1G 1980s • 2.

4 Kbps speed
• Voice
• Analog signal

• GSM/CDMA

2G
• 64 Kbps speed
• Voice, higher
1990s coverage

• GPRS/EDGE

2.5G
• 114 Kbps speed
• Voice, SMS,
Email, Web

3G
• UMTS/EVO
• Up to 2Mbps
2000s • Large emails
• 11s MP3 download

• HSPA+

3.5G • Up to 10Mbps
• Smart Phones
take off

4G
LTE
2010s
• 110Mbps
• HD Video, Mobile
TV, Enhanced
security & mobility

2016 • LTE_A
4.5G • ~300Mbps
• Carrier
Aggregation
 Devices RAN Backhaul Packet
Premises Access Metro IP Core

C-RAN

L
FEMTO WIFI HOME 5G OTTCDN CDN

AU
KH
5G

BAC
OTHER
MOBILE
DAS 5G 4G LTE NETWORKS
SMALL MOBILE CELL SITE 4G LTE
CELL DEVICE
4G LTE
CELL SITE

2G/3G PSTN
C-RAN 2G/3G
REMOTE
OFFICE 2G/3G
ENTERPRISE CELL SITE IMS

INTERNET
DATA ONT
CENTER MANAGED WIRELINE
ENTERPRISE
OLT
HOME
CENTRAL
VOICE, OFFICE
DSLAM CENTRAL
VIDEO, OFFICE
DATA, IOT
ORIGIN DATABASE
REMOTE SERVER SERVER
REMOTE
OFFICE OFFICE
HFC

DATA CENTER
ENTERPRISE VIDEO
 (VIRTUALIZA
OS TIO
M N
CO INTER NE
TO

,O
LE

RC
TE

F
TH

HES
ING
Devices and

TRATION)
S
Things
URITY

SORS
SEN
SEC

T
SIFICA ION
VER CO
DI
SE
NN

CUR
EC
FLEXIBILITY

TIVIT
M OS

ITY

5G RAN
Y
LECO

G
LIN
DE
TE

CA

SI S
N

FIC
ATI
ON
SO
TE
NE

LEC
FT
WA
WO T

OM OS
RE-DEFINED

Mobile
R K F U N CT
URITY

EDGE
SEC
IO

VI
N

RT
UA
LIZ ATION
CO
T

SE
E

RE
LEC

CUR
CL
OUD
OM OS (VIR

ITY

5G Virtual
D

IFICATIO
IST

Core
RIB
UT

N
ED

ED
TU

GE
CLO
IZ
AL

UD
)
N

AT IO
ION AT
, ORCHESTR
 Global Mobile Radio Subscription,
Data, & Revenue Growth

110 EB

12 10 EB 2.4

10 2
1 EB
8 1.6

Revenue ($Tn)
Subscription (Bn)

6 1.2
1 PB

4 0.8
10GB

2 0.4

0 0
GSM EDGE UMTS HSPA+ LTE LTE-A LTE-Pro 5G

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

 Radio Access Network Core Network
(RAN) (CN)

Antenna Base
Unit Station

haul
Back

User Equipment
(UE)
UE RAN CN

NAS NAS

RRC RRC

SDAP SDAP U-Plane

PDCP PDCP

RLC RLC

MAC MAC

PHY PHY
2G/GSM 2.5G/GPRS

BTS BTS

A-bis

Gb

BSC

A-Int

SGSN
MSC

Gn

GGSN

Gi
PSTN
2G/GSM 2.5G/GPRS 3G/3.5G

BTS BTS nodeB

Iub
A-bis

Gb

BSC RNC

IuCS
A-Int
IuPS

SGSN
MSC

Gn

GGSN

Gi
PSTN
2G/ 2.5G/ 3G/ 4G/
GSM GPRS 3.5G LTE

nodeB CPRI
BTS BTS eNB
X2

Iub S1-U
A-bis
Gb

BSC RNC S1-MME

IuCS
A-Int S11
IuPS
MME SGW
SGSN
MSC
S6a S5/S8
Gn

GGSN HSS PGW

Gi SGi
PSTN
2G/ 2.5G/ 3G/ 4G/
GSM GPRS 3.5G LTE
4.5G/LTE-A
nodeB
CPRI
BTS BTS eNB
X2

A-bis Iub S1-U CPRI

Gb S1-MME
CRAN
(BBU Hotel)
BSC RNC S1-MME
IuCS
A-Int S11
IuPS S1-U
SGSN MME SGW
MSC
S6a S5/S8
Gn

GGSN HSS PGW

Gi SGi
PSTN
 Key economic idicators

1.2 0.6

1 0.5

Global cash flow ($Tn)

Revenue ($Tn)

0.8 0.4

0.6 0.3

0.4 0.2

0.2 0.1

0 0
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Global cash flow

Revenue
 IoT
Internet of Things
106

Smart City
Connection capacity

Stadium
104

Aviation Cellular Devices

Consumer VR
Wearables
102

Connected Car

6 Multi-User UHD
10 Telepresence
4 s)
10 y (m Cloud Office
2
nc
10 ate Virtual
L Surgery

Kbps Mbps Gbps

Throughput
 Peak Data User Experienced
Rate Data Rate

eMBB

Enhanced
Importance
Mobile High
Broadband

Medium Spectrum
Area Efficiency
Traffic Low
Capacity

Network
Energy Mobility
Efficiency

URLLC

mMTC Ultra-Reliable
Low Latency
Massive Machine Communications
Type Communications

Connection density Latency

 EPC

S1-C S1-U

LTE eNB gNB

EPC

S1-C S1-U S1-U

LTE eNB gNB

 gNB-CU-CP gNB-CU-UP
E1

F1-C F1-U

gNB-DU gNB-DU

gNB
 NEF NRF PCF UDM AF

Nnef Nnrf Npcf Nudm Naf

Nausf Namf Nsmf Nnwdaf

AUSF AMF SMF NWDAF

N1 N2 N4

UE (R)AN UPF DN
N3 N6

NEF SMF
Network Exposure Function Session Management Function

NRF NWDAF
Network Repository Function Network Data Analytics
Function
PCF
Policy Control Function UE
User Equipment
UDM
Unified Data Management RAN
Radio Access Network
AF
Application Function UPF
User Plane Function
AUSF
Authentication Server Function DN
Data Network
AMF
Access & Mobility
Management Function
 QoS Flows
SDAP QoS flow handling QoS
Radio Bearers CU
ROHC ROHC ROHC
PDCP
Security Security Security
F1/W1 Split 2 F1-C F1-U
RLC Channels
RLC Seg, ARQ Seg, ARQ Seg, ARQ
Logical
Channels
Scheduling/Priority Handling

MAC Multiplex, UE1 Multiplex

Split 6 DU
HARQ HARQ Transport HARQ
Channels
Rate matching=> scrambling
Split 7-3
Modulation=> layer mapping
PHY Split 7-2 FH
BF Precode(DL)/Equalisation(UL) => RE-mapping
Split 7-1
RU
IFFT => CP addition => D/A conversion =>
Analog BF
Split 8
CC1 CCn CC1
2G/ 2.5G/ 3G/ 4G/ 5G
GSM GPRS 3.5G LTE
4.5G/LTE-A

nodeB CPRI
BTS BTS eNB
X2 eCPRI/
O-RAN
Iub S1-U CPRI DU
A-bis F1/O-RAN
Gb CRAN N9
S1-MME (BBU Hotel) Xn CU (+UPF)
BSC RNC S1-MME
IuCS
A-Int S11
IuPS S1-U

SGSN MME SGW N12 AUSF

N2
MSC
S6a S5/S8 AMF
Gn
N11 SMF
N4
GGSN HSS PGW
Gi SGi N6
PSTN UPF
 Key economic indicators
(bubble volume = data/month)

1.2 0.6
Projected cash flow
1 with forecast benefit 0.5

Global Cash Flow ($Tn)

of softwarization and
RAN disaggregation to
0.8 0.4
reduce CAPEX & OPEX
Revenue ($Tn)

0.6 0.3

0.4 0.2

0.2 1PB 1EB 0.1

10GB 10EB
0 0
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

110EB

Global cash flow

Revenue (no softwareization)
Revenue (with softwareization)
 Duplex
Band

UL DL TD

n1 FDD
n2 FDD
n3 FDD
n5 FDD
n7 FDD
n8 FDD
n12 FDD
n20 FDD
n25 FDD
n28 FDD
n34 TDD
n38 TDD
n39 TDD
n40 TDD
n41 TDD
n51 TDD
n66 FDD
n70 FDD
n71 FDD
n75 SDL
n76 SDL
n77 TDD
n78 TDD
n79 TDD
n80 SUL
n81 SUL
n82 SUL
n83 SUL
n84 SUL
n86 SUL

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Frequency (GHz)
 Duplex
Band

TD

n257 TDD
n258 TDD
n260 TDD
n261 TDD

20 25 30 35 40 45

Frequency (GHz)
π/2-BPSK QPSK 16QAM

64QAM 256QAM
λSCS

λ
 1 FRAME (10 ms) 10 sub-frames
Sub-FRAME (1 ms)

1 slot 2 slots 4 slots

per per per
subframe subframe subframe

14 14 14
symbols symbols symbols
per slot per slot per slot
Subcarriers

Subcarriers

Subcarriers
Symbol Symbol Symbol

66.67 µs 33.33 µs 16.67 µs

symbol symbol symbol
duration duration duration
60 kHz
30 kHz
15 kHz

Numerology µ = 0 Numerology µ = 1 Numerology µ = 2

Normal CP Normal CP Normal CP
15 KHz subcarrier 30 KHz subcarrier 60 KHz subcarrier
spacing (SCS) spacing (SCS) spacing (SCS)
66.67 µs symbol 33.33 µs symbol 16.67 µs symbol
duration duration duration
 1 FRAME (10 ms) 10 sub-frames
Sub-FRAME (1 ms)

4 slots 8 slots 16 slots

per per per
subframe subframe subframe

12 14 14
symbols symbols symbols
per slot per slot per slot

Symbol Symbol Symbol

Subcarriers

Subcarriers

Subcarriers

4.16 µs
16.67 µs 8.33 µs symbol
symbol symbol duration
duration duration
60 kHz

120 kHz

240 kHz

Numerology µ = 2 Numerology µ = 3 Numerology µ = 4

Extended CP Normal CP Normal CP
60 KHz subcarrier 120 KHz subcarrier 240 KHz subcarrier
spacing (SCS) spacing (SCS) spacing (SCS)
16.67 µs symbol 8.33 µs symbol 4.16 µs symbol
duration duration duration
 Numerology 1
30 KHz subcarrier spacing
Resource block
(12 subcarriers)

Resource
element

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 18 Slot 19

(14 symbols) (14 symbols) (14 symbols) (14 symbols)

Subframe 0 Subframe 9
(1 ms) (1 ms)

Frame
(10 ms)
Transmitter Receiver

Radio channel
Transmitter Receiver

Complex radio channel

Transmitter Receiver

Radio channel
Transmitter Receiver

Radio channel
Transmitter Receiver

Radio channel
Transmitter Receiver

Radio channel
Transmitter Receiver

Radio channel
PSS, SSS PSS, SSS
SSB0

SSB1

SSB2

SSB3

Channel State Indicator-Reference Channel State Indicator-Reference

Signal (CSI-RS) on 32 ports Signal (CSI-RS) on 8 ports each

Synchronization Signal Block (SSB)

Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)

Rank Indicator (RI) Rank Indicator (RI)

Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI) Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI)

Channel State Indicator-Reference

Signal Resource Indicator (CRI)
PSS, SSS PSS, SSS
SSB0

SSB1

SSB2

SSB3

Channel State Indicator-Reference Channel State Indicator-Reference

Signal (CSI-RS) on 32 ports Signal (CSI-RS) on 8 ports each

Synchronization Signal Block (SSB)

Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)

Rank Indicator (RI) Rank Indicator (RI)

Sounding Reference Indicator (SRS) Sounding Reference Indicator (SRS)

Channel State Indicator-Reference

Signal Resource Indicator (CRI)
 Backhaul Fronthaul

4G/LTE 4.5G/LTE_A

CPRI small
eNB cells

CPRI
S1-U S1-MME
CRAN
(BBU Hotel)
S1-MME

SGW
S1-U
MME
Antenna RRU BBU Router EPC
Fronthaul Backhaul
Antenna RRU BBU Router EPC
Fronthaul Backhaul
Antenna RRU BBU Router EPC
Fronthaul Backhaul
 λ1 λ1
RRU
λ2 Mux/ Mux/ λ2
RRU BBU
Demux Demux
λ3 λ3
RRU
 1310 nm λ1 λ1 1310 nm
RRU

Converter

Converter
1310 nm λ2 Mux/ Mux/ λ2 1310 nm
RRU BBU

λ
Demux Demux
1310 nm λ3 λ3 1310 nm
RRU
 Radio Base Station System
Network Interface

Air Interface
Radio Equipment Radio Equipment
Control (REC) (RE)

Control Sync User Control Sync User

and plane and plane
Management Management

SAPCM SAPS SAPIQ SAPCM SAPS SAPIQ

Layer 2 Layer 2

Layer 1 Layer 1

Digitized Radio Base Station

Internal Interface Specification
 User Plane Control SYNC
& Management
Plane

L1 Inband Protocol
Vendor Specific

Ethernet
IQ Data

HDLC
Layer 2

Time Division Multiplex

Layer 1
Electrical Optical
Transmission Transmission
 Sync byte K28.5 CW130 contains:
RAI, SDI, LOS, LOF

1 hyperframe (66.67 µs)

1 basic frame

Index of 1 2 3 15 16 p-1 p 63 64 65 66 67 127 255

control
word
X=0

Index of 1 2 3 15 16 p-1 p 63 0 1 2 3 63 63
subchannel
Ns=0

Index of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 3
control
word
within
subchannel
Xs=0
Definitions G.8260

Frequency Time/Phase
(G.826x) (G.827x)

Basics G.8261 G.8271

G.8271.1
FTS
Network G.8261.1 G.8271.x
Requirements G.8271.2
PTS/APTS
G.8262
SyncE G.8272
Timing PRTC
Characteristics G.8273.1
G.8263 T-GM
Packet G.8273
Framew G.8273.2
G.8264 T-BC/T-TSC
Timing inf
G.8273.3 TC
G.8275
Architecture G.8265 Packet G.8273.4
APTSC

Profiles G.8265.1 G.8275.1

Freq. FTS

G.8275.2
PTS/APTS
 End application clock

PRC
C2
Packet PNT-F
master
clock Timing
packets
Physical Layer
based PNT-F Packet E: End application
synchronization network requirements
network (e.g., frequency accuracy)
PEC-M

A: PRC, EEC, SSU PEC-S-F

OR SEC network B: PEC-M
limits output packet
network limits C1
PNT-F
End
C: PEC-S-F application
input packet clock
network
limits D: PEC-S-F
output
network limits
(deployment
case 2)
 Ideal input packet Output physical clock
timing signal within certain
(no PDV) performance limits

Packet master Packet slave clock

+
clock (PEC-M) (PEC-S) - CUT +
-

FR
 Reference

Packet
Master Clock

Packet Slave
Clock

Packet Slave
Packet Network Clock
Packet Slave
Clock
 Deployment Case 1

Network
time
reference
(e.g., GNSS
engine)
A B C End E
application

Packet
PRTC T-GM T-BC T-TSC
network

End
application
Time clock

Deployment Case 2

Network
time
reference
(e.g., GNSS
engine)
A B C D E

Packet
PRTC T-GM T-BC T-TSC
network

End
application
Time clock
 Local Time Ref
(e.g. GNSS)
A’
A B C D E

PRTC, Partial Timing

T-GM Support Packet T-BC T-TSC-A
PRC
Network
 A B C D E

Partial Timing
PRTC,
T-GM Support Packet T-TSC-P
PRC
Network
 BBU RRU
DOWNLINK

PDCP High Low High Low High Low

RRC
RLC RLC MAC MAC PHY PHY

Option Option Option Option Option Option Option Option

RF
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
UPLINK

High Low High Low High Low

RRC PDCP
RLC RLC MAC MAC PHY PHY

CPRI
 CU DU/RU
DOWNLINK

PDCP High Low High Low High Low

RRC
RLC RLC MAC MAC PHY PHY

Option Option Option Option Option Option Option Option

RF
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
UPLINK

High Low High Low High Low

RRC PDCP
RLC RLC MAC MAC PHY PHY

F1
 CU/DU RU
DOWNLINK

PDCP High Low High Low High Low

RRC
RLC RLC MAC MAC PHY PHY

Option Option Option Option Option Option Option Option

RF
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
UPLINK

High Low High Low High Low

RRC PDCP
RLC RLC MAC MAC PHY PHY

eCPRI
 MAC MAC
Option
6
PHY PHY
Coding De-coding

Rate Rate
matching de-matching
Option De-
Scrambling 7-3 (DL) scrambling
ID (eCPRI)
De-
Modulation
modulation

Layer Channel
mapping estimation/
Option Equalization
7-2 & IDFT

Pre-coding
IID (eCPRI) IU (eCPRI)
Option RE
RE mapping
7-2a de-mapping

Option
Digital BF Digital BF
7-1

IFFT/CP Option FFT/CP

addition 8 removal
E (CPRI) E (CPRI)
RF RF
D/A A/D

Analog BF Analog BF
eCPRI Radio Equipment eCPRI Radio Equipment
Control (eREC) (eRE)
User Sync Control User Sync Control
Plane & Mgmt Plane & Mgmt

SAPU SAPS SAPCM SAPU SAPS SAPCM

eCPRI Standard eCPRI Standard

specific Protocols specific Protocols
Transport Network Layer Transport Network Layer

Transport
Network
 CU DU RU
DOWNLINK

PDCP High Low High Low High Low

RRC
RLC RLC MAC MAC PHY PHY

Option Option Option Option Option Option Option Option

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 RF
UPLINK

High Low High Low High Low

RRC PDCP
RLC RLC MAC MAC PHY PHY

F1 eCPRI
 4G
CPRI
RRU
CPRI 4G
FTN FTN
Fronthaul BBU
4G
RRU Bridged
eCPRI
Network

5G 5G
RU eCPRI FTN FTN eCPRI CU+DU
 CPRI CPRI
4G RRU 4G BBU
eCPRI eCPRI
5G RU 5G
CU+DU

Ethernet/
RoE RoE
WDM
 Core Edge Access Radio Site

High Low
eMBB NGC RRC PDCP RLC MAC RF
PHY PHY

High Low
uRLLC NGC RRC PDCP RLC MAC RF
PHY PHY
 eNB

S1-MME 4G/LTE EPC

HSS
EPS-NAS S6a
MME

S10
S11
S1-U
SGW

S5/58
Gx
PGW PCRF

SGi
 MME MME MME

S10 S10 S10

S11 S11
C-SGN
SGW SGW-C SGW-U
(PGW-SGW) Sxa Connected
S5/S8-C to Base
S5/58 Station
S5/S8-U
PGW
PGW-C PGW-U
SGi Sxb

4G PS Only 4G Cellular Control User Plane

(LTE-SAE) IoT Core Separation CUPS
CIoT Service
Gateway Node
 N6
N9
eCPRI/RoE,
O-RAN F1
RU DU CU/UPF

N2 UDM
N1
N13
AUSF
N12

AMF N10 N3
N11
N14 N4
SMF

N15 N7 N4 N16

PCF UPF

N9

N6

5G CORE
 eNB

S1-MME 4G/LTE EPC

HSS
EPS-NAS S6a
MME

S10
S11
S1-U
SGW

S5/58
Gx
PGW PCRF

SGi
N6
N9
eCPRI/RoE,
O-RAN F1
RU DU CU/UPF

N2 UDM
N1
N12 N13
AUSF

AMF N11 N10 N3

N14 N4
SMF
N15
N7 N4 N16

PCF UPF

N9
N6
5G CORE
 NF_A NF_B
(Consumer) (Producer)

Request

Response

NF_A NF_B
(Consumer) (Producer)

Subscribe

Notify

3GPP TS 23.501
 R15 R16
(under consideration)

JSON JSON

HTTP/2

HTTP/3
TLS

TCP QUIC

IP IP

L2 L2

3GPP TR 29.893
 N6

eCPRI/RoE, N9
ORAN
F1
RU DU CU/UPF

N2 UDM

AUSF N13
N12

N1 AMF N10
N11
N14 N4
SMF
N15
N7 N4 N16

N3
PCF UPF

N9

N6

5G CORE

Classic

Service Based
 NEF NRF PCF UDM AF

Nnef Nnrf Npcf Nudm Naf

Nausf Namf Nsmf Nnwdaf

AUSF AMF SMF NWDAF

N1 N2 N4

UE (R)AN UPF DN
N3 N6

Classic

Service Based
(R)AN Initial Target NSSF NRF
AMF AMF

1. Initial
UE
Message

2. [Optional] UE Context
transfer, identification,
authentication and
security procedures

3a. UDM UDM

selection

3b. Nudm_SDM_Get
(Slice Selection Subscription Data)

3c. Nudm_SDM_Get response

4a. Nnssf_NSSelection_Get

4b. Nnssf_NSSelection_Get response

3GPP TS 23.502 Figure 4.2.2.2.3-1

 NAS-MM NAS-MM
Relay
NG-AP NG-AP
5G-AN 5G-AN SCTP SCTP
Protocol Protocol IP IP
Layer Layer L2 L2
L1 L1
UE 5G-AN N2 AMF

Application
PDU Layer PDU
Relay Relay Layer
GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U
5G-AN 5G-AN
Protocol UDP/IP UDP/IP UDP/IP UDP/IP
Protocol
Layer Layer L2
L2 L2 L2
L1 L1 L1 L1
UE 5G-AN UPF UPF
(PDU Session
N3 N9 Anchor) N6

PFCP PFCP

UDP UDP
IP IP
L2 L2

L1 L1

CP function UP function

Sx and N4 reference point

GTP-U GTP-U

UDP UDP
IP IP
L2 L2

L1 L1

CP function UP function

Sx and N4 reference point

 5G RAN UPF

Ethernet Packet Filters

 NG-RAN 5GC

UE NB UPF

PDU Session
Radio Bearer NG-U Tunnel
QoS Flow

QoS Flow

Radio Bearer
QoS Flow

Radio NG-U
 Bits
Number of
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Octets

PDU Type (=0) Spare 1

PPP RQI QoS Flow Identifier 1

PPI Spare 0 or 1

Padding 0-3

Bits
Number of
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Octets

PDU Type (=1) Spare 1

Spare QoS Flow Identifier 1

Padding 0-3
 End to End (E2E) Slicing
Orchestration and Management System

Slide Dedicated UE Specific

Common Control Network Functions (CCNF)
CP NFs CP NFs

Slice Dedicated Common

UDM NSSF NRF AUSF PCF
UP NFs CP NFs

URLLC MEC Network Slice Instance #1 Slice

e.g. V2X App and #2 inc. SMF, UPF, MEC specific
Slice #1
SMF UE #1 PDU
UPF UE #1 Slice #1 Sessions
Slice #1
UE #1
URLLC
DNN
eMBB RAN
AMF common to
all network slices AMF UE#1
instances serving Slice #1 & #2
eMBB a single UE
Slice #2
MEC SMF UE #1
e.g. HD Maps Slice #2 DNN

UPF UE #1
Slice #2

mIoT AMF UE #2 SMF UE #2

Slice #3 Slide #3 Slice #3

SMF and UPF dedicated to each slice UPF UE #2

Slice #3
UE #2 DNN
mIoT
Network Slice Instance #3 inc.
SMF, UPF

Note: RAN functional splits into CU, DU, RU Edge DC Local DC Central DC
components are not shown in this diagram
 HSS
NSSAI
NRF
NSSAI Retrieves
RRC NAS
NFs from
(NSSAI*) (NSSAI)
S-NSSAI #1 SST SD NS-ID
UE RAN AMF
S-NSSAI #n SST SD
AMF Enquiry NSSF for
selection (S)-NSSAI
function –NS-ID
based on mapping(**)
TempID or
NSSAI SMF selection
function

Slice specific network

functions

SMF #1 UPF#1

SMF #n UPF#n
 MEC MEC System Level Management:
Application Operations Support System (OSS)
MEC
(VNF) & MEC Orchestrator (MEO)
Application
MEC
(VNF)
Application
MEC
(VNF)
Application MEC Platform MEC Platform
(VNF) (MEP) (VNF) (MEP) (VNF)

Virtualization Virtualization
Infrastructure Infrastructure Manager
(e.g. NFVI) (e.g. VIM)
 UE Edge Remote
Level Level Level

MEC App
Cloud

Service
service
Client Back-end
App for Service
Mp1

MEC
platform MEC
Mp3
service

Infrastructure
MEC
Host Service
registry MEC App
Metadata
Traffic DNS
rules handling Web
control
MEC Remote
platform Servers

MEC Data
Host Plane
 MEC Service

Service Registry
MEC
Application
(VNF) Mp1 Traffic DNS
{mp1} API Rules Handling
Control

MEC Platform (MEP) (VNF)

 {ls}
MEC MEC MEC
Application A Application B API MEC Service MEC Service
(Service (Service e.g. Location e.g. Location
Consuming & Consuming) {rni}
Producing) (VNF) MEC
(VNF) API MEC Service MEC Service
e.g. RNIS

{3rd
Party Service Registry
Dev} API {3rd Party Dev} MEC API,
e.g. RNI
Traffic Rules DNS
MEC MEC Control Handling
Application C Application D
(Service (VNF)
Producing)
(VNF) MEC Platform (MEP)
(VNF)
Queries Notifications

Cells associated UE Measurement Report

with MEC App

Bearers Associated UE Handover

with MEC App (Cell Change)

Per UE, UE Timing Advance

S1-U Bearer Info

Per Cell, Layer 2 UE Carrier Aggregation

Measurement Info Reconfiguration

Radio Access Bearer

Establishment/
Modification/
Release

S1 Bearer Establishment/
Modification/
Release
 EPC

MME

S1-MME S10

S11

eNodeB MEC
S1-U S5 SGi

S-GW P-GW Internet

End Users
 EPC

MME
S1-MME

S11

eNodeB MEC
S1-U S5 SGi

S-GW P-GW Internet

End Users
 MEC System

System Level
NSSF NEF NRF PCF UDM
OSS &
MEO
Naf

AUSF AMF SMF

Host Level (Distributed)

Application Service

N4 (Local MEC MEPM

Area) Platform
Data
Network

N3 N6 Virtualization VIM
UE (R)AN UPF Infrastructure
 API Invoker

MEP Application

PLMN Trust Domian

API Invoker
CAPIF-1e
MEP Application

CAPIF-2
CAPIF-2e
CAPIF-1

CAPIF APIs Service APIs

CAPIF-3 API Exposing

Function (AEF)
CAPIF Core Function
(CCF) CAPIF-4 API Publishing
Function (APF)

CAPIF-5 API Management

Function (AMF)
Functional Element
of the MEP Platform API Provider Domain
MEP Service/
MEC Service Producing
Application
 Applications Layer

SDN Controller

Virtual Infrastructure
App App App
#1 #2 #3

Bins/ Bins/ Bins/

Libs Libs Libs

VM
Guest Guest Guest
OS OS OS

Hypervisor

Host OS

Server
App App App
#1 #2 #3

Container
Bins/ Bins/ Bins/
Libs Libs Libs

Docker Engine

Host OS

Server
 Telco Cycle

New Service Idea Available

Demand Deploy
Telco
Operators
Operator 1
Operator 2
Operator n

Equipment Sell
Vendors Drive

Critical
SDOs mass of Standardize Implement
supporters

2-6 Years

OTT Provider Cycle

New Service Idea Available

Develop Deploy Publish

2-6 Months
 Digital Storefront
(Automated Customer & Business Management)

E2E Service Management Domain

Data
Management Service Services
Implementations

Intra-Domain Integration Fabric

E2E E2E E2E E2E Data E2E Data

Orchestration Intelligence Analytics Collection Services

Inter-Domain Integration Fabric

Domain Domain Domain Domain Domain Domain

Control Orchestration Intelligence Analytics Data Data
Collection Services

Data
Inter-Domain Integration Fabric
Services

Management Service Data Common

Services
Implementations Data
Services
Management Domain

ZSM Scope

Domain Managed Infrastructure Resources

Physical Virtual Xaas

 Densification

End-to-end
Bandwidth

Mobility
Latency
Scale
19% Energy and Utilities

18% Manufacturing

13% Public Safety

12% Healthcare

10% Public Transport

9% Media and Entertainment

8% Automotive

6% Financial Services

4% Retail

1% Agriculture
 Operator owned functions

Platform smart city

1 Network
smart transport

Platform

smart automotive

Device Network Platform Application Customer

Provider Provider Provider Provider

smart city

2 Network Platform
smart transport

smart automotive

Device Network Platform Application

Provider Provider Provider Provider

smart city

3 Network Platform
smart transport

smart automotive

Device Network Platform Application

Provider Provider Provider Provider

smart city

4 Network Platform
smart transport

smart automotive

Device Network Platform Application

Provider Provider Provider Provider

smart city

5 Network Platform
smart transport

smart automotive

Device Network Platform Application

Provider Provider Provider Provider

smart city

6 Network Platform
smart transport

smart automotive

Device Network Platform Application Customer

Provider Provider Provider Provider
 RX/TX

eDRX Cycle
(N hyper-frames of 10.24s)

Paging Window
(~1.28s Cycle)
 TX

Short Idle
Window so
Device is
Reachable

Device is Dormant
ManagedElement
+-ENodeBFunction
+-NblotCell
ceLevelNumber = 1 {1,2,3}
1 = CE_level1 CMC CMC CMC
2 = CE_level2 Index 0 Index 1 Index 2
ENodeB
3 = CE_level3
cmcIndex = 0 {0,1,2}
0 = CMC Index 0
1 = CMC Index 1
2 = CMC Index 2

Maximum Number of Repetitions

Channel (carrying)
CMC Index 0 CMC Index 1 CMC Index 2
NPDSCH (NB-SIB1) 4 8 16
NPDCCH 2 16 64
NPUSCH (ACK/NACK) 2 16 64
NPRACH (preamble) 2 8 16
 New Elements
& Interfaces
non-IP
data
SCEF
non-IP
data
PtP IP Tunnel for
Non-IP Data
S1-MME
UE C-SGN AS
IP Data
S1-MME
{NAS (Encrypted
Small Data)}
SMSC/ Interworking
IWMSC with IoT
SMS SMS
Platform
Multiple IoT Data
Transfer Methods
Control plane
User plane

IP-SM-GW SMS-SC/ Tsms

GMSC/ SME
IWMSC
E 56n
T4 CDF/ MTC
SGd HSS
CGF AAA
Gd Rf/Ga
S6m

Tsp
MTC-IWF

Services
S6t Capability
MTC-IWF Server (SC)
API 1
Application
T6a Server (AS)
GI/SGI
2
GGSN/ GI/SGI
Application
P-GW
Server (AS)

SGs T60
UE
MSC
MME Indirect Model 1
SGSN
MTC UE RAN Direct Model 2
Application S-GW Hybrid Model 1 + 2

Um /
Uu /
LTE-Uu
 UE eNodeB MME S-GW HSS P-GW

1. MO/MT Data Transport in Control Plane CIoT EPS Optimization

3. S1-AP: UL
UE in NAS Transport
ECM_CONNECTED (Control Plane
Service
2. Control Request w/
Plane active flag)
Service
Request (w/ MME establishes
active flag) S1-U bear(s)
4. Release Access
Bearers
6. S1-AP: Init.
Context Setup
Request
(Service 5. Release
Accepted) Access Bearers
7. Radio Response
Bears
Setup
8. Uplink
Data 8. Uplink Data

10. Modify
9. S1-AP: Bearer Request
Init. Context
Setup Comp
11. Modify
Bearer
Reponse
 UE eNodeB MME S-GW P-GW

0. UE is
ECM Idle

1. RRC Connection
establishment or
RRC early data
request (NAS Data 1b. Retrieve UE
PDU with EBI) context

2. S1S1-AP Initial UE
Message (NAS Data
PDU with EBI)

3. Check
Integrity and
decrypts data
4. Modify
Bearer 5. Modify
Request Bearer
Request
7. Modify 6. Modify
Bearer Bearer
Response Response

8. Uplink 8. Uplink
Data Data
9. Downlink 9. Downlink
Data Data

10. Data encryption and

integrity protection

11. Downlink
S1-AP msg
11. S1-AP UE context
release command

12a. RRC DL Message

(NAS Data PDU with EBI)
12a. RRC Early Data Complete
(NAS Data PDU with EBI)

13. NAS Delivery

notification
14. No further
activity detected

15. S1 release procedure (see clause 5.3.5)

 UE eNodeB MME S-GW P-GW
0. UE is 2. Downlink 1. Downlink
ECM Idle Data Data
Notification

2. Downlink
Data
Notification
3. Paging ACK
4. Paging

5. RRC
Connection
establishment
(NAS Data
Service request) 7. Modify
Bearer 8. Modify
Request Bearer
6. S1-AP UE Request
Message (NAS
Service Request) 9. Modify
10. Modify Bearer
Bearer Response
Response

18. Downlink
Data

12. Data encryption

and integrity
protection

13. Downlink S1-AP

Message (NAS DATA
PDU with EBI)
14. RRC DL Message
(NAS PDU with Data)

15. RRC UL Message

(NAS PDU with Data)
16. UL S1-AP
Message (NAS DATA
PDU with EBI)
17. Check Integrity
and decrypts data
18. Uplink 18. Uplink
Data Data
19. No further
activity detected

20. S1 release procedure

 ROAMIMG

UE MME/SGSN IWK-SCEF SCEF SCS/AS

1. MO non-IP Data 2. NIDD Submit

Request

3. NIDD
Request
4. NIDD Submit
Response
 ROAMIMG
UE MME/SGSN HSS IWK-SCEF SCEF SCS/AS

1. NIDD
Submit
Request

3. NIDD 2. Authorization
Submit and load control
Request

4. NIDD
Submit 5. NIDD
Response Submit
Response
6. NIDD Submit
Indication

7. NIDD Submit
Request

9. NIDD 9. NIDD
8. NIDD Delivery Submit Submit
Response Response
 Application Example

Delay Sensitivity
UL Bandwidth

DL Data Size
& Data Size
Availability

Frequency

Coverage
Category

Power
Automotive Connected HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH NORMAL
Car 99.9% 10Mbps 200bytes Continuous 1ms
200bytes

Industrial Switch HIGH HIGH HIGH MED LOW HIGH DEEP

Control on/off, 99.999% 50Mbps 20bytes 1 day (40%) 1ms
device 0-20bytes 2hrs (40%)
triggered 50% of 1 hour (15%)
to send cases 30mins (5%)
require
UL
response

Utilities/ Smart LOW LOW LOW MED HIGH LOW DEEP

Meters Water 99% 50kbps 50% of 1 day (40%) 10yrs 5sec
Meter 20bytes UL data 2hrs (40%) &
with cut size 1 hour (15%) 4800mAH
off of 200 30mins (5%)
bytes

Security Smoke alarm HIGH LOW LOW LOW LOW MED DEEP
detectors, 99.9% 50kbps 0 Every few 1sec
power 20bytes ACK months,
failure payload Every Year
otification, size is
tamper assumed
notifications to be
0bytes
 5G Field 5G Assurance
Validation and Optimization

5G Lab System 5G Scaling

Verification UP

New 5G Features 5G Field Deployment

Development and Sites Turn Up