Carbon Capture And Storage

(Capture The Carbon)

Abstract: natural resources and the environment. Carbon

Carbon capture and sequestration is emitted into the atmosphere (as carbon
has a seductively simple appeal: We generate dioxide, also called CO2) whenever we burn
carbon dioxide emissions by burning geology any fossil fuel, anywhere. To prevent the
— coal and oil — carbon dioxide building up in the atmosphere
so to fix the problem, we should simply (probably causing global warming and
capture it and inject it back into the ground. definitely causing ocean acidification), we can
catch the CO2, and store it. Carbon capture
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a and sequestration, is a means of mitigating the
means of mitigating the contribution of fossil contribution of fossil fuel emissions to global
fuel emissions to global warming, based on warming, based on capturing carbon dioxide
capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large (CO2) from large point sources such as fossil
point sources such as fossil fuel power fuel power plants, and storing it in such a way
plants, and store it away from atmosphere by that it does not enter the atmosphere.
different means. It can also be used to
describe the scrubbing of CO2 from ambient CCS is a three-step process, including the
air as a geoengineering technique. capture of CO2 from power plants, industrial
Conventional capturing and compressing sources, and natural gas wells; transportation,
CO2 requires much energy and would usually via pipelines, to the storage site; and
increase the fuel needs of a coal-fired plant storage in deep saline formations, depleted oil
with CCS by 25%-40%. These and other or gas fields, unmineable coal seams, and
system costs are estimated to increase the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) sites.
cost of energy from a new power plant with Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIF) are
CCS by 21-91%. So an exclusive alternative one kind of metal-organic frameworks'
for this process is to capture the CO2 by subsidiaries which could be used to keep
special cage-like molecules called CO2 industrial emissions of carbon dioxide out of
capturing ZIFs() well suited to working the atmosphere. One litre of the crystals could
under real-world condition. These materials store about 83 litres of CO2. They have huge
could eventually make capturing CO2 easier potential and efficiency over the conventional
— and therefore, more cost effective. The methods.
crystals are non-toxic and require little
energy to create, making them an attractive
possibility for carbon capture and storage.

Keywords: CCS, carbon capture, ZIF, Green Why do we need to capture the carbon?
House, CO2 In the decades, the phenomenon of
global warming became extremely important
Introduction: issue that impacts in increasing of temperature
in surface environment. The greenhouse
Green technology is that in which the effect caused by greenhouse gases trap in the
technology is environmentally friendly and is atmosphere and forms a layer which prevents
created and used in a way that conserves reflection of the heat out of the earth. This
effect will increase the temperature at the What is carbon capture and storage?
earth's surface. As we know that carbon Carbon capture and sequestration
dioxide (CO2) is the largest contributor to this has a seductively simple appeal: We generate
which increased dramatically since the carbon dioxide emissions by burning geology
industrial revolution in 1700. — coal and oil —
Global warming is also causing a lot of natural so to fix the problem, we should simply
disasters in various parts of the world such as capture it and inject it back into the ground.
floods, droughts, extreme weather, hurricanes Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a
and health. As mention in above paragraph means of mitigating the contribution of fossil
that the growth of carbon dioxide is the largest fuel emissions to global warming, based on
contributor to global warming then we should capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large
note that the growth of carbon dioxide (CO2) point sources such as fossil fuel power plants,
emission in the atmosphere has reached 28 and store it away from atmosphere by
Gt / year. Meanwhile, the concentration has different means. It can also be used to describe
reached 380 ppm. Researcher shows that the scrubbing of CO2 from ambient air as a
increasing of 450 ppm will increase geoengineering technique.
temperature 4 C. If the growth rate of carbon
dioxide is not pressed, this concentration will Carbon is emitted into the atmosphere (as
be 600 ppm in 2050 and will reach 750 ppm in carbon dioxide, also called CO2) whenever we
2100. We have to stop and decrease carbon burn any fossil fuel, anywhere. The largest
dioxide rate. Mitigation to reduce carbon sources are cars and lorries, and power
dioxide in the atmosphere opens a new stations that burn fossil fuels: coal, oil or gas.
paradigm of technology Carbon Capture To prevent the carbon dioxide building up in
Storage (CCS) to against global warming. the atmosphere (probably causing global
warming and definitely causing ocean
acidification), we can catch the CO2, and store
it. As we would need to store thousands of
millions of tons of CO2, we cannot just build
containers, but must use natural storage
facilities. Some of the best natural containers
are old oil and gas fields.

Figure 1.

As we can see in the figure 1 the rising level

of the carbon dioxide also increases the global
warming which can lead to increase in
What might Carbon Capture and Storage
temperature, floods, melting of ice, draught
(CCS) look like?
etc. so this need to addressed with insurgency.
 Conventional Methods Of Carbon dioxide
capturing
Capturing CO2 might be applied to large point
sources, such as large fossil fuel or biomass
energy facilities, industries with major CO2
emissions, natural gas processing, synthetic
fuel plants and fossil fuel-based hydrogen
production plants.
1. POST COMBUSTION CAPTURE: In
‘‘post combustion capture, the CO2 is
removed after combustion of the fossil
fuel - this is the scheme that would be
applied to fossil-fuel burning power
plants. Here, carbon dioxide is
captured from flue gases at power
stations or other large point sources.
The technology is well understood and
is currently used in other industrial
applications, although not at the same
scale as might be required in a
commercial scale power station.
2. PRE-COMBUSTION : The
technology for pre-combustion is
widely applied in fertilizer, chemical,
gaseous fuel (H2, CH4), and power
Figure 2. production. In these cases, the fossil
fuel is partially oxidized, for instance
in a gasifier. The resulting syngas (CO
and H2) is shifted into CO2 and more
The figure 2 shows a conceptual plan for H2. The resulting CO2 can be captured
CCS, involving 2 of the common fossil fuels, from a relatively pure exhaust stream.
methane gas (also called natural gas) and coal. The H2 can now be used as fuel; the
carbon dioxide is removed before
Methane gas is produced from offshore gas combustion takes place.
fields, and is brought onshore by pipeline. 3. OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION: In oxy-
Using existing oil-refinery technology, the gas fuel combustion the fuel is burned in
is 'reformed' into hydrogen and CO2. The CO2 oxygen instead of air. To limit the
is then separated by a newly-designed resulting flame temperatures to levels
membrane, and sent offshore, using a common during conventional
corrosion-resistant pipeline. The CO2 goes to combustion, cooled flue gas is
an oilfield. The CO2 is stored in the oilfield, recirculated and injected into the
several km below sea level, instead of being combustion chamber. The flue gas
vented into the atmosphere from the power consists of mainly carbon dioxide and
station. water vapor, the latter of which is
condensed through cooling. The result
is an almost pure carbon dioxide
stream that can be transported to the
sequestration site and stored. Power
plant processes based on oxyfuel
combustion are sometimes referred to
 as "zero emission" cycles, because the change. Previous efforts have required heat to
CO2 stored is not a fraction removed trap the carbon dioxide particles. Heat requires
from the flue gas stream (as in the energy, and that energy costs money. Making
cases of pre- and post-combustion carbon capture more efficient could reduce the
capture) but the flue gas stream itself. cost of the process and bring "cleanish" fossil
It should be noted, however, that a fuel plants closer to reality.
certain fraction of the CO2 generated
during combustion will inevitably end
up in the condensed water. To warrant
the label "zero emission" the water
would thus have to be treated or
disposed of appropriately. The
technique is promising, but the initial
air separation step demands a lot of
energy.

Disadvantages Of Conventional Methods

1. Conventional capturing and

compressing CO2 requires much
energy and would increase the fuel Figure 3. Showing ZIF 69
needs of a coal-fired plant with CCS
by 25%-40%. ZIF-69 is like a carbon dioxide trap, allowing
2. These and other system costs are only CO2 in, while screening out molecules
estimated to increase the cost of with different shapes. Under pressure, the
energy from a new power plant with compound allows the carbon dioxide in, but
CCS by 21-91%. not back out. Then, when scientists
3. The technology uses between 10 and decompress the material, the gas is released,
40% of the energy produced by a allowing scientists to dump the captured CO2
power station. into a storage system. One litre of the crystals
could store about 83 litres of CO2. The
Capturing the carbon with new CO2 crystals are non-toxic and require little energy
capturing ZIF to create, making them an attractive possibility
for carbon capture and storage. "The porous
An exclusive alternative for this process is to structures can be heated to high temperatures
capture the CO2 by special cage-like without decomposing and can be boiled in
molecules called CO2 capturing ZIFs 69 well water or solvents for a week and remain
suited to working under real-world condition. stable, making them suitable for use in hot,
These materials could eventually make energy-producing environments like power
capturing CO2 easier — and therefore, more plants”.
cost effective.
Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF) are
metal-organic framework for carbon dioxide
sinks which could be used to keep industrial Advantages of ZIF
emissions of carbon dioxide out of the
atmosphere. 1. CCS by using ZIF can make this
The sponge-like material, called ZIF-69, process very easy.
promises to hold 60 times its volume in
carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas scientists
say is primarily responsible for climate
 2. This has the potential to be used as a • 'lake' deposits CO2 directly onto the
negative carbon emission technique. sea floor at depths greater than 3000
m, where CO2 is denser than water and
3. Economical in implementation. is expected to form a 'lake' that would
delay dissolution of CO2 into the
4. Very less amount of energy required to environment.
make the crystals. • convert the CO2 to bicarbonates (using
limestone)
• Store the CO2 in solid clathrate
CO2 transport hydrates already existing on the ocean
floor, or growing more solid clathrate.

After capture, the CO2 would have Mineral storage

to be transported to suitable storage sites. This Carbon sequestration by reacting naturally
is done by pipeline, which is generally the occurring Mg and Ca containing minerals with
cheapest form of transport. In 2008, there CO2 to form carbonates has many unique
were approximately 5,800 km of CO2 advantages. Most notabl[e] is the fact that
pipelines in the United States, used to carbonates have a lower energy state than
transport CO2 to oil production fields where CO2, which is why mineral carbonation is
the CO2 is injected in older fields to extract thermodynamically favorable and occurs
oil. The injection of CO2 to produce oil is naturally (e.g., the weathering of rock over
generally called "Enhanced Oil Recovery" or geologic time periods). Secondly, the raw
EOR. In addition, there are several pilot materials such as magnesium based minerals
programs in various stages to test the long- are abundant. Finally, the produced carbonates
term storage of CO2 in non-oil producing are unarguably stable and thus re-release of
geologic formations. CO2 into the atmosphere is not an issue.
However, conventional carbonation pathways
are slow under ambient temperatures and
Storage pressures. The significant challenge being
addressed by this effort is to identify an
Geological storage industrially and environmentally viable
Also known as geo-sequestration, this method carbonation route that will allow mineral
involves injecting carbon dioxide, generally in sequestration to be implemented with
supercritical form, directly into underground acceptable economics.
geological formations. Oil fields, gas fields,
saline formations, unminable coal seams, and Leakage – A major concern
saline-filled basalt formations have been
suggested as storage sites. Various physical A major concern with CCS is whether
(e.g., highly impermeable caprock) and leakage of stored CO2 will compromise CCS
geochemical trapping mechanisms would as a climate change mitigation option. For
prevent the CO2 from escaping to the surface. well-selected, designed and managed
geological storage sites, IPCC estimates that
Ocean storage risks are comparable to those associated with
Another proposed form of carbon storage is in current hydrocarbon activity. CO2 could be
the oceans. Several concepts have been trapped for millions of years, and although
proposed: some leakage occurs upwards through the soil,
• 'dissolution' injects CO2 by ship or well selected stores are likely to retain over
pipeline into the water column at 99% of the injected CO2 over 1000 years.
depths of 1000 m or more, and the CO2 Leakage through the injection pipe is a greater
subsequently dissolves. risk. Although the injection pipe is usually
protected with Non-return valves (to prevent • Global warming is a problem that
release on a power outtage), there is still a risk requires urgent action. It calls for a
that the pipe itself could tear and leak due to multi-faceted approach. It is a problem
the pressure. A small incident of this type of that can only be solved with
CO2 leakage was the Berkel and Rodenrijs international co-operation and
incident in December 2008, where a modest commitment. CCS is one technology
release of greenhouse gas emissions resulted available to combat global warming.
in the deaths of a small group of ducks. In The Global CCS Institute is focused on
order to measure accidental carbon releases this solution.
more accurately and decrease the risk of • Renewable energy technology
fatalities through this type of leakage, the continues to develop, but fossil fuels,
implementation of CO2 alert meters around the in particular coal, will continue to
project perimeter has been proposed. provide the bulk of the world’s energy
In 1986 a large leakage of naturally for the foreseeable future. CCS is a
sequestered carbon dioxide rose from Lake technology that can reduce emissions
Nyos in Cameroon and asphyxiated 1,700 from power plants and factories to
people. While the carbon had been almost zero.
sequestered naturally, some point to the event • ZIFS and its like materials has huge
as evidence for the potentially catastrophic potential and are very efficient over
effects of sequestering carbon. conventional methods.
For ocean storage, the retention of CO2 would • The carbon footprints generated from
depend on the depth; IPCC estimates 30–85% the usage of conventional energy
would be retained after 500 years for depths resources have to be controlled so as to
1000–3000 m. Mineral storage is not regarded keep the waste minimized and keep the
as having any risks of leakage. The IPCC planet safe.
recommends that limits be set to the amount
of leakage that can take place. This might rule
out deep ocean storage as an option. References:

Wikipedia (2010-11-02). “Carbon Capture And

Future of CCS And ZIFs Storage”
What kind of developments should we http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_stora
ge
expect in the area of CCS? Judging from the
research topics that we have today, we might Omar Yaghi (2010-11-02), “CO2-Absorbing Crystals
predict that in the near future things such as Just the Tip of Iceberg for UCLA Lab”
ZIF crystals capable of capturing the carbon http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/multimedia/
dioxide that is already in the atmosphere, i.e. 2008/02/gallery_nanotech?slide=10&slideView=6
capturing the carbon from the air. The CCS is CCS (2010-11-02), “Need of CCS”
a promising technology which has the huge http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/about_css/why_we_
potential for the negative carbon emission. In need_css.html
future it can be used for lowering down the
CO2 concentration in the atmosphere which is
already there.

Conclusion : (What Should Happen)

• CCS is the need of the present and the
future. New promising techniques had
to be developed for controlling global
warming.