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Reference Formats

The MLA format uses a simple two-part documentation system for citing sources with parenthetical citations keyed to an alphabetically ordered works cited page. The citations contain the author's last name and page number from which a quote or paraphrase is taken. Parenthetical citations should be placed close to the cited material and minimize disruption to the text. The APA style requires in-text citations of the author's name and date, and a reference list with full bibliographic details of all cited sources, ordered alphabetically. Turabian style allows footnotes/endnotes with a bibliography or parenthetical citations with a reference list, similar to MLA.

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75 views2 pages

Reference Formats

The MLA format uses a simple two-part documentation system for citing sources with parenthetical citations keyed to an alphabetically ordered works cited page. The citations contain the author's last name and page number from which a quote or paraphrase is taken. Parenthetical citations should be placed close to the cited material and minimize disruption to the text. The APA style requires in-text citations of the author's name and date, and a reference list with full bibliographic details of all cited sources, ordered alphabetically. Turabian style allows footnotes/endnotes with a bibliography or parenthetical citations with a reference list, similar to MLA.

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Tyanna Green-Roye
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The MLA format is generally simpler than other referencing styles as it was developed to emphasize

brevity and clarity. The style uses a straightforward two-part documentation system for citing
sources: parenthetical citations in the author-page format that are keyed to an alphabetically
ordered works cited page. This means that the author’s last name and the page number(s) from
which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text as a parenthetical citation, and a
complete corresponding reference should appear in your works cited list.

Keep your MLA in-text citations brief, clear and accurate by only including the information needed to
identify the sources. Furthermore, each parenthetical citation should be placed close to the idea or
quote being cited, where a natural pause occurs – which is usually at the end of the sentence.
Essentially you should be aiming to position your parenthetical citations where they minimize
interruption to the reading flow, which is particularly important in an extensive piece of written
work.

The American Psychological Association (APA) Referencing System

The APA (American Psychological Association) style requires two elements: in-text citations
throughout your assignment, and a reference list at the end.

1. Throughout the text: In-text citations

Include information about a source within the text of your assignment:

the name of the author or authors

the year of publication

the page number (see below for further information).

Citations may be placed at the end of a sentence before the concluding punctuation in brackets.

Paraphrase of the source in your own words

Encouraging students to memorise information and then testing their memory has been a consistent
criterion of pedagogy (Broudy, 1998).

Broudy (1998, p. 8) explains that memorisation does not result in an ability to solve problems.

Quotation (exact words from the source)


Broudy (1998, p. 9) argues that “on the common criteria for schooling, our sample citizen has failed
because he cannot replicate the necessary skill or apply the relevant principles”.

2. At the end: References

At the end of the text, include a list of references; a single list of all the sources of information you
have cited in your assignment. Begin the reference list on a new page and title it “References”.
Centre the title on the page. Each entry should have a hanging indent.

Each list item requires specific bibliographic information. For example, in the case of a book,
‘bibliographical details’ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, place of
publication and publisher, as found in the title pages (some details will vary).

Wolpe, A. (1988). Within school walls. London, England: Routledge.

Woods, C. & Griffiths, A. (1995). The real McCoy. Design World, 12(3), 2-13.

List each item in alphabetical order (by author surname). Titles should be in italics. All of the
references included in the list must also be cited in the text.

The AMA format (or JAMA), is widely used for citing sources in medical researchArticle from a Print
Journal—One Author

Format:

5. Author. Title of article. Abbreviated Journal Title. Year;Volume:Inclusive page numbers.

Turabian Style is used mainly for history papers, but it is sometimes used in other disciplines.

Turabian style allows writers to choose from two systems of citing information:

The notes and bibliography method allows students will use footnotes or endnotes in the text and a
bibliography at the end of the paper.

The parenthetical method lets writers use in-text citations (similar to those used in MLA style). Those
papers would also include a reference list of works cited at the end.

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