Preamble

We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society
and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and
develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy
under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate
this Constitution.
ARTICLE I of the people and the State. Its employment, a rising standard of
goal is to secure the sovereignty living,and an improved quality
NATIONAL TERRITORY of the State and the integrity of of life for all.
The national territory comprises the national territory. 
the Philippine archipelago, with Section 10. The State shall
Section 4. The prime duty of the promote social justice in all
all the islands and waters Government is to serve and phases of national development.
embraced therein, and all other protect the people. The
territories over which the Government may call upon the Section 11. The State values the
Philippines has sovereignty or people to defend the State and, dignity of every human person
in the fulfillment thereof, all and guarantees full respect for
jurisdiction, consisting of its
citizens may be required, under human rights.
terrestrial, fluvial and aerial conditions provided by law, to
domains, including its territorial render personal, military or civil
service. Section 12. The State recognizes
sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the
the sanctity of family life and
insular shelves, and other shall protect and strengthen the
Section 5. The maintenance of
submarine areas. The waters peace and order, the protection family as a basic autonomous
around between, the of life, liberty, and property, and social institution. It shall equally
connecting the islands of the promotion of the general welfare protect the life of the mother and
are essential for the enjoyment the life of the unborn from
archipelago, regardless of their
by all the people of the blessings conception. The natural and
breadth and dimensions, from primary right and duty of
of democracy.
part of the internal waters of parents in the rearing of the
the Philippines. Sec. 6. The separation of Church youth for civic efficiency and
and State shall be inviolable. the development of moral
character shall receive the
support of the Government.
Article II
Section 13. The State recognizes
State Policies the vital role of the youth in
Declaration of Principles and
nation-building and shall
Statement Policies
Section 7. The State shall pursue promote and protect their
an independent foreign policy. physical, moral, spiritual,
Principles
In its relations with other states intellectual, and social well-
the paramount consideration being. It shall inculcate in the
Section 1. The Philippines is a shall be national sovereignty, youth patriotism and
democratic and republican State. territorial integrity, national nationalism, and encourage their
Sovereignty resides in the interest, and the right to self- involvement in public and civic
people and all government determination. affairs.
authority emanates from them.
Section 8. The Philippines, Section 14. The State recognizes
Section 2. The Philippines consistent with the national the role of women in nation-
renounces war as an instrument interest, adopts and pursues a building, and shall ensure the
of national policy, adopts the policy of freedom from nuclear fundamental equality before the
generally accepted principles of weapons in its territory. law of women and men.
international law as part of the
law of the land and adheres to
Section 9. The State shall Section 15. The State shall
the policy of peace, equality,
promote a just and dynamic protect and promote the right to
justice, freedom, cooperation,
social order that will ensure the health of the people and instill
and amity with all nations.
prosperity and independence of health consciousness among
the nation and free the people them.
Section 3. Civilian authority is,
from poverty through policies
at all times, supreme over the
that provide adequate social Section 16. The State shall
military. The Armed Forces of
services, promote full protect and advance the right of
the Philippines is the protector
the people to a balanced and Section 25. The State shall searched and the persons or
healthful ecology in accord with ensure the autonomy of local things to be seized.
the rhythm and harmony of governments.
nature. Section 3. (1) The privacy of
Section 26. The State shall communication and
Section 17. The State shall give guarantee equal access to correspondence shall be
priority to education, science opportunities for public service, inviolable except upon lawful
and technology, arts, culture, and prohibit political dynasties order of the court, or when
and sports to foster patriotism as may be defined by law. public safety or order requires
and nationalism, accelerate otherwise as prescribed by law.
social progress, and promote Section 27. The State shall
total human liberation and maintain honesty and integrity (2) Any evidence obtained in
development. in the public service and take violation of this or the preceding
positive and effective measures section shall be inadmissible for
Section 18. The State affirms against graft and corruption. any purpose in any proceeding.
labor as a primary social
economic force. It shall protect Section 28. Subject to Section 4. No law shall be
the rights of workers and reasonable conditions prescribed passed abridging the freedom of
promote their welfare. by law, the State adopts and speech, of expression, or of the
implements a policy of full press, or the right of the people
Section 19. The State shall public disclosure of all its peaceably to assemble and
develop a self-reliant and transactions involving public petition the government for
independent national economy interest. redress of grievances.
effectively controlled by
Filipinos. Section 5. No law shall be made
respecting an establishment of
Section 20. The State recognizes Article III religion, or prohibiting the free
the indispensable role of the exercise thereof. The free
private sector, encourages Bill of Rights exercise and enjoyment of
private enterprise, and provides religious profession and
Section 1. No person shall be
incentives to needed worship, without discrimination
investments. deprived of life, liberty, or or preference, shall forever be
property without due process of allowed. No religious test shall
Section 21. The State shall law, nor shall any person be be required for the exercise of
promote comprehensive rural denied the equal protection of civil or political rights.
development and agrarian the laws.
reform. Section 6. The liberty of abode
and of changing the same within
Section 2. The right of the the limits prescribed by law
Section 22. The State recognizes
people to be secure in their shall not be impaired except
and promotes the rights of
persons, houses, papers, and upon lawful order of the court.
indigenous cultural communities
effects against unreasonable Neither shall the right to travel
within the framework of
searches and seizures of be impaired except in the
national unity and development.
whatever nature and for any interest of national security,
purpose shall be inviolable, and public safety, or public health,
Section 23. The State shall no search warrant or warrant of
encourage non-governmental, as may be provided by law.
arrest shall issue except upon
community-based,or sectoral probable cause to be determined
organizations that promote the Section 7. The right of the
personally by the judge after
welfare of the nation. people to information on matters
examination under oath or
of public concern shall be
affirmation of the complainant
Section 24. The State recognizes recognized. Access to official
and the witnesses he may
the vital role of communication records, and to documents and
produce, and particularly
and information in nation- papers pertaining to official acts,
describing the place to be
building. transactions, or decisions, as
well as to government research Section 17 hereof shall be be suspended except in cases of
data used as basis for policy inadmissible in evidence against invasion or rebellion when the
development, shall be afforded him. public safety requires it.
the citizen, subject to such
limitations as may be provided (4) The law shall provide for Section 16. All persons shall
by law. penal and civil sanctions for have the right to a speedy
violations of this section as well disposition of their cases before
Section 8. The right of the as compensation to the all judicial, quasi-judicial, or
people, including those rehabilitation of victims of administrative bodies.
employed in the public and torture or similar practices, and
private sectors, to form unions, their families. Section 17. No person shall be
associations, or societies for compelled to be a witness
purposes not contrary to law Section 13. All persons, except against himself.
shall not be abridged. those charged with offenses
punishable by reclusion Section 18. (1) No person shall
Section 9. Private property shall perpetua when evidence of guilt be detained solely by reason of
not be taken for public use is strong, shall, before his political beliefs and
without just compensation. conviction, be bailable by aspirations.
sufficient sureties, or be released
Section 10. No law impairing on recognizance as may be (2) No involuntary servitude in
the obligation of contracts shall provided by law. The right to any form shall exist except as a
be passed. bail shall not be impaired even punishment for a crime whereof
when the privilege of the writ the party shall have been duly
Section 11. Free access to the of habeas corpus is suspended. convicted.
courts and quasi-judicial bodies Excessive bail shall not be
and adequate legal assistance required.
Section 19. (1) Excessive fines
shall not be denied to any person shall not be imposed, nor cruel,
by reason of poverty. Section 14. (1) No person shall degrading or inhuman
be held to answer for a criminal punishment inflicted. Neither
Section 12. (1) Any person offense without due process of shall death penalty be imposed,
under investigation for the law. unless, for compelling reasons
commission of an offense shall involving heinous crimes, the
have the right to be informed of (2) In all criminal prosecutions, Congress hereafter provides for
his right to remain silent and to the accused shall be presumed it. Any death penalty already
have competent and independent innocent until the contrary is imposed shall be reduced
counsel preferably of his own proved, and shall enjoy the right to reclusion perpetua.
choice. If the person cannot to be heard by himself and
afford the services of counsel, counsel, to be informed of the (2) The employment of physical,
he must be provided with one. nature and cause of the psychological, or degrading
These rights cannot be waived accusation against him, to have punishment against any prisoner
except in writing and in the a speedy, impartial, and public or detainee or the use of
presence of counsel. trial, to meet the witnesses face substandard or inadequate penal
to face, and to have compulsory facilities under subhuman
(2) No torture, force, violence, process to secure the attendance conditions shall be dealt with by
threat, intimidation, or any other of witnesses and the production law.
means which vitiate the free will of evidence in his behalf.
shall be used against him. Secret However, after arraignment, trial
may proceed notwithstanding Section 20. No person shall be
detention places, imprisoned for debt or non-
solitary, incommunicado, or the absence of the accused
provided that he has been duly payment of a poll tax.
other similar forms of detention
are prohibited. notified and his failure to appear
is unjustifiable. Section 21. No person shall be
twice put in jeopardy of
(3) Any confession or admission punishment for the same
obtained in violation of this or Section 15. The privilege of the
writ of habeas corpus shall not offense. If an act is punished by
a law and an ordinance, Section 4. Citizens of the Article VI
conviction or acquittal under Philippines who marry aliens
either shall constitute a bar to shall retain their citizenship, The Legislative Department
another prosecution for the same unless by their act or omission
act. they are deemed, under the law, Section 1. The legislative power
to have renounced it. shall be vested in the Congress
Section 22. No ex post facto law of the Philippines which shall
or bill of attainder shall be Section 5. Dual allegiance of consist of a Senate and a House
enacted. citizens is inimical to the of Representatives, except to the
national interest and shall be extent reserved to the people by
dealt with by law. the provision on initiative and
referendum.
Article IV
Section 2. The Senate shall be
Citizenship Article V composed of twenty-four
Section 1. The following are Senators who shall be elected at
Suffrage large by the qualified voters of
citizens of the Philippines:
the Philippines, as may be
Section 1. Suffrage may be provided by law.
exercised by all citizens of the
Those who are citizens of the Section 3. No person shall be a
Philippines not otherwise
Philippines at the time of the disqualified by law, who are at Senator unless he is a natural-
adoption of this Constitution; least eighteen years of age, and born citizen of the Philippines,
who shall have resided in the and, on the day of the election,
Those whose fathers or mothers Philippines for at least one year is at least thirty-five years of
are citizens of the Philippines; and in the place wherein they age, able to read and write, a
propose to vote for at least six registered voter, and a resident
months immediately preceding of the Philippines for not less
Those born before January 17,
the election.No literacy, than two years immediately
1973, of Filipino mothers, who preceding the day of the
property, or other substantive
elect Philippine citizenship upon requirement shall be imposed on election.
reaching the age of majority; the exercise of suffrage.
and Section 4. The term of office of
Section 2. The Congress shall the Senators shall be six years
Those who are naturalized in provide a system for securing and shall commence, unless
accordance with law. the secrecy and sanctity of the otherwise provided by law, at
ballot as well as a system for noon on the thirtieth day of June
absentee voting by qualified next following their election. No
Section 2. Natural-born citizens Filipinos abroad. Senator shall serve for more
are those who are citizens of the than two consecutive terms.
Philippines from birth without Voluntary renunciation of the
having to perform any act to The Congress shall also design a
procedure for the disabled and office for any length of time
acquire or perfect their shall not be considered as an
Philippine citizenship. Those the illiterates to vote without the
assistance of other persons. interruption in the continuity of
who elect Philippine citizenship his service for the full term of
in accordance with paragraph Until then, they shall be allowed
to vote under existing laws and which he was elected.
(3), Section 1 hereof shall be
deemed natural-born citizens. such rules as the Commission on
Elections may promulgate to Section 5. (1) The House of
protect the secrecy of the ballot. Representatives shall be
Section 3. Philippine citizenship composed of not more than two
may be lost or reacquired in the hundred and fifty members,
manner provided by law. unless otherwise fixed by law,
who shall be elected from
legislative districts apportioned
among the provinces, cities, and voter in the district in which he Representatives shall, in all
the Metropolitan Manila area in shall be elected, and a resident offenses punishable by not more
accordance with the number of thereof for a period of not less than six years imprisonment, be
their respective inhabitants, and than one year immediately privileged from arrest while the
on the basis of a uniform and preceding the day of the Congress is in session. No
progressive ratio,and those who, election. Member shall be questioned nor
as provided by law, shall be be held liable in any other place
elected through a party-list Section 7. The Members of the for any speech or debate in the
system of registered national, House of Representatives shall Congress or in any committee
regional, and sectoral parties or be elected for a term of three thereof.
organizations. years which shall begin, unless
otherwise provided by law, at Section 12. All Members of the
(2) The party-list representatives noon on the thirtieth day of June Senate and the House of
shall constitute twenty per next following their election.  Representatives shall, upon
centum of the total number of No Member of the House of assumption of office, make a
representatives including those Representatives shall serve for full disclosure of their financial
under the party list. For three more than three consecutive and business interests. They
consecutive terms after the terms. Voluntary renunciation of shall notify the House concerned
ratification of this Constitution, the office for any length of time of a potential conflict of interest
one-half of the seats allocated to shall not be considered as an that may arise from the filing of
party-list representatives shall be interruption in the continuity of a proposed legislation of which
filled, as provided by law, by his service for the full term for they are authors.
selection or election from the which he was elected.
labor, peasant, urban poor, Section 13. No Senator or
indigenous cultural Section 8. Unless otherwise Member of the House of
communities, women, youth, provided by law, the regular Representatives may hold any
and such other sectors as may be election of the Senators and the other office or employment in
provided by law,except the Members of the House of the Government, or any
religious sector. Representatives shall be held on subdivision, agency, or
the second Monday of May. instrumentality thereof,
(3) Each legislative district shall including government-owned or
comprise, as far as Section 9. In case of vacancy in controlled corporations or their
practicable,continguous, the Senate or in the House of subsidiaries, during his term
compact, and adjacent territory. Representatives, a special without forfeiting his seat.
Each city with a population of at election may be called to fill Neither shall he be appointed to
least two hundred fifty thousand, such vacancy in the manner any office which may have been
or each province, shall have at prescribed by law, but the created or the emoluments
least one representative. Senator or Member of the House thereof increased during the
of Representatives thus elected term for which he was elected.
(4) Within three years following shall serve only for the
the return of every census, the unexpired term. Section 14. No Senator or
Congress shall make a Member of the House of
reapportionment of legislative Section 10. The salaries of Representatives may personally
districts based on the standards Senators and Members of the appear as counsel before any
provided in this section. House of Representatives shall court of justice or before the
be determined by law. No Electoral Tribunals, or quasi-
Section 6. No person shall be a increase in said compensation judicial and other administrative
Member of the House of shall take effect until after the bodies. Neither shall he, directly
Representatives unless he is a expiration of the full term of all or indirectly, be interested
natural-born citizen of the the Members of the Senate and financially in any contract with,
Philippines and, on the day of the House of Representatives or in any franchise or special
the election, is at least twenty- approving such increase. privilege granted by the
five years of age, able to read Government, or any subdivision,
and write, and, except the party- Section 11. A Senator or agency, or instrumentality
list representatives, a registered Member of the House of thereof, including any
government-owned or controlled from time to time publish the or organizations registered under
corporation, or its subsidiary, same, excepting such parts as the party-list system represented
during his term of office. He may, in its judgment, affect therein. The chairman of the
shall not intervene in any matter national security; and the yeas Commission shall not vote,
before any office of the and nays on any question shall, except in case of a tie. The
Government for his pecuniary at the request of one-fifth of the Commission shall act on all
benefit or where he may be Members present, be entered in appointments submitted to it
called upon to act on account of the Journal.  within thirty session days of the
his office. Each House shall also keep a Congress from their submission.
Record of its proceedings. The Commission shall rule by a
Section 15. The Congress shall majority vote of all the
convene once every year on the (5) Neither House during the Members.
fourth Monday of July for its sessions of the Congress shall,
regular session, unless a without the consent of the other, Section 19. The Electoral
different date is fixed by law, adjourn for more than three Tribunals and the Commission
and shall continue to be in days, nor to any other place than on Appointments shall be
session for such number of days that in which the two Houses constituted within thirty days
as it may determine until thirty shall be sitting. after the Senate and the House
days before the opening of its of Representatives shall have
next regular session, exclusive Section 17. The Senate and the been organized with the election
of Saturdays, Sundays, and legal House of Representatives shall of the President and the Speaker.
holidays. The President may call each have an Electoral Tribunal The Commission on
a special session at any time. which shall be the sole judge of Appointments shall meet only
all contests relating to the while the Congress is in session,
Section 16. (1). The Senate shall election,returns, and at the call of its Chairman or a
elect its President and the House qualifications of their respective majority of all its Members, to
of Representatives its Speaker, Members. Each Electoral discharge such powers and
by a majority vote of all its Tribunal shall be composed of functions as are herein conferred
respective Members. Each nine Members,three of whom upon it.
House shall choose such other shall be Justices of the Supreme
officers as it may deem Court to be designated by the Section 20. The records and
necessary. Chief Justice, and the remaining books of accounts of the
six shall be Members of the Congress shall be preserved and
(2) A majority of each House Senate or the House of be open to the public in
shall constitute a quorum to do Representatives, as the case accordance with law, and such
business, but a smaller number maybe, who shall be chosen on books shall be audited by the
may adjourn from day to day the basis of proportional Commission on Audit which
and may compel the attendance representation from the political shall publish annually an
of absent Members in such parties and the parties or itemized list of amounts paid to
manner, and under such organizations registered under and expenses incurred for each
penalties, as such House may the party-list system represented Member.
provide. therein. The senior Justice in the
Electoral Tribunal shall be its Section 21. The Senate or the
(3) Each House may determine Chairman. House of Representatives or any
the rules of its proceedings, of its respective committees may
punish its Members for Section 18. There shall be a conduct inquiries in aid of
disorderly behavior, and, with Commission on Appointments legislation in accordance with its
the concurrence of two-thirds of consisting of the President of the duly published rules of
all its Members,suspend or expel Senate, as ex officio Chairman, procedure. The rights of persons
a Member. A penalty of twelve Senators, and twelve appearing in or affected by such
suspension, when imposed, shall Members of the House of inquiries shall be respected.
not exceed sixty days. Representatives, elected by each
House on the basis of Section 22. The heads of
(4) Each House shall keep a proportional representation from departments may upon their own
Journal of its proceedings, and the political parties and parties initiative, with the consent of the
President, or upon the request of Section 25. (1) The Congress for public purposes to be
either House, as the rules of may not increase the supported by appropriate
each House shall provide, appropriations recommended by vouchers and subject to such
appear before and be heard by the President for the operation of guidelines as may be prescribed
such House on any matter the Government as specified in by law.
pertaining to their departments. the budget. The form,content,
Written questions shall be and manner of preparation of the (7) If, by the end of any fiscal
submitted to the President of the budget shall be prescribed by year, the Congress shall have
Senate or the Speaker of the law. failed to pass the general
House of Representatives at appropriations bill for the
least three days before their (2) No provision or enactment ensuing fiscal year, the general
scheduled appearance. shall be embraced in the general appropriations law for the
Interpellations shall not be appropriations bill unless it preceding fiscal year shall be
limited to written questions, but relates specifically to some deemed reenacted and shall
may cover matters related particular appropriation therein. remain in force and effect until
thereto. When the security of the Any such provision or the general appropriations bill is
State or the public interest so enactment shall be limited in its passed by the Congress.
requires and the President so operation to the appropriation to
states in writing, the appearance which it relates. Section 26. (1) Every bill passed
shall be conducted in executive by the Congress shall embrace
session. (3) The procedure in approving only one subject which shall be
appropriations for the Congress expressed in the title thereof.
Section 23. (1) The Congress, by shall strictly follow the
a vote of two-thirds of both procedure for approving (2) No bill passed by either
Houses in joint session appropriations for other House shall become a law unless
assembled, voting separately, departments and agencies. it has passed three readings on
shall have the sole power to separate days, and printed copies
declare the existence of a state (4) A special appropriations bill thereof in its final form have
of war. shall specify the purpose for been distributed to its Members
which it is intended, and shall be three days before its passage,
(2) In times of war or other supported by funds actually except when the President
national emergency, the available as certified by the certifies to the necessity of its
Congress may, by law, authorize National Treasurer, or to be immediate enactment to meet a
the President, for a limited raised by a corresponding public calamity or emergency.
period and subject to such revenue proposal therein. Upon the last reading of a bill,
restrictions as it may prescribe, no amendment thereto shall be
to exercise powers necessary (5) No law shall be passed allowed, and the vote thereon
and proper to carry out a authorizing any transfer of shall be taken immediately
declared national policy. Unless appropriations; however, the thereafter, and the yeas and nays
sooner withdrawn by resolution President, the President of the entered in the Journal.
of the Congress, such powers Senate, the Speaker of the
shall cease upon the next House of Representatives, the Section 27. (1) Every bill passed
adjournment thereof. Chief Justice of the Supreme by the Congress shall, before it
Court, and the heads of becomes a law, be presented to
Section 24. All appropriation, Constitutional Commissions the President. If he approves the
revenue or tariff bills, bills may, by law,be authorized to same he shall sign it;
authorizing increase of the augment any item in the general otherwise,he shall veto it and
public debt, bills of local appropriations law for their return the same with his
application, and private bills respective offices from savings objections to the House where it
shall originate exclusively in the in other items of their respective originated, which shall enter the
House of Representatives, but appropriations. objections at large in its Journal
the Senate may propose or and proceed to reconsider it. If,
concur with amendments. (6) Discretionary funds after such reconsideration, two-
appropriated for particular thirds of all the Members of
officials shall be disbursed only such House shall agree to pass
the bill, it shall be sent, together educational purposes shall be a system of initiative and
with the objections,to the other exempt from taxation. referendum, and the exceptions
House by which it shall likewise therefrom, whereby the people
be reconsidered, and if approved (4) No law granting any tax can directly propose and enact
by two-thirds of all the Members exemption shall be passed laws or approve or reject any act
of that House, it shall become a without the concurrence of a or law or part thereof passed by
law. In all such cases, the votes majority of all the Members of the Congress or local legislative
of each House shall be the Congress. body after the registration of a
determined by yeas or nays, and petition therefor signed by at
the names of the Members Section 29. (1) No money shall least ten per centum of the total
voting for or against shall be be paid out of the Treasury number of registered voters, of
entered in its Journal. The except in pursuance of an which every legislative district
President shall communicate his appropriation made by law. must be represented by at least
veto of any bill to the House three per centum of the
where it originated within thirty registered voters thereof.
days after the date of receipt (2) No public money or property
thereof, otherwise, it shall shall be appropriated,
become a law as if he had signed applied,paid, or employed,
it. directly or indirectly, for the use,
benefit, or support of any sect, Article VII
church,denomination, sectarian
(2) The President shall have the institution, or system of religion, Executive Department
power to veto any particular or of any priest, preacher,
item or items in an minister, other religious teacher,
appropriation, revenue, or tariff Section 1. The executive power
or dignitary as such, except shall be vested in the President
bill, but the veto shall not affect when such priest, preacher,
the item or items to which he of the Philippines.
minister, or dignitary is assigned
does not object. to the armed forces, or to any Section 2. No person may be
penal institution, or government elected President unless he is a
Section 28. (1) The rule of orphanage or leprosarium.
taxation shall be uniform and natural-born citizen of the
equitable. The Congress shall Philippines, a registered voter,
(3) All money collected on any able to read and write, at least
evolve a progressive system of tax levied for a special purpose
taxation. forty years of age on the day of
shall be treated as a special fund the election, and a resident of
and paid out for such purpose the Philippines for at least ten
(2) The Congress may, by law, only. If the purpose for which a years immediately preceding
authorize the President to fix special fund was created has such election.
within specified limits, and been fulfilled or abandoned, the
subject to such limitations and balance, if any, shall be
restrictions as it may impose, Section 3. There shall be a Vice-
transferred to the general funds President who shall have the
tariff rates, import and export of the Government.
quotas, tonnage and wharfage same qualifications and term of
dues, and other duties or imposts office and be elected with and in
Section 30. No law shall be the same manner as the
within the framework of the passed increasing the appellate
national development program President. He may be removed
jurisdiction of the Supreme from office in the same manner
of the Government. Court as provided in this as the President.
Constitution without its advice
(3) Charitable institutions, and concurrence.
churches and parsonages or The Vice-President may be
convents appurtenant thereto, appointed as a Member of the
Section 31. No law granting a Cabinet. Such appointment
mosques, non- profit cemeteries, title of royalty or nobility shall
and all lands, buildings, and requires no confirmation.
be enacted.
improvements, actually, directly,
and exclusively used for Section 4. The President and the
religious, charitable, or Section 32. The Congress shall, Vice-President shall be elected
as early as possible, provide for by direct vote of the people for a
term of six years which shall one of them shall forthwith be Section 7. The President-elect
begin at noon on the thirtieth chosen by the vote of a majority and the Vice-President-elect
day of June next following the of all the Members of both shall assume office at the
day of the election and shall end Houses of the Congress, voting beginning of their terms.
at noon of the same date six separately.
years thereafter. The President If the President-elect fails to
shall not be eligible for any The Congress shall promulgate qualify, the Vice-President-elect
reelection. No person who has its rules for the canvassing of shall act as President until the
succeeded as President and has the certificates. President-elect shall have
served as such for more than qualified.
four years shall be qualified for The Supreme Court, sitting en
election to the same office at banc, shall be the sole judge of If a President shall not have
any time. all contests relating to the been chosen, the Vice-President-
election, returns, and elect shall act as President until
No Vice-President shall serve qualifications of the President or a President shall have been
for more than two successive Vice-President, and may chosen and qualified.
terms. Voluntary renunciation of promulgate its rules for the
the office for any length of time purpose. If at the beginning of the term of
shall not be considered as an the President, the President-elect
interruption in the continuity of Section 5. Before they enter on shall have died or shall have
the service for the full term for the execution of their office, the become permanently disabled,
which he was elected. President, the Vice-President, or the Vice-President-elect shall
the Acting President shall take become President.
Unless otherwise provided by the following oath or
law, the regular election for affirmation: Where no President and Vice-
President and Vice-President President shall have been chosen
shall be held on the second "I do solemnly swear (or or shall have qualified, or where
Monday of May. affirm) that I will faithfully and both shall have died or become
conscientiously fulfill my duties permanently disabled, the
The returns of every election for as President (or Vice-President President of the Senate or, in
President and Vice-President, or Acting President) of the case of his inability, the Speaker
duly certified by the board of Philippines, preserve and of the House of Representatives
canvassers of each province or defend its Constitution, execute shall act as President until a
city, shall be transmitted to the its laws, do justice to every President or a Vice-President
Congress, directed to the man, and consecrate myself to shall have been chosen and
President of the Senate. Upon the service of the Nation. So qualified.
receipt of the certificates of help me God." (In case of
canvass, the President of the affirmation, last sentence will The Congress shall, by law,
Senate shall, not later than thirty be omitted.) provide for the manner in which
days after the day of the one who is to act as President
election, open all the certificates Section 6. The President shall shall be selected until a
in the presence of the Senate and have an official residence. The President or a Vice-President
the House of Representatives in salaries of the President and shall have qualified, in case of
joint public session, and the Vice-President shall be death, permanent disability, or
Congress, upon determination of determined by law and shall not inability of the officials
the authenticity and due be decreased during their tenure. mentioned in the next preceding
execution thereof in the manner No increase in said paragraph.
provided by law, canvass the compensation shall take effect
votes. until after the expiration of the Section 8. In case of death,
term of the incumbent during permanent disability, removal
The person having the highest which such increase was from office, or resignation of the
number of votes shall be approved. They shall not receive President, the Vice-President
proclaimed elected, but in case during their tenure any other shall become the President to
two or more shall have an equal emolument from the serve the unexpired term. In
and highest number of votes, Government or any other source.
case of death, permanent Section 26, Article V1 of this the Cabinet transmit within five
disability, removal from office, Constitution and shall become days to the President of the
or resignation of both the law upon its approval on third Senate and to the Speaker of the
President and Vice-President, reading by the Congress. House of Representatives their
the President of the Senate or, in Appropriations for the special written declaration that the
case of his inability, the Speaker election shall be charged against President is unable to discharge
of the House of Representatives, any current appropriations and the powers and duties of his
shall then act as President until shall be exempt from the office, the Congress shall decide
the President or Vice-President requirements of paragraph 4, the issue. For that purpose, the
shall have been elected and Section 25, Article V1 of this Congress shall convene, if it is
qualified. Constitution. The convening of not in session, within forty-eight
the Congress cannot be hours, in accordance with its
The Congress shall, by law, suspended nor the special rules and without need of call.
provide who shall serve as election postponed. No special
President in case of death, election shall be called if the If the Congress, within ten days
permanent disability, or vacancy occurs within eighteen after receipt of the last written
resignation of the Acting months before the date of the declaration, or, if not in session,
President. He shall serve until next presidential election. within twelve days after it is
the President or the Vice- required to assemble, determines
President shall have been Section 11. Whenever the by a two-thirds vote of both
elected and qualified, and be President transmits to the Houses, voting separately, that
subject to the same restrictions President of the Senate and the the President is unable to
of powers and disqualifications Speaker of the House of discharge the powers and duties
as the Acting President. Representatives his written of his office, the Vice- President
declaration that he is unable to shall act as President; otherwise,
Section 9. Whenever there is a discharge the powers and duties the President shall continue
vacancy in the Office of the of his office, and until he exercising the powers and duties
Vice-President during the term transmits to them a written of his office.
for which he was elected, the declaration to the contrary, such
President shall nominate a Vice- powers and duties shall be Section 12. In case of serious
President from among the discharged by the Vice- illness of the President, the
Members of the Senate and the President as Acting President. public shall be informed of the
House of Representatives who state of his health. The members
shall assume office upon Whenever a majority of all the of the Cabinet in charge of
confirmation by a majority vote Members of the Cabinet national security and foreign
of all the Members of both transmit to the President of the relations and the Chief of Staff
Houses of the Congress, voting Senate and to the Speaker of the of the Armed Forces of the
separately. House of Representatives their Philippines, shall not be denied
written declaration that the access to the President during
Section 10. The Congress shall, President is unable to discharge such illness.
at ten o'clock in the morning of the powers and duties of his
the third day after the vacancy in office, the Vice-President shall Section 13. The President, Vice-
the offices of the President and immediately assume the powers President, the Members of the
Vice-President occurs, convene and duties of the office as Cabinet, and their deputies or
in accordance with its rules Acting President. assistants shall not, unless
without need of a call and within otherwise provided in this
seven days enact a law calling Thereafter, when the President Constitution, hold any other
for a special election to elect a transmits to the President of the office or employment during
President and a Vice-President Senate and to the Speaker of the their tenure. They shall not,
to be held not earlier than forty- House of Representatives his during said tenure, directly or
five days nor later than sixty written declaration that no indirectly, practice any other
days from the time of such call. inability exists, he shall profession, participate in any
The bill calling such special reassume the powers and duties business, or be financially
election shall be deemed of his office. Meanwhile, should interested in any contract with,
certified under paragraph 2, a majority of all the Members of or in any franchise, or special
privilege granted by the whose appointments are vested vote of at least a majority of all
Government or any subdivision, in him in this Constitution. He its Members in regular or special
agency, or instrumentality shall also appoint all other session, may revoke such
thereof, including government- officers of the Government proclamation or suspension,
owned or controlled whose appointments are not which revocation shall not be set
corporations or their otherwise provided for by law, aside by the President. Upon the
subsidiaries. They shall strictly and those whom he may be initiative of the President, the
avoid conflict of interest in the authorized by law to appoint. Congress may, in the same
conduct of their office. The Congress may, by law, vest manner, extend such
the appointment of other officers proclamation or suspension for a
The spouse and relatives by lower in rank in the President period to be determined by the
consanguinity or affinity within alone, in the courts, or in the Congress, if the invasion or
the fourth civil degree of the heads of departments, agencies, rebellion shall persist and public
President shall not during his commissions, or boards. safety requires it.
tenure be appointed as Members
of the Constitutional The President shall have the The Congress, if not in session,
Commissions, or the Office of power to make appointments shall, within twenty-four hours
the Ombudsman, or a during the recess of the following such proclamation or
Secretaries, Undersecretaries, Congress, whether voluntary or suspension, convene in
chairmen or heads of bureaus or compulsory, but such accordance with its rules
offices, including government- appointments shall be effective without need of a call.
owned or controlled only until disapproval by the
corporations and their Commission on Appointments The Supreme Court may review,
subsidiaries. or until the next adjournment of in an appropriate proceeding
the Congress. filed by any citizen, the
Section 14. Appointments sufficiency of the factual basis
extended by an Acting President Section 17. The President shall of the proclamation of martial
shall remain effective, unless have control of all the executive law or the suspension of the
revoked by the elected President departments, bureaus, and privilege of the writ or the
within ninety days from his offices. He shall ensure that the extension thereof, and must
assumption or reassumption of laws be faithfully executed. promulgate its decision thereon
office. within thirty days from its filing.
Section 18. The President shall
Section 15. Two months be the Commander-in-Chief of A state of martial law does not
immediately before the next all armed forces of the suspend the operation of the
presidential elections and up to Philippines and whenever it Constitution, nor supplant the
the end of his term, a President becomes necessary, he may call functioning of the civil courts or
or Acting President shall not out such armed forces to prevent legislative assemblies, nor
make appointments, except or suppress lawless violence, authorize the conferment of
temporary appointments to invasion or rebellion. In case of jurisdiction on military courts
executive positions when invasion or rebellion, when the and agencies over civilians
continued vacancies therein will public safety requires it, he may, where civil courts are able to
prejudice public service or for a period not exceeding sixty function, nor automatically
endanger public safety. days, suspend the privilege of suspend the privilege of the writ.
the writ of habeas corpus or
Section 16. The President shall place the Philippines or any part The suspension of the privilege
nominate and, with the consent thereof under martial law. of the writ shall apply only to
of the Commission on Within forty-eight hours from persons judicially charged for
Appointments, appoint the heads the proclamation of martial law rebellion or offenses inherent in
of the executive departments, or the suspension of the or directly connected with
ambassadors, other public privilege of the writ of habeas invasion.
ministers and consuls, or corpus, the President shall
officers of the armed forces submit a report in person or in During the suspension of the
from the rank of colonel or writing to the Congress. The privilege of the writ, any person
naval captain, and other officers Congress, voting jointly, by a thus arrested or detained shall be
judicially charged within three from existing and proposed automatically and regularly
days, otherwise he shall be revenue measures. released.
released.
Section 23. The President shall Section 4. (1) The Supreme
Section 19. Except in cases of address the Congress at the Court shall be composed of a
impeachment, or as otherwise opening of its regular session. Chief Justice and fourteen
provided in this Constitution, the He may also appear before it at Associate Justices. It may sit en
President may grant reprieves, any other time. banc or in its discretion, in
commutations, and pardons, and division of three, five, or seven
remit fines and forfeitures, after Members. Any vacancy shall be
conviction by final judgment. filled within ninety days from
the occurrence thereof.
Article VIII
He shall also have the power to
grant amnesty with the (2) All cases involving the
concurrence of a majority of all Judicial Department constitutionality of a treaty,
the Members of the Congress. international or executive
Section 1. The judicial power agreement, or law, which shall
Section 20. The President may shall be vested in one Supreme be heard by the Supreme
contract or guarantee foreign Court and in such lower courts Court en banc, and all other
loans on behalf of the Republic as may be established by law. cases which under the Rules of
of the Philippines with the prior Court are required to be
concurrence of the Monetary Judicial power includes the duty heard en banc, including those
Board, and subject to such of the courts of justice to settle involving the constitutionality,
limitations as may be provided actual controversies involving application, or operation of
by law. The Monetary Board rights which are legally presidential decrees,
shall, within thirty days from the demandable and enforceable, proclamations, orders,
end of every quarter of the and to determine whether or not instructions, ordinances, and
calendar year, submit to the there has been a grave abuse of other regulations, shall be
Congress a complete report of discretion amounting to lack or decided with the concurrence of
its decision on applications for excess of jurisdiction on the part a majority of the Members who
loans to be contracted or of any branch or instrumentality actually took part in the
guaranteed by the Government of the Government. deliberations on the issues in the
or government-owned and case and voted thereon.
controlled corporations which Section 2. The Congress shall
would have the effect of have the power to define, (3) Cases or matters heard by a
increasing the foreign debt, and prescribe, and apportion the division shall be decided or
containing other matters as may jurisdiction of the various courts resolved with the concurrence of
be provided by law. but may not deprive the a majority of the Members who
Supreme Court of its jurisdiction actually took part in the
Section 21. No treaty or over cases enumerated in deliberations on the issues in the
international agreement shall be Section 5 hereof. case and voted thereon, and in
valid and effective unless no case, without the concurrence
concurred in by at least two- No law shall be passed of at least three of such
thirds of all the Members of the reorganizing the Judiciary when Members. When the required
Senate. it under-mines the security of number is not obtained, the case
tenure of its Members. shall be decided en banc:
Section 22. The President shall Provided, that no doctrine or
submit to the Congress within principle of law laid down by
Section 3. The Judiciary shall the court in a decision
thirty days from the opening of enjoy fiscal autonomy.
every regular session, as the rendered en banc or in division
Appropriations for the Judiciary may be modified or reversed
basis of the general may not be reduced by the
appropriations bill, a budget of except by the court sitting en
legislature below the amount banc.
expenditures and sources of appropriated for the previous
financing, including receipts year and, after approval, shall be
Section 5. The Supreme Court (4) Order a change of venue or Philippines and a member of the
shall have the following powers: place of trial to avoid a Philippine Bar.
miscarriage of justice.
(1) Exercise original jurisdiction (3) A Member of the Judiciary
over cases affecting (5) Promulgate rules concerning must be a person of proven
ambassadors, other public the protection and enforcement competence, integrity, probity,
ministers and consuls, and over of constitutional rights, and independence.
petitions for certiorari, pleading, practice, and
prohibition, mandamus, quo procedure in all courts, the Section 8. (1) A Judicial and Bar
warranto, and habeas corpus. admission to the practice of law, Council is hereby created under
the Integrated Bar, and legal the supervision of the Supreme
(2) Review, revise, reverse, assistance to the Court composed of the Chief
modify, or affirm on appeal or underprivileged. Such rules shall Justice as ex officio Chairman,
certiorari as the law or the Rules provide a simplified and the Secretary of Justice, and a
of Court may provide, final inexpensive procedure for the representative of the Congress
judgments and orders of lower speedy disposition of cases, as ex officio Members, a
courts in: shall be uniform for all courts of representative of the Integrated
the same grade, and shall not Bar, a professor of law, a retired
(a) All cases in which the diminish, increase, modify Member of the Supreme Court,
constitutionality or validity of substantive rights. Rules of and a representative of the
any treaty, international or procedure of special courts and private sector.
executive agreement, law, quasi-judicial bodies shall
presidential decree, remain effective unless (2) The regular members of the
proclamation, order, instruction, disapproved by the Supreme Council shall be appointed by
ordinance, or regulation is in Court. the President for a term of four
question. years with the consent of the
(6) Appoint all officials and Commission on Appointments.
(b) All cases involving the employees of the Judiciary in Of the Members first appointed,
legality of any tax, impost, accordance with the Civil the representative of the
assessment, or toll, or any Service Law. Integrated Bar shall serve for
penalty imposed in relation four years, the professor of law
thereto. Section 6. The Supreme Court for three years, the retired
shall have administrative Justice for two years, and the
(c) All cases in which the supervision over all courts and representative of the private
jurisdiction of any lower court is the personnel thereof. sector for one year.
in issue.
Section 7. (1) No person shall be (3) The Clerk of the Supreme
(d) All criminal cases in which appointed Member of the Court shall be the Secretary ex
the penalty imposed is reclusion Supreme Court or any lower officio of the Council and shall
perpetua or higher. collegiate court unless he is a keep a record of its proceedings.
natural-born citizen of the
Philippines. A Member of the (4) The regular Members of the
(e) All cases in which only an Supreme Court must be at least
error or question of law is Council shall receive such
forty years of age, and must emoluments as may be
involved. have been for fifteen years or determined by the Supreme
more a judge of a lower court or Court. The Supreme Court shall
(3) Assign temporarily judges of engaged in the practice of law in provide in its annual budget the
lower courts to other stations as the Philippines. appropriations for the Council.
public interest may require.
Such temporary assignment (2) The Congress shall prescribe
shall not exceed six months (5) The Council shall have the
the qualifications of judges of principal function of
without the consent of the judge lower courts, but no person may
concerned. recommending appointees to the
be appointed judge thereof Judiciary. It may exercise such
unless he is a citizen of the
other functions and duties as the reached in consultation before or matter, and served upon the
Supreme Court may assign to it. the case is assigned to a Member parties. The certification shall
for the writing of the opinion of state why a decision or
Section 9. The Members of the the Court. A certification to this resolution has not been rendered
Supreme Court and judges of effect signed by the Chief or issued within said period.
lower courts shall be appointed Justice shall be issued and a
by the President from a list of at copy thereof attached to the (4) Despite the expiration of the
least three nominees prepared by record of the case and served applicable mandatory period, the
the Judicial and Bar Council for upon the parties. Any Members court, without prejudice to such
every vacancy. Such who took no part, or dissented, responsibility as may have been
appointments need no or abstained from a decision or incurred in consequence thereof,
confirmation. resolution must state the reason shall decide or resolve the case
therefor. The same requirements or matter submitted thereto for
For the lower courts, the shall be observed by all lower determination, without further
President shall issue the collegiate courts. delay.
appointments within ninety days
from the submission of the list. Section 14. No decision shall be Section 16. The Supreme Court
rendered by any court without shall, within thirty days from the
Section 10. The salary of the expressing therein clearly and opening of each regular session
Chief Justice and of the distinctly the facts and the law of the Congress, submit to the
Associate Justices of the on which it is based. President and the Congress an
Supreme Court, and of judges of annual report on the operations
lower courts shall be fixed by No petition for review or motion and activities of the Judiciary.
law. During their continuance in for reconsideration of a decision
office, their salary shall not be of the court shall be refused due
decreased. course or denied without stating
the legal basis therefor. Article IX
Section 11. The Members of the
Supreme Court and judges of Section 15. (1) All cases or A. Common Provisions
lower courts shall hold office matters filed after the effectivity Section 1. The Constitutional
during good behavior until they of this Constitution must be
decided or resolved within Commissions, which shall be
reach the age of seventy years or
become incapacitated to twenty-four months from date of independent, are the Civil
discharge the duties of their submission for the Supreme Service Commission, the
office. The Supreme Court en Court, and, unless reduced by Commission on Elections, and
banc shall have the power of the Supreme Court, twelve
the Commission on Audit.
discipline judges of lower months for all lower collegiate
courts, or order their dismissal courts, and three months for all
by a vote of a majority of the other lower courts. Section 2. No member of a
Members who actually took part Constitutional Commission
in the deliberations on the issues (2) A case or matter shall be shall, during his tenure, hold any
in the case and voted thereon. deemed submitted for decision other office or employment.
or resolution upon the filing of Neither shall he engage in the
the last pleading, brief, or practice of any profession or in
Section 12. The Members of the
memorandum required by the the active management or
Supreme Court and of other
Rules of Court or by the court control of any business which in
courts established by law shall
itself. any way may be affected by the
not be designated to any agency
functions of his office, nor shall
performing quasi-judicial or
he be financially interested,
administrative functions. (3) Upon the expiration of the
directly or indirectly, in any
corresponding period, a
contract with, or in any
Section 13. The conclusions of certification to this effect signed
franchise or privilege granted by
the Supreme Court in any case by the Chief Justice or the
the Government, any of its
submitted to it for decision en presiding judge shall forthwith
subdivisions, agencies, or
banc or in division shall be be issued and a copy thereof
instrumentalities, including
attached to the record of the case
government-owned or controlled Section 8. Each Commission (2) Appoints in the civil service
corporations or their shall perform such other shall be made only according to
subsidiaries. functions as may be provided by merit and fitness to be
law. determined, as far as practicable,
Section. 3. The salary of the and, except to positions which
Chairman and the are policy- determining,
Commissioners shall be fixed by primarily confidential, or highly
law and shall not be decreased technical, by competitive
B. The Civil Service
during their tenure. examination.
Commission

Section 4. The Constitutional (3) No officer or employee of

Section 1. (1) The civil service the civil service shall be
Commissions shall appoint their
shall be administered by the removed or suspended except
officials and employees in
Civil Service Commission for cause provided by law.
accordance with law.
composed of a Chairman and
two Commissioners who shall
Section 5. The Commission (4) No officer or employee in
be natural-born citizens of the
shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. the civil service shall engage,
Philippines and, at the time of
Their approved annual directly or indirectly, in any
their appointment, at least thirty-
appropriations shall be electioneering or partisan
five years of age, with proven
automatically and regularly political campaign.
capacity for public
released. administration, and must not
have been candidates for any (5) The right to self-organization
Section 6. Each Commission en elective position in the elections shall not be denied to
banc may promulgate its own immediately preceding their government employees.
rules concerning pleadings and appointment.
practice before it or before any (6) Temporary employees of the
of its offices. Such rules (2) The Chairman and the Government shall be given such
however shall not diminish, Commissioners shall be protection as may be provided
increase, or modify substantive appointed by the President with by law.
rights. the consent of the Commission
on Appointments for a term of Section 3. The Civil Service
Section 7. Each Commission seven years without Commission, as the central
shall decide by a majority vote reappointment. Of those first personnel agency of the
of all its Members any case or appointed, the Chairman shall Government, shall establish a
matter brought before it within hold office for seven years, a career service and adopt
sixty days from the date of its Commissioner for five years, measures to promote morale,
submission for decision or and another Commissioner for efficiency, integrity,
resolution. A case or matter is three years, without responsiveness, progressiveness,
deemed submitted for decision appointment. Appointment to and courtesy in the civil service.
or resolution upon the filing of any vacancy shall be only for It shall strengthen the merit and
the last pleading, brief, or the unexpired term of the rewards system, integrate all
memorandum required by the predecessor. In no case shall any human resources development
rules of the Commission or by Member be appointed or programs for all levels and
the Commission itself. Unless designated in a temporary or ranks, and institutionalize a
otherwise provided by this acting capacity. management climate conducive
Constitution or by law, any to public accountability. It shall
decision, order, or ruling of each Section 2. (1) The civil service submit to the President and the
Commission may be brought to embraces all branches, Congress an annual report on its
the Supreme Court subdivisions, instrumentalities, personnel programs.
on certiorari by the aggrieved and agencies of the Government,
party within thirty days from including government-owned or Section 4. All public officers
receipt of a copy thereof. controlled corporations with and employees shall take an oath
original charters. or affirmation to uphold and
defend this Constitution.
Section 5. The Congress shall double, or indirect referendum, and recall. (2)
provide for the standardization compensation. Exercise exclusive original
of compensation of government jurisdiction over all contests
officials and employees, relating to the elections, returns,
including those in government- and qualifications of all elective
owned or controlled regional, provincial, and city
C. The Commission on
corporations with original officials, and appellate
charters, taking into account the Election jurisdiction over all contests
nature of the responsibilities involving elective municipal
pertaining to, and the Section 1. (1) There shall be a officials decided by trial courts
qualifications required for their Commission on Elections of general jurisdiction, or
positions. compose of Chairman and six involving elective barangay
Commissioners who shall be officials decided by trial courts
Section 6. No candidate who has natural-born citizens of the of limited jurisdiction.
lost in any election shall, within Philippines and, at the time of
one year after such election, be their appointment, at least thirty- Decisions, final orders, or
appointed to any office in the five years of age, holders of a rulings of the Commission on
Government or any government- college degree, and must not election contests involving
owned or controlled have been candidates for any elective municipal and barangay
corporations or in any of their elective position in the offices shall be final, executory,
subsidiaries. immediately preceding and not appealable.
elections. However, a majority
thereof, including the Chairman,
Section 7. No elective official (3) Decide, except those
shall be members of the
shall be eligible for appointment involving the right to vote, all
Philippine Bar who have been
or designation in any capacity to questions affecting elections,
engaged in the practice of law
any public office or position including determination of the
for at least ten years.
during his tenure. number and location of polling
places, appointment of election
(2) The Chairman and the officials and inspectors, and
Unless otherwise allowed by
Commissioners shall be registration of voters.
law or by the primary functions
appointed by the President with
of his position, no appointive
the consent of the Commission
official shall hold any other (4) Deputize, with the
on Appointments for a term of
office or employment in the concurrence of the President,
seven years without
Government or any subdivision, law enforcement agencies and
reappointment. Of those first
agency or instrumentality instrumentalities of the
appointed, three Members shall
thereof, including government- Government, including the
hold office for seven years, two
owned or controlled Armed Forces of the
Members for five years, and the
corporations or their Philippines, for the exclusive
last Members for three years,
subsidiaries. purpose of ensuring free,
without reappointment.
orderly, honest, peaceful, and
Appointment to any vacancy
Section 8. No elective or credible elections.
shall be only for the unexpired
appointive public officer or term of the predecessor. In no
employee shall receive case shall any Member be (5) Register, after sufficient
additional, double, or indirect appointed or designated in a publication, political parties,
compensation, unless temporary or acting capacity. organizations, or coalitions
specifically authorized by law, which, in addition to other
nor accept without the consent requirements, must present their
Sec. 2. The Commission on
of the Congress, any present, platform or program of
Elections shall exercise the
emolument, office, or title of government; and accredit
following powers and functions:
any kind from any foreign citizens' arms of the
government. Commission on Elections.
(1) Enforce and administer all Religious denominations and
laws and regulations relative to sects shall not be registered.
Pensions or gratuities shall not
the conduct of an election, Those which seek to achieve
be considered as additional,
plebiscite, initiative, their goals through violence or
unlawful means, or refuse to election, plebiscite, initiative, choice of the people, subject to
uphold and adhere to this referendum, or recall. the provisions of this Article.
Constitution, or which are
supported by any foreign Section 3. The Commission on Section 7. No votes cast in favor
government shall likewise be Elections may sit en banc or in of a political party, organization,
refused registration. two divisions, and shall or coalition shall be valid,
promulgate its rules of except for those registered under
Financial contributions from procedure in order to expedite the party-list system as provided
foreign governments and their disposition of election cases, in this Constitution.
agencies to political parties, including pre- proclamation
organizations, coalitions, or controversies. All such election Section 8. Political parties, or
candidates related to elections cases shall be heard and decided organizations or coalitions
constitute interference in in division, provided that registered under the party-list
national affairs, and, when motions for reconsideration of system, shall not be represented
accepted, shall be an additional decisions shall be decided by the in the voters' registration boards,
ground for the cancellation of Commission en banc. boards of election inspectors,
their registration with the boards of canvassers, or other
Commission, in addition to other Section 4. The Commission similar bodies. However, they
penalties that may be prescribed may, during the election period, shall be entitled to appoint poll
by law. supervise or regulate the watchers in accordance with
enjoyment or utilization of all law.
(6) File, upon a verified franchises or permits for the
complaint, or on its own operation of transportation and Section 9. Unless otherwise
initiative, petitions in court for other public utilities, media of fixed by the Commission in
inclusion or exclusion of voters; communication or information, special cases, the election period
investigate and, where all grants, special privileges, or shall commence ninety days
appropriate, prosecute cases of concessions granted by the before the day of election and
violations of election laws, Government or any subdivision, shall end thirty days thereafter.
including acts or omissions agency, or instrumentality
constituting election frauds, thereof, including any Section 10. Bona fide candidates
offenses, and malpractices. government-owned or controlled for any public office shall be
corporation or its subsidiary. free from any form of
(7) Recommend to the Congress Such supervision or regulation harassment and discrimination.
effective measures to minimize shall aim to ensure equal
election spending, including opportunity, equal rates therefor,
for public information Section 11. Funds certified by
limitation of places where the Commission as necessary to
propaganda materials shall be campaigns and forums among
candidates in connection with defray the expenses for holding
posted, and to prevent and regular and special elections,
penalize all forms of election the objective of holding free,
orderly, honest, peaceful, and plebiscites, initiatives, referenda,
frauds, offenses, malpractices, and recalls, shall be provided in
and nuisance candidacies. credible elections.
the regular or special
appropriations and, once
(8) Recommend to the President Section 5. No pardon, amnesty, approved, shall be released
the removal of any officer or parole, or suspension of automatically upon certification
employee it has deputized, or sentence for violation of election by the Chairman of the
the imposition of any other laws, rules, and regulations shall Commission.
disciplinary action, for violation be granted by the President
or disregard of, or disobedience without the favorable
to its directive, order, or recommendation of the
decision. Commission.
D. The Commission on Audit
(9) Submit to the President and Section 6. A free and open party
the Congress a comprehensive system shall be allowed to Section 1. (1) There shall be a
report on the conduct of each evolve according to the free Commission on Audit it
composed of a Chairman and
two Commissioners, who shall autonomy under this the Congress, within the time
be natural-born citizens of the Constitution; (b) autonomous fixed by law,an annual report
Philippines and, at the time of state colleges and universities; covering the financial condition
their appointment, at least thirty- (c) other government-owned or and operation of the
five years of age, certified controlled corporations and their Government, its subdivisions,
public accountants with not less subsidaries; and (d) such non- agencies, and instrumentalities,
than ten years of auditing governmental entities receiving including government-owned or
experience, or members of the subsidy or equity, directly or controlled corporations, and
Philippine Bar who have been indirectly, from or through the non-governmental entities
engaged in the practice of law Government, which are required subject to its audit, and
for at least ten years, and must by law or the granting institution recommend measures necessary
not have been candidates for any to submit to such audit as a to improve their effectiveness
elective position in the elections condition of subsidy or equity. and efficiency. It shall submit
immediately preceding their However, where the internal such other reports as may be
appointment. At no time shall all control system of the audited required by law.
Members of the Commission agencies is inadequate, the
belong to the same profession. Commission may adopt such
measures,including temporary or
(2) The Chairman and the special pre-audit, as are Article X
Commissioners shall be necessary and appropriate to
appointed by the President with correct the deficiencies. It shall
Local Government
the consent of the Commission keep the general accounts of the
on Appointments for a term of Government and, for such
General Provisions
seven years without period as may be provided by
reappointment. Of those first law, preserve the vouchers and
appointed, the Chairman shall other supporting papers Section 1. The territorial and
hold office for seven years, one pertaining thereto. political subdivisions of the
Commissioner for five years, Republic of the Philippines are
and the other Commissioner for (2) The Commission shall have the provinces, cities,
three years, without exclusive authority, subject to municipalities, and barangays.
reappointment. Appointment to the limitations in this Article, to There shall be autonomous
any vacancy shall be only for define the scope of its audit and regions in Muslim Mindanao
the unexpired portion of the examination, establish the and the Cordilleras as
term of the predecessor. In no techniques and methods required hereinafter provided.
case shall any Member be therefor, and promulgate
appointed or designated in a accounting and auditing rules Section 2. The territorial and
temporary or acting capacity. and regulations, including those political subdivisions shall
for the prevention and enjoy local autonomy.
Section 2. (1) The Commission disallowance of irregular,
on Audit shall have the power, unnecessary, excessive, Section 3. The Congress shall
authority, and duty to examine, extravagant, or unconscionable enact a local government code
audit, and settle all accounts expenditures, or uses of which shall provide for a more
pertaining to the revenue and government funds and responsive and accountable
receipts of, and expenditures or properties. local government structure
uses of funds and property, instituted through a system of
owned or held in trust by, or Section 3. No law shall be decentralization with effective
pertaining to, the Government, passed exempting any entity of mechanisms of recall,
or any of its subdivisions, the Government or its subsidiary initiative, and referendum,
agencies, or instrumentalities, in any guise whatever, or any allocate among the different
including government-owned or investment of public funds, from local government units their
controlled corporations with the jurisdiction of the powers, responsibilities, and
original charters, and on a post- Commission on Audit. resources, and provide for the
audit basis: (a) constitutional qualifications, election,
bodies, commissions and offices Section 4. The Commission appointment and removal,
that have been granted fiscal shall submit to the President and term, salaries, powers and
functions and duties of local be determined by law, shall be The voters of component cities
officials, and all other matters three years and no such within a province, whose
relating to the organization official serve for more than charters contain no such
and operation of the local three consecutive terms. prohibition, shall not be
units. Voluntary renunciation of the deprived of their right to vote
office for any length of time for elective provincial officials.
Section 4. The President of the shall not be considered as an
Philippines shall exercise interruption in the continuity Section 13. Local government
general supervision over local of his service for the full term units may group themselves,
governments. Provinces with for which he was elected. consolidate or coordinate their
respect to component cities efforts, services, and resources
and municipalities, and cities Section 9. Legislative bodies of for purposes commonly
and municipalities with local governments shall have beneficial to them in
respect to component sectoral representation as may accordance with law.
barangays shall ensure that be prescribed by law.
the acts of their component Section 14. The President shall
units are within the scope of Section 10. No province, city, provide for regional
their prescribed powers and municipality, or barangay development councils or other
functions. may be created, divided, similar bodies composed of
merged, abolished, or its local government officials,
Section 5. Each local boundary substantially regional heads of departments
government unit shall have the altered, except in accordance and other government offices,
power to create its own with the criteria established in and representatives from non-
sources of revenues and to levy the local government code and governmental organizations
taxes, fees and charges subject subject to approval by a within the regions for
to such guidelines and majority of the votes cast in a purposes of administrative
limitations as the Congress plebiscite in the political units decentralization to strengthen
may provide, consistent with directly affected. the autonomy of the units
the basic policy of local therein and to accelerate the
autonomy. Such taxes, fees, Section 11. The Congress may, economic and social growth
and charges shall accrue by law, create special and development of the units
exclusively to the local metropolitan political in the region.
governments. subdivisions, subject to a
plebiscite as set forth in
Section 6. Local government Section 10 hereof. The
units shall have a just share, as component cities and Autonomous Regions
determined by law, in the municipalities shall retain
national taxes which shall be their basic autonomy and shall
automatically released to be entitled to their own local Section 15. There shall be
them. executives and legislative created autonomous regions in
assemblies. The jurisdiction of Muslim Mindanao and in the
the metropolitan authority Cordilleras consisting of
Section 7. Local governments provinces, cities,
shall be entitled to an that will thereby be created
shall be limited to basic municipalities, and
equitable share in the geographical areas sharing
proceeds of the utilization and services requiring
coordination. common and distinctive
development of the national historical and cultural
wealth within their respective heritage, economic and social
areas, in the manner provided Section 12. Cities that are structures, and other relevant
by law, including sharing the highly urbanized, as characteristics within the
same with the inhabitants by determined by law, and framework of this
way of direct benefits. component cities whose Constitution and the national
charters prohibit their voters sovereignty as well as
Section 8. The term of office of from voting for provincial territorial integrity of the
elective local officials, except elective officials, shall be Republic of the Philippines.
barangay officials, which shall independent of the province.
Section 16. The President shall from the time of organization Article XI
exercise general supervision of both Houses, pass the
over autonomous regions to organic acts for the Accountability of Public
ensure that laws are faithfully autonomous regions in Muslim Officers
executed. Mindanao and the Cordilleras.
Section 1. Public office is a
Section 17. All powers, Section 20. Within its public trust. Public officers
functions, and responsibilities territorial jurisdiction and and employees must at all
not granted by this subject to the provisions of times be accountable to the
Constitution or by law to the this Constitution and national people, serve them with
autonomous regions shall be laws, the organic act of utmost responsibility,
vested in the National autonomous regions shall integrity, loyalty, and
Government. provide for legislative powers efficiency; act with patriotism
over: and justice, and lead modest
Section 18. The Congress shall lives.
enact an organic act for each (1) Administrative
autonomous region with the organization; Section 2. The President, the
assistance and participation of (2) Creation of sources of Vice-President, the Members
the regional consultative revenues; of the Supreme Court, the
commission composed of (3) Ancestral domain and Members of the Constitutional
representatives appointed by natural resources;  Commissions, and the
the President from a list of (4) Personal, family, and Ombudsman may be removed
nominees from multisectoral property relations; from office, on impeachment
bodies. The organic act shall (5) Regional urban and rural for and conviction of, culpable
define the basic structure of planning development; violation of the Constitution,
government for the region (6) Economic, social, and treason, bribery, graft and
consisting of the executive tourism development; corruption, other high crimes,
department and legislative (7) Educational policies; or betrayal of public trust. All
assembly, both of which shall (8) Preservation and other public officers and
be elective and representative development of the cultural employees may be removed
of the constituent political heritage; and from office as provided by
units. The organic acts shall (9) Such other matters as may law, but not by impeachment.
likewise provide for special be authorized by law for the
courts with personal, family, promotion of the general
and property law jurisdiction welfare of the people of the Section 3. (1) The House of
consistent with the provisions region. Representatives shall have the
of this Constitution and exclusive power to initiate all
national laws. cases of impeachment.
Section 21. The preservation
of peace and order within the
The creation of the regions shall be the (2) A verified complaint for
autonomous region shall be responsibility of the local impeachment may be filed by
effective when approved by police agencies which shall be any Member of the House of
majority of the votes cast by organized, maintained, Representatives or by any
the constituent units in a supervised, and utilized in citizen upon a resolution of
plebiscite called for the accordance with applicable endorsement by any Member
purpose, provided that only laws. The defense and security thereof, which shall be
provinces, cities, and of the regions shall be the included in the Order of
geographic areas voting responsibility of the National Business within ten session
favorably in such plebiscite Government. days, and referred to the
shall be included in the proper Committee within
autonomous region. three session days thereafter.
The Committee, after hearing,
and by a majority vote of all
Section 19. The first Congress its Members, shall submit its
elected under this Constitution report to the House within
shall, within eighteen months
sixty session days from such Republic of the Philippines, natural-born citizens of the
referral, together with the but the party convicted shall Philippines, and at the time of
corresponding resolution. The nevertheless be liable and their appointment, at least
resolution shall be calendared subject to prosecution, trial forty years old, or recognized
for consideration by the House and punishment according to probity and independence,
within ten session days from law. and members of the Philippine
receipt thereof. Bar, and must not have been
(8) The Congress shall candidates for any elective
(3) A vote of at least one-third promulgate its rules on office in the immediately
of all the Members of the impeachment to effectively preceding election. The
House shall be necessary carry out the purpose of this Ombudsman must have for
either to affirm a favorable section. ten years or more been a judge
resolution with the Articles of or engaged in the practice of
Impeachment of the Section 4. The present anti- law in the Philippines.
Committee, or override its graft court known as the
contrary resolution. The vote Sandigan-bayan shall continue During their tenure, they shall
of each Member shall be to function and exercise its be subject to the same
recorded. jurisdiction as now or disqualifications and
hereafter may be provided by prohibitions as provided for in
(4) In case the verified law. Section 2 of Article 1X-A of
complaint or resolution of this Constitution.
impeachment is filed by at Section 5. There is hereby
least one-third of all the created the independent Office Section 9. The Ombudsman
Members of the House, the of the Ombudsman, composed and his Deputies shall be
same shall constitute the of the Ombudsman to be appointed by the President
Articles of Impeachment, and known as Tanod-bayan, one from a list of at least six
trial by the Senate shall overall Deputy and at least one nominees prepared by the
forthwith proceed. Deputy each for Luzon, Judicial and Bar Council, and
Visayas, and Mindanao. A from a list of three nominees
(5) No impeachment separate Deputy for the for every vacancy thereafter.
proceedings shall be initiated military establishment may Such appointments shall
against the same official more likewise be appointed. require no confirmation. All
than once within a period of vacancies shall be filled within
one year. Section 6. The officials and three months after they occur.
employees of the Office of the
(6) The Senate shall have the Ombudsman, other than the Section 10. The Ombudsman
sole power to try and decide Deputies, shall be appointed and his Deputies shall have the
all cases of impeachment. by the Ombudsman according rank of Chairman and
When sitting for that purpose, to the Civil Service Law. Members, respectively, of the
the Senators shall be on oath Constitutional Commissions,
or affirmation. When the Section 7. The existing and they shall receive the same
President of the Philippines is Tanodbayan shall hereafter be salary, which shall not be
on trial, the Chief Justice of known as the Office of the decreased during their term of
the Supreme Court shall Special Prosecutor. It shall office.
preside, but shall not vote. No continue to function exercise
person shall be convicted its powers as now or hereafter Section 11. The Ombudsman
without the concurrence of may be provided by law, and his Deputies shall serve
two-thirds of all the Members except those conferred on the for a term of seven years
of the Senate. Office of the Ombudsman without reappointment. They
created under this shall not be qualified to run
(7) Judgment in cases of Constitution. for any office in the election
impeachment shall not extend immediately succeeding their
further than removal from Section 8. The Ombudsman cessation from office.
office and disqualification to and his Deputies shall be
hold any office under the
Section 12. The Ombudsman (4) Direct the officer officials or employees, from
and his Deputies, as protectors concerned, in any appropriate them or from their nominees
of the people, shall act case, and subject to such or transferees, shall not be
promptly on complaints filed limitations as may be provided barred by prescription, laches,
in any form or manner against by law, to furnish it with or estoppel.
public officials or employees of copies of documents relating
the Government, or any to contracts or transactions Section 16. No loan, guaranty,
subdivision, agency or entered into by his office or other form of financial
instrumentality thereof, involving the disbursement or accommodation for any
including government-owned use of public funds or business purpose may be
or controlled corporations, properties, and report any granted, directly or indirectly,
and shall, in appropriate irregularity to the Commission by any government-owned or
cases, notify the complainants on Audit for appropriate controlled bank or financial
of the action taken and the action. institution to the President, the
result thereof. Vice-President, the Members
(5) Request any government of the Cabinet, the Congress,
Section 13. The Office of the agency for assistance and the Supreme Court, and the
Ombudsman shall have the information necessary in the Constitutional Commissions,
following powers, functions, discharge of its the Ombudsman, or to any
and duties: responsibilities, and to firm or entity in which they
examine, if necessary, have controlling interest,
(1) Investigate on its own, or pertinent records and during their tenure.
on complaint by any person, documents.
any act or omission of any Section 17. A public officer or
public official, employee, office (6) Publicize matters covered employee shall, upon
or agency, when such act or by its investigation when assumption of office and as
omission appears to be illegal, circumstances so warrant and often thereafter as may be
unjust, improper, or with due prudence. required by law, submit a
inefficient. declaration under oath of his
(7) Determine the causes of assets, liabilities, and net
(2) Direct, upon complaint or inefficiency, red tape, worth. In the case of the
at its own instance, any public mismanagement, fraud, and President, the Vice-President,
official or employee of the corruption in the Government the Members of the Cabinet,
Government, or any and make recommendations the Congress, the Supreme
subdivision, agency or for their elimination and the Court, the Constitutional
instrumentality thereof, as observance of high standards Commissions and other
well as of any government- of ethics and efficiency. constitutional offices, and
owned or controlled officers of the armed forces
corporation with original (8) Promulgate its rules of with general or flag rank, the
charter, to perform and procedure and exercise such declaration shall be disclosed
expedite any act or duty other powers or perform such to the public in the manner
required by law, or to stop, functions or duties as may be provided by law.
prevent, and correct any abuse provided by law.
or impropriety in the Section 18. Public officers and
performance of duties. Section 14. The Office of the employees owe the State and
Ombudsman shall enjoy fiscal this Constitution allegiance at
(3) Direct the officer autonomy. Its approved all times, and any public
concerned to take appropriate annual appropriations shall be officer or employee who seeks
action against a public official automatically and regularly to change his citizenship or
or employee at fault, and released. acquire the status of an
recommend his removal, immigrant of another country
suspension, demotion, fine, during his tenure shall be
Section 15. The right of the dealth with by law.
censure, or prosecution, and State to recover properties
ensure compliance therewith. unlawfully acquired by public
ARTICLE XII by the State. With the exploration, development, and
exception of agricultural utilization of minerals,
National Economy and lands, all other natural petroleum, and other mineral
Patrimony resources shall not be oils according to the general
alienated. The exploration, terms and conditions provided
development, and utilization by law, based on real
Section 1. The goals of the of natural resources shall be contributions to the economic
national economy are a more under the full control and growth and general welfare of
equitable distribution of supervision of the State. The the country. In such
opportunities, income, and State may directly undertake agreements, the State shall
wealth; a sustained increase in such activities, or it may enter promote the development and
the amount of goods and into co-production, joint use of local scientific and
services produced by the venture, or production- technical resources.
nation for the benefit of the sharing agreements with
people; and an expanding Filipino citizens, or
productivity as the key to The President shall notify the
corporations or associations at Congress of every contract
raising the quality of life for least sixty per centum of
all, especially the entered into in accordance
whose capital is owned by such with this provision, within
underprivileged. citizens. Such agreements may thirty days from its execution.
be for a period not exceeding
The State shall promote twenty-five years, renewable
industrialization and full Section 3. Lands of the public
for not more than twenty-five domain are classified into
employment based on sound years, and under such terms
agricultural development and agricultural, forest or timber,
and conditions as may be mineral lands and national
agrarian reform, through provided by law. In cases of
industries that make full and parks. Agricultural lands of
water rights for irrigation, the public domain may be
efficient use of human and water supply fisheries, or
natural resources, and which further classified by law
industrial uses other than the according to the uses to which
are competitive in both development of water power,
domestic and foreign markets. they may be devoted.
beneficial use may be the Alienable lands of the public
However, the State shall measure and limit of the
protect Filipino enterprises domain shall be limited to
grant. agricultural lands. Private
against unfair foreign
competition and trade corporations or associations
The State shall protect the may not hold such alienable
practices. nation's marine wealth in its lands of the public domain
archipelagic waters, territorial except by lease, for a period
In the pursuit of these goals, sea, and exclusive economic not exceeding twenty-five
all sectors of the economy and zone, and reserve its use and years, renewable for not more
all regions of the country shall enjoyment exclusively to than twenty-five years, and
be given optimum opportunity Filipino citizens. not to exceed one thousand
to develop. Private enterprises, hectares in area. Citizens of
including corporations, The Congress may, by law, the Philippines may lease not
cooperatives, and similar allow small-scale utilization of more than five hundred
collective organizations, shall natural resources by Filipino hectares, or acquire not more
be encouraged to broaden the citizens, as well as cooperative than twelve hectares thereof
base of their ownership. fish farming, with priority to by purchase, homestead, or
subsistence fishermen and grant.
Section 2. All lands of the fish- workers in rivers, lakes,
public domain, waters, bays, and lagoons. Taking into account the
minerals, coal, petroleum, and requirements of conservation,
other mineral oils, all forces of The President may enter into ecology, and development, and
potential energy, fisheries, agreements with foreign- subject to the requirements of
forests or timber, wildlife, owned corporations involving agrarian reform, the Congress
flora and fauna, and other either technical or financial shall determine, by law, the
natural resources are owned assistance for large-scale size of lands of the public
domain which may be Section 7. Save in cases of operation of enterprises whose
acquired, developed, held, or hereditary succession, no capital is wholly owned by
leased and the conditions private lands shall be Filipinos.
therefor. transferred or conveyed
except to individuals, In the grant of rights,
Section 4. The Congress shall, corporations, or associations privileges, and concessions
as soon as possible, determine qualified to acquire or hold covering the national economy
by law the specific limits of lands of the public domain. and patrimony, the State shall
forest lands and national give preference to qualified
parks, marking clearly their Section 8. Notwithstanding the Filipinos.
boundaries on the ground. provisions of Section 7 of this
Thereafter, such forest lands Article, a natural-born citizen The State shall regulate and
and national parks shall be of the Philippines who has lost exercise authority over foreign
conserved and may not be his Philippine citizenship may investments within its national
increased nor diminished, be a transferee of private jurisdiction and in accordance
except by law. The Congress lands, subject to limitations with its national goals and
shall provide, for such period provided by law. priorities.
as it may determine, measures
to prohibit logging in Section 9. The Congress may Section 11. No franchise,
endangered forests and establish an independent certificate, or any other form
watershed areas. economic and planning agency of authorization for the
headed by the President, operation of a public utility
Section 5. The State, subject to which shall, after shall be granted except to
the provisions of this consultations with the citizens of the Philippines or to
Constitution and national appropriate public agencies, corporations or associations
development policies and various private sectors, and organized under the laws of
programs, shall protect the local government units, the Philippines at least
rights of indigenous cultural recommend to Congress, and sixty per centum of whose
communities to their ancestral implement continuing capital is owned by such
lands to ensure their integrated and coordinated citizens, nor shall such
economic, social, and cultural programs and policies for franchise, certificate, or
well-being. national development. authorization be exclusive in
character or for a longer
The Congress may provide for Until the Congress provides period than fifty years.
the applicability of customary otherwise, the National Neither shall any such
laws governing property rights Economic and Development franchise or right be granted
or relations in determining the Authority shall function as the except under the condition
ownership and extent of independent planning agency that it shall be subject to
ancestral domain. of the government. amendment, alteration, or
repeal by the Congress when
Section 6. The use of property Section 10. The Congress the common good so requires.
bears a social function, and all shall, upon recommendation The State shall encourage
economic agents shall of the economic and planning equity participation in public
contribute to the common agency, when the national utilities by the general public.
good. Individuals and private interest dictates, reserve to The participation of foreign
groups, including citizens of the Philippines or to investors in the governing
corporations, cooperatives, corporations or associations at body of any public utility
and similar collective least sixty per centum of enterprise shall be limited to
organizations, shall have the whose capital is owned by such their proportionate share in its
right to own establish, and citizens, or such higher capital, and all the executive
operate economic enterprises, percentage as Congress may and managing officers of such
subject to the duty of the State prescribe, certain areas of corporation or association
to promote distributive justice investments. The Congress must be citizens of the
and to intervene when the shall enact measures that will Philippines.
common good so demands. encourage the formation and
Section 12. The State shall subject to the test of economic institutions performing similar
promote the preferential use viability. functions.
of Filipino labor, domestic
materials and locally produced Section 17. In times of national Until the Congress otherwise
goods, and adopt measures emergency, when the public provides, the Central Bank of
that help make them interest so requires, the State the Philippines, operating
competitive. may, during the emergency under existing laws, shall
and under reasonable terms function as the central
Section 13. The State shall prescribed by it, temporarily monetary authority.
pursue a trade policy that take over or direct the
serves the general welfare and operation of any privately Section 21. Foreign loans may
utilizes all forms and owned public utility or only be incurred in
arrangements of exchange on business affected with public accordance with law and the
the basis of equality and interest. regulation of the monetary
reciprocity. authority. Information on
Section 18. The State may, in foreign loans obtained or
Section 14. The sustained the interest of national welfare guaranteed by the
development of a reservoir of or defense, establish and Government shall be made
national talents consisting of operate vital industries and, available to the public.
Filipino scientists, upon payment of just
entrepreneurs, professionals, compensation, transfer to Section 22. Acts which
managers, high-level technical public ownership utilities and circumvent or negate any of
manpower and skilled workers other private enterprises to be the provisions of this Article
and craftsmen in all fields operated by the Government. shall be considered minimical
shall be promoted by the to the national interest and
State. The State shall Section 19. The State shall subject to criminal and civil
encourage appropriate regulate or prohibit sanctions, as may be provided
technology and regulate its monopolies when the public by law.
transfer for the national interest so requires. No
benefit. combinations in restraint of
trade or unfair competition
The practice of all professions shall be allowed. Article XIII
in the Philippines shall be
limited to Filipino citizens, Section 20. The Congress shall Social Justice and Human
save in cases prescribed by establish an independent
law. Rights
central monetary authority,
the members of whose
Section 15. The Congress shall governing board must be Section 1. The Congress shall
create an agency to promote natural-born Filipino citizens, give highest priority to the
the viability and growth of of known probity, integrity, enactment of measures that
cooperatives as instruments and patriotism, the majority of protect and enhance the right
for social justice and economic whom shall come from the of all the people to human
development. private sector. They shall also dignity, reduce social,
be subject to such other economic, and political
Section 16. The Congress shall qualifications and disabilities inequalities, and remove
not, except by general law, as may be prescribed by law. cultural inequities by
provide for the formation, The authority shall provide equitably diffusing wealth and
organization, or regulation of policy direction in the areas of political power for the
private corporations. money, banking, and credit. It common good.
Government-owned or shall have supervision over the
controlled corporations may operations of banks and To this end, the State shall
be created or established by exercise such regulatory regulate the acquisition,
special charters in the interest powers as may be provided by ownership, use, and
of the common good and law over the operations of disposition of property and its
finance companies and other increments.
Section 2. The promotion of reasonable returns to Sec. 6. The State shall apply
social justice shall include the investments, and to expansion the principles of agrarian
commitment to create and growth. reform or stewardship,
economic opportunities based whenever applicable in
on freedom of initiative and accordance with law, in the
self-reliance. disposition or utilization of
other natural resources,
Agrarian and Natural
including lands of the public
Resources Reform domain under lease or
concession suitable to
Labor
Sec. 4. The State shall, by law, agriculture, subject to prior
undertaken an agrarian rights, homestead rights of
Section 3 The State shall reform program founded on small settlers, and the rights of
afford full protection to labor, the right of farmers and indigenous communities to
local and overseas, organized regular farmworkers, who are their ancestral lands.
and unorganized, and landless, to own directly or
promote full employment and collectively the lands they till The State may resettle landless
equality of employment or in the case of other farmers and farmworkers in
opportunities for all. farmworkers, to receive a just its own agricultural estates
share of the fruits thereof. To which shall be distributed to
It shall guarantee the rights of this end, the State shall them in the manner provided
all workers to self- encourage and undertake the by law.
organization, collective just distribution of all
bargaining and agricultural lands, subject to
Sec. 7. The State shall protect
negotiations,and peaceful such priorities and reasonable
the rights of subsistence
concerted activities, including retention limits as the
fishermen, especially of local
the right to strike in Congress may prescribe,
communities, to the
accordance with law. They taking into account ecological,
preferential use of the
shall be entitled to security of developmental, or equity
communal marine and fishing
tenure, humane conditions of considerations, and subject to
resources, both inland and
work, and a living wage. They the payment of just
offshore. It shall provide
shall also participate in policy compensation. In determining
support to such fishermen
and decision-making processes retention limits, the State shall
through appropriate
affecting their rights and respect the right of small
technology and research,
benefits as may be provided by landowners. The State shall
adequate financial,
law. further provide incentives for
production, and marketing
voluntary land-sharing.
assistance, and other services.
The State shall promote the The State shall also protect,
principle of shared Sec. 5. The State shall develop, and conserve such
responsibility between recognize the right of farmers, resources. The protection shall
workers and employers and farmworkers, and landowners, extend to offshore fishing
the preferential use of as well as cooperatives, and grounds of subsistence
voluntary modes in settling other independent farmers' fishermen against foreign
disputes, including organizations to participate in intrusion. Fishworkers shall
conciliation, and shall enforce the planning, organization, receive a just share from their
their mutual compliance and management of the labor in the utilization of
therewith to foster industrial program, and shall provide marine and fishing resources.
peace. support to agriculture through
appropriate technology and
Sec. 8. The State shall provide
The State shall regulate the research, and adequate
incentives to landowners to
relations between workers and financial, production,
invest the proceeds of the
employers, recognizing the marketing, and other support
agrarian reform program to
right of labor to its just share services.
promote industrialization,
in the fruits of production and employment creation, and
the right of enterprises to privatization of public sector
enterprises. Financial shall endeavor to make people's organizations to
instruments used as payment essential goods, health and enable the people to pursue
for their lands shall be other social services available and protect, within the
honored as equity in to all the people at affordable democratic framework, their
enterprises of their choice. cost. There shall be priority legitimate and collective
for the needs of the under- interests and aspirations
privileged sick, elderly, through peaceful and lawful
disabled, women, and means.
children. The State shall
Urban Land Reform and
endeavor to provide free People's organizations
Housing medical care to paupers. are bona fide associations of
citizens with demonstrated
Section 9. The State shall, by Section 12. The State shall capacity to promote the public
law, and for the common good, establish and maintain an interest and with identifiable
undertake, in cooperation with effective food and drug leadership, membership, and
the private sector, a regulatory system and structure.
continuing program of urban undertake appropriate health
land reform and housing manpower development and Section 16. The right of the
which will make available at research, responsive to the people and their organizations
affordable cost decent housing country's health needs and to effective and reasonable
and basic services to problems. participation at all levels of
underprivileged and homeless
social, political, and economic
citizens in urban centers and
Section 13. The State shall decision-making shall not be
resettlement areas. It shall also
establish a special agency for abridged. The State shall, by
promote adequate
disabled person for their law, facilitate the
employment opportunities to
rehabilitation, self- establishment of adequate
such citizens. In the
development and self-reliance, consultation mechanisms.
implementation of such
and their integration into the
program the State shall
mainstream of society.
respect the rights of small
property owners.
Human Rights
Section 10. Urban or rural
poor dwellers shall not be Women Section 17. (1) There is hereby
evicted nor their dwelling created an independent office
demolished, except in Section 14. The State shall called the Commission on
accordance with law and in a protect working women by Human Rights.
just and humane manner. providing safe and healthful
working conditions, taking (2) The Commission shall be
No resettlement of urban or into account their maternal composed of a Chairman and
rural dwellers shall be functions, and such facilities four Members who must be
undertaken without adequate and opportunities that will natural-born citizens of the
consultation with them and enhance their welfare and Philippines and a majority of
the communities where they enable them to realize their whom shall be members of the
are to be relocated. full potential in the service of Bar. The term of office and
the nation. other qualifications and
disabilities of the Members of
the Commission shall provided
Health by law.
Role and Rights of People's
Organization (3) Until this Commission is
Section 11. The State shall
constituted, the existing
adopt an integrated and
Presidential Committee on
comprehensive approach to Section 15. The State shall
Human Rights shall continue
health development which respect the role of independent
to exercise its present (7) Monitor the Philippine (1) Establish, maintain, and
functions and powers. Government's compliance support a complete, adequate,
with international treaty and integrated system of
(4) The approved annual obligations on human rights; education relevant to the
appropriations of the needs of the people and
Commission shall be (8) Grant immunity from society;
automatically and regularly prosecution to any person
released. whose testimony or whose (2) Establish and maintain, a
possession of documents or system of free public
Section 18. The Commission other evidence is necessary or education in the elementary
on Human Rights shall have convenient to determine the and high school levels.
the following powers and truth in any investigation Without limiting the natural
functions: onducted by it or under its rights of parents to rear their
authority; children, elementary
(1) Investigate, on its own or education is compulsory for all
on complaint by any party, all (9) Request the assistance of children of school age;
forms of human rights any department, bureau,
violations involving civil and office, or agency in the (3) Establish and maintain a
political rights; performance of its functions; system of scholarship grants,
student loan programs,
(2) Adopt its operational (10) Appoint its officers and subsidies, and other incentives
guidelines and rules of employees in accordance with which shall be available to
procedure, and cite for law; and deserving students in both
contempt for violations thereof public and private schools,
in accordance with the Rules (11) Perform such other duties especially to the
of Court; and functions as may be underprivileged;
provided by law.
(3) Provide appropriate legal (4) Encourage non-formal,
measures for the protection of Section 19 The Congress may informal, and indigenous
human rights of all persons provide for other cases of learning systems, as well as
within the Philippines, as well violations of human rights that self-learning, independent,
as Filipinos residing abroad, should fall within the and out-of-school study
and provide for preventive authority of the Commission, programs particularly those
measures and legal aid taking into account its that respond to community
services to the underprivileged recommendations. needs; and
whose human rights have been
violated or need protection; (5) Provide adult citizens, the
disabled, and out-of-school
(4) Exercise visitatorial powers youth with training in civics,
Article XIV vocational efficiency, and
over jails, prisons, or
detention facilities; other skills.
Education

(5) Establish a continuing Section 3. (1) All educational

Section 1. The State shall institutions shall include the
program of research, protect and promote the right
education, and information to study of the Constitution as
of all citizens to quality part of the curricula.
enhance respect for the education at all levels and
primacy of human rights; shall take appropriate steps to (2) They shall inculcate
make such education patriotism and nationalism,
(6) Recommend to the accessible to all.
Congress effective measures to foster lover of humanity,
promote human rights and to respect for human rights,
Section 2. The State shall: appreciation of the role of
provide for compensation to
victims of violations of human national heroes in the
rights, or their families; historical development of the
country, teach the rights and for aliens and no group of (3) Every citizen has a right to
duties of citizenship, aliens shall comprise more select a profession or course of
strengthen ethical and than one-third of the study, subject to fair,
spiritual values, develop moral enrollment in any school. The reasonable, and equitable
character and personal provisions of this subsection admission and academic
discipline, encourage critical shall not apply to schools requirements.
and creative thinking, broaden established for foreign
scientific and technological diplomatic personnel and their (4) The State shall enhance the
knowledge, and promote dependents and, unless right of teachers to
vocational efficiency. otherwise provided by law, for professional advancement.
other foreign temporary Non-teaching academic and
(3) At the option expressed in residents. non-academic personnel shall
writing by the parents or enjoy the protection of the
guardians, religion shall be (3) All revenues and assets of State.
allowed to be taught to their non-stock, non-profit
children or wards in public educational institutions used (5) The State shall assign the
elementary and high schools actually, directly, and highest budgetary priority to
within the regular class hours exclusively for educational education and ensure that
by instructors designated or purposes shall be exempt from teaching will attract and
approved by the religious taxes and duties. Upon the retain its rightful share of the
authorities of the religion to dissolution or cessation of the best available talents through
which the children or wards corporate existence of such adequate remuneration and
belong, without additional cost institutions, their assets shall other means of job satisfaction
to the Government. be disposed of in the manner and fulfillment.
provided by law.
Section 4.(1) The State
recognizes the complementary Proprietary educational
roles of public and private institutions, including those Language
institutions in the educational cooperatively owned, may
system and shall exercise likewise be entitled to such
reasonable supervision and exemptions subject to the Section 6. The national
regulation of all educational limitations provided by law language of the Philippines is
institutions. including restrictions on Filipino. As it evolves, it shall
dividends and provisions for be further developed and
(2) Educational institutions, reinvestment. enriched on the basis of
other than those established existing Philippine and other
by religious groups and (4) Subject to conditions languages.
mission boards, shall be owned prescribed by law, all grants,
solely by citizens of the endowments, donations, or Subject to provisions of law
Philippines or corporations or contributions used actually, and as the Congress may deem
associations at least sixty per directly, and exclusively for appropriate, the Government
centum of the capital of which educational purposes shall be shall take steps to initiate and
is owned by such citizens. The exempt from tax. sustain the use of Filipino as a
Congress may, however, medium of official
require increased Filipino Section 5. (1) the State shall communication and as
equity participation in all take into account regional and language of instruction in the
educational institutions. sectoral needs and conditions educational system.
and shall encourage local
The control and planning in the development Section 7. For purposes of
administration of educational of educational policies and communication and
institutions shall be vested in programs. instruction, the official
citizens of the Philippines. languages of the Philippines
(2) Academic freedom shall be are Filipino and, until
No educational institution enjoyed in all institutions of otherwise provided by law,
shall be established exclusively higher learning. English.
The regional languages are the participation in programs of heritage and resources, as well
auxiliary official languages in basic and applied scientific as artistic creations.
the regions and shall serve as research. Scholarships, grants-
auxiliary media of instruction in-aid, or other forms of Section 16. All the country's
therein. incentives shall be provided to artistic and historic wealth
deserving science students, constitutes the cultural
Spanish and Arabic shall be researchers, scientists, treasure of the nation and
promoted on a voluntary and inventors, technologists, and shall be under the protection
optional basis. specially gifted citizens. of the State which may
regulate its disposition.
Section 8. This Constitution Section 12. The State shall
shall be promulgated in regulate the transfer and Section 17. The State shall
Filipino and English and shall promote the adaptation of recognize, respect, and protect
be translated into major technology from all sources the rights of indigenous
regional languages, Arabic, for the national benefit. It cultural communities to
and Spanish. shall encourage the widest preserve and develop their
participation of private cultures, traditions, and
Section 9. The Congress shall groups, local governments, institutions. It shall consider
establish a national language and community-based these rights in the formulation
commission composed of organizations in the of national plans and policies.
representatives of various generation and utilization of
regions and disciplines which science and technology. Section 18. (1) The State shall
shall undertake, coordinate, ensure equal access to cultural
and promote researches for Section 13. The State shall opportunities through the
the development, propagation, protect and secure the educational system, public or
and preservation of Filipino exclusive rights of scientists, private cultural entities,
and other languages. inventors, artists, and other scholarships, grants and other
gifted citizens to their incentives, and community
intellectual property and cultural centers, and other
creations, particularly when public venues.
beneficial to the people, for
Science and Technology such period as may be (2) The State shall encourage
provided by law. and support researches and
Section 10. Science and studies on the arts and culture.
technology are essential for
national development and
progress. The State shall give Arts and Culture
priority to research and
development, invention, Sports
innovation, and their Section 14. The State shall
utilization; and to science and foster the preservation, Section 19. (1) The State shall
technology education, enrichment, and dynamic promote physical education
training, and services. It shall evolution of a Filipino national and encourage sports
support indigenous, culture based on the principle programs, league
appropriate, and self- reliant of unity in diversity in a competitions, and amateur
scientific and technological climate of free artistic and sports, including training for
capabilities, and their intellectual expression. international competitions, to
application to the country's foster self-discipline,
productive systems and Section 15. Arts and letters teamwork, and excellence for
national life. shall enjoy the partronage of the development of a healthy
the State. The State shall and alert citizenry.
Section 11. The Congress may conserve, promote, and
provide for incentives, popularize the nation's (2) All educational institutions
including tax deductions, to historical and cultural shall undertake regular sports
encourage private activities throughout the
country in cooperation with Sec. 4. The family has the duty (3) Professionalism in the
athletic clubs and other to care for its elderly members armed forces and adequate
sectors. but the State may also do so remuneration and benefits of
through just programs of its members shall be a prime
social security. concern of the State. The
armed forces shall be
insulated from partisan
ARTICLE XV
politics.
THE FAMILY General Provisions
No member of the military
shall engage directly or
Section 1. The State recognizes Section 1. The flag of the indirectly in any partisan
the Filipino family as the Philippines shall be red, white, political activity, except to
foundation of the nation. and blue, with a sun and three vote.
Accordingly, it shall stars, as consecrated and
strengthen its solidarity and honored by the people and
actively promote its total recognized by law. (4) No member of the armed
development. forces in the active service
shall, at any time, be
Section 2. The Congress may, appointed or designated in any
Sec. 2. Marriage, as an by law, adopt a new name for capacity to a civilian position
inviolable social institution, is the country, a national in the Government including
the foundation of the family anthem, or a national seal, government-owned or
and shall be protected by the which shall all be truly controlled corporations or any
State. reflective and symbolic of the of their subsidiaries.
ideals, history, and traditions
Sec. 3 The State shall defend: of the people. Such law shall
take effect only upon its (5) Laws on retirement of
ratification by the people in a military officers shall not
(1) The right of spouses to allow extension of their
national referendum.
found a family in accordance service.
with their religious convictions
and the demands of Section 3. The State may not
be used without its consent. (6) The officers and men of the
responsible parenthood; regular force of the armed
forces shall be recruited
(2) The right of children to Section 4. The Armed Forces proportionately from all
assistance, including proper of the Philippines shall be provinces and cities as far as
care and nutrition, and special composed of a citizen armed practicable.
protection from all forms of force which shall undergo
neglect, abuse, cruelty, military training and serve, as
may be provided by law. It (7) The tour of duty of the
exploitation and other Chief of Staff of the armed
conditions prejudicial to their shall keep a regular force
necessary for the security of forces shall not exceed three
development; years. However, in times of
the State.
war or other national
(3) The right of the family to a emergency declared by the
family living wage and Section 5. (1) All members of Congress, the President may
income; and the armed forces shall take an extend such tour of duty.
oath or affirmation to uphold
and defend this Constitution.
(4) The right of families or Section 6. The State shall
family associations to establish and maintain one
participate in the planning (2) The State shall strengthen police force, which shall be
and implementation of policies the patriotic spirit and national in scope and civilian
and programs that affect nationalist consciousness of in character, to be
them. the military, and respect for administered and controlled
people's rights in the by a national police
performance of their duty. commission. The authority of
local executives over the police or associations, wholly-owned (1) The Congress, upon a vote
units in their jurisdiction shall and managed by such citizens. of three-fourths of all its
be provided by law. Members; or
The Congress shall regulate or
Section 7. The State shall prohibit monopolies in (2) A constitutional
provide immediate and commercial mass media when convention.
adequate care, benefits, and the public interest so requires.
other forms of assistance to No combinations in restraint Section 2. Amendments to this
war veterans and veterans of of trade or unfair competition Constitution may likewise be
military campaigns, their therein shall be allowed. directly proposed by the
surviving spouses and people through initiative upon
orphans. Funds shall be (2) The advertising industry is a petition of at least twelve per
provided therefor and due impressed with public interest, centum of the total number of
consideration shall be given and shall be regulated by law registered voters, of which
them in the disposition of for the protection of every legislative district must
agricultural lands of the consumers and the promotion be represented by at least
public domain and, in of the general welfare. three per centum of the
appropriate cases, in the registered votes therein. No
utilization of natural Only Filipino citizens or amendment under this section
resources. corporations or associations at shall be authorized within five
least seventy per centum of the years following the ratification
Section 8. The State shall, capital of which is owned by of this Constitution nor
from time to time, review to such citizens shall be allowed oftener than once every five
increase the pensions and to engage in the advertising years thereafter.
other benefits due to retirees industry.
of both the government and The Congress shall provide for
the private sectors. The participation of foreign the implementation of the
investors in the governing exercise of this right.
Section 9. The State shall body of entities in such
protect consumers from trade industry shall be limited to Section 3. The Congress may,
malpractices and from their proportionate share in by a vote of two-thirds of all
substandard or hazardous the capital thereof, and all the its Members, call a
products. executive and managing constitutional convention, or
officers of such entities must by a majority vote of all its
Section 10. The State shall be citizens of the Philippines. Members, submit to the
provide the policy electorate the question of
environment for the full Section 12. The Congress may calling such a convention.
development of Filipino create a consultative body to
capability and the emergence advise the President on Section 4. Any amendment to,
of communication structures policies affecting indigenous or revision of, this
suitable to the needs and cultural communities, the Constitution under Section 1
aspirations of the nation and majority of the members of hereof shall be valid when
the balanced flow of which shall come from such ratified by a majority of the
information into, out of, and communities. votes cast in a plebiscite which
across the country, in shall be held not earlier than
accordance with a policy that sixty days nor later than
respects the freedom of speech ninety days after the approval
and of the press. of such amendment or
Amendments or Revisions
revision.
Section 11. (1) The ownership
and management of mass Section 1. Any amendment to, Any amendment under
media shall be limited to or revision of, this Section 2 hereof shall be valid
citizens of the Philippines, or Constitution may be proposed when ratified by a majority of
to corporations, cooperatives by: the votes cast in a plebiscite
which shall be held not earlier Section 4. All existing treaties reverted to the mother
than sixty days nor later than or international agreements province.
ninety days after the which have not been ratified
certification by the shall not be renewed or Section 10. All courts existing
Commission on Elections of extended without the at the time of the ratification
the sufficiency of the petition. concurrence of at least two- of this Constitution shall
thirds of all the Members of continue to exercise their
the Senate. jurisdiction, until otherwise
provided by law. The
ARTICLE XVIII Section 5. The six-year term of provisions of the existing
the incumbent President and Rules of Court, judiciary acts,
Transistory Provisions Vice-President elected in the and procedural laws not
February 7, 1986 election is, inconsistent with this
for purposes of Constitution shall remain
Section 1. The first elections of synchronization of elections, operative unless amended or
Members of the Congress hereby extended to noon of repealed by the Supreme
under this Constitution shall June 30, 1992. Court or the Congress.
be held on the second Monday
of May, 1987.
The first regular elections for Section 11. The incumbent
the President and Vice- Members of the Judiciary
The first local elections shall President under this shall continue in office until
be held on a date to be Constitution shall be held on they reach the age of seventy
determined by the President, the second Monday of May, years or become incapacitated
which may simultaneous with 1992. to discharge the duties of their
the election of the Members of office or are removed for
the Congress. It shall include cause.
the election of all Members of Section 6. The incumbent
the city or municipal councils President shall continue to
in the Metropolitan Manila exercise legislative powers Section 12. The Supreme
area. until the first Congress is Court shall, within one year
convened. after the ratification of this
Constitution, adopt a
Section 2. The Senators, systematic plan to expedite the
Members of the House of Section 7. Until a law is
passed, the President may fill decision or resolution of cases
Representatives, and the local or matters pending in the
officials first elected under this by appointment from a list of
nominees by the respective Supreme Court or the lower
Constitution shall serve until courts prior to the effectivity
noon of June 30, 1992. sectors the seats reserved for
sectoral representation in of this Constitution. A similar
paragraph (2), Section 5 of plan shall be adopted for all
Of the Senators elected in the Article V1 of this Constitution. special courts and quasi-
election in 1992, the first judicial bodies.
twelve obtaining the highest
number of votes shall serve for Section 8. Until otherwise
provided by the Congress, the Section 13. The legal effect of
six years and the remaining the lapse, before the
twelve for three years. President may constitute the
Metropolitan Authority to be ratification of this
composed of the heads of all Constitution, of the applicable
Section 3. All existing laws, local government units period for the decision or
decrees, executive orders, comprising the Metropolitan resolution of the cases or
proclamations, letters of Manila area. matters submitted for
instructions, and other adjudication by the courts,
executive issuances not shall be determined by the
inconsistent with this Section 9. A sub-province shall
continue to exist and operate Supreme Court as soon as
Constitution shall remain practicable.
operative until amended, until it is converted into a
repealed, or revoked. regular province or until its
component municipalities are Section 14. The provisions of
paragraphs (3) and (4),
Section 15 of Article VIII of Section 17. Until the Congress real rights connected
this Constitution shall apply to provides otherwise, the therewith which were
cases or matters filed before President shall receive an acquired in violation of the
the ratification of this annual salary of three Constitution or the public land
Constitution, when the hundred thousand pesos; the laws, or through corrupt
applicable period lapses after Vice-President, the President practices. No transfer or
such ratification. of the Senate, the Speaker of disposition of such lands or
the House of Representatives, real rights shall be allowed
Section 15. The incumbent and the Chief Justice of the until after the lapse of one
Members of the Civil Service Supreme Court, two hundred year from the ratification of
Commission, the Commission forty thousand pesos each; the this Constitution.
on Elections, and the Senators, the Members of the
Commission on Audit shall House of Representatives, the Section 22. At the earliest
continue in office for one year Associate Justices of the possible time, the Government
after the ratification of this Supreme Court, and the shall expropriate idle or
Constitution, unless they are Chairmen of the abandoned agricultural lands
sooner removed for cause or Constitutional Commissions, as may be defined by law, for
become incapacitated to two hundred four thousand distribution to the
discharge the duties of their pesos each; and the Members beneficiaries of the agrarian
office or appointed to a new of the Constitutional reform program.
term thereunder. In no case Commissions, one hundred
shall any Member serve longer eighty thousand pesos each. Section 23. Advertising entities
than seven years including affected by paragraph (2),
service before the ratification Section 18. At the earliest Section 11 of Article XV1 of
of this Constitution. possible time, the Government this Constitution shall have
shall increase the salary scales five years from its ratification
Section 16. Career civil service of the other officials and to comply on a graduated and
employees separated from the employees of the National proportionate basis with the
service not for cause but as a Government. minimum Filipino ownership
result of the reorganization requirement therein.
pursuant to Proclamation No. Section 19. All properties,
3 dated March 25, 1986 and records, equipment, buildings, Section 24. Private armies and
the reorganization following facilities, and other assets of other armed groups not
the ratification of this any office or body abolished or recognized by duly constituted
Constitution shall be entitled reorganized under authority shall be dismantled.
to appropriate separation pay Proclamation No. 3 dated All paramilitary forces
and to retirement and other March 25, 1986 or this including Civilian Home
benefits accruing to them Constitution shall be Defense Forces not consistent
under the laws of general transferred to the office or with the citizen armed force
application in force at the time body to which its powers, established in this
of their separation. In lieu functions, and responsibilities Constitution, shall be
thereof, at the option of the substantially pertain. dissolved or, where
employees, they may be appropriate, converted into
considered for employment in Section 20. The first congress the regular force.
the Government or in any of shall give priority to the
its subdivisions, determination of the period Section 25. After the
instrumentalities, or agencies, for the full implementation of expiration in 1991 of the
including government-owned free public secondary Agreement between the
or controlled corporations and education. Republic of the Philippines
their subsidiaries. This and the United States of
provision also applies to Section 21. The Congress shall America concerning Military
career officers whose provide efficacious procedures Bases, foreign military bases,
resignation, tendered in line and adequate remedies for the troops, or facilities shall not be
with the existing policy, had reversion to the State of all allowed in the Philippines
been accepted. lands of the public domain and except under a treaty duly
concurred in by the Senate and shall supersede all Adolfo S. Azcuna
and, when the Congress so previous Constitutions. Teodoro C. Bacani
requires, ratified by a
majority of the votes cast by The foregoing proposed Jose F. S. Bengzon,
the people in a national Constitution of the Republic of Jr.
referendum held for that the Philippines was approved Ponciano L. Bennagen
purpose, and recognized as a by the Constitutional
treaty by the other contracting Commission of 1986 on the Joaquin G. Bernas
State. Florangel Rosario
twelfth day of October
Braid
Nineteen hundred and eighty-
Section 26. The authority to six, and accordingly signed on
Crispino M. de Castro
issue sequestration or freeze the fifteenth day of October
Jose C. Colayco
orders under Proclamation Nineteen hundred and eighty-
No. 3 dated March 25, 1986 in six at the Plenary Hall,
Roberto R. Concepcion
relation to the recovery of ill- National Government Center,
Hilario G. Davide, Jr.
gotten wealth shall remain Quezon City, by the
operative for not more than Commissioners whose Vicente B. Foz
eighteen months after the signatures are hereunder Edmundo G. Garcia
ratification of this affixed.
Constitution. However, in the Jose Luis Martin C.
national interest, as certified Adopted, Gascon
by the President, the Congress Serafin V.C. Guingona
may extend period.
Alberto M. K. Jamir
A sequestration or freeze Cecilia Munoz Palma Jose B. Laurel, Jr.
order shall be issued only
upon showing of a prima Eulogio R. Lerum
facie case. The order and the President Regalado E. Maambong
list of the sequestered or
frozen properties shall Christian S. Monsod
forthwith be registered with Teodulo C. Natividad
the proper court. For orders
issued before the ratification Ambrosio B. Padilla Ma. Teresa F. Nieva
of this Constitution, the Jose N. Nolledo
corresponding judicial action
or proceeding shall be filed Vice-President Blas F. Ople
within six months from its Minda Luz M. Quesada
ratification. For those issued
after such ratification, the Florenz D. Regalado
judicial action or proceeding Rustico F. de los
shall be commenced within six Napoleon G. Rama Reyes, Jr.
months from the issuance
thereof. Cirilo A. Rigos
Floor Leader Francisco A. Rodrigo
The sequestration or freeze
Ricardo J. Romulo
order is deemed automatically
Decoroso R. Rosales
lifted if no judicial action or
Ahmad Domocao Alonto
proceeding is commenced as Rene V. Sarmiento
Jose D. Calderon
herein provided. Jose E. Suarez
Assistant Floor Leader
Section 27. This Constitution Assistant Floor Leader Lorenzo M. Sumulong
shall take effect immediately Jaime S. L. Tadeo
upon its ratification by a Yusuf R. Abubakar
majority of the votes cast in a Felicitas S. Aquino Christine O. Tan
plebiscite held for the purpose Gregorio J. Tingson
 Metropolitan Manila Area to Claro M. Recto Extension
Efrain B. Trenas to Estero de San Lazaro,
Lugum L. Uka northward to Antipolo Street,
MANILA, six (6) - First
District: Barangays Nos. 1- eastward to Rizal Avenue
Wilfrido V. Villacorta Extension, northward to
146, N-City Boundary between
Bernardo M. Villegas boundary between Manila and
Manila and Caloocan; E -
From Estero de Sunog Apog Caloocan; Fourth District:
going South to Estero de Vitas Barangays Nos. 395 - 586 SW -
up to the bridge spanning Estero de San Miguel up to
Attested by : Mendiola Bridge, thence to C.
Juan Luna Street, eastward to
Tayuman Street up to the M. Recto Avenue to Quezon
Railroad Tracks along Boulevard; W - Quezon
Dagupan Street, thence Boulevard, Andalucia,
southward to Claro M. Recto Dimasalang up to boundary
Avenue; SE - From point between Manila and Quezon
Claro M. Recto Avenue City; NE - City boundary
Flerida Ruth P. Romero between Manila and Quezon
extending westward to Manila
Bay; W - Manila Bay City up to Ramon Magsaysay
northward to City boundary Boulevard; SE - Ramon
Secretary-General Magsaysay Boulevard up to V.
between Manila and Caloocan.
Second District: Barangays Mapa Street; S - Ramon
Nos. 147-267, N - City Magsaysay Boulevard up to
boundary between Manila and point Estero de San Miguel
Ordinance where Ramon Magsaysay
Caloocan; E - From end of
Rizal Avenue Extension Boulevard spans Estero de
APPORTIONING THE extending southward to San Miguel; Fifth District:
SEATS OF THE HOUSE OF Railroad Tracks at Antipolo Barangays Nos. 649-828 N -
REPRESENTATIVES OF Street; from corner Antipolo Mouth of Pasig River inland to
THE CONGRESS OF THE Street and Rizal Avenue on point Paz M. Guanzon Street
PHILIPPINES TO THE southern side of Railroad extending to Estero de
DIFFERENT LEGISLATIVE Tracks extending westward to Pandacan; NE - Estero de
DISTRICTS IN PROVINCES Estero de San Lazaro, Pandacan up to Pedro Gil
AND CITIES AND THE southward along Estero de Street to Tejeron Street up to
METROPOLITAN MANILA San Lazaro up to corner of C. boundary of Manila and
AREA M. Recto Avenue westward to Makati; SE - City boundary
bridge spanning Claro M. between Manila and Makati
Recto at Estero de la Reina; W up to Estero de Tripa de
Section 1. For purposes of the
- Estero de la Reina to Estero Gallina; S - City boundary
election of Members of the
de Vitas to Estero Sunog Apog between Pasay and Manila
House of Representatives of
to City boundary between down to Roxas Boulevard up
the First Congress of the
Manila and Caloocan; Third to edge of reclaimed areas
Philippines under the
District: Barangays Nos. 268- westward to Manila Bay; W -
Constitution proposed by the
394, N - City boundary Manila Bay up to mouth of
1986 Constitutional
between Manila and Pasig River, Sixth District:
Commission and subsequent
Caloocan; E - A. Bonifacio Barangays Nos. 587-648; and
elections, and until otherwise
Street extending southward to 829-905 N - Starting from
provided by law, the Members
Dimasalang, to Anda-lucia, point which is mouth of Estero
thereof shall be elected from
Claro M. Recto Avenue de San Miguel going eastward
legislative districts
eastward to Estero de San to Mendiola Bridge, following
apportioned among the
Miguel ending at Pasig River; line along Estero de San
provinces, cities, and the
S - Mouth of Estero de San Miguel up to point where
Metropolitan Manila Area as
Miguel at Pasig River, Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard
follows:
westward to Del Pan Bridge, eastward to City boundary
thence to Del Pan Street; W - between Manila and Quezon
Del Pan Street northward up Cityl; NE - City boundary up
to point city boundary of
Manila, San Juan and Quezon Aguinaldo, Escopa 1, Escopa LAS
City; E - Manila-San Juan- 2, Escopa 3, Escopa 4, West PINAS and MUNTINGLUPA,
Mandaluyong-Makati Kamias, East Kamias, Quirino one (1)
boundaries up to Tejeron 2 A, Quririno 2 B, Quirino 2
Street; SE - Tejeron Street to C, Ugong Norte, Bagumbayan, PATEROS and TAGUIG, one
Pedro Gil Street up to bridge Libis, Villa Maria Clara, (1)
spanning Estero de Pandacan; Masagana, Milagrosa,
SW & W - Estero de Marilag, Bagumbayan, Loyola VALENZUELA, one (1)
Pandacan going northward to Heights, Pansol, and
Paz M. Guanzon Street, then Matandang Balara; Fourth
northward on Paz M. Guazon District: Barangays Bagong
Street up to Pasig River to Lipunan, Kaunlaran, San
mouth of Estero de San Martin, Immaculate Region I
Miguel on Pasig River. Concepcion, South Triangle,
Sacred Heart, Laging Handa, ABRA, one (1)
QUEZON CITY, four (4) - Paligsahan, Obrero, Roxas,
First District : Barangays Del Kamuning, Kanluran, BENGUET with the City of
Monte, Paltok, Bungad, San Kamuning Silangan, Tatalon, Baguio, two (2) - First District:
Antonio, Katipunan, Veterans Don Manuel, Dona Josefa, San Baguio City; Second District:
Village, Talayan, Damayan, Isidro, Dona Aurora, Santo all the Municipalities of
Mariblo, Paraiso, Sta. Cruz, Nino, Santol, Dona Imelda, Benguet.
Nayong Kanluran, Philam, Kristong Hari, Kalusugan,
West Triangle, N.S. Damayang Lagi, Mariana,
Valencia, Horseshoe, ILOCOS NORTE with Laog
Amoranto, Paang Bundok,
Pinagkaisahan, San Vicente, City, two (2) - First District:
San Isidro Labrador, Sta.
U.P. Campus, Krus Na Ligas, Laog City and the
Teresita, Salvacion,
Central, Old Capital Site, U.P. Municipalities of Bacarra,
Maharlika, St. Peter, Lourdes,
Village, Teacher's East, Bangui, Burgos, Pagud-Pagud,
Sto. Domingo, Sienna, San
Teacher's West, Sikatuna, Pasuquin, Piddig, Sarrat,
Jose, Manresa, Pag-ibig sa
Malaya, Pinahan, and Vintar, Adams, Carasi, and
Nayon, Balingasa,
Botocan. Dumalneg; Second District:
Masambong, Damar, Bahay Municipalities of Badoc,
Toro, St. Cristo, Ramon Batac, Currimao, Dingras,
Magsaysay, Project 6, Vasra, CALOOCAN CITY, two (2) - Espiritu, Marcos, Nueva Era,
Alicia, and Bagong Pag-asa; First District : 70 Barangays; Paoay, Pinili, San Nicolas, and
Second District: Barangays All of Caloocan North EDSA; Solsona.
Fairview, New Era, Holy Second District: 118
Spirit, Batasan Hills, Barangays; All of Caloocan
Commonwealth, Payatas, South EDSA. ILOCOS SUR, two (2) - First
Bagong Silangan, Sauyo, District: Municipalities of
Talipapa, Bagbag, San Bantay, Cabugao, Caoayan,
PASAY CITY, one (1)
Bartolome, Sta. Lucia, Gulod, Magsingal, San Ildefonso, San
Novaliches Proper, San Juan, San Vicente, San
MALABON and NAVOTAS, Catalina, Santo Domingo,
Agustin, Nagkaisang Nayon, one (1)
Sta. Monica, Kaligayahan, Sinait, and Vigan; Second
Pasong Putik, Apolonio District: Municipalities of
Samson, Unang Sigaw, SAN JUAN and Alilem, Banayoyo, Burgos,
Tandang Sora, Pasong Tamo, MANDALUYONG, one (1) Candon, Cervantes,
Culiat, Baesa, Capri, Galimuyod, Gregorio del
Balumbato, and Sangandaan: MARIKINA, one (1) Pilar, Lidlidda, Nagbukel,
Third District : Barangays E. Narvacan, Quirino, Salcedo,
Rodriguez, Silangan, Quirino MAKATI, one (1) San Emilio, San Esteban,
3-A, Duyan-Duyan, Quirino 3- Santa, Santa Cruz, Santa
B, Amihan, Socorro, San Lucia, Santa Maria, Santiago,
PASIG, one Suyo, Tagudin, Sigay, and
Roque, Manga, Zobel (1) PARANAQUE, one (1)
Dioquino, Tagumpay, Sugpon.
LA UNION, two (2) - First Aparri, Camalaniugan, Lallo, Limay, Bagac, Mariveles, and
District : Municipalities of Buguey, Sta. Teresita, Balanga.
Bacnotan, Balaoan, Bangar, Gonzaga, Sta. Ana, Gattaran,
Luna, San Fernando, San Baggao, and Alcala; Second BULACAN, four (4) - First
Gabriel, San Juan, Santol, and District: Municipalities of Sta. District : Municipalities of
Sudipen; Second District: Praxedes, Sanchez Mira, Hagonoy, Paombong, Malolos,
Municipalities of Agoo, Claveria, Pamplona, Abulug, Calumpit, Pulilan, and
Aringay, Bagulin, Bauang, Ballesteros, Allacapan, Lasam, Bulacan; Second Distict:
Burgos, Caba, Naguilian, Sto. Nino, Rizal, Piat, and Municipalities Baliuag,
Pugo, Rosario, Santo Tomas, Calayan; Third District: Bustos, Plaridel, Guiguinto,
and Tubao. Municipalities of Tuguegarao, Balagtas, Pandi, and Bocaue;
Solana, Enrile, Penablanca, Third District: Municipalities
MOUNTAIN PROVINCE, Iguig, Amulung, and Tuao. of San Miguel, San Ildefonso,
one (1) San Rafael, Angat,
IFUGAO, one (1) Norzagaray, and Remedios
PANGASINAN with the Cities Trinidad; Fourth District:
of Dagupan and San Carlos, ISABELA, four (4) - First Municipalities of San Jose del
six (6) - First District: District: Municipalities of Sta. Monte, Sta. Maria, Marilao,
Municipalities of Bolinao, Maria, San Pablo, Cabagan, Meycauayan,, and Obando.
Bani, Agno, Burgos, Dasol, Sto. Tomas, Albano,
Infanta, Mabini, Alaminos, Tumauini, Ilagan, Divilican, NUEVA ECIJA, with the
Anda and Sual; Second Maconacon, and Palanan; Cities of Cabanatuan, Palayan
District: Municipalities of Second District: and San Jose, four (4) - First
Labrador, Lingayen, Municipalities of Aurora, San District: Municipalities of
Bugallon, Aguilar, Manuel, Roxas, Mallig, Nampicuan, Cuyapo, Guimba,
Mangatarem, Binmaley, Quezon, Quirino, Burgos, Quezon, Talavera, Licab, Sto.
Urbiztondo, and Basista; Gamu, Naguilian, Benito Domingo, Aliaga, and
Third District: San Carlos Soliven, An Mariano; Third Zaragoza, Second District:
City, and the Municipalities of District: Municipalities of San Jose City and the
Malasiqui, Bayambang, Reina Mercedes, Cauayan, Municipalities of Lupao,
Calasiao, Mapandan, and Sta. Luna, Cabatuan, San Mateo, Munoz, Talugtog, Caranglan,
Barbara; Fourth District: Alicia, Angadanan, and San Pantabangan, Lanera, and
Dagupan City and the Guillermo; Fourth District: Rizal; Third District:
Municipalities of Mangaldan, Municipalities Cordon, Cabanatuan City; Palayan
San Fabian, San Jacinto, and Santiango, Ramon, San Isidro, City, and the Municipalities of
Manaoag; Fifth District: Echague, Jones, San Agustin, General Natividad,
Municipalities of Binalonan, and Dinapigui. Bongabong, Laur, Gabaldon,
Laoac, Urdaneta, Villasis, and Sta. Rosa, Fourth District:
Sison, Pozorrubio, Bautista, KALINGA-APAYAO, one (1) Municipalities fof San
Alcala, and Sto. Tomas; Sixth Leonardo, General Tinio,
District: Municipalities of NUEVA VIZCAYA, one (1) Penaranda, Gapan, San
Rosales, Asingan, Balungao, Isidro, Cabiao, San Antonio,
Sta. Maria, Umingan, San and Jaen.
Quintin, Natividad, Tayug, QUIRINO, one (1)
San Nicolas, and San Manuel. PAMPANGA with Angeles
City, four (4) - First District :
Angeles City and the
Region III Municipalities of Mabalacat
Region II and Magalang; Second
BATAAN, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of
District: Municipalities of Lubao, Guagua,
BATANES, one (1) Floridablanca, Porac, Sta.
Dinalupihan, Hermosa, Orani,
Samal, Abucay, and Morong, Rita, and Sexmoan; Third
CAGAYAN, three (3) - First Second District: District: Municipalities of San
District: Municipalities of Municipalities of Pilar, Orion, Fernando, Arayat, Mexico,
Bacolor, and Sta. ana; Fourth and Mataas na Kahoy; Fourth District: Municipalities of
District: Municipalities of District : Lipa City and the Bansud, Bongabon, Bulalakao,
Candaba, Apalit, Macabebe, Municipalities of San Juan, Gloria, Mansalay,
Masantol, Minalin, Sto. Taysan, Rosario, P. Garcia, Pinamalayan, and Roxas.
Tomas, San Luis, and San Ibaan, and San Jose.
Simon. PALAWAN with Puerto
CAVITE with the Cities of Princesa City, two (2) - First
TARLAC, three (3) - First Tagaytay, Cavite and Trece District: Municipalities of
District: Municipalities of Martires, three (30 - First Agutaya, Araceli, Busuanga,
Mayantoc, Sta. Ignacia, District: Cavite City and the Cagayancillo, Coron, Cuyo,
Camiling, Moncada, San Municipalities of Bacoor, Dumaran, El Nido, Linapacan,
Manuel, Anao, Paniqui, Kawit, Noveleta, and Rosario; Magsaysay, Roxas, San
Ramos, San Clemente, and Second District: Trece Vicente, Taytay, and
Pura; Second District: Martires City and the Kalayaan; Second District:
Municipalities of Tarlac, Municipalities of Imus, Puerto Princesa City and the
Gerona, and Victoria; Third Dasmarinas, Carmona, Gen. Municipalities of Aborlan,
District: Municipalities of Mariano Alvarez, General Balabac, Batarasa, Brooke's
Bamban, Capas, Concepcion, Trias, and Tanza; Third Point, Narra, Quezon, and
and La Paz. District: Tagaytay City and Marcos.
the Municipalities of Alfonso,
ZAMBALES with Olongapo Amadeo, General Aguinaldo, QUEZON with Lucena City,
City, two (2) - First District: Indang, Magallanes, four (4) - First District:
Olongapo City and the Maragondon, Mendez-Nunez, Municipalities of Burdeos,
Municipalities of Subic, Naic, Silang, and Ternate. Gen. Nakar, Infanta, Jumalig,
Castillejos, and San Panukulan, Patnanungan,
Marcelino, Second District: LAGUNA with San Pablo Polilio, Real, Sampaloc,
Municipalities of Botolan, City, four (4) - First District: Mauban, Pagbilao, Lucban,
Cabangan, Candelaria, Iba, Municipalities of Binan, San and Tayabas; Second District:
Masinloc, Palauig, San Pedro and Sta. Rosa; Second Lucena city and Municipalities
Antonio, San Felipe, San District: Municipalities of Bay, of Candelaria, Dolores, San
Narciso, and Sta. Cruz. Cabuyao, Calamba, and Los Antonio, Sariaya, and Tiaong;
Banos; Third District: San Third District: Municipalities
Pablo City and the of Catanauan, Gen. Luna,
Municipalities of Calauan, Macalelon, Mulanay, Pitogo,
Alaminos, Rizal, Nagcarlan, San Andres, San Francisco,
Region IV
Liliw, and Victoria: Fourth San Narciso, Buenavista,
District: Municipalities of Sta. Padre Burgos, Agdangan, and
AURORA, one Cruz, Pila, Lumban, Unisan; Fourth District:
Pagsanjan, Cavinti, Kalayaan, Municipalities of Calauag,
(1) BATANGAS with the Paete, Pakil, Pangil, Siniloan, Guinayangan, Gumaca,
Cities of Batangas and Lipa, Famy, Mabitac, Sta. Maria, Lopez, Tagkawayan,
four (4) - First District: Magdalena, Luisiana, and Atimonan, Plaridel, Alabat,
Municipalities of Nasugbu, Majayjay. Perez, and Quezon
Lian, Calatagan, Balayan,
Tuy, Calaca, Lemery, and MARINDUQUE, one (1) RIZAL, two (2) - First
Taal; Second District: District: Municipalities of
Batangas City and the OCCIDENTAL MINDORO, Antipolo, Taytay, Cainta,
Municipalities of Lobo, San one (1) Angono, and Binangonan;
Pascual, Bauan, Mabini, San Second District:
Luis, and Tingloy; Third Municipalities of E.
District: Municipalities of ORIENTAL MINDORO, two
(2) - First District: Rodriguez, San Mateo,
Balete, Malvar, Sto. Tomas, Morong, Cardona, Teresa,
Tanauan, Talisay, Laurel, Municipalities of Baco,
Calapan, Naujan, Puerto Baras, Tanay, Pililla, and Jala-
Agoncillo, San Nicolas, Sta. Jala.
Teresita, Alitagtag, Cuenca, Galera, San Teodoro, Victoria,
Pola, and Socorro; Second
ROMBLON, one (1) Baleno, Balud, and Mandaon; Bingawan; Fourth District:
Third District: Municipalities Municipalities of Passi, San
of Uson, Dimasalang, Palanas, Enrique, Duenas, Dingle,
Cataingan, Pio V. Corpuz, Barotac Nuevo, Dumangas,
Esperanza, Placer, and Anilao, and Banate; Fifth
Region V
Cawayan. District: Municipalities of
Barotac Viejo, San Rafael,
ALBAY with Legaspi City, SORSOGON, two (2) - First Ajuy, Lemery, Concepcion,
three (3) - First District: District: Municipalities of Sara, San Dionisio, Batad,
Municipalities of Bacacay, Sorsogon, Pilar, Donsol, Estancia, Balasan, and Carles.
Malinao, Malilipot, Santo Castilla, Bacon, Casiguran,
Domingo, Tabaco, and Tiwi, and Magallanes; Second ILOILO CITY, one (1)
Second District: Legaspi City District: Municipalities of
and the Municipalities of Barcelona, Prieto Diaz, Gubat,
Camalig, Daraga, Manito, and NEGROS OCCIDENTAL,
Juban, Bulusan, Irosin, Sta. with the Cities of San Carlos,
Rapu-Rapu; Third District: Magdalena, Matnog, and
Municipalities of Guinobatan, Cadiz, Bago, La Carlota, and
Bulan. Silay, six (6) - First District:
Jovellar, Libon, Ligao, Oas,
Pio Duran, and Polangui. San Carlos City and the
Municipalities of Toboso,
Calatrava, Escalante, and S.
CAMARINES NORTE, one Benedicto; Second District:
(1) Region VI
Cadiz City and the
Municipalities of Sagay and
CAMARINES SUR including AKLAN, one (1) Manapla; Third District: Silay
the Cities of Naga and Iriga, City and the Municipalities of
four (4) - First District: ANTIQUE, one (1) Victorias, Enrique B.
Municipalities of Del Gallego, Magalona, Talisay, and
Ragay, Lupi, Sipocot, CAPIZ including Roxas City, Murcia; Fourth District: Bago
Libmanan, Cabusao, two (2) - First District: Roxas City and the Municipalities of
Pamplona, Pasacao, City and the Municipalities of Valladolid, San Enrique,
Minalabac, and San Fernando, Panay, Pilar, Pontevedra, Pontevedra, Pulupandan, and
Second District : Naga City President Roxas, Ma-ayon, La Carlota; Fifth District:
and the Municipalities of and Panitan; Second District: Municipalities of La
Bonbon, Calabanga, Municipalities of Dumalag, Castellana, Moises Padilla,
Camaligan, Canaman, Gainza, Jamindan, Mambusao, Isabela, Binalbagan,
Magarao, Milaor, Ocampo, Sapian, Sigma, Tapaz, Himamaylan, and Hinigaran;
and Pili; Third District: Cuartero, Dao, Dumarao, and Sixth District: Municipalities
Municipalities of Caramoan, Ivisan. of Kabankalan, Ilog, Cauayan,
Garchitorena, Goa, Lagonoy, Candoni, Sipalay, and
Presentacion, Sangay, San ILOILO, five (5) - First Hinobaan.
Jose, Tigaon, Tinambac, and District: Municipalities of
Siruma; Fourth District: Iriga Guimbal, Igbaras, San BACOLOD CITY, ONE ( 1 )
City and the Municipalities of Joaquin, Tigbauan,
Baao, Balatan, Bato, Buhi, Tubungan, Miagao, and Oton;
Bula, and Nabua. Second District;
Municipalities of Jordan, Region VII
CATANDUANES, one (1) Nueva Valencia, Buenavista,
Pavia, Leganes, Sta. Barbara,
MASBATE, three (3) - First New Lucena, Zarraga, BOHOL, with Tagbilaran
District Municipalities of San Alimodian, Leon, and San City, three (3) - First District:
Pascual, Claveria, Monreal, Miguel; Third District: Tagbilaran City and the
San Jacinto, San Fernando, Municipalities of Maasin, Municipalities of
and Batuan; Second District: Cabatuan, janiuay, Alburquerque, Antequera,
Municipalities of Masbate, Badiangan, Mina, Pototan, Baclayon, Balilihan, Calape,
Mobo, Milagros, Aroroy, Calinog, Lambunao, and Catigbian, Corella, Cortes,
Dauis, Loon, Maribojoc, Adlawon, Agsungot, Apas,
Panglao, Sikatuna, and Bacayan, Banilad, Binaliw,
Tubigon; Second District: Budla-an, Busay, Cmbinocot, Region VIII
Municipalities of Clarin, Camputhaw, Capitol Site,
Inabangan, Sagbayan, Carreta, Central Proper,
Buenavista, Jetafe, Dagohoy, Cogon-Ramos, Day-as, LEYTE with the Cities of
Danao, San Miguel, Trinidad, Ermita, Guba, Hipodromo, Tacloban and Ormoc, five (5) -
Talibon, Ubay, Bien Unido, Kalubihan, Kamagayan, First District: Tacloban City
San Isidro, and Pres. C. P. Kasambagan, Lahug, Lorega, and the municipalities of
Garcia; Third District: Lusaran, Luz, Mabini, Alangalang, Babatngon, Palo,
Municipalities of Loay, Loboc, Mabolo, Malubog, Pahina San Miguel, Sta. Fe, Tanauan,
Bilar, Batuan, Carmen, Central, Parian, Paril, Pit-os, and Talosa; Second District:
Sevilla, Lila, Dimiao, Valencia, Pulang Bato, Sambag 1, Municipalities of Barugo,
Garcia-Hernandez, Jagna, Sambag 11, San Antonio, San Barauen, Capoocan, Carigara,
Duero, Guindulman, Jose, San Roque, Sta. Cruz, Dagami, Dulag, Jaro, Julita,
Candijay, Mabini, Alicia, Sirao, T. Padilla, Talamban, La Paz, Mayorga,
Anda, Sierra Bullones, and Taptap, Tejero, Tinago, and MacArcthur, Pastrana,
Pilar. Zapatera; Second District: Tabontabon, and Tunga;
Barangays of Babag, Basak Third District: Municipalities
Pardo, Basak San Nicolas, of Almeria, Biliran,
CEBU, with the Cities of Cabucgayan, Caibiran,
Danao, Lapu-lapu, Mandaue, Bonbon, Buhisan, Bulacao
pardo, Bout-Taup, Calamba, Calubian, Culaba, Kawayan,
and Toledo, six (6) - First Leyte, Maripipi, Naval, San
District: Municipalities of Cogon Pardo, Duljo Fatima,
Guadalupe, Inayawan, Isidro, Tabango, and Villaba;
Talisay, Minglanilla, Naga, Fourth District: Ormoc city
San Fernando, Carcar, and Kalunasan, Kinasang-an
Pardo, Labangon, Mambaling, and the Municipalities of
Sibongan; Second District: Albuera, Isabel, Kananga,
Municipalities of Argao, Pahina San Nicolas, Pamutan,
Pardo, Pasil Abuno, Sibugay, Matagob, Merida, and
Dalaguete, Alcoy, Boljoon, Palompon; Fifth District:
Oslob, Santander, Samboan, Punta Princesa, Quiot, San
Nicolas, Sawang Calero, Municipalities of Abuyog,
Ginatilan, Malabuyoc, Bato, Baybay, Hilongos,
Alegria, Badian, Moal- boal, Sinsin, Suba Pasil, Sudlon,
Sapangdako, Tabunan, Hindang, Inopacan, Javier,
Alcantara, Ronda, and Mahaplag, and Matalom.
Dumanjug; Third District: Tigbao, Tisa, and Toong.
Toledo City and the
Municipalities of Barili, NEGROS ORIENTAL, with SOUTHERN LEYTE, one (1)
Alonguinsan, Pinamungajan, the Cities of Bais, Canlaon,
Balamban, Asturias, and and Dumaguete, three (3) - EASTERN SAMAR, one (1)
Tuburan; Fourth District: First District: Canlaon City
Municipalities of Tabuelan, and the Municipalities of NORTHERN SAMAR, two (2)
San Remigio, Sta. Fe, Vallehermoso, Guihulngan, La - First District: Municipalities
Bantayan, Madridejos, Daan- Libertad, Jimalalud, Tayasan, of Allen, Biri, Bobon, Capul,
bantayan, Medellin, Bogo, and Ayungon, Bindoy, and Catarman, Lavezares, Lope de
Tabogon; Fifth District: Manjuyod; Second District: Vega, Rosario, San Antonio,
Danao City and the Bais City, Dumaguete City, San Isidro, San Jose, San
Municipalities of Borbon, and the Municipalities of Vicente, Victoria, and
Sogod, Catmon, Carmen, Mabinay, Tanjay, Pamplona, Mondragon; Second District:
Compostela, Liloan, San Amlan, San Jose, and Sibulan; Municipalities of Silvino
Francisco, Poro, Tudela, and Third District: Municipalities Lobos, San Roque, Pambuyan,
Pilar; Sixth District: Lapu- of Valencia, Bacong, Dauin, Las Navas, Catubig, Laoang,
lapu City, Mandanue City, Zamboanguita, Siaton, Sta. Palapag, Mapanas, Gamay,
and the Municipalities of Catalina, Bayawan, and and Lapinig.
Cordova and Consolacion. Basay.
SAMAR with Calbayog city,
CEBU CITY, two (2) - First SIQUIJOR, one (1) two (2) - First District:
District: Barangays of Calbayog City and the
Municipalities of almagro, ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR, Municipalities of Maramag,
Gandara, Matuguinao, Pag- with Pagadian City, three (3) - Quezon, Don Carlos, Kitaotao,
sanghan, San Jorge, Santa First District: Pagadian City Dangcagan, Kibawe, Damulog,
Margarita, Sto. Nino, and the Municipalities of and Kadingilan.
Tagapul-an, and Tarangnan; Dumingag, Mahayag, Molave,
Second District: Tambulig, Midsalip, R. CAMIGUIN, one (1)
Municipalities of Basey, Magsaysay, Labangan,
Calbiga, Catbalogan, Daram, Aurora, Tukuran, Josefina, MISAMIS
Hinabangan, San Jose de and Don Mariano Marcos; OCCIDENTAL with the Cities
Buan, Jiabong, Marabut, Second District: of Oroquieta, Ozamiz and
Motiong, Pinabacadao, San Municipalities of Dumalinao, Tangub, two (2) - First
Sebastian, Sta. Rita, Talalora, San Pablo, Tabina, Dima- District: Oroquieta City and
Villareal, Wright, and taling, Dinas, San Miguel, the Municipalities of
Zumarraga. Margosatubig, Lapuyan, Baliangao, Plaridel, Calamba,
Kumalarang, Bayog, Sapang Dalaga, Lopez Jaena,
Lakewood, Pitogo, and Aloran, Concepcion, Panaon,
Vincenzo A. Sagun; Third and Jimenez; Second District:
Region IX District: Municipalities of Ozamiz City, Tangub City,
Malangas, Alicia, Olutanga, and the Municipalities of
Mabuhay, Siay, Kabasalan, Bonifacio, Tudela, Clarin,
BASILAN, one (1) Naga, Ipil, Titay, Tungawan, Sinacaban, and Don Mariano
Buug, Imelda, Payao, Talusan, Marcos.
SULU, two (2) - First District: Diplahan, and Roseller Lim.
Municipalities of Jolo,
Marungas, Indanan, MISAMIS ORIENTAL, with
ZAMBOANGA CITY, one (1) Gingoog City, two (2) - First
Pangutaran, Parang, Talipao,
Maimbung, and Patikul; District: Gingoog City and the
Second District: Municipalities of Magsaysay,
Municipalities of Siasi, Talisayan, Balingoan, Medina,
Pandami, Pata, Luuk, K. Region X Kinogitan, Sugbongcogon,
Culuang, Panamao, New Binuangan, Salay,
Panamao, Tapul, Lungus, and AGUSAN DEL NORTE, with Lagonglong, and Balingasag;
Tongkil. the City of Butuan, two (2) - Second District:
First District: Butuan City Municipalities of Claveria,
and the Municipality of Las Jasaan, Villanueva, Tagoloan,
TAWI-TAWI, one (1) Alubijid, El Salvador,
Nieves, Second District:
Municipalities of Buenavista, Gitagum, Initao,
ZAMBOANGA DEL Laguindingan, Libertad,
NORTE with the Cities of Cabadbaran, Carmen,
Jabonga, Kitcharao, Lugait, Manticao, Naawan,
Dapitan and Dipolog, three (3) and Opol.
- First District: Dapitan City Magallanes, Nasipit, Santiago,
and the Municipalities of Tubay, and Remedios T.
Romualdez. CAGAYAN DE ORO
Sibutad, Rizal, La Libertad, CITY one (1)
Mutia, Pinan, Sergio Osmena,
Sr., and Polanco; Second AGUSAN DEL SUR, one (1)
District: Dipolog City and the SURIGAO DEL NORTE with
Municipalities of Katipunan, BUKIDNON, three (3) - First the City of Surigao, two (2) -
Pres. Manuel A. Roxas, District: Municipalities of First District: Municipalities
Manukan, Ponot, Siayan, and Talakag, Baungon, Malitbog, of Sta. Monica, San Isidro, Del
Sindangan; Third District: Libona, Manolo Fortich, Carme, Pilar, General Luna,
Municipalities of Salug; Sumialo, Panganto-can, and Dapa, Socorro, Burgos, San
Godod, Liloy, Tampilisan, Kalilangan; Second District: Benito, Loreto, Libjo, Dinagat,
Labason, Gutalac, Siocon, Municipalities of Malay-balay, Cagdianao, Tubajon, and
Baliquian, Siraway, Bacungan, Lantapan, Cabanglasan, Basilisa; Second District:
and Sibuco. Valencia, San Fernando, and Surigao City and the
Impasugong; Third District: Municipalities of San
Francisco, Tagana-an, Sison,
Placer, Malimono, Bacauag, LANAO DEL SUR with
Gigaquit, Tubod, Mainit, Buhangin,Bunawan, and Marawi City, (2) - First
Alegria, and Claver. Paquibato; Third District: Marawi City and the
District: Municipalities of Marantao,
Piagapo, Saguiaran, Tagoloan,
Districts of Kapai, Ditsaan - Ramain,
Toril, Tugbok, Bubong, Buadiposo-Buntong,
Region XI Calinan, and Baguio. Bumbaran, Maguing, Wao,
Molundo, Taraka, Lumba-
DAVAO DEL NORTE, three Bayabao, Poona-Bayabao,
(3) - First District: SOUTH COTABATO with Masiu and Tamparan; Second
Municipalities of Moncayo, General Santos City, three (3) District: Municipalities of
Montevista, Compostela, - First District: General Balindong, Tugaya, Bacolod
Nabunturan, New Bataan, Santos City, and the Grande, Madalum, Madamba,
Mawab, and San Mariano; Municipalities of Polomolok, Pualas, Ganassi, Pagayawan,
Second District: Tampakan, and Tupi; Second Sultan Gumander, Malabang,
Municipalities of San Vicente, District: Municipalities of Balabagan, Kapatagan,
Capalong, Asuncion, New Tantangan, Norala, Banga, Marogong, Tubaran,
Corella, Tagum, Maco, Sto. Nino, Surallah, Binidayan, Lumbatan,
Mabini, and Pantukan; Third Koronadal, Tiboli, and Lake Lumbayanague, Butig,
District: Municipalities of Sto. Sebu; Third District: Bayang and Calanogas.
Tomas, Carmen, Panabo, Municipalities of Alabel,
Babak, Samal, and Kaputian. Malapatan, Glan, Maasim, MAGUINDANAO with
Kiamba, Maitum, and Cotabato City, two (2) - First
DAVAO ORIENTAL, two (2) Malungon. District: Cotabato City and
- First District: Municipalities the Municipalities of Parang,
of Boston, Cateel, Baganga, SURIGAO DEL SUR, two (2) Sultan Kudarat, Buldon,
Caraga, Manay, and - First District: Municipalities Barira, Dinaig, Kabuntalan,
Tarragona; Second District: of Bayabas, Cantilan, Matanog and Upi; Second
Municipalities of Mati, Carrascal, Cortes, Lanuza, District: Municipalities of
Banaybanay, Lupon, San Madrid, San Miguel, Tago, Pagalunga, Buluan, Sultan sa
Isidro, and Governor Tandag, Cagwit, Marihatag, Barongis, Maganoy, Talaya,
Generoso. San Agustin, Carmen, and South Upi, Datu Piang, Datu
Lianga; Second District: Paglas, and Ampatuan.
DAVAO DEL SUR, two (2) - Municipalities of Barobo,
First District: Municipalities Bislig, Hinatuan, Lingig, and NORTH COTABATO, two (2)
of Magsaysay, Bansalan, Sta. Tagbina. - First District: Municipalities
Cruz, Matanao, Digos, of Carmen, Kabacan,
Hagonoy, and Padada; Second Libungan, Midsayap,
District: Municipalities of Pigkawayan, Pikit, Aleosan,
Kiblawan, Sulop, Malalag, Banisilan, and Alamada;
Region XII
Sta. Maria, Malita, Jose Abad Second District:
Santos, Don Marcelino, and Municipalities of Kidapawan,
Saranggani. LANAO DEL NORTE with Makilala, Matalam, Antipas,
Iligan City, two (2) - First Mlang, Pres. Roxas Tulunan,
District: Iligan City, Linamon, and Magpet.
DAVAO CITY, three Kauswagan, Bacolod, Maigo,
(3) - First District: Kolambugan, Tubod, and
Baroy; Second District: Baloi, SULTAN KUDARAT, one (1)
Districts of
Pantar, Tagoloan, Poona-
Poblacion and Piagapo, Pantao-Ragat, Section 2. The Commission on
Talomo; Second Matungao, Tangkal, Munai, Elections is hereby empowered
District: Districts of Nunungan, Magsaysay, to make minor adjustments of
Salvador, Kapatagan, the reapportionment herein
Karomatan. Sapad, and Lala. made.
Section 3. Any province that Secretary
may hereafter be created, or General
any city whose population may
hereafter increase to more
than two hundred fifty
thousand shall be entitiled in
the immediately following
election to at least one
Member or such number of
Members as it may be entitled
to on the basis of the number
of its inhabitants and
according to the standards
setforth in paragraph (3),
Section 5 of Article VI of the
Constitution. The number of
Members apportioned to the
province out of which such
new province was created or
where the city, whose
population has so increased, is
geographically located shall be
correspondingly adjusted by
the Commission on Elections
but such adjustment shall not
be made within one hundred
and twenty days before the
election.

Section 4. This Ordinance

shall be appended to the
Constitution proposed by the
1986 Constitutional
Commission, and shall be
submitted to a plebiscite
simultaneously with such
Constitution, and shall take
effect upon its ratification by a
majority of the votes cast in
such plebiscite.

Adopted, October 15, 1986

Cecilia Munoz Palma

President

Attested:

Flerida Ruth
P. Romero