Current Applied Science and Technology Vol. 19 No.

2 (May – August 2019)

Review article

Assessing Status of Life Cycle Assessment Studies in Egypt

Dalia M. M. Yacout*

Department of Chemistry, Umea University, Umea, Sweden

Received: 4 January 2019, Revised: 9 May 2019, Accepted: 22 May 2019

Abstract
One of the tools used worldwide nowadays for achieving sustainable development is “ Life cycle
assessment.” This tool is being used to assess and compare environmental impacts of products or
services through their entire lifetime. Researchers and environmental experts in both academia and
industry are using Life cycle assessment (LCA) as it presents a quantitated and qualitative tool that
reflects the environmental impacts. In spite of this, it was noted that limited studies employed this
important tool in Egyptian cases. The goal of this review paper was to identify potential usage of
LCA in Egypt. This was done by evaluating the conducted studies concerning this area in Egypt and
main gaps and challenges were determinined, accordingly. Improvement options and future
requirements for using LCA in Egypt would then be recommended.
In order to assess the statues of the LCA studies in Egypt, the published documents by both
national and international scholars related to LCA cases conducted in Egypt during the period of
2006 till 2019 were collected and reviewed. It was found that 39 documents were published
concerning this area. The published documents covered seven main area of studies namely; building
and construction materials, aquaculture farming, energy, industrial manufacturing, transportation,
water treatment and waste handling. Top publications were in the building and construction
materials field accounting for 44% of the total publications followed by energy, aquaculture
farming, waste handling strategies, and industrial manufacturing of textile and packing materials
(13%, 13%, 13 and 8% of the total publications, respectively). The main benefits as well as gaps of
the conducted studies were discussed for each area. Current concerns, need of future studies as well
as related recommendation and suggestions were also presented.

Keywords: Life cycle assessment, sustainable development, Egypt

DOI 10.14456/cast.2019.15

1. Introduction
In view of the increasing awareness concerning environmental issues worldwide, several techniques
were developed to assess the environmental impacts and assist in mitigating and minimizing the
negative impacts. Life cycle assessment ( LCA) is one of techniques developed for these issues.
LCA is employed to estimate the environmental impacts of products, services or systems
considering all inputs from raw materials, water, energy and outputs from end product, air
emissions, liquid discharge and solid wastes. LCA studies are used to identify the main points of

*Corresponding author: E-mail: Dalia.abdelfattah@umu.se

177
 Current Applied Science and Technology Vol. 19 No. 2 (May – August 2019)

environmental concern in a product or service life cycle to improve them. They can also assist
decision makers in the industrial sector as well as policy makers in setting priorities, strategic
planning and product design [1].
LCA methodology was introduced for the first time to the research community in the late
1960s, then developed by many countries [2]. International standards on “Environmental
management of life cycle assessment” were developed for understanding and frame working usage
of this important tool. ISO 14041:1998 [3] was the first developed standard and it clarifies what is
meant by LCA goal and scope. In addition, it explains how to design the system model, the inventory
analysis and data collection. It was followed up in 2000 with ISO 14042: 2000 [4] which served as
a guide to understand the life cycle impact assessment phase and its relation to other phases and ISO
14043 [5] was established to help explain the results and data obtained from previous phases.
Furthermore, ISO14040: 2006 [1] describes the principles and frameworks of life cycle assessment
including its four main phases; the goal and scope, life cycle inventory, impact assessment, and data
interpretation. As presented in Figure (1), ISO14044: 2006 [6] is the last version of the standards.
This ISO combines the three previous ones [3 - 5] and in combination with IISO 14044 [1] and
replace them by presenting the requirements and guidelines for conducting LCA study.

Life cycle assessment framework

Goal and
scope
definition

Direction
applications:

Inventory Interpretation - Product

analysis development and
improvement
- Strategic planning
- Public policy
making
- Marketing
Impact - Others
assessment

Figure 1. Conceptual framework on LCA [1]

Nowadays many organizations have adopted the life cycle thinking and LCA studies are
being conducted worldwide by researchers in universities, research centers and industrial plants. In
Egypt, in spite of the increasing awareness and concern about environmental issues, there are limited
studies on the use of LCA as a tool for environmental sustainability.
This review article will attempt to evaluate the current status of LCA studies conducted in
Egypt and to identify potential usage of LCA in future investigation. The main objectives are to

178
 Current Applied Science and Technology Vol. 19 No. 2 (May – August 2019)

identify conducted LCA studies in Egypt, determine main gaps and challenges in conducted LCA
studies in Egypt and recommend improvement options and future requirements for using LCA in
Egypt.

Data Assessment

In order to assess the conducted LCA studies in Egypt, the published literature was collected,
classified and evaluated following the adopted methodology by various researchers [7- 9] as shown
in Figure 2. The methodology consists of the following steps:
a) Setting a time frame of required data. Data were collected from published documents related
to LCA in Egypt from 2006 when the final international standard of LCA [1] was released till
date 2019.
b) Framing questions, three main questions were taken into consideration; How many
documents were published related to LCA in Egypt?, What type of documents? and Which
topics were covered?
c) Identifying search criteria and conducting search. Search was done on “ISI Web of Science”,
Science direct”, “ Scopus”, “ Google”, “ Google scholar” and “ Research gate” using the
keywords “ Egypt”, “Life cycle assessment” and “LCA”.
d) Screening records, classification and evaluation of collected data. The classification and
evaluation would consider published documents such as “research papers” and “review papers”
published in local journals, international journals or conference proceedings. Documents should
be related to LCA in Egypt published during the period from 2006-2019.

Figure 2. Data collection and evaluation methodology [7-9]

Overview on LCA Publications Related to Egypt

Summary of the published documents related to LCA in Egypt is presented in Tables 1 and 2. It was
found that 39 publications were concerned on LCA studies in Egypt. Thirty-three papers were case
study investigations using LCA as an environmental assessment tool and the rest were working
papers or review papers. Most of the documents (85% ) were published in international peer-

179
 Current Applied Science and Technology Vol. 19 No. 2 (May – August 2019)

reviewed journals, a few in conference proceedings (13 %) and only one (3%) in a national paper.
Most of the conducted studies were done by national universities and research centers and only one
research study by one holding company. This reflects the need to promote LCA as an environmental
and sustainable tool within the private sector in Egypt.

Table 1. Summary of local LCA studies in Egypt published during 2006 -2019

Area of study Aim of study Reference Publication Affiliation

Type
Analyze the [10], [11], International Stockholm Resilience
Aquaculture environmental impact [12] paper Center / WorldFish
of tilapia production [13], [14] International Alexandria University
in different paper
production systems
[15] Local paper Tanta University
[16], [24], Conference
Building and Assessing the [25], [26] paper Egypt-Japan University
construction environmental [17], [18], International of Science and
materials impacts of residential [19], [20], paper Technology (E-JUST)
buildings and [21], [22],
construction materials [23], [27],
[28]
[29] International Cairo University
paper
[30] International Menoufia University
paper
A framework for [31] International Housing and Building
incorporation of green paper National Research
building materials Center
Transportation Estimating the [32] International E-JUST
environmental paper
impacts of vehicles
tires
Water Assessing the [33] International Technische Universität
treatment environmental paper Berlin, Germany
impacts of water
systems
[34] International National Water
Assessing the sewage paper Research Center
Waste sludge treatment [35] Conference Technische Universität
handling process paper Braunschweig,
Germany
[36] International Mansoura University
paper
Comparing the waste [37] International Alexandria University
handling scenarios of paper
synthetic fiber waste

180
 Current Applied Science and Technology Vol. 19 No. 2 (May – August 2019)

Table 1. (cont.) Summary of local LCA studies in Egypt published during 2006 -2019

Area of study Aim of study Reference Publication Affiliation

Type
Assessing the [38] International National Research Center
potential use of paper
some agricultural
and industrial
wastes as building
materials
Identifying the [39] International Alexandria Petroleum
impacts of different paper Company (APC)
waste management
strategies for
recovery of used
lubricating oil
Industrial LCA of aluminum [40] International Alexandria University
manufacturing foil packaging paper
material
Evaluating the [41] International
environmental paper
impact of textile [42] International Università Politecnica
materials paper delle Marche, Italy
Energy Evaluating energy [43] International School of Engineering,
infrastructure and paper Kyushu University, Japan
their impacts [44] International University of Hamburg,
paper Germany
[45] International E-JUST
paper
[46] International Beni-Suef University
paper
Assessing the [47] International Riga Technical
environmental paper University, Latvia
impact of renewable
energy materials
Others The interplay of [48] International The British University in
environmental paper Egypt (BUE)
assessment methods;
and characterizing
the
institutional
background in Egypt

181
 Current Applied Science and Technology Vol. 19 No. 2 (May – August 2019)

Table 2. Summary of local LCA studies in Egypt per type and affiliation

Affiliation International National Conference

Total %
Name Country Journal Journal proceedings
Alexandria University 5 5 12.8
Egypt-Japan University of
Science and Technology 11 4 15 38.5
(E-JUST)
Menoufia University 1 1 2.6
Mansoura University 1 1 2.6
Alexandria Petroleum
1 1 2.6
Company (APC)
Cairo University 1 1 2.6
National Research Center
Egypt 1 1 2.6
(NRC)
Environment and Climate
changes Research Institute
1 1 2.6
National Water Research
Center
Tanta University 1 1 2.6
Beni-Suef University 1 1 2.6
British University in Egypt
1 1 2.6
(BUE)
Housing and Building
1 1 2.6
National Research Center
Technische Universität
1 1 2.6
Braunschweig,
Technische Universität Germany 1 1 2.6
Berlin
University of Hamburg 1 1 2.6
Stockholm Resilience
Sweden 3 3 7.7
Center / WorldFish
Riga Technical University Latvia 1 1 2.6
Università Politecnica delle
Italy 1 1 2.6
Marche
School of Engineering,
Japan 1 1 2.6
Kyushu University
Total (Number) 32 1 6 39 100.0

As per the covered topics, Table 3 summarizes the number and percentage of publications per area
of studies. Seven areas of studies were addressed in this study namely; aquaculture, industrial
manufacturing, building and construction materials, transportation, energy, water treatment and
waste handling.

182
 Current Applied Science and Technology Vol. 19 No. 2 (May – August 2019)

Table 3. Number of local LCA publications per covered area of studies

Number of
Area of study Publications %
Aquaculture 5 13%
Industrial manufacturing 3 8%
Building and construction materials 17 44%
Transportation 1 3%
Water treatment 1 3%
Waste handling 6 15%
Energy 5 13%
Other 1 3%
Total 39 100%

Cover Areas of Study, Related Challenges and Gaps

1) Building and construction materials

LCA publications related to building and construction materials were the major area of publications,
accounting for 44% of the total published documents. Publications in this area include assessments
in several case study that aimed to estimate the carbon emissions or evaluate the environmental
impacts of local building construction in several locations across Egypt [ 19, 24, 29] when the
environmental impacts of various construction materials such as cement, bricks [16, 18, 21-23, 25-
26] , sidewalk pavement [ 27, 30] and pile foundation [ 28] were compared. One study employed
LCA as a support decision tool in green building design [20]. The concerns about the impacts of the
building and construction sector on the environment have arisen recently due to the continued
expansions and constructions by both private and public sectors in different areas across Egypt.
However, the conducted LCA studies in this area until now have focused only on modeling the
environmental impacts of the cases in question without taking the cost analysis or social impacts
into consideration. Thus, the sustainability of this expanding sector should be taken into
consideration.
Furthermore, the development or usage of green building materials as an ecofriendly
alternative to conventional building materials was not addressed properly. The only study in this
area was conducted by Garas et al. [28] who investigated the impacts of using some agricultural and
industrial waste, i.e. rice straw cementitious bricks, rice straw bales, and concrete mix with granite
waste building materials as building materials for the construction industry. Based on their results
they found that used waste for developing new eco- friendly building materials can significantly
reduce the negative environmental impact of the construction industry. However, the related impacts
differ for each case study. In agreement with Ay-Eldeen et al. [28] and Azouz [31], there is a need
for database on alternatives for eco-friendly building. The usage of agricultural and industrial wastes
as building materials will reduce the waste handling problems, reduce production costs and
minimize negative environmental impacts of the construction industry. Future LCA studies in the
area of building and construction materials should address this issue with more focus on other
agricultural and industrial wastes for different construction application (buildings and roads).

183
 Current Applied Science and Technology Vol. 19 No. 2 (May – August 2019)

2) Energy
Due to the energy crisis worldwide and global interest in replacing the dependence on fossil fuels
and ongoing attempts to replace it by renewable energy sources, LCA studies related to energy are
gaining more and more importance. The published documents related to this topic and Egypt
represents 13% of the total publications, these studies were done at different levels. The studies
conducted by Aly and Managi [ 43] and Shaaban et al. [ 44] employed LCA to assist the policy
decisions making by assessing the energy infrastructure and their impacts on societies’ capital
assets. The studies highlighted the positive potential of using different energy and renewable energy
systems.
Technology oriented studies presenting the potential impacts of applying different energy
sources were conducted by Armanuos et al. [ 45] and Menoufi et al. [46] . Armanuos et al. [ 45]
compared between the environmental impacts of running an irrigation system for rice cultivation by
diesel fuel pumps verses solar pumps. They declared that the usage of solar pumps was more
ecofriendly and reduced the overall impacts. Their study took the cost analysis factor which would
be of most importance when introducing such a technology. Menoufi et al. [46] compared between
the potential impacts and energy performance of two photovoltaic systems “ Building Added
Concentrating Photovoltaic ( BACPV) ” and a “ conventional Building Integrated Photovoltaic
(BIPV)”. They presented the novel design related environmental impacts and payback. Their study
reflected the potential usage of novel solar energy systems and promoted its employment, which
seems a promising solution for using renewable energy in Egypt.
The potential impacts of using novel materials for biodiesel production was addressed by
only one study [47]. Fawzy et al. [47] conducted LCA study to model a novel Egyptian system for
biodiesel production from Jatropha using waste water in unused desert land. Their results showed
the environmental benefit of using Jatropha for biodiesel production. However, the cost analysis
and social impacts were not addressed in this study. Similar studies using other novel materials
including agricultural and industrial waste materials for biofuel production are strongly
recommended for future studies. Using hybrid systems of biomass and solar energy can be a
potential area of future studies as well.

3) Aquaculture
Egypt is considered as the top producer of farmed tilapia in Africa and one of the top ten worldwide
[ 13- 14] . Aquaculture farming is a very important industry in Egypt that has been expanding over
the last few years [13-14]. Published LCA studies related to aquaculture in Egypt represented 13%
of the total. Aquaculture farming of tilapia and environmental assessment of its production systems
were the main concern of the studies in this area. “ Nile tilapia” is considered as one of the most
important sources of cheap protein in Egypt. The author of the studies [ 10 - 14] agreed that both
energy consumption for fish feed production and aeration of aquaculture farming ponds together
with the production of fish feed were the main contributors to the environmental impacts of this
industry. In order to reduce the negative environmental impacts, they suggested to adopt energy
saving practices by better energy management of the aquaculture farm to reduce the overall energy
consumption. In addition, they emphasized on the need to use novel fish feed formulas and new
ingredients. In agreement with researchers [ 10 - 14] , the use of local ingredients for fish feed will
reduce the overall footprint of the aquaculture production cycle. The cost benefits as well as the
impacts on the surrounding society has to be taken into consideration since it will be an opportunity
for jobs’ creation.

4) Water, wastewater treatment and waste handling

Mahgoub et al. [33] conducted LCA study on the environmental impacts of water systems in Egypt.
For wastewater treatment, comparative studies for different handling strategies at industrial and city
levels were covered by 15% of total LCA publications related to Egypt. At city level, the conducted

184
 Current Applied Science and Technology Vol. 19 No. 2 (May – August 2019)

studies evaluated the environmental impacts of wastewater treatment processes in Alexandria city
[ 35] , and the different treatment technologies in relation to cost analysis were compared [ 34, 36] .
The possibility of using new technologies can be considered in future studies.
At the industrial level, one study aimed to identify the preferable waste handling strategy
for hazardous solid waste in synthetic textile industry [ 37] , different waste management strategies
for recovery of used lubricating oil were evaluated by Hassanain et al. [39]. Garas et al. [38] used
some agricultural and industrial waste materials for production of building materials. The number
of LCA studies related to waste handling is low in comparison to the number of industrial
applications in Egypt. Further waste management options for different products can be evaluated
for achieving a more eco- friendly and sustainable industry. Waste management strategies for
handling different types of waste at city level can also be addressed. These waste management
strategies can address the preferable options for handling municipal solid waste and household waste
by landfill, incineration, recycle or reuse.

5) Industrial manufacturing
Topics related to industrial manufacturing represented 8% of the total publications. The conducted
studies addressed the environmental impacts of textile production [ 41, 42] and packing materials
manufacturing [40]. The studies suggested means for the improvement of current production process
in order to obtain a more ecofriendly production, however, cost analysis and social impacts were
not considered by any of these studies. Egypt is a major industrial country in the MENA region with
many manufacturing facilities to meet the local demand and for exportation. The conducted studies
only addressed the production of synthetic fabrics, cotton yarn and foil packing material, future LCA
studies should focus on other products such as equipment manufacturing, different textile materials,
food and dairy products, cement industry and so on.

6) Transportation
In spite of the important rule of transportation sector, huge impacts on environment and especially
on energy consumption and climate change affected the society. Only one LCA related to this sector
in Egypt was conducted [32]. Elkafoury and Negm [32] assessed the life cycle of vehicles tyres on
Egyptian road network in order to estimate the environmental impacts of their production and
consumption phases.
With only one conducted LCA study in this sector the area is open for further studies. The
potential of reducing greenhouse gases ( GHG) emissions and mitigating related climate change
impacts using alternative routes and methods for products transportation can be addressed [ 49] .
Furthermore, the potential of reducing fossil fuels consumption by using alternative renewable
energies is a rich area for investigation as well.

Towards Promoting LCA Studies in Egypt

LCA proved to be an efficient tool for researchers, engineers who design products and decision-
makers in the industry as well as policy makers [ 6] . This important tool should be employed in
Egyptian studies more frequently. Main gaps of each area of study and related improvement and
future need of studies were illustrated in the previous section. The main challenges that face further
usage of LCA as a tool for sustainability in Egypt are the lack of local experts and the awareness
about this important tool limits its utilization [49]. In agreement with Yacout [49], capacity building
workshops and scientific events such as conferences can be organized to promote benefits of this
tool on how to employ it and to connect between international experts in this area and national
researchers.

185
 Current Applied Science and Technology Vol. 19 No. 2 (May – August 2019)

Data limitations, in terms of unavailability of recent local data for conducting the research
and for benchmarking of results is a challenging point for consideration. The availability of data is
a key factor for conducting any LCA [50]. In this case, data has to be collected from case studies by
the research group that could be subjected to some uncertainty. In order to minimize bias, data
analysis for uncertainty has to be taken into consideration [51]. Additionally, the absence of a local
database, a National Egyptian Life Cycle Inventory ( NELCI) database is required to standardize
LCA research studies in Egypt. In Agreement with various researchers [ 17, 31, 41, 50- 51] , the
development of a NELCI is a must to obtain more accurate results concerning LCA studies in Egypt.

2. Conclusions
Life cycle assessment is an efficient tool for environmental sustainability worldwide. However,
limited investigations employed LCA in Egyptian studies. The current status of LCA studies
conducted in Egypt was evaluated for potential usage of LCA in future investigations. Conducted
LCA studies in Egypt were identified. Determination of main gaps and challenges and recommend
improvement options and future requirements for using LCA in Egypt were also analysed by
reviewing the published documents concerning LCA in Egypt. The covered areas of study were
identified as well as the main gaps and challenges. Areas of concern and topic to be addressed were
suggested for future studies in each study area. Improvement options for promoting LCA usage as
a tool for sustainable development in Egypt were presented as well.

References
[1] ISO 14040, 2006. Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment-Principles and
Frameworks. Geneva : International Organization for Standardizations.
[2] Udo de Haes, H.A., 1993. Applications of life cycle assessment : expectations, drawbacks and
perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production 1(3-4), 131-137.
[3] ISO 14041, 1998. Environmental Management - Life cycle Assessment - Goal and Scope
Definition and Inventory Analysis. Geneva : International Organization for Standardizations.
[4] ISO 14042, 2000. Environmental Management - Life cycle Assessment - Life Cycle Impact
Assessment. Geneva : International Organization for Standardizations.
[5] ISO 14043, 2000. Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Life cycle
Interpretation. Geneva : International Organization for Standardizations.
[6] ISO 14044, 2006. Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Requirements and
Guidelines. Geneva : International Organization for Standardizations.
[7] Hassaan, M.A., 2018. Using scholarly big data in assessing contribution of national expertise
to climate change knowledge; case study: Egypt. Journal of Data Analysis and Information
Processing, 6, 67-78.
[8] Akoka, J., Comyn-Wattiau, I. and Laoufi, N., 2017. Research on big data-a systematic
mapping study. Computer Standards and Interfaces, 54, 105-115.
[9] Cohen, M., 2017. A systematic review of urban sustainability assessment literature.
Sustainability, 9, 2048. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9112048
[10] Henriksson, P.J.G., Dickson, M.W., Nasr-allah, A.M., Al-Kenawy, D.A.R. and Phillips, M., 2015.
Life Cycle Assessment of Egyptian Tilapia Production. [online] Avilable at :
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288486017_Life_cycle_assessment_of_Egyptian_ti
lapia_production

186
 Current Applied Science and Technology Vol. 19 No. 2 (May – August 2019)

[11] Henriksson, P.J.G., Dickson, M., Nasr-Allah, A.M., Al-Kenawy, D.A.R. and Phillips, M.,
2017. Benchmarking the environmental performance of best management practice and genetic
improvements in Egyptian aquaculture using life cycle assessment. Aquaculture, 468 (1), 53-
59.
[12] Dickson, M. and Henriksson, P., 2016. A Life Cycle Assessment of the Environmental Impacts
in the Egyptian Aquaculture Value Chain. [online] Avilable at : https://cgspace.cgiar.org/
handle/10568/78477
[13] Soliman, N.F. and Yacout, D.M.M., 2015. The prospects of analysing the environmental
impacts of Egyptian aquaculture using cycle life assessment. International Journal of
Aquaculture, 5(37), 1-9.
[14] Yacout, D.M.M., Soliman, N.F. and Yacout, M.M., 2016. Comparative life cycle assessment
(LCA) of tilapia in two production systems. The International Journal of Life Cycle
Assessment, 21(6), 806-819.
[15] AbdElghaffar, M.A.E., 2007. Life cycle assessment tools for maintenance management and
resource conservation. Assiut Universit Bullitin for Environmental Research, 10(1) 73-83.
[16] Ali, A.A.M. and Negm, A.M., 2014. Environmental impacts assessment of the Egyptian brick
types using life cycle assessment tool. Energy Procedia, 54, 260-269.
[17] Ali, A.A.M., Negm, A.M., Bady, F. and Ibrahim, M.G.E., 2014. Moving towards an Egyptian
national life cycle inventory database. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 19
(8), 1551-1558.
[18] Ali, A.A.M., Negm, A., Bady, M. and Ibrahim, M.G.E., 2014. Towards an integrated tool to
estimate carbon emissions from life cycle assessment of building materials in Egypt.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 2(3), 81-92.
[19] Ali, A.A.M., Negm, A., Bady, A. and Ibrahim, M.A.G., 2015. Environmental life cycle
assessment of residential building in Egypt : a case study. Procedia Technology, 19, 349-356.
[20] Elshafei, G. and Negm, A., 2015. Life cycle assessment as a decision making for window
performance comparison in green building design. International Journal of Architectural and
Environmental Engineering, 9 (9), 1155-1163.
[21] Ali, A.A.M., Negm, A.M., Bady, A.F. and Ibrahim, A.G., 2016. Environmental impact
assessment of the Egyptian cement industry based on a life-cycle assessment approach : a
comparative study between Egyptian and Swiss plants. Clean Technologies and
Environmental Policy, 18(4), 1053-1068.
[22] Ibrahim M., and Ali, A.A.M. 2017. Practical case study for life cycle assessment of the
Egyptian brick industry: A comparative analysis of the Japanese industry. (unpublished data).
[23] Sharaan, M. and Negm, A., 2017. Life cycle assessment of dredged materials placement
strategies: case study, Damietta port, Egypt. Procedia Engineering, 181, 102-108.
[24] Ali, A.A.M., Negm, A.M., Bady, M. and Ibrahim, M.G.E., 2014. Framework for application
of life cycle assessment approach on Egyptian residential building case study : new Assiut city,
Egypt. In: ICIME 2014: International Conference in Integrated Management of Environment,
Hammamet, Tunisia.
[25] Ali, A.A.M., Negm, A.M., Bady, M. and Ibrahim, M.G.E., 2014. Effect of fuel type on the life
cycle of Egyptian cement industry: environmental impact assessment approach. In: The Asian
Conference on Sustainability, Energy & the Environment, Vol. 4. Osaka, Japan.
https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.4741.2801
[26] Ali, A.A.M., Negm, A.M. and Bady, M., 2014. Estimating carbon emissions from industrial
process by using life cycle assessment tool. In: IAC 2014: International Conference on
Industry Academia Collaboration, Cairo, Egypt.
[27] Elboshy, B., Negm, A., Gamaleldin, M. and Abdel-Fattah, S., 2017. Life cycle assessment for
sidewalk pavement types, case study: extension of new Borg El-Arab city. Procedia
Engineering, 181, 370-377.

187
 Current Applied Science and Technology Vol. 19 No. 2 (May – August 2019)

[28] Ay-Eldeen, M.K. and Negm, A.M., 2015. Global warming potential impact due to pile
foundation construction using life cycle assessment. Engineering, 20(12), 4413-4421.
[29] Marzouk, M. and Azab, S., 2017. Analyzing sustainability in low-income housing projects
using system dynamics. Energy and Buildings, 134, 143-153.
[30] Younes, M., Huang, Y. and Hashim, I., 2016. Towards an integrated tool of a life cycle
assessment for construction of asphalt pavements in Egypt. Journal of Earth Sciences and
Geotechnical Engineering, 6(4), 377-388
[31] Azouz M., 2018. The future of green building materials in Egypt: A framework for action.
Proceedings of Science and Technolgy, 1(1), 1-13. doi : 10.21625/resourceeedings.vlil.180.
[32] Elkafoury, A. and Negm, A., 2016. Assessment approach of life cycle of vehicles tyres on
Egyptian road network. Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering, 44(2), 75-79.
[33] Mahgoub, M.E.M., van der Steen, N.P., Abu-Zeid, K., and Vairavamoorthy, K., 2010.
Towards sustainability in urban water: a life cycle analysis of the urban water system of
Alexandria City, Egypt. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18 (10/11), 1100-1106.
[34] Roushdi M., El-Hawary, A. and Mahgoub, M., 2012. Environmental improvement of
Alexandria’s wastewater treatment plants using life cycle assessment approach. Global NEST
Journal, 14(4), 450-459. https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.000831
[35] Ghazy, M.R., Dockhorn, T. and Dichtl, N., 2011. Economic and environmental assessment of
sewage sludge treatment processes applications in Egypt. International Water Technology,
1(2), 1-17.
[36] Awad, H., Alalm, M.G. and El-Etriby, H. Kh., 2019. Environmental and cost life cycle
assessment of different alternatives for improvement of wastewater treatment plants in
developing countries. Science of the Total Environment, 660 (10), 57-68.
[37] Yacout, D.M.M. and Hassouna, M.S., 2016. Identifying potential environmental impacts of
waste handling strategies in textile industry. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188,
445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5443-8
[38] Garas, G., Bakhoum, E. and Allam, M., 2016. Optimal use of selected waste materials in
buildings. Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 22(3), 1129-1136.
[39] Hassanain, E.M., Yacout, D.M.M., Metwally, M.A. and Hassouna, M.S., 2017. Life cycle
assessment of waste strategies for used lubricating oil. The International Journal of Life Cycle
Assessment, 22, 232-1240.
[40] El Sebaie, O., Ahmed, M., Hussein, A., El Sharkawy, F. and Samy, M., 2006. Life cycle
analysis of aluminum foil packaging material. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health
Association, 81(3-4), 199-222.
[41] Yacout, D.M.M., Abd El-Kawi, M.A. and Hassouna, M.S., 2016. Cradle to gate environmental
impact assessment of acrylic fiber manufacturing. International Journal of Life Cycle
Assessment, 21(3), 326-336.
[42] Bevilacqua, M., Ciarapica, F. E., Mazzuto, G. and Paciarotti, C., 2014. Environmental analysis of a
cotton yarn supply chain. Journal of Cleaner Production, 82, 154-165.
[43] Aly, E. A. and Managi, S., 2018. Energy infrastructure and their impacts on societies’ capital
assets: a hybrid simulation approach to inclusive wealth. Energy Policy, 121, 1-12.
[44] Shaaban, M., Scheffran, J., Böhner, J. and Elsobki, S.M., 2018. Sustainability assessment of
electricity generation technologies in Egypt using multi-criteria decision analysis. Energies,
11(5), 1117. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051117
[45] Armanuos, A.M., Negm, A. and Tahan, A. H. M. H. El. (2016). Life cycle Assessment of diesel fuel
and solar pumps in operation stage for rice cultivation in Tanta, Nile Delta, Egypt. Procedia
Technology, 22, 478-485.
[46] Menoufi, K., Chemisana, D. and Rosell, J.I. 2017. Life cycle assessment of a building added
concentrating photovoltaic system (BACPV). Energy Procedia, 128, 194-201.

188
 Current Applied Science and Technology Vol. 19 No. 2 (May – August 2019)

[47] Fawzy, M.M. and Romagnoli, F., 2016. Environmental life cycle assessment for Jatropha biodiesel in
Egypt. Energy Procedia, 95, 124-131.
[48] Ismaeel, W.S.E. and Elsayed, M.A., 2018. The interplay of environmental assessment
methods; characterising the institutional background in Egypt. Journal of Environmental
Assessment Policy and Management, 20 (1). https://doi.org/10.1142/S1464333218500035
[49] Yacout, D.M.M., 2018. Potential Applications of Life Cycle Assessment in Climate Change
Arena. ARCA Working Paper No. 7.
[50] McManus, M.C. and Taylor, C.M., 2015. The changing nature of life cycle assessment.
Biomass Bioenergy, 82, 13-26.
[51] Baker, J.W. and Lepech, M., 2009. Treatment of uncertainties in life cycle assessment.
Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Structural Safety and Reliability, Osaka,
Japan, September 13-17, 2009.

189