THE
PRACTICE
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Chapter 3
CVE 307
Arceo, Dave
Bigornia, Kazandra Lois
Competente, Joan Micaela D.
Gan, Debbie Julia Vmarilu D.
Mascarinas, Aryssa May
Relente, April Joy D.
TOPICS
Professional Civil
Responsibility. Engineering
Services.
Client-Civil
Engineer
Relationships.
01 02 03
TOPICS
Specialization Prime
of a Civil Professional
Engineer. Practice.
Selection of
a Civil
Engineer.
04 05 06
TOPICS
Employment. Professional
Design Practice of
Competition. Foreign Civil
Engineers.
Contingency
Basis of
Employment.
07 08 09
01
PROFESSIONAL
RESPONSIBILITY
The Practice of Civil Engineering
PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY
The standard of practice is for Civil Engineers to be given responsibility
for studying, conceiving, designing, observing construction, and
assisting in the programming for operating and maintaining engineering
works. Other services that are unforeseen initially may be required of the
Civil Engineer during the evolution of a project. The health, safety, and
well-being and comfort of the public in using a facility, and the ultimate
facility cost, all depend on the considerable extent on how well the
members of the project team fulfill their professional and contractual
responsibilities. The Civil Engineer, therefore, has obligations as trustee
to the public interest as well as faithful to the private interests of clients.
Successfully fulfilling these responsibilities require candor, mutual trust,
and effective communication and understanding between the Civil
Engineer and the client. Only in this way can a professional relationship
be established and a successful project implemented.
Photo: https://buckeyedrafting.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/iStock_000016523977XSmall-1.jpg
RESPONSIBILITY
PROFESSIONAL
✓ Care and ✓ Civil Engineers
✓ Civil Engineers ✓ Civil
protection of must always
shall conduct Engineers are strive to
themselves in therefore the
maintain the
a highly bound by the environment is highest standard
Professional Fundamental paramount in of Ethical
Manner and Cannons of Civil Engineer's Professional
Serve as Ethics work Practice in their
engagement. dealing with the
Faithful contained in
Client
Trustees or this manual. employers,
agents of their employees,
clients or competitors and
employers the community.
02
CLIENT-CIVIL
ENGINEER
RELATIONSHIPS
The Practice of Civil Engineering
CLIENT-CIVIL ENGINEER
RELATIONSHIPS
▪ Many engineering works are conceived, designed, and
constructed through the efforts of Civil Engineers employed in
governmental agencies or in industry. Other engineering projects
come to fruition through the efforts of civil engineering firms are
also relied upon to accomplish projects, which require special
expertise beyond the normal capabilities of the client. More
recently, clients have been utilizing new concepts, such as
program management and design-build, to implement projects.
▪ Definitions and explanation of proper relationships between Civil
Engineers and their private and public clients are important
objectives of this manual.
CLIENT-CIVIL ENGINEER
RELATIONSHIPS
❑ Obligations of the Civil Engineer
❑ Obligations of the Client
❑ Liability of the Civil Engineer and the Client
❑ Suspension or Termination of Services
❑ Settlement of Disputes
❑ Ownership of Data Designs and Documents
CIVIL
ENGINEER OBLIGATIONS
01 The Civil Engineer shall perform Scope of the Services as stated in
SECTION 2.
02
The Civil Engineer shall exercise reasonable skill, care, and diligence in
the performance of his obligations.
The Civil Engineer shall act independently, and as required by the
03 contract, perform with the necessary skills and professional
judgement, when required to certify, decide or exercise discretion
between the Client and a Third party with whom the Client has a
contract.
Photo: https://buckeyedrafting.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/iStock_000016523977XSmall-1.jpg
CIVIL
ENGINEER OBLIGATIONS
The Civil Engineer is authorized to act as the Client's faithful agent
04 when required but only as implied in SECTION 2 or implied in the
contract adopted for the project.
05
When aware of any matters, which will change or has changed the
scope of the services, the Civil Engineer shall give written notice to the
Client containing particulars of the change.
For Specified Staged Services, the Civil Engineer shall not initiate or
06 proceed with any subsequent stage of the Services without the
approval of the Client.
Photo: https://buckeyedrafting.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/iStock_000016523977XSmall-1.jpg
CIVIL
ENGINEER OBLIGATIONS
When required, the Civil Engineer shall direct and cooperate with all other
07
professionals and integrate their work applicable into that being undertaken by
the Civil Engineer and other professionals, but shall not be professionally liable for
their work.
The Civil Engineers may recommend specialist suppliers and/or contractors to
design and execute certain parts of the Works, in which case the Civil Engineer
08
shall co-ordinate the design of such part or parts with the overall design of the
Works but he shall be relieved of all the responsibility for the design,
manufacture, installation, and performance of any such part or parts of the
Works. The Civil Engineer shall not be liable for acts of negligence, default or
omission by such person or persons.
09 The Civil Engineer shall notify the Client of any interest the Civil Engineer has
which may significantly conflict with the interests of the Client under the
contract.
Photo: https://buckeyedrafting.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/iStock_000016523977XSmall-1.jpg
OBLIGATIONS CLIENT
The Client shall pay the Civil Engineer for his services, the amount of fees and
expenses set out in or determined in their agreement. 01
The Client shall provide the Civil Engineer within reasonable time (that does not
result in delay to the provision of the Services), all information required by the
Civil Engineer in the performance of his services and a decision in writing on all 02
matters properly referred to the Client in writing.
The Client shall cooperate with the Civil Engineer and shall not interfere with or
obstruct the proper performance of the Services. 03
04
The Client shall, as soon as practicable, make arrangements to enable the Civil
Engineer to enter the site and inspect facilities needed in the performance of his
Services.
OBLIGATIONS CLIENT
The Client shall arrange for the provision of services from other professionals or
others as may be required and bear all costs. 05
When the Civil Engineer is required to administer the work of other professionals
or other third parties who are directly contracted by the Client or when the Civil
Engineer is required to act as Engineer-to-the-Contract for any contract on behalf
of the Client then all instructions by the Client shall be given through the Civil
06
Engineer.
When aware of any matter, which will change or has changed the scope of the
Civil Engineer's Services, the Client shall notify in writing within 7 days the Civil
Engineer containing, as far as it is practicable, the particulars of the change. 07
LIABILITY OF THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND THE CLIENT
▪ The Civil Engineer shall only be liable to pay damages to the Client arising
out of or in connection with their Agreement if a breach of duty of care is
established against the Civil Engineer.
▪ The Client shall only be liable to pay damages to the Civil Engineer if a
breach of the Client's duty to the Civil Engineer is established against the
Client.
▪ Resolution of any conflict arising from the Agreement between the Civil
Engineer and the Client shall be done by giving preference to the process of
arbitration.
▪ Establishment of the breach of duty on the part the Civil Engineer and that
of the breach of the Client's duty to the Civil Engineer shall be undertaken
by a third party arbitrator mutually acceptable to the Client and the Civil
Engineer.
LIABILITY OF THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND THE
CLIENT
a) Limitation of Civil Engineer's Responsibility
a) Damages
a) Limitation of Civil Engineer's Responsibility
1) The Civil Engineer shall have no responsibility or liability for costs, loss or damage
of whatsoever nature arising from any errors in or omission from data, documents,
plans, design or specifications not prepared by the Civil Engineer, or other
personnel under the direct control of the Civil Engineer, and arising from any act
or omission or lack of performance or any negligent or fraudulent act or omission by
the Client or any Other Consultant, Contractor or supplier to the Client or any
employee or agent of the Client, Other Consultants, Contractors or suppliers.
2) Notwithstanding any recommendation or lack of recommendation made by the
Civil Engineer to the Client, the Civil Engineer shall not be held to have made any
warranty or promise as to the suitability, competence or performance of any
Other Consultant, Contractor, supplier, or other third party.
3) The Civil Engineer shall not be responsible for the techniques, method,
programmes, sequences or procedures adopted by any Contractor or other
third party responsible for executing any aspects of the Project, nor for their
performance on time, their failure to carry out the work in accordance with any
contract documents or for any other acts or omissions.
b) Damages
If found that the Civil Engineer undertaking Services is liable to the Client, damages shall
be payable on the following terms:
1) Damages payable shall be limited to the amount of reasonably foreseeable loss and
damage suffered as a direct result of such breach;
2) The maximum amount of damages payable in respect of liability, whether under the
law or contract, or otherwise, is limited to the amount specified in the Specific
Provision or, if no such amount or provision is specified, to the lesser of P300, 000 or
10% of the total amount of damages of the portion of the work attributable to the Civil
Engineer's breach of duty or twenty five percent of the total of fees payable under
their Agreement;
3) If found to be liable, in circumstances where the acts or omissions of a third party have
contributed to the loss or damage, the proportion of damages payable by the party
found liable shall be limited to that proportion which is attributable to that party's
breach of duty, whether the claims are made under contract or otherwise.
SUSPENSION OR TERMINATION OF SERVICES
▪ If circumstances arise for which the Civil Engineer is not responsible
and which make it impractical or impossible for the Civil Engineer to
perform in whole or in part the Services in accordance with their
Agreement then the Civil Engineer shall promptly notify the Client of
the same.
▪ If by reason of the above-mentioned circumstances certain Services
had been suspended, the time for their completion shall be extended
by the extent of the delay plus a reasonable period for their
resumption, or if the speed of performing certain Services has to be
reduced, the time for their completion shall be extended as is
necessary by reason of the circumstances.
▪ The Client may suspend all or part of the Services or terminate the
Agreement by written notice of not less than 30 days to the Civil
Engineer who shall immediately make arrangements to stop the
Services and minimize further expenditure.
SUSPENSION OR TERMINATION OF SERVICES
The Civil Engineer by written notice of no less than 30 days may terminate the
Agreement or at his and or her discretion without prejudice to the right to
terminate, suspend the performance of the whole or part or the Services under
the following conditions:
1) When 30 days after the due date or payment of any account the Civil
Engineer has not received payment of that part of it which has not by that
time been contested in writing or
2) When Services have been suspended for a period exceeding 6 calendar
months, or if it is clear to the Civil Engineer that it will be impossible or
impractical to resume the suspended Services before the period of
suspension has exceeded six months.
When the Services are suspended or terminated the Civil Engineer shall be entitled
to payment for the Services carried out including consequential cost, expenses
and disruption fees incurred as a result of the suspension or termination, and
remobilization fees on resumption. Suspension or termination of the
Agreement shall not prejudice or affect accrued rights or claims and liabilities
SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES
If a dispute arises on either party, then that party shall by
notice in writing served on the other party of the details of
the dispute and request that the dispute be resolved by
conciliation. If the matter in dispute is not resolved in
conciliation between the parties within the prescribed time
then the matter in dispute shall be referred to arbitration.
OWNERSHIP OF DATA DESIGNS AND DOCUMENTS
The design analyses, drawing, specifications, and
reproductions therefore are instruments of service owned
by the Professional Engineer and shall be used only for the
specific project covered by the agreement between the
Client and Engineer.
03
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
SERVICES
The Practice of Civil Engineering
CIVIL ENGINEERING SERVICES
There are varieties of important services a civil engineer or a
civil engineering firm, either public or private, could provide
such as the following:
▪ Design, consultations and advice – design deals with
structural strength and the integrity of the buildings or
structures. Civil engineers also provides services as consultant
of any individual organization.
▪ Feasibility Studies – preliminary studies undertaken in the very
early stage of a project. It is a study based on test work and
engineering analysis, which presents enough information to
determine whether or not the project should be advanced to
the final engineering and production fabrication stage.
▪ Field Investigation and
engineering data
collection - process of the
collection of information,
the appraisal of data,
assessment, and reporting
without which the hazards
in the ground beneath the
site cannot be known.
Example:
Soil Penetration Test:
https://youtu.be/yRoBXfrA9sw
Photo: https://civildigital.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Soil-Penetration-
Test-equipment-SPT-1.jpg
▪ Environmental Assessment, impact statements or
engineering reports - a structured approach to
predicting the impacts of a proposed action before it is
implemented.
▪ Opinions of probable construction cost - reasonably
accurate idea of the cost to help the client decide
whether the work can be undertaken as proposed or
needs to be curtailed or abandoned, depending upon
the availability of funds and prospective direct and
indirect benefits.
Example:
https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12113338_03.pdf
▪ Structural remediation
or rehabilitation
(Example: Pictures)
▪ Project Management
and controls
▪ Teaching
https://www.carrasquilloassociates.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Column-repair.jpg
https://4.imimg.com/data4/CR/FB/MY-23018335/structural-repairs-500x500.jpg
▪ Bidding - process of providing a potential customer with a
proposal to build or manage the building of a structure. It’s
also the method through which subcontractors pitch their
services to general contractors.
▪ Construction administration and observation - observation of
construction work and site visits by an engineer to assist the
governing body in determining that the work conforms in
general to the requirements of the construction contract and
that the contractor has implemented and maintained the
integrity of the design concept of a project a
▪ Assessment of risks - Risk assessments comprise the
identification of risks, the evaluation of associated risks and
the determination of appropriate control measures. Many
activities on a construction site are hazardous by nature and
will require a full assessment of risk.
Civil Engineers could also serve as construction manager.
Most engineers also specializes in specific areas of
engineering such as: structural and foundation,
geotechnical and environmental, water resources and
hydraulics, transportation, and construction management.
04
SPECIALIZATION
OF A CIVIL
ENGINEER
The Practice of Civil Engineering
SPECIALIZATION OF A CIVIL
ENGINEER
PICE awards certificate of specialization to Civil
Engineers who demonstrated his knowledge,
experience, education, and training with the
accordance of the requirements and is considered
qualified for position is specializations.
The Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers recognizes
initial five areas of specialization: structural
engineering, geotechnical engineering, water
engineering, transportation engineering, and
construction management and engineering.
STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING
Analyzes and designs the gravity support
and lateral force resistance of buildings,
bridges, and other structures.
GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING
Involves investigating and understanding
what is beneath the ground’s surface.
Geotechnical engineers figures out the
impact that geological formations may
have on construction projects. They also
use advanced knowledge of scientific
and mathematical processes to examine
the formation of the earth beneath and
around residential, commercial or
industrial buildings and structures.
Photo: https://engineering.unl.edu/images/civil/GeoTech/What-is-Geotechnical-Engineering-3.jpg
WATER
ENGINEERING
Involves with the provision of clean
water, disposal of waste water and
sewage, and the prevention of flood
damage. Water engineer’s job involves
repairing, maintaining and building
structures that control water resources
such as sea defence walls, pumping
stations and reservoirs.
Photo: https://wallpapercave.com/w/wp2000101
TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING
Involves in designing highways, airports,
and railway and bus systems.
Transportation engineers are civil
engineers that works for governmental
agencies; for consulting firms that
troubleshoot for the government; and
for private firms that produce materials
and equipment used in transportation.
.
CONSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT
AND ENGINEERING
Refers to the use of critical thinking in
technical and scientific fields to improve
a construction project. This often
involves designing and executing new
solutions and faster processes that can
help overcome worksite obstacles and
improve efficiency.
.
05
SELECTION OF A
CIVIL ENGINEER
The Practice of Civil Engineering
THE SELECTION OF A CIVIL
ENGINEER
▪ The decision to hire a civil engineering
firm should not be taken lightly,
especially during an engineering
project.
▪ Given the full range of engineering
services were cost the amount not less
than 1-2% of the life cycle in the most
construction project. Therefore, the
client’s best interest is to engage the
best-suited Civil Engineer or
Engineering firms.
Photo: https://jsginc.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/bigstock-Construction-Engineers-Discuss-288921388-1.jpg
Several
01
Objective and
commitment of
financial resources
factors
need to be
02 Soundness of
design
considered
as a Civil
Engineer,
03 Suitability of the
project
that may
affect life
cycle cost:
04 Organization
05 Skill
06 Integrity
Photo: https://buckeyedrafting.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/iStock_000016523977XSmall-1.jpg
▪ To select qualified Civil Engineers for
specific projects the client should
develop administrative policy and
criteria.
▪ Selecting a Civil Engineer who can
support the project from conception to
design, construction, and project start-
up are typically advantageous for the
client.
▪ The selection procedure is considerably
enhanced when the client understands
the proposed project's intent and
nature. It
Photo: https://jsginc.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/bigstock-Construction-Engineers-Discuss-288921388-1.jpg
The Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers
supports procedures such as those
specified by CIAP Documents 101 and 102.
CIAP Documents 101
- is titled the "Uniform General Conditions of Contract for Private
Construction.
- it integrates current industry best practices to improve the fairness of
contractual agreements in the construction industry
- it is only applied to contracts for private construction
CIAP Documents 102
- is titled "General Conditions of Contract for Government
Construction,"
- it is applied to public contracts with the government.
06
PRIME
PROFESSIONAL
PRACTICE
The Practice of Civil Engineering
PRIME PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
▪ It is the engagement of engineering services where the consulting Civil
Engineers serve as the client directly as a prime professional, and where
the client is usually the owner of the project.
▪ It is applicable when the Civil Engineer serves the client indirectly as a
sub-consultant through another engineer or architect who also serves as
the prime professional.
▪ It can be performed through another entity on a design-build
construction management, or turnkey project.
Turnkey Project
- it is a contract under which a firm agrees to fully
design, construct and equip a manufacturing, business,
or service facility and turn the project over to the
purchaser when it is ready for operation for a
remuneration.
07
EMPLOYMENT
DESIGN
COMPETITION
The Practice of Civil Engineering
EMPLOYMENT
"Every employee is a wellspring of potential energy. The degree to which that energy is
tapped in any given employee is a function of the interaction between the employee, his
or her manager, and the working environment. An organization that expects, inspires,
and encourages employees to perform at their highest levels will more than likely
achieve those results. Energized employees take charge and do what needs to be done
without being told."- by Bob Nelson of Retention Connection
It refers to Civil Engineers
employed by:
▪ Professional Consulting Firms
▪ Government Agencies
▪ Educational Institutions
▪ Construction Firms
▪ Manufacturing
▪ Commercial Entities and other
entities
DESIGN COMPETITION
▪ It is a process which a Civil Engineer
is selected above other competitors
based on proposal or an innovative
approach to solving a client’s needs.
▪ The civil engineer should be
awarded a salary to participate in
the competition
08
CONTINGENCY
BASIS OF
EMPLOYMENT
The Practice of Civil Engineering
CODE OF ETHICS OF
CIVIL ENGINEERS
It shall be considered unprofessional and
inconsistent with honorable and dignified
bearing for any registered Civil Engineer.
To act for his clients* in professional matters
otherwise than as a faithful agent or trustee, or
to accept any remuneration other than his
stated charges for services rendered to his
clients.
To attempt to injure falsely or maliciously,
directly or indirectly, the professional reputation,
prospects, or business of another Engineer.
To attempt to supplant another Engineer after
definite steps have been taken toward his
employment.
To compete with another Engineer for employment
on the basis of his professional charges, by reducing
his usual charges and in his manner attempting to
underbid after being informed of the charges
named by another.
To review the work of another Engineer for the
same client, except with the knowledge or consent
of such Engineer, or unless the connection of such
Engineer with the work has been terminated.
To advertise in self-laudatory language, or in any
other manner derogatory to the dignity of the
Profession.
To use the advantages of the salaried position to
compete unfairly with Engineers in private practice.
To act in any manner or engage in any practice
which will tend to bring discredit on the honor or
dignity of the Engineering Profession.
*the word “clients” is considered to be inclusive of the meaning of
the word “employers”
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
Civil engineers uphold and advance the
integrity, honor and dignity of the civil
engineering profession by:
1) Using their knowledge and skill for the
enhancement of human welfare and the
environment
2) Being honest and impartial and serving with
fidelity the public, their employers/
employees and clients
3) Striving to increase the competence and
prestige of the civil engineering profession
and
4) Supporting the professional and technical
societies of their disciplines.
FUNDAMENTAL CANONS
1) Civil Engineers shall hold paramount the
safety, health and welfare of the public and
shall strive to comply with the principles of
sustainable development in the
performance of their duties.
2) Civil Engineers shall perform services only in
areas of their competence.
3) Civil Engineers shall issue public statements
only in an objective and truthful manner.
4) Civil Engineers shall act in professional
matters for each employer or client as
faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid
conflict of interest.
FUNDAMENTAL CANONS
5) Civil Engineers shall build their professional
reputation on the merit of their careers, and
shall provide opportunities for the
professional development of those civil
engineers under their supervision.
6) Civil Engineers shall act in such a manner as
to uphold and enhance the honor, integrity,
and dignity of the civil engineering
profession.
7) Civil Engineers shall continue their
professional development throughout their
careers, and shall provide opportunities for
the professional development of those civil
engineers under their supervision.
CONTINGENCY BASIS
OF EMPLOYMENT
Contingency – uncertainty
Compromised – weaken or reduced in degree, quality, or value
Canon 5C (PICE code or Ethics)
- “Engineers may request, propose or accept professional
commissions on a contingency basis only under
circumstances in which their professional judgments
would not be compromised.”
- In a general view it is not the best interest of the client nor
the public to received professional services based on
contingency.
- But in some instance it is acceptable as long as
professional judgement is still there.
Familiarization:
Republic Act No. 8981, “PRC Modernization Act of
2000”
An act modernizing the professional regulation
commission, repealing for the purpose presidential
decree numbered two hundred and twenty-three,
entitled “creating the professional regulation
commission and prescribing its powers and
functions,” and for other purposes.
R.A. 8981 (lawphil.net)
09
PROFESSIONAL
PRACTICE OF
FOREIGN CIVIL
ENGINEERS
The Practice of Civil Engineering
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE OF
FOREIGN CIVIL ENGINEERS
Allowed by the law under RA 8981 to practice civil engineering in the
Philippines under the following instances.
1) The laws of the foreigner’s state or country allow the citizen of the
Philippines to practice civil engineering on the same basis and
grant the same privileged as those enjoyed by the subjects or
citizens of such foreign state or country.
2) Allowed under international agreement.
3) Consultants to be engaged in foreign-funded, joint venture or
foreign-assisted projects of the government.
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE OF
FOREIGN CIVIL ENGINEERS
4) Employees of Philippine or foreign private institutions pursuant to
law.
5) Civil Engineers who were former citizens of the Philippines, who
had been registered and issued a certificate of registration and a
professional identification card prior to their naturalization as
foreign citizens, and who, while in the country on a visit, sojourn
or permanent residence, desire to practice their profession.
Made responsible by law (RA 8981) for securing special
permit from PRC and the Department of Labor and
Employment pursuant to their respective rules, the
application is however not automatic.
a) Foreign civil engineers must still secure a certificate of
registration/license or special permit from the
Professional Regulation Commission.
a) Agencies, organization or individuals, whether public or
private who secure the services of a foreign Civil Engineer.
RESOURCES
• PICE-Manual of Professional Practice for Civil Engineers
• PICE logo:
https://piceoman.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/7/7/25773814/2582014.png?1389581840
• Ang Pananaw ng Isang Simpleng Inhinyero: CODE OF ETHICS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS (PICE)
(civilengineerthoughts003.blogspot.com)
THANK
YOU
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