El Melopeo y Maestro: Pedro Cerone
El Melopeo y Maestro: Pedro Cerone
Pedro Cerone
El Melopeo y Maestro
(1613)
Libro octavo
En el Qual se Ponen las Reglas para Cantar
Glosado y de Garganta
1
Translator’s
Preface
Even
this
brief
passage
extracted
from
the
1160
pages
of
Cerone’s
immense
treatise
provides
some
justification
for
the
choleric
Fétis’
unfavorable
view
of
the
author.
Cerone
does
display
lapses
of
critical
judgment,
a
tendency
to
reproduce
entire
passages
from
other
authors
with
insufficient
evaluation
and
a
form
of
Spanish
that
can
be
confusing.
In
this
particular
case,
his
worst
flaw
is
that
he
accepts
too
much
of
his
exemplar,
Zacconi’s
pointless
and
confusing
ambiguity
and
redundancy
of
terminology;
although
it
must
be
said
in
Cerone’s
defense
that
he
is
not
so
bad
in
that
as
is
Zacconi
himself,
nor
does
he
succumb
to
Zacconi’s
exasperating
prolixity,
convolutions
and
circumlocutions
apparently
committed
for
superficial
stylistic
considerations.
These
faults
conceded,
it
is
possible
to
assess
Cerone’s
positive
values.
This
eighth
book
on
the
technique
of
vocal
ornamentation
and
diminution
is
in
three-‐quarters
or
more
some
degree
of
reproduction
of
chapter
66
of
part
1,
book
1
of
Zacconi’s
Prattica
di
Musica
(1596).
Some
is
literal
translation,
other
is
paraphrase
more
or
less
exact,
most
is
reordered
according
to
Cerone’s
own
structure.
As
a
result
of
this
process
Cerone
can
sometimes
produce
a
text
that
is
more
clear
than
his
source,
purged
of
trivial
stylistic
superficialities,
most
ambiguity
and
much
redundancy.
To
this
extent
Cerone
stands
as
an
improved
Zacconi,
and
it
is
possible
to
wish
that
he
had
dealt
similarly
with
all
of
the
latter’s
book.
It
is
also
not
inconsequential
that
Cerone,
in
choosing
to
deal
with
this
subject,
demonstrates
its
importance
to
a
Spanish
audience,
thus
implicitly
documenting
the
practice
in
early
seventeenth-‐century
Spain.
To
the
extent
that
I
have
compared
them,
Cerone
also
provides
musical
exercises
different
from
those
of
Zacconi,
which
indicates
at
least
a
certain
degree
of
independence;
though,
if
consistent
with
the
rest
of
the
text,
someday
it
may
yet
be
discovered
that
they
were
borrowed
from
some
other
source.
Cerone
also
did
not
entirely
slavishly
follow
one
single
source.
There
is
one
surely
definite
and
one
other
probable
occasion
when
he
refers
to
Finck’s
Practica
Musica
(1556).
It
seems
a
not
inconsequential
indication
of
some
degree
of
intellectual
independence
for
a
Catholic
Priest
in
1613
Spain
to
have
read
and
absorbed
the
work
of
a
German
Lutheran
teacher
and
musician
of
half
a
century
previous.
In
sum,
Cerone
cannot
be
considered
as
an
entirely
independent
additional
source
on
vocal
diminution.
Yet,
his
work
as
a
clarification
of
Zacconi’s
book,
itself
one
of
the
major
sources,
is
valuable.
It
is
my
usual
practice
to
state
in
the
prefaces
of
these
translations
any
practical
matters
of
concern
to
the
reader.
Much
of
what
I
would
ordinarily
say
has
proven
of
sufficient
importance
to
warrant
the
creation
of
both
a
glossary
and
a
small
guide
to
Cerone’s
Spanish,
which
appear
at
the
end.
Cerone’s
text,
the
reader
will
be
grateful
to
know,
is
fully
paginated,
which
page
numbers
appear
in
the
translation
with
brackets.
Unfortunately,
the
book
is
a
folio
whose
large
pages
are
closely
printed,
one
original
page
yielding
about
50
lines
in
translation.
In
a
strange
twist
of
fate
for
an
author
who
has
so
often
clarified
his
source,
in
a
few
occasions
I
have
been
able
to
use
Zacconi
to
clarify
either
printing
blemishes
or
obscurities
in
Cerone’s
text.
In
a
few
notes
I
have
documented
the
solutions
to
some
of
the
more
difficult
and
interesting
of
Cerone’s
linguistic
“puzzles.”
I
do
so
in
the
hope
that
these
may
aid
a
future
translator.
The
only
musical
example
that
I
have
transcribed
and
included
here
is
that
concerning
the
accentos,
and
that
with
some
hesitation.
I
see
nothing
sufficiently
distinctive
about
the
remainder
to
warrant
the
time
and
labor
necessary
to
prepare
them
for
inclusion.
The
reader
who
is
interested
in
the
study
of
the
actual
material
is
far
better
off
to
buy
a
copy
of
Francesco
Rognoni’s
Selva
2
de
Varii
Passaggi
(1620),
a
facsimile
of
which
is
in
print
by
Arnaldo
Forni.
Forni
offers
some
of
the
other
sources
in
reprint
as
well.
Bovicelli’s
Regole
Passaggi
di
Musica
(1594),
is
also
now
available
online
in
an
on-‐demand
reprint
by
Chapitre
Livres.
Copies
of
the
older
Bärenreiter
reprint
of
1957
are
now
quite
difficult
to
find.
3
Chapter
1:
That
in
all
activities
grace
and
skill
are
required,
and
on
the
way
of
singing
with
feeling
(Acento).
[541]
In
all
human
activities,
whatever
kind
they
may
be,
grace1
and
skill
are
required.
I
do
not
say
“grace”
so
as
to
mean
that
which
individual
subjects
under
kings
and
emperors
have,
rather,
that
which
men
have
when
in
doing
something
they
demonstrate
doing
it
without
difficulty
and
with
skill,
adding
grace
and
beauty.
One
recognizes,
then,
how
much
difference
there
is
in
looking
at
a
horse
for
a
knight
and
for
a
peasant,2
and
with
what
grace
a
good
ensign
holds
in
hand
and
manages
the
standard,
[as
compared
with]
seeing
it
in
the
hand
of
an
infantryman;3
indeed,
one
has
to
see4
that
not
only
does
he
not
know
how
to
unfurl5
it
nor
manage
it
but
not
even
how
to
hold
it
in
his
hand.6
This
grace
and
these
skills,
some
are
taught
us
of
the
same
nature,
as
walking
quick
and
easily,7
in
the
course
of
life,
and
some
others
are
learned8
later
by
means
of
conversation
and
talking,
just
as
by
seeing
the
diverse
actions
of
others,
which
oblige
us
to
make
ourselves
their
servants.9
For
this
reason
there
are
many
who
are
friends
to
those
whom
the
graces
and
beautiful
actions
were
the
means
of
producing
the
friendship.
Previously
they
were
distinct,
who
without
ever
having
been
seen
or
known,
only
by
means
of
the
gracious
actions
that
they
showed
in
performing
their
actions
did
they
come
to
love
and
be
united.10
Then
it
is
not
beyond
the
purpose,
when
the
singer
must
be
among
a
variety
of
people
when
making
a
public
concert,
to
show
him
how
to
behave
gracefully.
Because
it
is
not
enough
to
be
moderate
in
all
those
actions
that
can
make
him
objectionable,
but
it
is
also
required
that
his
manner
of
singing
be
attended
with
grace
and
skill.
This
manner
of
singing
and
these
graces
and
beauties
are
commonly
called
cantar
de
garganta11
by
the
lay
public,
which
is
the
same
as
cantar
de
gorgia,12
1
Cerone’s
opening
turns
on
the
different
meanings
of
the
word
gracia,
“grace,”
in
Spanish
and
seems
rather
an
artificial
literary
affectation
than
a
real
clarification.
Many
writers
of
the
time,
Cerone
among
them,
are
given
to
such
forced
analogies
that
often
more
obscure
than
clarify
their
intended
meaning.
Only
a
few
years
earlier
Cervantes
had
poked
fun
at
such
literary
devices
in
his
prolog
to
Don
Quixote.
2
Presumably
this
means
the
difference
in
skill
between
a
trained
warhorse
and
a
plowhorse;
the
reference
is
not
clear.
3
The
word
“zapatero,”
today
means
“shoemaker;”
however,
given
the
circumstances
I
conjecture
that
Cerone
means
an
infantryman
by
the
comparison.
4
The
phrase
is
“bien
se
echa
de
ver.”
Modern
Spanish
does
not
use
bien
adverbially,
nor
does
any
modern
sense
of
echarse
seem
to
apply
here.
Cerone
uses
the
verb
in
apparently
similar
contexts
several
times,
and
it
seems
to
have
either
a
causative
force
or
one
of
necessity.
5
The
text
reads
“desplear,”
which
must
be
desplegar.
Cerone
has
already
dropped
an
intervocalic
“h”
sound
above
in
“manee”
from
manejar,
“manage,”
which
he
immediately
repeats
here.
At
the
end
of
this
translation
I
have
added
a
list
of
some
of
the
idiosyncrasies
of
Cerone’s
Spanish,
he
was
Italian
by
birth.
6
As
stated
in
the
preface,
Cerone’s
text
on
this
subject
is
largely
dependent
upon
Zacconi’s,
with
whom
he
shares
a
certain
predilection
for
fanciful
similes
and
analogies.
This
passage
seems
to
be
a
series
of
comparisons
in
which
the
presence
or
absence
of
grace
and
skill
are
the
determining
factors.
7
The
first
phrase
of
the
simile
is
apparently
not
idiomatic
Spanish,
neither
do
I
see
it
as
comfortable
Italian.
This
translation
is
a
conjecture
based
on
the
clear
evidence
that
he
is
comparing
actions
learned
more
immediately
with
those
learned
later
in
life.
8
The
word
“deprenden”
seems
to
be
an
Italicisim.
9
This
is
a
rather
forced
simile
for
saying
that
we
learn
and
imitate
some
conventional
behaviors
by
necessity.
10
At
this
point
the
reader
may
well
feel
that
Cerone
has
made
the
concept
of
grace
less
clear.
11
See
the
glossary
for
this
and
the
following
term.
It
is
the
first
of
many
terms
that
Cerone
will
use
in
connection
with
the
passaggio
and
its
technique
of
throat
articulation.
4
according
to
the
term
of
the
Italians.
This
is
nothing
else
than
uniting
of
many
eighth-‐notes
and
sixteenth-‐notes
collected
and
united
within
some
part
of
a
tactus
(compas).
It
is
so
natural
that
because
of
the
speed
with
which
so
many
notes
(figuras)
are
combined,
it
is
much
better
learned
by
ear
than
with
examples.13
Then
the
singer
accompanies
his
actions
with
grace
every
time
that
when
singing
he
accompanies
the
pitches
(vozes)
with
beautiful
and
graceful
accentos.14
Because
compositions
do
not
always
proceed
by
step
in
their
parts
but
sometimes
one
[note]
is
distant
from
the
other
by
a
leap
of
a
third,
fourth,
fifth,
etc.,
for
this
it
will
be
good
in
order
to
win
the
goodwill
of
the
audience
that
they
[the
singers]
try
to
give
some
graceful
accento
to
the
notes
(figuras),
because
the
composer
who
composed
them
did
not
give
the
work
anything
[542]
more
than
to
arrange
them
[the
notes]
according
to
the
appropriateness
of
the
harmonic
arrangements,
but
the
singer
is
responsible
to
adorn
them
according
to
the
propriety
[meaning]
of
the
word.
For
this
he
must
know
that
the
said
notes
(notas)15
are
accompanied
by
some
accento
caused
by
some
lateness
and
sustaining
of
pitch,
which
is
made
by
removing
a
part
of
one
note
[figura]
and
giving
it
to
the
other.16
Now,
so
as
to
begin
to
provide
an
understanding
of
the
manner
in
which
they
are
beautified,
I
say
that
when
the
first
note
(figura)
is
performed,
it
must
be
prolonged
somewhat
more
than
its
value,
which
retardation
must
be
only
of
the
value
of
a
quarter-‐note,
and
this
value
is
made
in
escaping
as
if
it
were
a
dotted
eighth
and
sixteenth.17
12
Originally
these
terms
simply
referred
to
the
technique
of
throat
articulation,
thus
“singing
in
the
throat,”
but
by
this
time
they
imply
that
the
technique
is
employed
in
the
practice
of
diminution.
Maffei
(1562),
also
included
in
this
translation
series,
produces
a
masterful
and
incomparably
the
best
analysis
and
description
of
this
technique.
13
This
passage
relies
upon
Zacconi,
58r.
Unfortunately,
Cerone
adopts
and
perpetuates
Zacconi’s
ambiguous
use
of
the
word
figura,
which
he
seems
to
use
mostly
to
mean
a
“note”
but
sometimes
seems
alternatively
to
indicate
a
musical
“figure.”
See
the
glossary
to
Zacconi’s
text
in
this
series,
under
the
word
figura.
14
The
emphasis
on
the
use
of
accentos
is
common
not
only
to
Cerone
and
Zacconi
but
to
other
authors
on
vocal
performance
practice
of
the
time.
The
term
itself
indicates
a
variety
of
similar
ornaments
of
an
anticipatory
nature.
The
simplest
can
be
seen
clearly
in
Rognoni’s
Selva
de
Passaggi
(1620).
Cerone’s
are
of
a
somewhat
more
elaborate
type.
The
term
is
so
common
that
I
have
chosen
to
Anglicize
it
and
use
it
in
its
Italian
form.
15
This
is
an
example
of
Cerone’s
(following
Zacconi’s)
causal
attitude
toward
terminology,
there
is
apparently
no
distinction
here
between
nota
and
figura.
16
The
nature
of
the
accento
as
described
in
the
contemporary
sources
is
diverse,
apart
from
the
fact
that
it
is
also
understood
by
some
as
indistinct
from
the
portar
la
voce.
I
have
declined
to
use
the
expression
“confused
with”
because
this
is
an
anachronism
from
our
perspective,
which
presumes
that
ornaments
originally
possessed
distinct
origins
and
that
they
have
been
confused
by
some
degenerative
process.
For
a
proper
understanding
of
the
nature
of
ornamentation
it
is
far
better
to
assume
an
original
inchoate
state,
from
which
more
specific
differentiation
slowly
emerged.
This
is
certainly
consistent
with
the
gradual
development
of
musical,
and
all,
terminology,
which
has
not
even
yet
achieved
100%
stability.
That
said,
Cerone’s
description
sounds
sufficiently
like
one
of
the
more
elaborate
approaches
to
the
accento,
apart
from
the
remarks
on
lateness
and
sustaining
of
the
pitch.
His
illustration
shows
what
originally,
presumably,
were
two
whole-‐notes,
with
a
quarter-‐note
worth
subtracted
from
the
latter
in
order
to
form
the
dotted
ornament
as
described,
e.g.,
!
!
becomes
!
⊙.
#
$.
or
in
some
cases
!
⊙##
$.
17
Cerone’s
explanation
leaves
something
to
be
desired.
According
to
the
illustration,
what
he
means
is
that
a
quarter-‐note
worth
of
the
second
whole-‐note
is
subtracted
from
it
and
given
to
the
ornament.
This
is
what
he
describes
as
prolonging
the
first
note.
It
is
also
possible
that,
like
so
many
early
illustrations
of
ornaments,
the
musical
illustrations
of
them
are
entirely
misleading
as
to
the
duration
values.
Very
frequently
the
ornamental
note
or
notes
are
merely
“shoved
into”
the
musical
context
with
no
regard
for
realistic
rhythmic
representation.
5
First,
these
graces
can
be
used
on
notes
(figuras)
that
rise
or
fall
consecutively
[i.e.,
stepwise],
except
that
it
will
not
be
made
on
mi
or
ut,
such
as
in
the
descent
from
fa
to
mi
and
re
to
ut.
The
reason
is
because
the
nature
of
mi
does
not
have
sweetness,
and
singing
thus
would
be
rough
and
crude.
Ut,
having
below
itself
no
other
note
(figura),
rightly
cannot
have
support.18
When
the
notes
(figuras)
ascend
stepwise,
[the
singer]
descends
one
step
lower
than
the
first
note
(figura)
and
there
one
begins
the
accento,
but
if
the
notes
(figuras)
descend,
then
four
steps
are
descended
[from
the
first
note]
and
there
the
same
accento
begins,
paying
attention
that
when
you
have
more
notes,
the
accento
is
made
only
on
the
highest
when
ascending,
and
when
descending
on
the
lowest,
not
ending
the
passage
on
one
of
the
two
prohibited
steps.19
See
[examples
in]
letter
A.
The
note
(figura)
being
for
[the
upper
pitch
of]
the
interval
of
a
third,
one
must
lengthen
on
the
same
pitch
of
the
preceding
note
(figura)
[the
lower
member
of
the
third],
as
one
can
see
at
letter
B.
But
in
performing
the
fourth
and
fifth
with
accento
and
grace,
it
is
necessary
to
maintain
a
diferent
manner,
because
the
value
of
the
quarter-‐note
is
performed
on
the
pitch
of
the
first
note
(figura)
and
then
rapidly
passes
to
the
second
note
(figura).
There
are
others
who
perform
them
differently
than
I
say.
As
to
all
that
rise
by
eighth-‐
and
sixteenth-‐
notes,
escaping
to
their
place,
all
the
manners
are
shown
at
letter
C.
Pay
attention
that
fourths
and
fifths
are
sung
with
an
accento
only
when
ascending
and
never
descending.
Musical
Examples
of
Accentos
A
to
C
[See
Next
Page]
What
Cerone
does
not
explain,
but
leaves
to
the
reader
to
infer
from
the
illustration,
is
that
the
redistribution
of
duration
may
or
may
not
involve
the
pitch
of
the
preceding,
first
whole-‐note.
In
fact,
Cerone’s
illustrations,
unlike
Rognoni’s
simpler
ones,
seldom
involve
the
use
of
the
previous
pitch.
I
debated
as
to
whether
it
were
advisable
to
include
Cerone’s
illustrations
on
the
grounds
that
they
might
well
confuse
more
than
aid
the
reader.
I
feel
that
any
reader
who
is
not
already
very
conversant
with
this
ornament
might
only
be
confused
by
the
difficulty
of
trying
to
make
Cerone’s
description
conform
to
his
illustrations.
The
reader
is
much
better
served
by
consulting
the
simple
version
in
Rognoni
(1620),
which
is
readily
available
in
reprint
and
whose
preface
will
eventually
appear
in
this
translation
series.
18
I
regret
that
I
cannot
explain
to
the
reader
Cerone’s
reasoning
on
this
point.
19
That
is,
on
either
mi
or
ut.
The
word
“devadados”
as
from
devedar
is
either
archaic
and
obsolete
or
a
neologism.
It
must
be
the
past
participle
of
an
intensive
form
of
vedar,
forbid
or
prohibit.
6
Be
advised
then,
that
the
lengthening
does
not
have
to
be
much,
nor
very
heavy,
except
only
so
much
as
to
be
perceived
and
make
itself
recognized
a
little
because
a
considerable
lengthening
causes
a
graceless
ugliness.20
These
are
things
that
with
difficulty
can
be
made
understood
in
writing,
and
with
difficulty
can
be
learned
fully
without
an
example
in
pitch.
For
this
reason
I
say
that
just
like
finding
gold
in
the
street,
or
silver
or
whatever
else
may
be
of
precious
value,
we
are
inclined
to
take
it
as
“good
fortune,”
just
as
feeling
that
our
student
ought
to
try
to
imitate
the
graces
of
some
excellent
singer
as
much
as
he
could
in
order
to
be
benefited
in
a
better
style
than
were
possible.
But,
the
reason
why
singing
with
accentos
and
affect
is
a
delightful
and
sweet
style,
far
be
it
from
me
to
advise
masters,
that
in
teaching
these
accentos
and
these
graces,
they
be
advised
to
restrain
their
students
from
making
them
so
much
that
they
come
to
make
them
almost
all
the
time.
Because
just
as
too
much
of
something
sweet
causes
one
to
loose
precious
dishes,
thus
so
many
affects
and
so
many
diminutions
(glosas)21,
although
they
delight
the
ear
very
much,
cause
annoyance
and
do
not
always
gratify.
In
previous
times
composers
avoided
the
occasions
of
having
their
works
sung
when
there
were
such
singers,22
and
for
20
This
clearly
indicates
that
Cerone’s
illustrations,
expressed
in
specific
note
values,
are
not
to
be
taken
literally,
but
it
also
leaves
uncertain
what
exactly
he
does
mean.
My
belief
is
that
he
is
trying
to
express
in
notes
of
specific
durations
a
type
of
ornamented
performance
that
we
would
rather
consider
to
be
one
of
flexible
rhythm.
In
other
words,
there
is
a
tenuto
on
the
first
note
and
the
notes
that
he
expresses
in
specific
values
are
to
be
understood
as
in
that
same
freer
concept
of
rhythm.
21
Ortiz
in
his
Trattado
de
Glosas
(1553),
both
Spanish
and
Italian
editions,
treats
glosa
as
synonymous
with
passo,
here
rendered
as
passaggio.
22
Cf.
Zacconi
64v.
7
nothing
else
[543]
except
only
that
they
wanted
to
hear
them
with
simple
accentos,
because
the
master
by
whom
they
were
composed
knows
better.
Chapter
2:
The
manner
of
singing
Notes
(figuras)
with
greater
Liveliness
and
greater
Strength.
Other
than
singing
notes
(figuras)
with
beautiful
accentos,
one
also
makes
use
of
breaking
them
with
a
certain
liveliness
and
strength,
which
makes
a
very
beautiful
effect
in
music,
for
creating
which
one
has
some
examples,
similar
to
what
a
man
of
judgment
from
these
few
can
maintain
as
guide
and
take
light
for
many
others.
Notice
that
after
the
entire
passage,
the
diminution
follows
in
regard
to
number
ten.23
Musical
Examples
[These
begin
with
simple
two-‐note
patterns
and
proceed
to
more
elaborate
melodic
fragments,
each
with
one
or
more
diminutions
provided.]
With
this
series
one
can
break
any
cadence
whatever
and
in
any
clef
whatever.
Chapter
3:
Easy
Principles
for
the
Exercise
of
Beginners
in
Diminution
(Glosa).
So
that
anyone
can
see
the
passaggi
(passos)
completely
and
in
all
perfection
and
of
how
it
is
embellished
and
made
diminished
(glosan),
these
few
examples
are
presented,
among
which
are
some
for
unison
as
for
ascending
and
descending
seconds,
thirds,
fourths,
fifths
and
other
intervals.
Musical
Examples
[These
are
very
much
as
are
standardly
found
in
the
literature.]
[544]
[545]
These
examples
can
be
transferred
to
any
part
and
in
any
clef,
as
well
in
that
of
Gsolreut,
or
in
Csolfaut
as
in
Ffaut,
as
well
in
B-‐natural
as
in
B-‐flat,
and
as
well
in
the
treble
and
contralto
as
in
the
tenor
and
bass.
Those
who
would
wish,
then,
to
become
masters
of
the
aforesaid
and
of
the
following
examples,
should
first
arm
themselves
with
patience
and
then
study
them
in
detail,
because
the
efforts
in
long
study
easily
will
fulfill
their
desires.
Chapter
4:
The
Way
for
making
Diminutions
(Glosas)
on
Cadences
23
Judging
from
the
plain
sense
of
this
statement,
I
see
no
particular
need
for
it,
except
perhaps
that
the
passaggio
for
example
ten
appears
on
the
next
rather
than
on
the
same
line
as
the
original.
8
The
places
that
invite
the
singer
to
make
embellishments
and
beautiful
diminutions
(glosas)
are
the
cadences,24
which
are
of
such
a
nature
that
anyone
who
does
not
make
them
well
removes
all
beauty
and
makes
our
ears
seem
full
of
deformity
and
ugliness.
So
as
to
show
some
few
in
practice,
these
examples
are
produced.25
Musical
Examples
of
Passaggi
on
Cadences
[546]
There
are
other
cadences
among
the
following
collection.
Chapter
5:
On
making
Diminutions
on
some
Passagges
that
appear
like
Cadences
but
are
not.
Other
than
what
I
have
said,
one
ought
to
note
that
sometimes
some
ordinary
passages
are
found
that
can
be
said
to
be
like
ordinary
cadences.
As
many
instances
as
found
in
all
songs,
we
see
are
also
those
here.
Musical
Examples
[547]
since
these
passages
appear
much
in
the
cadences,
it
is
good
that
the
conscientious
singer,
when
it
takes
place,
first
hears
the
work
in
order
to
know
what
is
in
it
and
to
understand
what
is
a
true
cadence
and
what
deformed.
Chapter
6:
On
what
manner
the
Bass
part
can
be
Beautified
with
Diminutions
(Glosas)
and
Graces.
I
am
more
than
certain
that
what
is
said
in
chapter
11
[sic]26
will
not
be
entirely
satisfactory
to
those
who
perform
on
the
bass
part,
because
it
prohibits
them
from
making
it
[the
music]
all
passaggios
(glosa).
Because
I
am
going
to
imagine
that
some
bad-‐tempered
ones
and
others
prideful
are
not
able
to
endure
singing
it
so
simple
and
so
plainly
and
that
so
as
to
satisfy
themselves
these
people
want
to
produce
marvels.
So
that
they
do
not
pass
the
bounds
of
all
inappropriateness,
a
style
of
passaggi
(passos)27
is
selected
that
sounds
less
unpleasant,
since
one
cannot
avoid
one,
in
the
way
that
one
is
accustomed
to
choose28
the
lesser
of
two
evils
in
case
of
need,
as
Plato
says,29
“from
two
evils
we
are
compelled
to
choose
one,
no
one
chooses
the
worse,
so
long
as
he
is
permitted
to
choose
the
lesser.”30
Which
Aristotle
says
more
briefly,
“the
lesser
evil
must
always
be
chosen.”31
I
say
then,
that
if
someone
wants
to
beautify
the
bass
part
with
ordinary
accentos,
leaving
aside
the
long
diminutions
(glosas)
for
when
singing
solo
or
duets,
he
will
be
able
to
do
it
in
imitation
of
the
examples
that
follow,
which
serve
24
This
is
essentially
a
word
for
word
translation
from
Zacconi,
60v.
25
This
phrase
must
be
the
victim
of
a
misprint.
“Platica,”
“speech,”
must
surely
be
a
misprint
for
pratica.
26
This
is
an
obvious
error
of
Roman
numberal
XI
for
VI.
He
can
only
be
referring
to
what
he
says
in
chapter
6.
27
This
is
the
first
occasion
when
Cerone
has
clearly
used
passo
to
mean
passaggio.
28
As
an
example
of
Cerone’s
orthography,
here
“choose”
is
spelled
escojer,
whereas
in
the
immediately
previous
line
it
was
escoger.
29
This
and
the
following
of
Aristotle
are
exactly
the
kind
of
learned
obiter
dicta
that
Cervantes
ridiculed.
30
The
quote
appears
in
the
Protagoras
358c.
31
This
appears
to
refer
to
a
passage
in
Nichomachean
Ethics,
book
5.
9
in
all
those
places
where
the
low
part
supports
the
high
ones;
observing,
however,
the
rules
that
were
stated
and
declared
on
other
occasions.
Musical
Examples
[Diminutions
for
the
bass.
Conspicuous
in
these
examples
is
the
use
of
scales
and
trill-‐like
figures.]
[548]
Chapter
7:
On
how
it
is
not
Necessary
in
Diminutions
(Glosas)
and
Cantar
de
Garganta
to
put
precisely
Eight
eighth-‐notes
or
Sixteen
sixteenth-‐notes
in
a
Tactus32
and
other
various
Advices.
All
these
graces
and
beauties
require
dexterity,
speed,
clarity
and
time,33
without
which
nothing
is
produced,34
and
the
singer
in
using
them
or
in
availing
himself
of
them
must
keep
to
this
advice:
to
take
as
many
notes
(figuras)
in
one
breath
as
can
be
conveniently
performed.
This
is
said
and
advised
because
many
singers
in
the
diminution
(glosar)
exceed
the
number
of
eight
eighth-‐notes,
but
because
they
place
them
well
cause
agreeable
pleasure,
and
no
one,
however
accomplished
the
singer
or
composer
that
he
may
be,
notices
in
the
count
of
them
that
there
are
too
many.
Rather,
if
they
had
put
the
accurate
number
for
the
tactus
and
that
stated
number
had
not
fallen
in
time,
it
would
always
be
judged
that
he
had
there
some
note
(figura)
more
or
less.
For
this
reason
I
advise
novice
passaggio-‐
makers
(glosadores)
that
even
if
in
the
passaggios
(glosas)
the
number
of
the
notes—eighth-‐notes
or
sixteenth-‐notes,
as
may
be—does
not
correspond
to
the
number
of
notes
(figuras)
that
must
be
in
a
tactus,
it
makes
no
difference,
every
time
they
fall
without
defect
within
one
half
or
whole
tactus,
and
that
in
performing
them
one
does
not
recognize
in
it
a
defect
or
dissonance.35
Perfection,
then,
in
singing
such
graces
consists
more
in
the
time
and
measure
than
in
moving
with
speed,36
because
if
one
comes
round
to
the
determined
end
slower
or
faster,
all
that
was
done
goes
for
nothing.
Two
things37
are
required
in
one
who
wishes
to
make
this
a
profession,
strength
of
chest
and
disposition
(dispusicion
de
gargantaI):38
strength
of
chest
for
being
able
to
bring
to
a
just
close
one
such
quantity
and
such
a
32
The
tactus
is
represented
by
the
whole-‐note
(semibreve).
33
Because
Cerone
is
so
dependent
on
Zacconi,
I
translate
tiempo
as
“time,”
by
which
Zacconi
understands
a
concept
of
unarticulated
duration.
It
is
not
clear
as
to
whether
Cerone
fully
understands
this.
34
This
is
taken
from
Zacconi,
62v.
35
In
other
words,
so
long
as
the
non-‐rhythmically
correct
number
of
smaller
notes
fits
within
the
half
or
whole
tactus
so
that
the
tactus
pulse
falls
correctly,
then
no
one
will
detect
an
error.
36
This
passage
is
more
than
a
paraphrase
and
only
slightly
less
than
an
exact
translation
of
Zacconi,
62v.
For
a
lengthy
discussion
of
the
issues
of
time
and
measure,
I
refer
the
reader
to
the
translation
of
Zacconi,
in
this
series,
and
especially
to
my
notes
10,
22,
and
59
there.
In
Zacconi
chapters
28
and
29
deal
with
the
issue
of
time
and
measure.
In
brief,
time
(tiempo)
is
unarticulated
duration
and
measure
(medida)
is
that
duration
as
articulated
into
notes
of
specific
value.
37
Cf.
Zacconi
58v.
38
This
is
a
key
term,
the
central
word
of
which
is
disposition
(dispusicion).
Maffei
gives
the
best
discussion—also
available
in
this
translation
series—but
it
is
a
term
of
central
importance
and
long
duration
in
the
literature.
It
began
as
the
physiological
aptitude
for
the
technique
of
throat
articulation
and
came
gradually
to
be
extended
to
the
practice
itself.
10
number
of
notes
(figuras),39
and
disposition
for
being
able
to
perform
easily
and
without
labor.
Because
many
not
having
strength
of
chest
are
compelled
to
interrupt
their
design
in
four
notes
(figuras),
or
interrupting
in
the
middle
they
finish
the
rest
[after
taking
a
breath].
Others
because
of
a
defect
of
disposition
do
not
produce
the
notes
(figuras)
strong
enough
to
be
recognized
as
a
passaggio
(glosa);
that
is,
they
do
not
perform
them
so
specifically
and
clear.
Also,
in
cadences
that
repetition
of
sol-‐fa-‐sol,
la-‐sol-‐la,
fa-‐mi-‐fa
and
the
others
can
be
held
so
long
as
to
last
all
the
time
that
is
required.40
I
want
to
give
this
advice:
take
care
not
to
perform
the
end
of
cadences
weakly,
unsteady
and
almost
dead
as
some
make
them
very
effeminate,
who
imagining
they
do
it
very
sweetly
and
very
elegantly,
make
it
so
deformed
and
so
ugly
that
they
make
the
audience
stop
up
their
ears
so
they
cannot
hear
it.
Asserting,
I
say
that
the
final
part
of
the
cadence,
which
is
the
closest
to
the
end,
when
it
is
desirable
to
accentuate
it
with
a
double
or
single
accento,
[a
singer]
may
make
its
lower
third
performed
so
decreased
and
weakened
that
afterwards
in
raising
it
that
[singer]
inevitably
gets
carried
away,
drawing
it
out,
becoming
like
crawling
along.41
This
cannot
be
shown
in
an
example,
since
the
difficulty
arises
only
in
the
bad
performance
of
the
notes
(figuras)
and
in
nothing
else.
Other
than
this,42
the
singer
ought
to
be
advised
that
when
singing
some
type
of
counterpoint
or
imitation
(fuga
ò
imitacion),43
in
order
not
to
destroy
the
beautiful
series
of
repetitions,44
do
not
make
a
delay
on
any
note
(figura),
but
he
[the
singer]
has
to
sing
them45
equally
according
to
their
value.
I
say
without
any
kind
of
ornament
because
the
said
counterpoints
have
their
requirement,
[549]
being
something
precise,
that
each
one
has
its
own
and
delights
in
it.
There
are
other
notes
(figuras)
also,
which
because
of
the
words
must
not
take
accentos,
but
only
require
their
natural
and
lively
power,
as
when
one
must
sing
“clamavit,”
“ascendit
Deus,”
“Intonuit
de
caelo
Dominus,”
“fuera,
fuera
cavalleros,”
and
other
various
things
that
the
conscientious
singer
must
determine.
Just
as
on
the
contrary,
there
are
also
things
that
of
themselves
call
for
beautiful
accentos,
such
as
to
say
“Tristeça
[sic]46
y
muerte,”
“dolorem
meum,”
“misericordia
mea,”
which
without
being
demonstrated
instructs
the
singers
in
what
way
they
must
be
sung.
That
is
because
they
ordinarily
are
such
words
clothed
in
melancholy
and
bitter
music,
the
singer,
in
order
to
satisfy
39
This
phrase
brings
to
a
head
the
confusion
over
the
meaning
of
figura
as
used
in
Zacconi
and
copied
in
Cerone.
In
Zacconi
see
58v
and
especially
my
note
12
for
a
discussion
of
the
problem.
The
essence
of
the
issue
here
is
that
if
figura
means
note,
the
note
can
only
reasonably
be
the
whole-‐note,
which
is
the
measure
of
the
tactus
and
moves
at
about
70
bpm,
making
an
incredibly
short-‐winded
singer
who
can
manage
only
four,
about
the
equivalent
of
one
andante
4/4
measure
in
modern
notation!
40
Cf.
Zacconi
62v.
41
This
also
comes
from
Zacconi
62v,
where,
as
a
departure
from
norm,
its
meaning
is
more
clearly
expressed.
42
This
so
closely
follows
a
passage
from
Finck
(1556,
SsIIIv)
as
certainly
to
be
either
a
paraphrase
of
it
or
of
a
“common
ancestor”
for
both.
If
from
Finck,
then
the
Catholic
priest
Cerone
has
reached
back
over
half
a
century
into
the
work
of
a
Lutheran
schoolmaster.
43
I
avoid
translating
“fuga”
as
“fugue,”
which
is
clearly
a
later
development.
Fugue
is
too
precise
and
“counterpoint”
too
general,
but
the
latter
is
preferable
for
not
introducing
an
unwonted
anachronism.
Tinctoris’
definition
of
fuga
is
very
likely
quite
close
to
what
is
intended
here.
“Fuga
est
identitas
partium
cantus
quo
ad
valorem
nomen
formam
et
interdum
quo
ad
locum
notarum
et
pausarum
suarum.
“Fuga
is
an
identity
of
the
parts
of
a
song
in
regard
to
the
value,
name,
form
and
at
times
as
to
the
position
of
the
notes
and
their
rests.”
44
That
is,
the
statements
of
the
melodic
“subject”
in
turn
by
each
of
the
voices.
45
This
is
the
second
instance
of
Cerone’s
very
interesting
use
of
the
auxiliary
“haber”
conjunctively
as
“cantarlasha.”
Once
might
well
have
been
a
misprint
but
twice
is
surely
intentional.
46
The
character
“ç”
is
used
fairly
often
in
place
of
“z”
or
“c”
to
indicate
the
English
“th”
sound,
as
in
the
title
of
Bermudo’s
Declaraçion
(1555).
11
those
who
are
present,
takes
care
always
with
his
sweet
and
beautiful
accentos
to
temper
and
reduce
the
said
bitterness
and
melancholy.
Although
in
this
matter
I
do
not
quite
agree
because
if
the
text
signifies
sadness
and
mental
suffering,
it
seems
more
appropriate
to
me
that
the
singing
be
with
bitterness
than
with
sweetness,
so
much
the
more
if
the
composer
in
his
music
wanted
to
preserve
it
[the
text]
in
its
[the
music’s]
nature
and
well
considered,
it
is
an
improper
thing
that
tearful
and
sad
words
be
performed
with
jubilant
and
rejoicing
voice
and
with
emotional
affect.47
Chapter
8:
Other
Advice
follows
for
the
One
who
wishes
to
sing
Passaggi
(Cantar
Glosada).
The
most
beautiful
and
perfect
thing
required
in
singing
passaggi
(cantar
de
garganta)
is
time
and
measure,48
which
spices
and
adorns
the
entire
combination
of
notes
(figuras),
and
who
departs
from
this
measure
and
time,
everything
that
seems
beautiful
by
means
of
it
(as
I
have
maintained
so
many
times)
in
the
end
perishes
without
any
agreeableness.
This,
then,
is
the
most
difficult
thing
there
is
in
singing
passaggi
(cantar
de
garganta),
and
he
has
more
need
of
diligence
and
study
who
does
not
have
the
desire
to
reduce
so
many
notes
(figuras)
to
one49
and
because
of
this
that
singer
will
be
more
praised
who
has
made
a
small
passaggio
(glosa)
in
time
and
strays
little,50
than
the
one
who
straying
far
comes
to
the
conclusion
either
late
or
ahead
of
time.
Rather,
because
the
one
who
listens
to
[a
singer]
who
does
little
and
well
gives
him
a
thousand
prasises
and
marveling
at
him
always
expects51
he
is
keeping
other
better
ones.
How
much
better
is
it
that
someone
should
go
away
content
because
of
little
but
well
done,
than
by
much
and
badly
drawn-‐
out
he
goes
away
badly
satisfied?
But
the
one
who
puts
himself
to
making
sure
to
do
well,
and
next
to
47
Taken
at
face
value,
as
I
believe
it
should
be,
Cerone
appears
to
be
repudiating
the
new
technique
of
the
baroque
emotional
aesthetic.
In
fact,
it
could
be
a
direct
rejection
of
this
“new
music”
as
described
in
Caccini’s
preface
to
Le
Nuove
Musiche
(1601),
which
Cerone
could
very
possibly
have
known.
The
central
issue
seems
to
be
not
so
much
as
to
whether
music
should
communicate
emotion
but
how
it
ought
to
do
it.
As
to
how,
Cerone
seems
in
complete
disagreement
with
Caccini
and
the
latter’s
use
of
ornamentation,
for
Cerone
states
quite
clearly
that
he
sees
ornaments
like
accentos
as
adding
“sweetness,”
whose
object
is
to
give
pleasure.
For
this
reason
Cerone
says
that
singers
add
them
to
sad
texts
so
as
to
ameliorate
the
negative
emotions,
whereas
he
says
the
text
should
remain
sad
by
singing
it
plainly
in
order
to
express
the
bitterness.
This
of
course,
contradicts
Caccini’s
belief,
though
it
has
a
certain
kind
of
superficial
logic,
given
Cerone’s
assumptions.
Cerone
might
ask
“how
can
one
and
the
same
ornament
express
both
joy
and
sadness
as
you
say,
Caccini?”
To
which
Caccini
might
respond,
“in
the
same
way,
Cerone,
that
the
same
notes
can
express
different
emotions.”
What
Cerone
overlooks,
apparently,
is
that
the
emotion
is
not
primarily
inherent
in
the
notes
or
the
ornaments
but
in
how
they
are
performed,
in
the
performance
practice
and
the
interpretation
of
the
performer.
48
Again,
this
borrows
extensively
from
Zacconi
58v
ff.
I
have
mentioned
the
issue
of
time
and
measure
above,
and
it
is
discussed
in
notes
10,
22
and
59
to
Zacconi’s
text.
49
Given
the
context,
this
seems
to
mean
a
singer
who
wants
to
reduce
a
single
note
into
many
smaller
notes.
The
passage
in
Zacconi
does
not
entirely
clarify
it,
50
Cerone
would
seem
to
help
clarify
Zacconi
here.
Cerone’s
word
is
“apatarse,”
“go
away,
stray,”
where
Zacconi
has
coined
the
verb
lontanarsi
from
the
adjective
lontano,
thus
making
the
verb’s
meaning
somewhat
speculative.
What
in
Zacconi
appeared
from
its
source
word
to
mean
“go
far,”
from
Cerone’s
understanding
means
“go
astray.”
51
The
word
is
“fixo”
and
appears
to
come
from
fijar,
whose
preterite
is
fió,
with
Cerone’s
common
treatment
of
the
aspirate.
The
reflexive
is
se
fijó.
12
keeping
it
in
time,
in
that
way
he
may
give
satisfaction
to
all.
Let
him
keep
to
the
first
rule,52
that
in
beginning
any
song,
when
the
other
voices
are
silent
do
not
begin
with
a
passaggio
(passos
de
garganta),
nor
less,
immediately
thereafter
having
made
a
beginning,
when
the
others
are
not
singing,
let
there
be
no
passaggio
(gracias
de
glosa),
because
it
is
customary
to
say
that
the
high
pleases
and
delights
by
the
contrast
with
the
low,
and
one
voice
alone,
as
all
know,
delights
little
and
pleases
little.
Nevertheless,53
many
voices
joined
make
a
pleasant
harmony.
Because
of
this
one
sees
that
counterpoint
in
the
low
or
in
the
high
part,
produced
without
the
other
parts,
does
not
please
because
the
contrasting
part
makes
it
delightful.
So
also
the
sweetness
of
the
articulation
(garganta)
gives
rise
to
that
beautiful
and
succinct
movement
that
the
parts
make
when
one
of
them
moves
more
quickly.
The
beginning,
then,
ought
always
to
be
performed
with
simple
accentos,
so
that
one
may
hear
better
when
the
other
parts
enter,
because
any
player
is
not
praised
for
playing
alone
but
for
playing
well
in
a
group.
Further,
that
singer
who
finds
himself
for
the
first
time
in
an
ensemble
of
singers,
whom
he
does
not
know,
[and]
occupies
himself
entirely
in
making
passaggios
(glosar),
casting
out
everything
he
knows,
not
only
is
worthy
of
reprimand
for
striving
to
make
them
believe
that
he
knows
something,
but
even
more
he
does
something
so
as
to
receive
shame
and
dishonor.
Because,
if
by
chance
it
happens
there
is
another
[singer
present
who
is]
better
than
he,
at
the
best
of
his
pride,
who
can
enter
with
a
new
style
more
delightful
and
artful,
and
[then]
with
it
take
from
him
what
up
until
then
that
pitiable
[first
singer]
had
gained.
Because
of
this,
very
wisely
do
those
do
who
in
the
practices
where
there
is
singing,
those
being
there
to
sing
never
on
the
first
occasion
reveal
what
they
know.
But
with
prudence
and
much
caution
they
listen
to
the
others
in
order
to
hear
what
they
do,
feeling
that
in
all
places
and
at
all
[550]
times
a
man
can
learn.
Even
so,
he
spends
a
while
in
listening
and
then
when
he
has
heard
what
there
is,
he
begins
gradually
to
bring
out
his
graces
and
beauties,
so
that
in
this
way
rousing
the
listeners
to
a
new
delight
and
new
pleasure,
he
will
come
to
gain
his
own
honor
and
immortal
fame.54
In
addition,
the
conscientious
singer
takes
care
not
to
do
at
the
end
what
many
do,
those
who
produce
a
great
quantity
of
passaggi
(glosas)
and
embellishments,
all
of
which
they
want
to
show
at
the
end,
leaving
the
middle
empty
and
dead.
This
is
what
little
boys
do,55
without
any
danger
they
run
straight
over
a
beam,
when,
however,
it
is
placed
on
the
ground
long
and
extended,
because
the
ground
is
seen
nearby
and
they
know
that
if
they
fall
nothing
bad
will
happen.
But,
when
it
is
placed
higher
and
they
see
from
the
sides
the
danger
and
the
precipice
with
the
ease
of
falling,
not
only
do
they
get
afraid
and
fear
greatly
to
walk
over
it,
but
even
men
fear
and
become
frightened
of
the
fall
that
threatens
death.
So
also
the
one
who
sings
passaggi
(canta
de
garganta)
ought
not
so
solely
to
demonstrate
his
courage
at
the
end,
but
likewise
he
ought
to
show
his
ability
with
daring
in
the
middle.
More
ought
to
be
reprehended
the
fault
of
those
who
want
on
each
note
to
make
something,
whether
small
or
large,
and
in
making
it,
should
it
chance
to
be
good,
it
causes
the
text
to
be
ruined.
In
order
to
prevent
many
errors,
beyond
the
other
advice,
I
wish
them
to
give
this
particular
attention,
that
they
avoid
making
passaggi
(passajes
de
garganta)
on
quarter-‐notes,
when
they
are
accompanied
by
individual
syllables
because
their
natural
52
This
keeps
to
Zacconi’s
text
58v-‐59r.
53
The
word
“emperosi”
seems
to
be
an
obsolete
form
of
empero.
54
This
entire
passage
is
a
paraphrase
from
Zacconi
59r.
55
This
rather
overwrought
simile
also
comes
from
Zacconi
59r.
13
speed
does
not
consent
to
extensive
diminution
(diminucion),56
nor
do
they
support
subdivision
except
when
the
quarter-‐notes
are
being
sung
on
one
syllable,57
which
on
such
occasions
without
doubt
because
of
the
graces
and
embellishments
turn
out
always
more
beautiful.
In
the
same
way,
those
are
condemned
who
at
the
end
of
the
song
never
finish
and
want
the
others
on
the
end
of
the
last
note
to
keep
waiting
on
them
,
and
many
times
even
if
they
have
preserved
a
good
rate58
even
so
they
would
like
to
finish
after
the
rest.
It
is
good
and
proper
to
elaborate
somewhat
at
the
end,
when,
however,
in
the
middle
of
the
work
one
also
did
what
one
ought,
otherwise
it
is
not
permitted,
and
those
who
do
it
are
worthy
of
abhorrence.
But,
at
the
ends,
neither
slowly
nor
fast
and
speeded
up,
except
in
time
one
must
conclude
with
the
others,
leaving
aside
superfluous
multiplications
of
passaggi
(glosas)
and
embellishments,
because
the
retarding
of
one
part
is
the
cause
of
a
good,
sweet
and
delightful
end
not
being
heard.
Well-‐made
passaggi
(glosas)
and
embellishments
are
not
prohibited,
but
an
excess
is
prohibited,
and
that
makes
the
other
parts
slow
down.
Because
the
importance,
as
said,
is
in
the
middle
and
at
the
points
taken
from
the
cadences,
just
like
boys
who
do
not
know
how
to
swim,
diving
into
the
water
are
playing
around
and
holding
on
to
the
bank.
The
more
excellent,
assured
and
good
swimmer,
in
swimming
goes
out
where
it
is
deep,
and
where
it
is
deeper
there
rejoices
in
his
self-‐assurance
and
there
shows
his
prowess.
Because
there
is
more
to
be
desired
on
this
subject,
I
continue
to
advise
the
student
that
on
every
occasion
he
abstain
from
making
a
passaggio
(glosar)
while
another
part
is
making
a
passaggio
(glosar),
because
beyond
the
offense
that
it
produces
in
the
composition,
doing
it
seems
more
dissonant
than
consonant,
also
it
displeases
its
composer.
Beyond
this,
it
shows
that
you
have
little
respect
for
the
one
who
first
makes
a
passaggio
(glosa),
and
the
one
who
has
no
respect
for
another,
shows
himself
a
man
who
is
a
boor
and
without
breeding.
Allow,
then,
to
the
one
who
is
in
the
process
to
finish
first
and
give
place
to
the
one
who
is
making
his.
Because,
if
all
wanted
to
make
a
passaggio
(glosar)
at
the
same
time—try
it
and
you
must
hear
it59—it
would
seem60
like
being
in
a
Jewish
synagogue
or
among
a
multitude
of
geese
or
goslings.
But,
if
the
compositions
and
their
composers
do
not
permit
that
two
parts
make
passaggios
(glosen)
at
the
same
time,
how
could
they
then
permit
that
all
of
them
should
make
a
passaggio
(glosen)
at
the
same
time?
All
the
same,
we
see
and
hear
some
conceited
passaggifiers
(glosadores)
who
for
the
sake
of
ambition—as
in
stubbornness—are
moved
all
at
the
same
time
to
produce
dis-‐graces
instead
of
graces.
Sometimes
in
order
to
show
themselves
more
virtuosic,
they
go
so
far
astray
from
the
counterpoint
contained
in
the
composition—and
because
of
this
so
enveloped
and
embarrassed
in
dissonances—that
they
give
bad
satisfaction,
not
only
to
those
experienced
in
the
profession
but
likewise
to
those
who
neither
understand
nor
know
what
music
is.
Then
they
increase
these
dissonances
and
confusions
more—we
see,
for
the
love
of
God,
how
far
this
vice
and
frenzy
goes!—whenever
those
who
perform
in
the
bass
part
[551]
(not
remembering—so
I
56
This
is
a
rare
instance
in
Cerone
of
the
use
of
the
word.
57
He
is
saying
that
passaggi
should
not
be
made
on
quarter-‐notes
in
a
syllabic
context,
but
that
it
can
be
done
when
the
quarter-‐notes
are
in
a
melismatic
context.
58
Cerone’s
word
“ratico,”
if
not
a
misprint,
is
apparently
now
obsolete
and
no
longer
in
dictionaries.
It
seems
possible
that
it
is
a
misprint
or
corruption
of
“rato,”
which
possesses
a
sense
of
time.
59
This
is
another
instance
of
the
“conjunctive
haber,”
sentirlohas.
60
The
form
is
parecerieha.”
The
context
makes
the
conditional
sense
obvious,
but
I
cannot
explain
the
form
except
as
a
dialectical
variant
or
a
misprint,
though
it
seems
also
to
include
what
I
have
called
“conjunctive
haber,
“ha.”
14
don’t
have
to
say
not
knowing—that
it
is
the
bass
and
the
foundation
on
which
the
song
is
built,
which
if
it
isn’t
restrained
and
very
solid,
it
is
likely
that
all
the
structure
is
going
to
collapse)
act
like
knights
[riding
on]
the
chimera
of
passaggios
(glosas),
and
it
is
a
particular
delight
they
allow
themselves
to
advance
so
aggressively
that
not
only
do
they
pass
into
the
tenors
but
arrive
among
the
contraltos,
and
that
not
sufficing,
very
nearly
into
the
trebles,
ascending
in
such
a
way
to
the
summit,
which
then
they
cannot
descend
except
by
fits
and
starts
and
in
pieces.61
In
this
kind
of
way62
the
other
parts
are
hesitating
because
of
being
in
very
great
danger
of
going
over
a
cliff
without
any
hopes
of
being
able
to
be
saved.
Such
a
one,
however,
as
desires
the
name
of
a
very
practical
and
judicious
bass
sings
his
part
firmly,
with
integrity
and
sweetly.
When63
the
music
is
“à
lo
humano,”
it
can
use
some
sincere
emotions,
and
sometimes
some
accentos,
but
never
ever
passaggi
(glosa),
unless
on
the
occasion
the
solo
were
sung
with
organ
or
other
instrument
without
the
accompaniment
of
another
part,
or
when
often
with
one
[part]
only,
on
which
occasion
in
order
to
demonstrate
that
he
knows
how
to
perform
his
part
according
to
the
place
and
time,
it
is
suitable—rather
it
is
held
to
his
credit—to
sing
with
passaggi
(cantar
glosado)
and
with
drawn-‐out
diminutions
(tiradas
de
garganta),
ascending
and
descending
as
much
as
he
can
do
conveniently.
Which
with
great
enjoyment
and
satisfaction
I
heard
done
in
Rome
on
various
occasions
in
the
year
of
the
jubilee
of
1600,
particularly
by
the
famous
Paulone
at
the
Vespers
that
were
held
in
St.
John
Lateran
on
the
Day
of
the
Circumcision
of
Our
Lord.
In
conclusion,
I
say
that
in
order
to
make
diminutions
(glosar)
well
in
a
work,
two
things
must
be
noted.
The
first
is
that
if
it
were
possible,
all
the
voices
equally
make
passaggi
(glosa).
That
is,
that
one
voice
takes
as
many
passaggi
(glosa)
as
another.
The
other
thing
is
that
just
as
the
vocal
[parts]
are
imitated,
so
also
the
passaggi
(glosas)
in
all
the
parts
are
imitated,
except
when
some
impediment
should
obtain,
which
does
very
often
happen,
except
for
the
bass
part,
which
does
not
always
have
to
be
bound
by
this
law,
to
the
extent
it
is
held
to
observe
its
proper
duty.
But,
when
all
the
parts
are
not
making
passaggi
(glosando),
61
The
term
“rompicuello”
is
obscure,
but
the
meaning
is
fairly
obvious
from
the
context
and
the
root
“romp-‐,“
“to
break.”
62
The
word
“demedio”
is
a
misprint
for
“de
medio.”
63
This
passage
from
“When
the
music
.
.
.
“
to
“can
do
conveniently”
is
problematic.
There
are
two
main
points
of
difficulty,
The
first
is
the
phrase
“à
lo
humano,”
which
from
the
context
appears
to
mean
songs,
mostly
solo,
and
probably
of
a
more
natural
than
artful
kind.
It
is
only
the
exceptions
that
help
to
clarify
what
Cerone
means;
these
are
solo
songs
with
organ
or
instrumental
accompaniment,
or
when
there
is
another
but
only
modest
second
vocal
part.
The
second
problem
involves
these
exceptions,
for
they
come
in
the
negative
protasis
of
an
unfilled
condition
beginning
“unless.”
This
clause
logically
provides
the
exception
to
Cerone’s
previous
statement,
but
it
is
separated
from
it
by
a
full
period
after
“never
ever
passaggi,”
which
is
changed
to
a
comma
in
this
translation.
In
truth,
Cerone’s
punctuation,
as
is
the
case
essentially
in
all
prose
of
this
time,
is
virtually
meaningless
for
indicating
syntax.
That
there
are
exceptions
detailing
when
passaggi
can
be
used
is
made
clear
by
the
following
“on
which
occasion
.
.
.
it
is
suitable,
etc.”
Cerone,
who
is
slightly
more
semantically
consistent
than
his
exemplar
Zacconi,
destroys
any
shred
of
such
consistency
by
his
apparent
equation
of
cantar
glosado
(sometimes
emphasizing
technical
diminutions)
with
tiradas
de
garganta
(garganta
usually
emphasizing
the
technique
of
throat
articulation.
Finally,
it
is
worth
mentioning
that
on
one
striking
occasion
Cerone
has
previously
shown
a
knowledge
of
Finck
(1556),
who
also
possesses
a
passage
similar
to
this,
except
making
the
opposite
statement
(cf.
SsIIIv),
stating
“there
are
many
also
of
the
number
of
those
who
as
autodidacts
have
used
no
teacher
and
sing
with
instruments
on
all
occasions
and
do
not
fear
in
singing
to
use
organ-‐like
coloraturas,
which
in
fact
are
wrong
.
.
.
.”
This
passage
in
Finck
is
on
the
same
page
as
the
passage
that
Cerone
apparently
very
nearly
translated
word
for
word,
see
note
42.
15
it
is
better
to
sing
the
beginnings
and
fugas
simply
as
they
are,
in
order
not
to
obscure64
the
artfulness
of
the
composition,
as
has
been
advised
on
other
occasions.
Chapter
9:
A
Compilation
of
156
Passaggi
(Passos
Glosados)
for
the
Accommodation
of
those
who
desire
Variety
and
a
New
Style.
So
that
anyone
can
know
how
to
make
a
diminution
(glosar)
on
his
part
completely
and
with
all
perfection,
there
are
notated
here
all
the
best
kinds
of
diminutions
(glosar)
that
there
are,
according
to
the
modern
usage,
both
as
to
the
treble
clef
as
for
those
of
the
contralto
and
tenor
and
also
for
the
bass,
on
the
occasion
that
he
[the
bass]
may
have
to
sing
solos
or
at
most
singing
duets.
If
he
[the
singer]
wants
to
do
well,
it
is
appropriate
that,
on
any
of
these
examples,
he
sing
all
five
vowels,
which
are
A
E
I
O
U.
Because
some
want
to
be
pronounced
close,
such
as
I
and
U—which
for
this
reason
the
Roman
and
Neapolitan
singers
of
passaggi
(glosadores)
have
banished
them
from
their
exercises,
I
say,
because
of
how
difficult
and
ugly
they
seem
in
performance—some
others
are
half-‐
open,
such
as
E
and
O,
and
one
is
wide
and
entirely
open,
which
is
A.65
[552]
Musical
Examples
[563]
This
is
the
diversity
of
passaggi
(passos
glosados),
printed
for
the
service
of
new
passaggio
makers
(glosadores),
of
which
someone
will
take
one
and
someone
else
another,
until
in
the
end
all
will
be
taken,
because
those
gloves
that
are
not
good
for
one
wear
well
for
another,
and
in
this
way
all
are
sold
and
put
to
use.66
Chapter
10:
On
how
any
Passaggio
(passo
glosado)
can
serve
in
Parts
other
than
that
it
is
written
for,
and
how
they
can
be
Changed
from
One
to
a
Different
Clef.
But
because
it
could
be
that
some
passaggi
(passos)
are
more
agreeable
than
others,
and
those
whom
they
gratify
might
be
of
a
contrary
voice,
for
this
reason
so
as
to
open
the
way
for
them
in
what
manner
a
passaggio
(glosa)
is
accommodated
to
various
positions
for
the
service
of
various
parts,
I
have
taken
the
first
passaggio
(passo)
in
the
clef
of
Gsolreut
for
B-‐natural
and
then
I
have
placed
it
for
all
the
parts
where
it
can
naturally
be
placed,
by
which
is
shown
what
one
can
do
with
the
other
passaggi
64
The
text
reads
“escurescer,”
which
does
not
appear
in
the
modern
dictionary.
It
is
a
useful
example
of
solving
the
kind
of
idiosyncrasy
that
Cerone
often
presents.
For
example:
e
can
be
dropped
or
added
before
s;
sc
can
stand
for
z
(English
th),
u
and
o
can
interchange,
intervocalic
r
can
be
double
or
singled.
This
is
the
type
of
problem
that
is
often
solved
fortuitously
and
even
years
afterward.
Having
exhausted
the
first
dozen
Spanish
alternatives,
I
began
on
Italian
and
Latin.
Dropping
the
initial
e
for
Italian
led
to
the
obsolete
scurare
an
older
form
of
oscurare,
“to
obscure,”
which
led
back
to
Spanish
oscurecer.
As
Watson
with
Holmes,
after
it
is
solved
it
always
looks
easy.
65
Maffei
says
that
O
is
best.
Interestingly,
Cerone’s
exemplar
Zacconi
says
that
A
is
more
difficult
to
perform
because
it
requires
more
air,
“ma
che
l’A
per
voler
piu
fiato
di
tutte
l’altre
si
stenta
piu
a
pronunitare”
cf.
60r,
an
observation
omitted
here
by
Cerone.
66
Cf.
Zacconi,
75r.
16
(passos)
and
on
how
many
positions
of
the
Hand67
one
can
conveniently
sing
the
same
thing.68
For
this
it
suffices
to
place
a
little
of
the
beginning
with
its
particular
clefs,
etc.
[564]
I
took
care
and
particular
consideration
in
breaking
the
passaggi
(passos
glosados)
by
diminution69
the
least
that
I
could
in
order
not
to
pose
to
the
students
something
laborious
and
almost
impossible
for
them,
striving
only
that
my
works
would
not
be
without
benefit,
because
if
such70
I
were
to
believe
they
had
to
be,71
I
would
be
the
same
about
them
as
it
is
customary
to
say
“my
own
murder
and
destruction.”72
But,
although73
what
I
said
is
true,
that
the
passaggi
(passos
glosados)
of
the
human
voice
have
to
be
continuous
and
not
separated,
not
for
this
reason,
having
broken
some
few
myself,
in
breaking
them
have
I
contradicted
myself
because
it
would
seem
that
no
voice
could
be
able
to
do
it,
considering
all
the
many
singers
there
are
who
break
them
with
such
facility.
For
this
reason
I
have
broken
them,
not
only
because
one
may
see
by
what
means
the
breaks
can
be
done,
but
also
because
no
one
should
believe
that
singing
must
be
always
continuous
[i.e.,
in
notes
of
the
same
rhythmic
value]
and
stepwise.74
Orderly
passaggi
(glosas)
go
only
in
eighth-‐notes
in
order
that
beginners
can
learn
them
with
more
facility.75
It
is
the
case
that
these
particular
labors
are
not
made
for
those
who
are
skilled
and
67
He
refers
to
the
Guidonian
Hand,
following
Zacconi
75r.
68
This
passage
comes
from
Zacconi
75v.
69
The
simple
use
of
“con
diminucion”
at
this
point
in
the
description
goes
far
to
render
clear
a
passage
that
in
Zacconi’s
original
was
quite
obscure.
70
This
is
illegible
owing,
apparently,
to
broken
or
damaged
type.
What
survives
is
s…/les,
ending
one
line
and
beginning
the
next.
Fortunately
Cerone
has
plagiarized
Zacconi
so
closely
that
si
tales
can
be
reconstructed
confidently.
71
The
phrase
creyera
ouiessen
de
ser
is
quite
problematic.
Creyera
is
simply
the
first
person
singular
imperfect
subjunctive
of
creer
(protais
of
a
condition
unfulfilled),
but
in
modern
Spanish
would
take
the
construction
”que.”
Ouiessen
is
much
more
problematic
and
appears
in
varying
forms
five
times,
on
pages
548,
549,
550,
551
and
here
on
564.
Again
it
is
useful
as
an
example
of
the
linguistic
gymnastics
sometimes
necessary
in
dealing
with
Cerone’s
text.
First,
this
imprint
uses
the
“u”
character
for
“v,”
which
is
commonly
phonetically
interchangeable
with
“b.”
Second,
owing
to
the
flexible
spelling
of
the
text
and
the
frequent
exchange
of
double
with
single
letters
(-‐ss-‐
for
-‐
s-‐)
and
vice
versa,
this
is
clearly
the
personal
ending
of
the
alternate
but
today
less
common
form
of
the
third
plural
of
the
imperfect
subjunctive.
The
natural
inclination
is
to
see
the
word
as
a
strange
twisted
form
of
oir,
but
for
only
one
of
the
instances
does
this
supply
a
coherent
meaning.
Cerone’s
spelling
of
the
verb
haber
often
omits
the
“h,”
as
is
the
case
with
Italian
at
the
time,
and
Cerone
was
Italian.
Cerone’s
spelling
is,
as
is
normal
for
all
the
vernaculars
at
this
time,
inconsistent
and
affected
by
pronunciation.
A
comparison
with
the
modern
third
singular
imperfect
subjunctive
of
haber
=
hubiesen,
dropping
the
silent
“h”
and
seeing
“o”
as
an
idiosyncratic
or
dialect
variant
of
“u”
yields
“obiesen,”
then
b
is
represent
by
v,
using
the
character
u,
yielding
a
very
plausible
understanding
of
“ouiessen.”
It
is
here
the
idiomatic
use
of
haber
de
=
necessity,
and
so
“they
would
have
to
be,”
which
supplies
the
condition’s
apodosis.
72
To
a
modern
reader
it
cannot
but
seem
bizarre
to
find
Cerone
copying
Zacconi
so
literally
in
a
passage
that
ostensibly
is
meant
to
communicate
the
most
sincere
and
personal
feeling.
The
concept
of
plagiarism
was
not
really
recognized
at
this
time.
Nonetheless,
one
would
think!
73
Cf.
Zacconi
75v
74
The
term
“arreo”
appears
in
no
modern
dictionary.
Fortunately
Thomás
Sancta
Maria
in
his
Libro
llamado
arte
de
tañer
gives
an
excellent
and
perfectly
clear
definition
complete
with
a
musical
example.
75
I
find
Cerone’s
restatement
of
this
passage
from
Zacconi
to
be
far
more
clear
than
Zacconi’s
own
turgid
convolutions
and
semantic
redundancies
and
ambiguities.
As
a
result
my
understanding
of
the
passage
in
Zacconi
has
changed
from
what
I
originally
thought.
It
is
possible
that
the
two
intended
different
meanings,
but
I
suspect
that
Zacconi
is
just
inarticulate.
In
that
Cerone’s
statement,
by
being
pruned
of
Zacconi’s
redundancies
and
obscurities,
focuses
on
rhythmic
values
and
diminution,
the
meaning
appears
now
clearly
to
be
that
the
sample
passaggi
are
not
“broken”
into
different
rhythmic
values
as
much
as
could
be
done.
In
other
words,
they
are
17
advanced
in
this
profession
but
only
for
those
who
do
not
know
more
than
so
much
and
desire
to
get
some
learning.
Here
I
can
make
an
end
to
this
present
book
of
passaggi
(glosas)
and
accentos,
having
said
about
them
all
that
is
necessary
to
say.
Only
this
remains
for
me,
that
it
may
very
well
be
that
some
will
be
very
diligent
and
reflective
on
these
little
things,
and
after
having
seen
and
considered,
they
do
not
refrain
from
saying
that
they
are
of
little
moment
or
that
they
have
no
value.
But,
I
console
myself
in
this,
that
on
the
other
side
he
must
praise
me
who
from
them
has
felt
helped
and
rewarded.
mostly
“continuous”
in
stepwise
eighth-‐notes
without
smaller
notes
being
used.
Bovicelli
provides
examples
of
the
latter.
18
Idiosyncrasies
of
Cerone’s
Spanish
Cerone’s
Spanish
text
possesses
a
number
of
idiosyncrasies
that
may
profitably
be
pointed
out
to
those
readers
who
may
wish
to
deal
with
the
text
themselves.
These
idiosyncrasies
probably
arise
from
a
variety
of
sources,
the
major
ones
being
three.
No
vernacular
language
at
this
time
was
yet
stable
in
its
spelling,
grammar,
syntax,
punctuation
or
prose
style.
Neither
was
printing
at
the
time
an
exact
science;
compositors
felt
significantly
greater
latitude
in
many
ways
not
only
as
to
spelling
but
also
as
to
fidelity
in
reproduction
of
an
author’s
text,
itself
in
manuscript
and
undoubtedly
often
difficult
to
read.
Many
of
the
idiosyncracies
here
are
most
likely
shared
by
all
printed
Spanish
at
this
time.
Finally,
Cerone
possessed
his
own
set
of
personal
peculiarities
as
a
native
Italian
writing
in
a
second
language,
which
produced
not
only
alterations
induced
by
that
language
but
must
also
have
created
some
degree
of
underlying
uncertainty
about
Spanish.
Finally,
some
of
what
I
call
“idiosyncrasies”
are
in
fact
not
that
at
all.
An
example
is
Cerone’s
use
of
the
supposedly
defunct
future
subjunctive.
I
remember
reading
a
Spanish
grammar,
though
I
cannot
now
find
the
citation,
that
stated
that
the
future
subjunctive
was
obsolete
by
the
year
1400,
yet
not
only
does
it
appear
frequently
here,
but
I
have
also
met
it
in
even
the
little
I
have
read
of
Cervantes’
Don
Quixote
I
(1605).
A
reader
who
wishes
to
deal
with
Cerone
had
better
be
able
to
recognize
it.
Consonant
issues
• B
and
V
interchange
often
because
of
the
similarity
in
sound
• M
&
N
sometimes
interchange
• G,
J
and
X
often
interchange
to
produce
the
English
H
sound
• H
often
is
lost
• Z,
C
and
Ç
interchange
to
produce
the
English
TH
sound.
In
Cerone’s
text
there
seem
to
be
no
consistent
conditioning
factors
as
to
which
is
used.
• QU
often
appears
instead
of
the
more
modern
CU
spelling,
e.g.,
quanto
for
cuanto.
Vowels
• O
and
U
can
interchange
• U
also
represents
V,
which
can
interchange
with
B.
General
• Influence
from
Italian
and
Latin
• Creation
of
–ar
first
conjugation
verbs
from
verbs
of
other
conjugations
• Frequent
use
of
future
subjunctive
• Forms
of
present
tense
of
auxiliary
haber
can
be
used
conjunctively,
attached
to
end
of
verb
19
Glossary
A
glossary
is
particularly
necessary
for
Cerone’s
treatise
because
of
the
problems
of
inconsistency
and
confusion
carried
over
from
Zacconi’s
text.
For
these
reasons
in
many
cases
it
is
not
possible
to
provide
the
reader
with
one
simple
uniform
meaning
but
rather
with
the
variety
of
meanings
that
Cerone
apparently
intended.
Cantar
de
gorgia—Cerone’s
Italian
equivalent
of
the
Spanish
cantar
de
garganta.
Cantar
glosado
and
cantar
de
garganta—Cerone
uses
these
two
terms
in
the
title
of
Book
8
and
seems
to
equate
them.
He
then
identifies
cantar
de
garganta
specifically
with
the
Italian
cantar
[sic]
de
gorgia.76
In
origin,
the
two
terms
indicate
two
different
things.
Ortiz’s
Trattado
de
Glosas
(1553)
must
stand
as
authoritative
on
this
question,
in
which
the
glosa
is
a
passage
of
music
resulting
from
diminution,
the
subdivision
of
a
longer
note
into
a
series
of
shorter
note
values,
the
Italian
passaggio.
Thus,
cantar
glosado
is
the
passagio
that
results,
whereas
Cantar
de
garganta
is
the
technique
of
throat
articulation
used
to
produce
the
passagio
(glosa),
the
Italian
cantare
di
gorgia
or
cantare
con
la
gorga
as
Maffei
(1562)
terms
it.
Because
of
this,
it
is
unclear
from
the
very
beginning
as
to
whether
or
how
far
Cerone
distinguishes
the
two
as
the
technique
and
the
result
of
the
technique.77
He
further
obfuscates
the
issue
by
the
use
of
a
series
of
other
terms,
apparently
indiscriminately,
or
if
discriminately
not
perceptibly
so.
These
other
terms
are:
glosa,
passo,
garganta,
passo
de
garganta,
passajes
de
garganta,
glosar,
tiradas
de
garganta,
passos
glosados.
The
result,
regrettably,
is
very
nearly
complete
confusion
for
the
reader,
who
must
wonder
whether
Cerone
intends
some
distinction
or
not.
The
translator’s
opinion
is
that
often
he
did
not.
It
must
necessarily,
and
also
regrettably,
leave
the
reader
in
doubt
as
to
whether
Cerone,
as
with
Zacconi,
was
truly
in
command
of
his
subject.
Clausula—Cerone
generally
uses
this
to
indicate
a
cadence,
but
some
instances
might
be
of
somewhat
wider
significance.
The
best
evidence
for
his
intention
is,
perhaps,
the
title
of
chapter
5
in
which
he
alludes
to
passages
(passos)
that
appear
to
be
clausulas
but
are
not.
Compas—the
tactus
or
basic
pulse
of
music
through
the
renaissance
and
somewhat
beyond.
Thomás
de
Sancta
Maria
provides
a
particularly
good
and
clear
definition
in
his
Libro
llamado
arte
de
tañer
(1565).
Dispusicion—this
is
the
Italian
disposizione
or
disposition,
the
physiological
condition
conducive
to
throat
articulation
as
is
used
in
singing
passaggi.
Figura—This
is
one
of
the
less
well-‐defined
of
Cerone’s
terms,
continuing
Zacconi’s
ambiguous
use
of
it.
He
seems
to
use
it
like
nota
to
indicate
a
single
note
or
possibly
series
of
written
notes
and,
perhaps,
more
specifically
to
a
regular
metric
grouping
of
notes.
It
may
also
76
Cantar
de
garganta
que
es
lo
mesmo
que
cantar
de
gorgia,
p.
541.
77
There
is
some,
though
inconsistent,
evidence
that
he
does
sometimes
distinguish
them.
There
is
a
slight
implication
that
Cerone
more
frequently
uses
glosa
in
connection
with
the
resulting
passaggio
and
garganta
with
the
throat
articulation
technique.
But,
the
two
also
seem
to
merge,
in
that
both
sometimes
seem
to
indicate
the
technique
of
diminution
as
embodied
in
the
improvisation
itself,
articulated
de
garganta
and
resulting
in
the
finished
glosa.
20
overlap
in
meaning
with
his
use
of
passo.
Both
figura
and
nota
seem
to
indicate
the
printed
symbols
of
the
aural
phenomenon
of
pitch,
voz.
Garganta—see
cantar
glosado.
Glosar—see
cantar
glosado.
This
is
the
infinitive,
to
make
a
glosa.
Glosa—see
cantar
glosado.
Gracia—the
term
as
Cerone
uses
it
apparently
embraces
everything
from
simple
one-‐note
ornaments
to
extended
passaggi.
Medida—The
basic
meaning
of
the
word
is
the
rhythmic
articulation
of
time
into
specific
values.
Nota—The
main
significance
is
the
visual
indication
of
the
pitch,
a
printed
or
written
note.
It
may
also
have
a
more
general
sense
of
pitch
without
the
specificity
communicated
by
voz.
Passajes
de
garganta—see
cantar
glosado
Passo
de
garganta—see
cantar
glosado.
Passos
glosados—see
cantar
glosado.
Passo—see
cantar
glosado.
He
also
uses
this
term
as
applied
to
a
melodic
figure
on
which
a
passagio
is
improvised.
This
makes
it
essentially
indistinguishable
from
a
possible
sense
of
figura.
In
the
title
of
chapter
5
it
seems
to
mean
only
a
brief
melodic
figure.
Tiempo—Cerone
continues
Zacconi’s
understanding
of
tempo
and
misura
as
tiempo
and
medida.
Tiempo
is
unarticulated
temporal
duration.
Medida
is
the
articulation
of
that
duration
into
discrete
units
of
specific
rhythmic
value.
Tiradas
de
garganta—see
cantar
glosado.
Voz—There
are
two
main
meanings,
(a)
the
voice,
and
(b)
the
equivalent
of
the
Latin
term
vox,
or
the
combination
of
Guidonian
syllables
that
position
a
pitch
within
a
specific
range
and
tonal
context.
Cerone
also
uses
the
term
more
loosely
sometimes,
apparently
as
a
pitch,
the
aural
phenomenon
as
opposed
to
figura
and
nota
,
its
visual
representations.
21