall (Btu/hr) 3591
Perimeter of the Floor (ft) 126
Heating Load Floor (Btu/hr) 10048
Heating Load Overhead Door (Btu/hr) 1591
Heating Load Door (Btu/hr) 173
Roof Area (ft²) 1700
Heating Load Roof(Btu/hr) 2925
Total Transmission Heating Load
(Btu/hr) 18330

Zone 7  
Room 124, 125

Zone 7 Total Heating Load (Btu/hr) 6212

Lc V/L V Q sensible Q latent Total Q

2 Door 66 0.12 8 480 268 748

Exterior Wall Area (ft²) 325

Heating Load Wall (Btu/hr) 781
Heating Load Door (Btu/hr) 346
Roof Area (ft²) 623
Heating Load Roof(Btu/hr) 1072
Perimeter of the Floor (ft) 40
Heating Load Floor (Btu/hr) 3264
Total Transmission Heating Load (Btu/hr) 5465
 Appendix E
Solar Angles

Solar Angles Zone 1

South Wall West Wall Door on W Wall N/A
Solar Surface Surface Surface Surface
Local Solar Incline Incline Incline Incline
Hour Hour Angle Altitude , β Azimuth Solar GND Solar GND Solar GND Solar GND
Time Angle , ϴ Angle , ϴ Angle , ϴ Angle , ϴ
Angle , Φ Azimuth , ϒ Azimuth , ϒ Azimuth , ϒ Azimuth , ϒ

1 23.40 171.1 -33.30 349.99 169.99 145.39 0.00 79.99 81.65 0.00 79.99 81.65 0.00 259.99 98.35 0.00
2 0.40 -173.9 -33.65 6.83 173.17 145.75 0.00 263.17 95.68 0.00 263.17 95.68 0.00 83.17 84.32 0.00
3 1.40 -158.9 -30.49 22.98 157.02 142.50 0.00 247.02 109.66 0.00 247.02 109.66 0.00 67.02 70.34 0.00
4 2.40 -143.9 -24.34 37.21 142.79 136.52 0.00 232.79 123.43 0.00 232.79 123.43 0.00 52.79 56.57 0.00
5 3.40 -128.9 -15.96 49.21 130.79 128.91 0.00 220.79 136.72 0.00 220.79 136.72 0.00 40.79 43.28 0.00
6 4.40 -113.9 -6.03 59.33 120.67 120.48 0.00 210.67 148.80 0.00 210.67 148.80 0.00 30.67 31.20 0.00
7 5.40 -98.9 4.93 68.11 111.89 111.80 39.75 201.89 157.59 39.75 201.89 157.59 39.75 21.89 22.41 39.75
8 6.40 -83.9 16.56 76.12 103.88 103.29 180.33 193.88 158.52 180.33 193.88 158.52 180.33 13.88 21.48 180.33
9 7.40 -68.9 28.58 83.97 96.03 95.29 234.83 186.03 150.84 234.83 186.03 150.84 234.83 6.03 29.16 234.83
10 8.40 -53.9 40.79 92.43 87.57 88.16 260.57 177.57 139.15 260.57 177.57 139.15 260.57 2.43 40.85 260.57
11 9.40 -38.9 52.90 102.90 77.10 82.26 274.34 167.10 126.02 274.34 167.10 126.02 274.34 12.90 53.98 274.34
12 10.40 -23.9 64.34 118.78 61.22 77.97 281.81 151.22 112.31 281.81 151.22 112.31 281.81 28.78 67.69 281.81
13 11.40 -8.9 73.27 149.69 30.31 75.61 285.25 120.31 98.35 285.25 120.31 98.35 285.25 59.69 81.65 285.25
14 12.40 6.1 74.29 201.43 21.43 75.40 285.54 68.57 84.32 285.54 68.57 84.32 285.54 111.43 95.68 285.54
15 13.40 21.1 66.34 236.96 56.96 77.36 282.74 33.04 70.34 282.74 33.04 70.34 282.74 146.96 109.66 282.74
16 14.40 36.1 55.16 254.66 74.66 81.31 276.16 15.34 56.57 276.16 15.34 56.57 276.16 164.66 123.43 276.16
17 15.40 51.1 43.12 265.79 85.79 86.93 263.87 4.21 43.28 263.87 4.21 43.28 263.87 175.79 136.72 263.87
18 16.40 66.1 30.91 274.50 94.50 93.86 241.16 4.50 31.20 241.16 4.50 31.20 241.16 184.50 148.80 241.16
19 17.40 81.1 18.82 282.39 102.39 101.72 194.64 12.39 22.41 194.64 12.39 22.41 194.64 192.39 157.59 194.64
20 18.40 96.1 7.10 290.32 110.32 110.16 76.97 20.32 21.48 76.97 20.32 21.48 76.97 200.32 158.52 76.97
21 19.40 111.1 -4.01 298.91 118.91 118.83 0.00 28.91 29.16 0.00 28.91 29.16 0.00 208.91 150.84 0.00
22 20.40 126.1 -14.17 308.73 128.73 127.34 0.00 38.73 40.85 0.00 38.73 40.85 0.00 218.73 139.15 0.00
23 21.40 141.1 -22.89 320.33 140.33 135.17 0.00 50.33 53.98 0.00 50.33 53.98 0.00 230.33 126.02 0.00
24 22.40 156.1 -29.52 334.14 154.14 141.54 0.00 64.14 67.69 0.00 64.14 67.69 0.00 244.14 112.31 0.00
 Total Solar Irradiation Zone 1
South Walls West Walls Door on W Wall N/A
Solar Irradiation

Hour GD Gd GR Gt GD Gd GR Gt GD Gd GR Gt GD Gd GR Gt
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
7 0.00 2.36 0.89 3.25 0.00 2.27 0.89 3.16 0.00 2.27 0.89 3.16 36.75 6.70 0.89 44.34
8 0.00 11.60 7.63 19.23 0.00 10.31 7.63 17.94 0.00 10.31 7.63 17.94 167.81 30.55 7.63 205.99
9 0.00 16.60 14.48 31.08 0.00 13.19 14.48 27.67 0.00 13.19 14.48 27.67 205.06 37.92 14.48 257.46
10 8.36 20.29 20.62 49.27 0.00 14.33 20.62 34.95 0.00 14.33 20.62 34.95 197.10 38.10 20.62 255.83
11 36.94 23.27 25.67 85.87 0.00 15.19 25.67 40.86 0.00 15.19 25.67 40.86 161.32 34.65 25.67 221.64
12 58.75 25.46 29.29 113.51 0.00 16.69 29.29 45.98 0.00 16.69 29.29 45.98 106.97 29.59 29.29 165.86
13 70.89 26.69 31.25 128.84 0.00 19.41 31.25 50.67 0.00 19.41 31.25 50.67 41.44 24.41 31.25 97.10
14 71.97 26.80 31.43 130.20 28.26 23.50 31.43 83.18 28.26 23.50 31.43 83.18 0.00 20.09 31.43 51.52
15 61.88 25.78 29.80 117.45 95.12 28.58 29.80 153.50 95.12 28.58 29.80 153.50 0.00 17.11 29.80 46.90
16 41.74 23.75 26.48 91.96 152.16 33.76 26.48 212.39 152.16 33.76 26.48 212.39 0.00 15.41 26.48 41.88
17 14.13 20.91 21.68 56.72 192.09 37.65 21.68 251.42 192.09 37.65 21.68 251.42 0.00 14.48 21.68 36.16
18 0.00 17.37 15.71 33.09 206.28 38.37 15.71 260.36 206.28 38.37 15.71 260.36 0.00 13.49 15.71 29.20
19 0.00 12.74 8.97 21.70 179.94 32.81 8.97 221.72 179.94 32.81 8.97 221.72 0.00 11.11 8.97 20.07
20 0.00 4.64 2.01 6.65 71.62 13.04 2.01 86.68 71.62 13.04 2.01 86.68 0.00 4.40 2.01 6.42
21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
 Air and Sol-Air Temperatures/Periodic Response Factors Zone 1
South Walls West Walls Door on West Wall N/A
Outdoor Dry
q q q q
Local Solar - Bulb Temp PRF Wall 2 [Btu/hr- te [°F] Sol- Heat Gain te [°F] Sol- Heat Gain te [°F] Sol- Heat Gain te [°F] Sol- Heat Gain PRF Door (Wall-1)
Hour conduction conduction conduction conduction
Time (F) (Table 8- ft2 -F] Air [Btu/hr] Air [Btu/hr] Air [Btu/hr] Air [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr-ft2 -F]
Sol-Air Temperatures

[Btu/hr-ft2 ] [Btu/hr-ft2 ] [Btu/hr-ft2 ] [Btu/hr-ft2 ]

1)

1 23.40 80.1 0.00052 80.09 4.06 1999.3 80.09 5.78 2098.1 80.09 1.38 42.6 80.09 4.16 0.0 0.000156
2 0.40 79.1 0.001441 79.12 3.80 1871.4 79.12 5.42 1968.1 79.12 1.01 31.1 79.12 3.87 0.0 0.005600
3 1.40 78.2 0.006448 78.15 3.51 1727.2 78.15 4.97 1804.2 78.15 0.75 23.2 78.15 3.55 0.0 0.014795
4 2.40 77.4 0.012194 77.38 3.20 1575.3 77.38 4.48 1626.5 77.38 0.58 18.0 77.38 3.22 0.0 0.014441
5 3.40 76.8 0.015366 76.79 2.89 1423.6 76.79 3.99 1448.7 76.79 0.47 14.5 76.79 2.91 0.0 0.009628
6 4.40 76.6 0.016223 76.60 2.59 1277.6 76.60 3.52 1279.4 76.60 0.39 12.0 76.60 2.60 0.0 0.005414
7 5.40 77.0 0.015652 77.50 2.32 1141.1 77.49 3.10 1123.4 77.49 0.33 10.3 83.97 2.33 0.0 0.002786
8 6.40 78.0 0.014326 80.99 2.07 1017.8 80.78 2.71 984.1 80.78 0.30 9.3 110.40 2.09 0.0 0.001363
9 7.40 79.7 0.012675 84.60 1.85 912.5 84.06 2.38 864.9 84.06 0.31 9.7 120.25 1.94 0.0 0.000647
10 8.40 82.2 0.010957 89.99 1.70 835.2 87.73 2.13 772.0 87.73 0.38 11.8 122.52 2.00 0.0 0.000301
11 9.40 85.1 0.009313 98.66 1.62 796.0 91.57 1.96 710.8 91.57 0.50 15.5 120.04 2.32 0.0 0.000139
12 10.40 88.4 0.007816 106.31 1.63 803.3 95.68 1.88 683.3 95.68 0.66 20.4 114.56 2.82 0.0 0.000063
13 11.40 91.5 0.006497 111.83 1.76 869.5 99.52 1.90 689.7 99.52 0.85 26.1 106.83 3.39 0.0 0.000029
14 12.40 93.9 0.00536 114.37 2.03 1000.3 106.97 2.01 729.1 106.97 1.05 32.3 101.98 3.93 0.0 0.000013
15 13.40 95.4 0.004395 113.92 2.41 1188.2 119.59 2.20 800.1 119.59 1.28 39.4 102.81 4.36 0.0 0.000006
16 14.40 96.0 0.003587 110.48 2.87 1413.4 129.45 2.50 905.8 129.45 1.59 49.1 102.60 4.64 0.0 0.000003
17 15.40 95.4 0.002915 104.35 3.35 1648.3 135.02 2.92 1058.6 135.02 2.02 62.3 101.11 4.80 0.0 0.000001
18 16.40 94.1 0.002362 99.27 3.78 1863.9 135.07 3.48 1263.3 135.07 2.49 76.9 98.66 4.88 0.0 0.000001
19 17.40 91.9 0.001909 95.34 4.13 2032.9 126.85 4.15 1507.9 126.85 2.90 89.4 95.09 4.91 0.0 0.000000
20 18.40 89.4 0.001539 90.45 4.34 2139.7 103.06 4.86 1764.0 103.06 3.13 96.3 90.41 4.88 0.0 0.000000
21 19.40 86.9 0.001239 86.88 4.43 2183.6 86.88 5.49 1993.0 86.88 3.03 93.2 86.88 4.79 0.0 0.000000
22 20.40 84.7 0.000996 84.75 4.40 2168.5 84.75 5.89 2138.3 84.75 2.55 78.5 84.75 4.64 0.0 0.000000
23 21.40 82.8 0.000799 82.81 4.27 2102.8 82.81 5.97 2166.9 82.81 1.91 58.9 82.81 4.43 0.0 0.000000
24 22.40 81.3 0.000641 81.26 4.06 1999.6 81.26 5.78 2098.3 81.26 1.38 42.6 81.26 4.16 0.0 0.000000
Sensible Internal Heat Gain for Zone 1
Window Conduction/Solar Heat Gains Zone 1
South Walls West Walls N/A N/A
Local Conducti Incline Angle , Solar Incline Solar Incline Solar Incline Solar
Hour
Solar on HG ϴ Heat Angle , ϴ Heat Angle , ϴ Heat Angle , ϴ Heat
1 23.40 289.87 145.4 0.1 81.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.40 255.12 145.7 0.1 95.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 1.40 220.38 142.5 0.1 109.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
4 2.40 192.58 136.5 0.1 123.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
5 3.40 171.73 128.9 0.1 136.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
6 4.40 164.78 120.5 0.1 148.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
7 5.40 178.68 111.8 0.1 157.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
8 6.40 213.43 103.3 0.1 158.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
9 7.40 275.97 95.3 0.1 150.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
10 8.40 366.32 88.2 2.9 139.1 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
11 9.40 470.56 82.3 12.5 126.0 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
12 10.40 588.70 78.0 123.0 112.3 19.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
13 11.40 699.89 75.6 168.0 98.4 24.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
14 12.40 783.28 75.4 172.4 84.3 24.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
15 13.40 838.88 77.4 134.0 70.3 185.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
16 14.40 859.73 81.3 14.1 56.6 159.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
17 15.40 838.88 86.9 4.8 43.3 59.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
18 16.40 790.23 93.9 0.1 31.2 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
19 17.40 713.79 101.7 0.1 22.4 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
20 18.40 623.45 110.2 0.1 21.5 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
21 19.40 533.10 118.8 0.1 29.2 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
22 20.40 456.66 127.3 0.1 40.9 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
23 21.40 387.16 135.2 0.1 54.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
24 22.40 331.57 141.5 0.1 67.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sensible Internal Heat Gain for Zone 1

Sensible Internal Heat Gains Zone 1

Hour Lights People Equipment

1 0 0 665
2 0 0 665
3 0 0 665
4 0 0 665
5 0 0 665
6 0 0 665
7 0 0 665
8 7946 4900 3327
9 7946 4900 3327
10 7946 4900 3327
11 7946 4900 3327
12 7946 4900 3327
13 7946 4900 3327
14 7946 4900 3327
15 7946 4900 3327
16 7946 4900 3327
17 7946 4900 3327
18 0 0 665
19 0 0 665
20 0 0 665
21 0 0 665
22 0 0 665
23 0 0 665
24 0 0 665
 Heat Gain Summary Zone 1
Total Wall Conduction Window SHG Window Conduction Lights People Equipment

MW1 Table Radiative Convcetive Radiative Convcetive Radiative Convcetive Radiative Convcetive Radiative Convcetive Radiative Convcetive
8-21 [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr]

Radiant
Time
Hour Factors 0.63 0.37 0.63 0.37 1 0 0.67 0.33 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.8
Heat Gain Summary for Zone 1

1 0.51669 2608.2 1531.8 0.1 0.1 289.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 133.1 532.3
2 0.20833 2438.5 1432.1 0.1 0.1 255.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 133.1 532.3
3 0.10846 2239.4 1315.2 0.1 0.1 220.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 133.1 532.3
4 0.06232 2028.4 1191.3 0.1 0.1 192.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 133.1 532.3
5 0.03785 1818.7 1068.1 0.1 0.1 171.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 133.1 532.3
6 0.02373 1618.4 950.5 0.1 0.1 164.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 133.1 532.3
7 0.01515 1433.1 841.7 0.1 0.1 178.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 133.1 532.3
8 0.00977 1267.1 744.2 0.1 0.1 213.4 0.0 5324.0 2622.2 3430.0 4570.0 665.4 2661.6
9 0.00634 1125.8 661.2 0.1 0.1 276.0 0.0 5324.0 2622.2 3430.0 4570.0 665.4 2661.6
10 0.00413 1020.0 599.0 3.6 2.1 366.3 0.0 5324.0 2622.2 3430.0 4570.0 665.4 2661.6
11 0.0027 959.0 563.2 15.8 9.3 470.6 0.0 5324.0 2622.2 3430.0 4570.0 665.4 2661.6
12 0.00177 949.4 557.6 90.0 52.9 588.7 0.0 5324.0 2622.2 3430.0 4570.0 665.4 2661.6
13 0.00117 998.7 586.5 121.0 71.0 699.9 0.0 5324.0 2622.2 3430.0 4570.0 665.4 2661.6
14 0.00078 1109.9 651.8 123.9 72.8 783.3 0.0 5324.0 2622.2 3430.0 4570.0 665.4 2661.6
15 0.00052 1277.4 750.2 201.0 118.1 838.9 0.0 5324.0 2622.2 3430.0 4570.0 665.4 2661.6
16 0.00036 1492.0 876.3 109.6 64.3 859.7 0.0 5324.0 2622.2 3430.0 4570.0 665.4 2661.6
17 0.00025 1744.6 1024.6 40.5 23.8 838.9 0.0 5324.0 2622.2 3430.0 4570.0 665.4 2661.6
18 0.00018 2018.6 1185.5 0.6 0.4 790.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 133.1 532.3
19 0.00013 2287.0 1343.1 0.6 0.4 713.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 133.1 532.3
20 0.0001 2520.0 1480.0 0.6 0.4 623.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 133.1 532.3
21 0.00008 2690.0 1579.8 0.6 0.4 533.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 133.1 532.3
22 0.00007 2762.7 1622.6 0.6 0.4 456.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 133.1 532.3
23 0.00006 2727.0 1601.6 0.6 0.3 387.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 133.1 532.3
24 0.00005 2608.5 1532.0 0.5 0.3 331.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 133.1 532.3
 Cooling Loads (Eq. 8-67) Zone 1
Load RTS
Wall Conduction Window SHG Window Conduction Lights People Equipment

Radiative Convcetive Convcetive Radiative Convcetive Radiative Convcetive Radiative Convcetive Radiative Convcetive Infultration Total
Hour [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] Radiative [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr]
1 2604.2 1531.8 2.9 0.1 387.7 0.0 148.0 0.0 95.3 0.0 148.0 532.3 98.4 5548.6
2 2514.0 1432.1 1.9 0.1 330.5 0.0 96.9 0.0 62.4 0.0 142.9 643.2 86.6 5310.7
3 2377.3 1315.2 1.3 0.1 283.4 0.0 63.8 0.0 41.1 0.0 139.6 701.0 74.8 4997.6
4 2210.3 1191.3 0.9 0.1 244.8 0.0 42.4 0.0 27.3 0.0 137.4 734.1 65.4 4654.0
5 2027.4 1068.1 0.6 0.1 214.1 0.0 28.4 0.0 18.3 0.0 136.1 754.3 58.3 4305.6
6 1839.6 950.5 0.4 0.1 194.5 0.0 19.4 0.0 12.5 0.0 135.1 766.9 55.9 3975.0
7 1655.5 841.7 0.3 0.1 190.7 0.0 13.5 0.0 8.7 0.0 134.6 775.0 60.7 3680.7
8 1481.6 744.2 0.3 0.1 205.0 0.0 2760.4 2622.2 1778.4 4570.0 409.2 801.0 72.5 15444.8
9 1324.2 661.2 0.2 0.1 241.9 0.0 3866.8 2622.2 2491.2 4570.0 519.8 817.9 93.7 17209.2
10 1192.1 599.0 2.0 2.1 303.6 0.0 4442.3 2622.2 2862.0 4570.0 577.4 828.8 124.4 18126.0
11 1094.1 563.2 9.0 9.3 384.0 0.0 4772.8 2622.2 3074.9 4570.0 610.4 836.0 159.8 18705.7
12 1038.0 557.6 50.3 52.9 481.0 0.0 4973.3 2622.2 3204.1 4570.0 630.5 840.7 199.9 19220.4
13 1031.3 586.5 83.3 71.0 582.6 0.0 5099.0 2622.2 3285.0 4570.0 643.0 843.9 237.6 19655.5
14 1079.3 651.8 100.2 72.8 673.3 0.0 5179.1 2622.2 3336.7 4570.0 651.0 845.9 265.9 20048.3
15 1182.0 750.2 149.1 118.1 745.9 0.0 5230.7 2622.2 3369.9 4570.0 656.2 847.3 284.8 20526.5
16 1334.9 876.3 123.3 64.3 793.2 0.0 5264.1 2622.2 3391.4 4570.0 659.5 848.3 291.9 20839.5
17 1532.0 1024.6 80.3 23.8 807.9 0.0 5285.7 2622.2 3405.4 4570.0 661.7 848.9 284.8 21147.3
18 1761.9 1185.5 42.3 0.4 793.6 0.0 2549.0 0.0 1642.2 0.0 388.1 849.0 268.3 9480.2
19 2006.0 1343.1 25.0 0.4 751.1 0.0 1449.3 0.0 933.7 0.0 278.1 849.1 242.3 7878.2
Total Cooling Load in Radiative and Convective Components for Zone 1

20 2240.5 1480.0 15.7 0.4 687.9 0.0 878.1 0.0 565.7 0.0 221.0 849.2 211.7 7150.1
21 2440.7 1579.8 10.1 0.4 614.2 0.0 550.4 0.0 354.6 0.0 188.2 849.2 181.0 6768.7
22 2577.2 1622.6 6.7 0.4 541.5 0.0 351.7 0.0 226.6 0.0 168.4 849.2 155.0 6499.2
23 2630.6 1601.6 4.5 0.3 471.5 0.0 227.3 0.0 146.4 0.0 155.9 849.3 131.4 6218.9
24 2604.3 1532.0 3.1 0.3 409.2 0.0 148.0 0.0 95.3 0.0 148.0 849.3 112.6 5902.0
Total Cooling Load for Zone 1
Cooling Loads Summary Zone 1
Wall
Conduction Lights Equipment Infultration Total
Hour [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] People [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr] [Btu/hr]
1 4526.6 148.0 95.3 680.3 98.4 9160.0
2 4278.6 96.9 62.4 786.1 86.6 8314.6
3 3977.3 63.8 41.1 840.5 74.8 7462.7
4 3647.4 42.4 27.3 871.6 65.4 6662.3
5 3310.3 28.4 18.3 890.3 58.3 5939.4
6 2985.1 19.4 12.5 902.1 55.9 5308.6
7 2688.3 13.5 8.7 909.5 60.7 4777.1
8 2431.1 5382.7 6348.4 1210.2 72.5 16359.1
9 2227.6 6489.0 7061.2 1337.7 93.7 18006.0
10 2098.8 7064.6 7432.0 1406.2 124.4 18918.7
11 2059.6 7395.0 7644.9 1446.5 159.8 19659.7
12 2179.7 7595.6 7774.1 1471.2 199.9 20521.5
13 2354.8 7721.2 7855.0 1486.9 237.6 21475.9
14 2577.3 7801.3 7906.7 1497.0 265.9 22518.5
15 2945.4 7852.9 7939.9 1503.5 284.8 23715.6
16 3192.1 7886.3 7961.4 1507.8 291.9 24743.9
17 3468.5 7908.0 7975.4 1510.6 284.8 25690.0
18 3783.6 2549.0 1642.2 1237.1 268.3 14517.9
19 4125.6 1449.3 933.7 1127.2 242.3 13214.1
20 4424.5 878.1 565.7 1070.2 211.7 12553.7
21 4645.2 550.4 354.6 1037.4 181.0 11997.8
22 4748.2 351.7 226.6 1017.6 155.0 11321.7
23 4708.5 227.3 146.4 1005.2 131.4 10466.3
24 4548.9 148.0 95.3 997.3 112.6 9513.4
 Incident Solar Irradiation Zone 1
300

250
Flux [But/hr-sqft]

200

150

100

50

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (hr)

S Wall W Wall N Wall E Wall

Solar Heat Gain Zone 1

2500

2000
Heat Gain [Btu/hr]

1500

1000

500

0
1 6 11 16 21
Time (hr)

S Walls W Walls Door on W Wall

 Sol Air Temperatures
140

120

100
T (degrees F)

80

60

40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (hr)

S Wall Sol Air W Wall Sol Air Door on W Wall

Window SHG/CHG Zone 1

1000
900
800
700
Heat Gain [Btu/hr]

600
South SHG
500 CHG
West SHG
400
300
200
100
0
1 6 11 16 21
Time (hr)
 Cooling Loads Zone 1
30000
Cooling Loads [Btu/hr]

25000

20000 Wall
Lights
15000 People
Equipment
10000 Total
Infultration
5000

0
1 6 11 16 21

Time (hr)
 Cooling Load [Btu/hr]
Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total
hour
1 9159.986 6941.952 8921.733 8577.07 13306.19 6976.436 0 7849.003 2957.305 6897.923 6622.228 0 78209.83
2 8314.555 6225.436 8141.234 7512.323 12744.67 6347.354 0 7077.605 2513.08 6203.038 6018.078 0 71097.38
3 7462.707 5519.582 7338.509 6607.347 12241.67 5764.701 0 6384.398 2129.464 5549.98 5484.822 0 64483.18
4 6662.269 4874.576 6574.206 5853.732 11799.09 5249.246 0 5765.898 1809.179 4944.859 5025.073 0 58558.12
5 5939.385 4309.016 5876.96 5229.17 11413.38 4807.487 0 5218.923 1548.059 4399.578 4632.632 0 53374.59
6 5308.559 3829.552 5261.45 4718.263 11079.79 4477.912 0 4739.397 1338.703 3925.584 4305.16 0 48984.37
7 4777.113 3436.327 4734.511 4603.125 10794.75 5165.901 0 4324.728 1173.665 3671.431 4318.095 0 46999.65
Total Cooling Load For Each Zone

8 16359.11 15138.17 16311.24 16386.58 47631.94 18682.15 0 3978.516 1048.425 3551.137 22613.06 0 161700.3
9 18006.04 16879.45 17945.64 18866.16 51284.12 20499.94 0 25848.83 5022.844 15624.29 24287.4 0 214264.7
10 18918.7 17851.33 18845.47 20754.39 53535.04 21073.84 0 30089.88 5896.059 18319.75 25483.36 0 230767.8
11 19659.72 18610.4 19568.16 22449.61 55424.58 21401.78 0 32471.42 6477.641 20001.69 26509.08 0 242574.1
12 20521.55 19370.01 20324.28 24543.23 57166.91 22121.05 0 34122.51 7001.846 21307.19 27913.89 0 254392.5
13 21475.93 20198.24 21179.54 26415.98 58682.7 23332.63 0 35461.47 7541.376 22441.76 29130.23 0 265859.9
14 22518.45 21088.56 22128.77 28144.49 59849.24 24442.11 0 36644.65 8102.813 23465.86 30087.83 0 276472.8
15 23715.6 22119.06 23249.9 29675.72 60594.85 25298.53 0 37715.01 8661.778 24375.51 30705.71 0 286111.7
16 24743.95 23013.11 24262.17 30437.8 60940.23 25697.61 0 38665.28 9180.864 25144.11 30803.83 0 292889
17 25690.03 23756.01 25142.74 31113.05 61016.68 25854.34 0 39471.53 9620.306 25760.07 31094.34 0 298519.1
18 14517.86 12392.14 13921.46 20522.97 23815.93 14772.97 0 17974.97 5891.691 13781.68 13464.21 0 151055.9
19 13214.05 10936.93 12601.57 18673.12 19954.82 13202.94 0 14062.57 5205.432 11550.36 12020.36 0 131422.2
20 12553.75 10181.09 11968.58 16391.63 17835.78 11741.79 0 12005.44 4775.83 10254.67 10754.19 0 118462.7
21 11997.75 9587.572 11481.96 14329.38 16487.93 10473.77 0 10675.26 4376.931 9144.28 9533.895 0 108088.7
22 11321.69 8927.284 10899.26 12729.52 15500.29 9454.697 0 9629.025 3931.986 8368.997 8769.142 0 99531.9
23 10466.27 8136.152 10137.63 11221.23 14679.8 8522.839 0 8699.792 3443.918 7639.217 8022.325 0 90969.16
24 9513.448 7284.435 9264.439 9811.031 13953.5 7693.039 0 7849.36 2957.344 6927.266 7295.876 0 82549.73
Appendix F
Solar Irradiation Code
Function LST(ByVal hr As Double, ByVal ll As Double, _
ByVal sm As Double, ByVal eot As Double, ByVal dst As Double) As Double 'local Solar Time

Dim time As Double

time = hr - dst + ((-(ll - sm) * 4) + eot) / 60

If time < 0 Then

time = time + 24
LST = time
Else
LST = time
End If

End Function

Function te_vertical(ByVal t0 As Double, ByVal alpha As Double, ByVal Gt As Double, ByVal ho As Double) As Double 'sol air temperatures

te_vertical = t0 + (alpha * Gt) / ho

End Function
Sub z1SHG_S()

Dim SHGC_f As Double 'Frame delcarations

Dim A_slf As Double
Dim G_dtheta As Double
Dim A_f As Double
Dim alpha As Double
Dim U_f As Double
Dim h_f As Double
Dim A_s As Double

Dim theta() As Double

Dim G_D() As Double
Dim SHGC_gD() As Double
Dim A_slg As Double
Dim A_g As Double
Dim q_shg(23) As Double

Dim IAC As Double

Dim i As Double
Dim j As Double
Dim arr(5) As Double

ReDim G_D(23)
ReDim SHGC_gD(23)
ReDim theta(23)

For i = 0 To 23
'------------------------------------Inputs-----------------------------------------------------------
A_slf = Sheet6.Cells(2, 19)
SHGC_f = Sheet6.Cells(4, 19)
A_f = Sheet6.Cells(2, 19)
G_dtheta = Sheet6.Cells(13, 19)
A_slg = Sheet6.Cells(5, 19)
A_g = Sheet6.Cells(5, 19)
G_D(i) = Sheet6.Cells(46 + i, 2)
theta(i) = Sheet6.Cells(103 + i, 4)

For j = 0 To 5
arr(j) = Sheet6.Cells(7 + j, 19)
Next j

If theta(i) > 80 Then

SHGC_gD(i) = 0
ElseIf theta(i) < 80 And theta(i) > 70 Then
SHGC_gD(i) = arr(4) + (arr(5) - arr(4)) * ((theta(i) - 70) / (80 - 70))
ElseIf theta(i) < 70 And theta(i) > 60 Then
SHGC_gD(i) = arr(3) + (arr(4) - arr(3)) * ((theta(i) - 60) / (70 - 60))
ElseIf theta(i) < 60 And theta(i) > 50 Then
SHGC_gD(i) = arr(2) + (arr(3) - arr(2)) * ((theta(i) - 50) / (60 - 50))
ElseIf theta(i) < 50 And theta(i) > 40 Then
SHGC_gD(i) = arr(1) + (arr(2) - arr(1)) * ((theta(i) - 40) / (50 - 40))
ElseIf theta(i) < 40 And theta(i) > 0 Then
SHGC_gD(i) = arr(0) + (arr(1) - arr(0)) * ((theta(i) - 0) / (40 - 0))
End If

IAC = 1

'------------------------------------calculations-----------------------------------------------------
'A_s = A_f + A_slg

'SHGC_f = alpha * (U_f * A_f) / (h_f * A_s)

q_shg(i) = (SHGC_f * A_slf * G_D(i) + SHGC_f * A_f * G_dtheta) + (SHGC_gD(i) * A_slg * G_D(i) + SHGC_gD(i) * A_g * G_dtheta) * IAC

'-------------------------------------outputs-----------------------------------------------------------
Sheet6.Cells(103 + i, 5) = q_shg(i)

Next i
End Sub

Sub z1SHG_W()

Dim SHGC_f As Double 'Frame delcarations

Dim A_slf As Double
Dim G_dtheta As Double
Dim A_f As Double
Dim alpha As Double
Dim U_f As Double
Dim h_f As Double
Dim A_s As Double

Dim theta() As Double

Dim G_D() As Double
Dim SHGC_gD() As Double
Dim A_slg As Double
Dim A_g As Double
Dim q_shg(23) As Double

Dim IAC As Double

Dim i As Double
Dim j As Double
Dim arr(5) As Double

ReDim G_D(23)
ReDim SHGC_gD(23)
ReDim theta(23)

For i = 0 To 23
'------------------------------------Inputs-----------------------------------------------------------
A_slf = Sheet6.Cells(2, 19)
SHGC_f = Sheet6.Cells(4, 19)
A_f = Sheet6.Cells(2, 19)
G_dtheta = Sheet6.Cells(13, 19)
A_slg = Sheet6.Cells(5, 19)
A_g = Sheet6.Cells(5, 19)
G_D(i) = Sheet6.Cells(46 + i, 2)

theta(i) = Sheet6.Cells(103 + i, 6)

For j = 0 To 5
arr(j) = Sheet6.Cells(7 + j, 19)
Next j

If theta(i) > 80 Then

SHGC_gD(i) = 0
ElseIf theta(i) < 80 And theta(i) > 70 Then
SHGC_gD(i) = arr(4) + (arr(5) - arr(4)) * ((theta(i) - 70) / (80 - 70))
ElseIf theta(i) < 70 And theta(i) > 60 Then
SHGC_gD(i) = arr(3) + (arr(4) - arr(3)) * ((theta(i) - 60) / (70 - 60))
ElseIf theta(i) < 60 And theta(i) > 50 Then
SHGC_gD(i) = arr(2) + (arr(3) - arr(2)) * ((theta(i) - 50) / (60 - 50))
ElseIf theta(i) < 50 And theta(i) > 40 Then
SHGC_gD(i) = arr(1) + (arr(2) - arr(1)) * ((theta(i) - 40) / (50 - 40))
ElseIf theta(i) < 40 And theta(i) > 0 Then
SHGC_gD(i) = arr(0) + (arr(1) - arr(0)) * ((theta(i) - 0) / (40 - 0))
End If

IAC = 1

'------------------------------------calculations-----------------------------------------------------
'A_s = A_f + A_slg

'SHGC_f = alpha * (U_f * A_f) / (h_f * A_s)

q_shg(i) = (SHGC_f * A_slf * G_D(i) + SHGC_f * A_f * G_dtheta) + (SHGC_gD(i) * A_slg * G_D(i) + SHGC_gD(i) * A_g * G_dtheta) * IAC

'-------------------------------------outputs-----------------------------------------------------------
Sheet6.Cells(103 + i, 7) = q_shg(i)

Next i

End Sub

Sub z1qconduction_sw()

Dim tr As Double 'room temperature

Dim te() As Double 'sol- air temperature
Dim Yp1() As Double 'nth response factor
Dim theta As Double 'number of hours
Dim qcond1 As Double 'qconduction
Dim HG() As Double 'heat gain
Dim Area As Double

Dim i As Double 'loop controlers

Dim j As Double

Area = Sheet6.Cells(4, 8)
tr = Sheet6.Cells(11, 4) 'inputs

ReDim te(23) As Double 'arrays to hold values for 23 hours

ReDim Yp1(23) As Double
ReDim HG(23) As Double

For i = 0 To 23 'takes inputs for every hour

te(i) = Sheet6.Cells(74 + i, 5)
Yp1(i) = Sheet6.Cells(74 + i, 4)

Next i

For j = 0 To 23 'outer loop calculates q conductance for ever

'hour
theta = j 'theta will equal every hour
qcond1 = 0 'resets qconduction for new hour
For i = 0 To 23 'inner loop calcualtes q conduction for that
'hour
If theta < 0 Then
theta = theta + 23
End If

qcond1 = qcond1 + (Yp1(i) * (te(theta) - tr))

theta = theta - 1

Next i

HG(j) = Area * qcond1

Sheet6.Cells(74 + j, 6) = qcond1 'ouputs

Sheet6.Cells(74 + j, 7) = HG(j)
Next j

End Sub

Sub z1qconduction_ww()
Dim tr As Double 'room temperature
Dim te() As Double 'sol- air temperature
Dim Yp1() As Double 'nth response factor
Dim theta As Double 'number of hours
Dim qcond1 As Double 'qconduction
Dim HG() As Double 'heat gain
Dim Area As Double

Dim i As Double 'loop controlers

Dim j As Double

Area = Sheet6.Cells(4, 9)
tr = Sheet6.Cells(11, 4) 'inputs

ReDim te(23) As Double 'arrays to hold values for 23 hours

ReDim Yp1(23) As Double
ReDim HG(23) As Double

For i = 0 To 23 'takes inputs for every hour

te(i) = Sheet6.Cells(74 + i, 8)
Yp1(i) = Sheet6.Cells(74 + i, 4)

Next i

For j = 0 To 23 'outer loop calculates q conductance for ever

'hour
theta = j 'theta will equal every hour
qcond1 = 0 'resets qconduction for new hour
For i = 0 To 23 'inner loop calcualtes q conduction for that
'hour
If theta < 0 Then
theta = theta + 23
End If

qcond1 = qcond1 + (Yp1(i) * (te(theta) - tr))

theta = theta - 1

Next i

HG(j) = Area * qcond1

Sheet6.Cells(74 + j, 9) = qcond1 'ouputs

Sheet6.Cells(74 + j, 10) = HG(j)
Next j

End Sub
Sub z1qconduction_nw()

Dim tr As Double 'room temperature

Dim te() As Double 'sol- air temperature
Dim Yp1() As Double 'nth response factor
Dim theta As Double 'number of hours
Dim qcond1 As Double 'qconduction
Dim HG() As Double 'heat gain
Dim Area As Double

Dim i As Double 'loop controlers

Dim j As Double

Area = Sheet6.Cells(4, 10)

tr = Sheet6.Cells(11, 4) 'inputs

ReDim te(23) As Double 'arrays to hold values for 23 hours

ReDim Yp1(23) As Double
ReDim HG(23) As Double

For i = 0 To 23 'takes inputs for every hour

te(i) = Sheet6.Cells(74 + i, 11)
Yp1(i) = Sheet6.Cells(74 + i, 17)

Next i

For j = 0 To 23 'outer loop calculates q conductance for ever

'hour
theta = j 'theta will equal every hour
qcond1 = 0 'resets qconduction for new hour
For i = 0 To 23 'inner loop calcualtes q conduction for that
'hour
If theta < 0 Then
theta = theta + 23
End If

qcond1 = qcond1 + (Yp1(i) * (te(theta) - tr))

theta = theta - 1

Next i

HG(j) = Area * qcond1

Sheet6.Cells(74 + j, 12) = qcond1 'ouputs

Sheet6.Cells(74 + j, 13) = HG(j)
Next j

End Sub

Sub z1qconduction_ew()

Dim tr As Double 'room temperature

Dim te() As Double 'sol- air temperature
Dim Yp1() As Double 'nth response factor
Dim theta As Double 'number of hours
Dim qcond1 As Double 'qconduction
Dim HG() As Double 'heat gain
Dim Area As Double

Dim i As Double 'loop controlers

Dim j As Double

Area = Sheet6.Cells(4, 11)

tr = Sheet6.Cells(11, 4) 'inputs

ReDim te(23) As Double 'arrays to hold values for 23 hours

ReDim Yp1(23) As Double
ReDim HG(23) As Double

For i = 0 To 23 'takes inputs for every hour

te(i) = Sheet6.Cells(74 + i, 14)
Yp1(i) = Sheet6.Cells(74 + i, 4)

Next i

For j = 0 To 23 'outer loop calculates q conductance for ever

'hour
theta = j 'theta will equal every hour
qcond1 = 0 'resets qconduction for new hour
For i = 0 To 23 'inner loop calcualtes q conduction for that
'hour
 If theta < 0 Then
theta = theta + 23
End If

qcond1 = qcond1 + (Yp1(i) * (te(theta) - tr))

theta = theta - 1

Next i

HG(j) = Area * qcond1

Sheet6.Cells(74 + j, 15) = qcond1 'ouputs

Sheet6.Cells(74 + j, 16) = HG(j)
Next j

End Sub

Sub z1qRTS()

Dim r() As Double 'nth response factor

Dim theta As Double 'number of hours
Dim qwall() As Double 'qconduction for wall
Dim qpeople() As Double 'the conducion of people
Dim qwindow1() As Double 'the condcution for window SHG
Dim qwindow2() As Double 'the conduction for window c
Dim qlights() As Double 'lights
Dim qequip() As Double 'equipment

Dim qcond1 As Double 'qconduction wall

Dim qcond2 As Double 'qcondution for people
Dim qcond3 As Double 'for shg
Dim qcond4 As Double 'for conduction
Dim qcond5 As Double 'lights
Dim qcond6 As Double 'equipment

Dim i As Double 'loop controlers

Dim j As Double

ReDim qwall(23) As Double 'arrays to hold values for 23 hours

ReDim qpeople(23) As Double
ReDim qwindow1(23) As Double
ReDim qwindow2(23) As Double
ReDim qlights(23) As Double
ReDim qequip(23) As Double

ReDim r(23) As Double

For i = 0 To 23 'takes inputs for every hour

qwall(i) = Sheet6.Cells(133 + i, 14)

qpeople(i) = Sheet6.Cells(133 + i, 22)
qwindow1(i) = Sheet6.Cells(133 + i, 16)
qwindow2(i) = Sheet6.Cells(133 + i, 18)
qlights(i) = Sheet6.Cells(133 + i, 20)
qequip(i) = Sheet6.Cells(133 + i, 24)

r(i) = Sheet6.Cells(133 + i, 13)

Next i
For j = 0 To 23 'outer loop calculates q conductance for ever
'hour
theta = j 'theta will equal every hour
qcond1 = 0 'resets qconduction for new hour
qcond2 = 0
qcond3 = 0
qcond4 = 0
qcond5 = 0
qcond6 = 0

For i = 0 To 23 'inner loop calcualtes q conduction for that

'hour
If theta < 0 Then
theta = theta + 23
End If

qcond1 = qcond1 + (r(i) * qwall(theta))

qcond2 = qcond2 + (r(i) * qpeople(theta))
qcond3 = qcond3 + (r(i) * qwindow1(theta))
qcond4 = qcond4 + (r(i) * qwindow2(theta))
qcond5 = qcond5 + (r(i) * qlights(theta))
qcond6 = qcond6 + (r(i) * qequip(theta))

theta = theta - 1

Next i

Sheet6.Cells(162 + j, 2) = qcond1 'ouputs

Sheet6.Cells(162 + j, 10) = qcond2
Sheet6.Cells(162 + j, 4) = qcond3
Sheet6.Cells(162 + j, 6) = qcond4
Sheet6.Cells(162 + j, 8) = qcond5
Sheet6.Cells(162 + j, 12) = qcond6

Next j

End Sub
Appendix G
Cooling Condition

Heating Condition
Appendix H
Diffusers
 Zone 11
Room 151 152 153 154
Flow Rate (cfm) 1075.8 358.6 179.3 179.3
Lc (ft) 7.62 6.76 5.01 4.86
X50 (ft) 6.1 5.4 4.0 3.9
Diameter selection (in) 8 8 8 8
La (ft) 9.2 7.2 7.2 7.2
X50/La 0.66 0.75 0.6 0.54
NC - - - -
Pressure / Diffuser (in-wg) 0.079 0.054 0.054 0.054
Number of Diffusers 5 2 1 1

Appendix I
Ducting

Zone 11
Zones 8,9,10
Zones 4, 5, 6
Appendix J
Fan Data

Fan Selection Fan Zone 1-2-3

Total Flow rate in the Zone (cfm) 4464
Outlet Velocity (fpm) 1294
Total pressure (in-wg) 0.60
Total Static Pressure (in-wg) 0.5
Type of Fan FCV 245
Diameter Size (in) 24.5
rpm 320
Shaft Power (hp) 0.7
Static Power (hp) 0.4
Total Power (hp) 0.42
Total Fan Efficiency (%) 62
Static Fan Efficiency (%) 51
Total Power Main Fans (hp) 0.4

Fan Selection Fan Zone 4-5-6

Total Flowrate in the Zone (cfm) 5518
Outlet Velocity (fpm) 1317
Total pressure (in-wg) 0.61
Total Static Pressure (in-wg) 0.5
Type of Fan FCV 270
Diameter Size (in) 27
rpm 281
Shaft Power (hp) 0.8
Static Power (hp) 0.4
Total Power (hp) 0.53
Total Fan Efficiency (%) 64
Static Fan Efficiency (%) 53
Total Power Main Fans (hp) 0.5
Fan Selection Fan Zone 8-9-10
Total Flowrate in the Zone (cfm) 3700
Outlet Velocity (fpm) 1298
Total pressure (in-wg) 0.61
Total Static Pressure (in-wg) 0.5
Type of Fan FCV 222
Diameter Size (in) 22.25
rpm 353
Shaft Power (hp) 0.6
Static Power (hp) 0.3
Total Power (hp) 0.35
Total Fan Efficiency (%) 61
Static Fan Efficiency (%) 50
Total Power Main Fans (hp) 0.4

Fan Selection Fan Zone 11

Total Flowrate in the Zone (cfm) 1793
Outlet Velocity (fpm) 1142
Total pressure (in-wg) 0.58
Total Static Pressure (in-wg) 0.5
Type of Fan FCV 165
Diameter Size (in) 16.5
rpm 460
Shaft Power (hp) 0.3
Static Power (hp) 0.1
Total Power (hp) 0.16
Total Fan Efficiency (%) 57
Static Fan Efficiency (%) 49
Total Power Main Fans (hp) 0.2
Appendix K
Recirculation Ducting

References
McQuiston, Faye, Jerald Parker, and Jeffrey Spitler. Heating, Ventilating, And Air Conditioning, Analysis
And Design. 6th. Wiley, 2005. Print.

Ashrae handbook: Fundamenals. ASHRAE Inc, 2009. Print.