E3S Web of Conferences 125, 0 300 8 (2019) https://doi.org/10.

1051/e3sconf/201912503008
ICENIS 2019

Personal Care Wastewater Treatment With Electro-coagulation

and Electro-oxidation
Rachmad Ardhianto1,* and Arseto Yekti Bagastyo1
1Master Program of Environmental Engineering, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya - Indonesia

Abstract. Personal care wastewater contains pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). The
compounds were in organic pollutants which have to be treated before water can be discharged.
Electrochemical processes such as electro-coagulation and electro-oxidation were used to remove non-
biodegradable in wastewater. Electro-coagulation as pretreatment using aluminum electrodes as anode
and cathode. Electro-oxidation using Ti/Pt, and Ti/IrO2 as anode electrodes and variation of current 0,6
A, 0,7 A, 0,8 A and 1,0 A. Aluminum electrodes has effectiveness in removing COD, and TSS in
electrocoagulation. Using aluminum electrodes remove COD, and TSS 76.1% (5.41 g) and 90.3% (6.10
g). Under initial pH, aluminum electrode does not cause a change in pH from initial pH (4.8-4.9). The
removal efficiency of electrooxidation process using aluminum electrocoagulation effluent COD using
Ti/Pt and Ti/IrO2 were 34,30% (1,55 g) and 39,71% (1,80 g). Increasing current when using Ti/IrO2
causes the COD removal rate to be more effective than using Ti/Pt. removal COD with 1.0 A gave the
optimum COD removal were 34,30% (2,3 Ah/L; 1,55 g) with Ti/Pt, and 39,71% (2,3 Ah/L; 1,80 g) with
Ti/IrO2 compared to 0,6 A (1,4 Ah/L), 0,7 A (1,6 Ah/L), and 0.8 A (1,9 Ah/L).

Keywords: Electro-Coagulation; Electro-Oxidation; Electrode; Personal Care Wastewater.

wastewater treatment can be used to treat Personal Care

wastewater content with characteristics of biodegradable
1 Introduction and non-biodegradable organics.
The characteristics of Personal Care wastewater are in Electrochemical processing in environmental
the categories of pharmaceuticals and Personal Care includes Electro-coagulation and electro-oxidation.
products (PPCPs) which include drugs, cosmetic Electro-coagulation processing is very good in
ingredients, food supplements, and other similar processing suspended solids but is not effective in
products [1]. These materials will have an impact as reducing organic content [7]. To overcome this problem,
poison for humans and the environment [2] and can combined processing can be applied to obtain the
accumulate in ecosystem components[3]. Personal Care efficiency of high pollutants. Electro-coagulation and
wastewater produces organic compounds such as electro-oxidation processes are electrochemical
hydrocarbons, proteins, esters, alcohols, and carboxylic wastewater treatment systems[8]. Electro-coagulation
acids. Meanwhile inorganic content includes hydroxides, and electro-oxidation processing results in better
salts, and heavy metal compounds. Personal Care reductions than other treatments, this applies to textile
wastewater is estimated to have very high COD> wastewater[9]. An important factor in the Electro-
100,000 mg / L, BOD5 and TOC in high concentrations coagulation and electrooxidation process is the use of
and the presence of organic nitrogen and organic electrodes. Aluminum electrodes during the reaction
phosphorus [4]. process produce three reaction zones, the first zone
The biological treatment process is a very produces Al3+ ions at pH 1-3.5, other zones produce
economical wastewater treatment process and is used to hydro complexes such as Al (OH)3, and Al (OH)4- at pH
treat wastewater with biodegradable organic 4-10 [10]. The Aluminum electrode increase of 31.67%
characteristics. Biological process is hard to be COD content and decreases energy 48.03% when
implemented this kind of waste. The low ability of compared to Fe electrodes [11]. In electro-oxidation,
biological processes on Personal Care waste is due to the electrodes function as active surfaces in the oxidation
high variability of the composition of the concentration process of organic matter [12].
and differences in the compounds of each product used It is well known that anode material plays a key
[5]. Personal Care wastewater according to [6]can be role in advanced electrochemical oxidation systems, its
processed using an advanced oxidation system, the performance depends upon the nature of coating
results are a decrease of 80% COD. Electrochemical materials on the electrodes [13]. Dimensionally Stable
Anodes (DSAs) electrodes have characteristics and

*
Corresponding author: rachmad.ardhianto@gmail.com

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
E3S Web of Conferences 125, 0 300 8 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912503008
ICENIS 2019

capabilities in processing industrial waste and cm, as shown in Figure 1. Alumunium electrodes, with
wastewater in general [14]. At the same current density, dimensions of 13 cm x 9 cm x 1 mm were used in
the energy consumption of Dimensionally Stable Anodes reactor as an anode electrode and a cathode electrode.
(DSAs) electrodes is more effective than Boron Doped Spacing between electrodes was 3 cm. All the runs were
Diamond (BDD) electrodes. COD removal increased performed with 1 liters reator of personal care
significantly with increasing current density on the wastewater with flow rate 20 ml/minutes in the
electrode [15]. Characteristic of COD and TSS and in electrochemical cell. Constant voltage was controlled by
personal care has a high value. Electrocoagulation used DC Powers supply use MDB 305 PS with 20 volt
as pretreatment before, because in personal care constant voltage. Samples of the liquid were taken
wastewater containts high TSS. Electrocoagulation is periodically and analyzed for COD, TSS, and pH. For
very effective in removing TSS content so that made 3 liters supernatant for electro-oxidation, electro-
measurement of TSS content is very necessary. TSS coagulation running for 5 hours and continue to
content is very disturbing in the electrooxidation process sedimentation processes. Electro-coagulation processes
so that by reducing TSS at the beginning it will facilitate will be taken periodically for CODiniti, CODt, TSSinit,
the electrooxidation process. COD measurements were TSSt, and pH initial and pH in time for 80 minutes of
carried out because to compare the value of the contact time. The sedimentation tank step was an acrylic
BOD/COD ratio before and Already an electrochemical container with dimensions of 10 x 5 x 20 cm, as shown
process. For personal care wastewater COD, TSS and in Figure 1 Samples of the liquid were taken periodically
Turbidity and pH never been done before for and analyzed for TSS.
measurement in electrocoagulation and electrooxidation
process.
2.3 Electro-oxidation
The objective of this study was to analyze the
effect of aluminum electrodes on electro-coagulation
The electrochemical cell used in electro-oxidation step
process. The next objective is to analyze the influence of
was an acrylic container with dimensions of 20 x 4 x
electrode and current in the electro-oxidation process
12,5 cm, as shown in Figure 2. DSA Ti/Pt electrodes and
using DSA Ti/Pt and DSA Ti/IrO2 electrodes.
Ti/IrO2 with dimensions of 1 cm x 5 cm were used in
reactor as an anode electrode. Carbon active electrode
2 Experiment dimensions of 10 cm x 5 cm were used in reactor as a
cathode electrode. All the runs were performed with 3
liters of personal care wastewater in the electrochemical
2.1 Wastewater Samples cell with flow rate 12,5 ml/minute with batch
recirculation system. Constant current was controlled by
The wastewater used is personal care X wastewater in DC Powers supply with 0,6 A, 0,7 A, 0,8 A and 1,0 A
Semarang City. Wastewater collected from facial care constant current. Power supply using MDB PS-305DM.
(cleansing and peeling), skincare (body treatment), and Samples of the liquid were taken periodically and
hair care (hair treatment) at beauty clinics. analyzed for COD and pH. Na2SO4 0,1 M used as
Characteristics of Personal care wastewater show in electrolyte in electro-oxidation to increase current initial
Table 1, ratio BOD/COD in personal care is 0,2. of personal care wastewater.
Table 1. Characteristic of personal care wastewater
2.4 Method of Analysis
No Parameter Concentration (mg/L
The effect of the electro-coagulation treatment was
1 COD 4.662,46 determined by analysis of the chemical oxygen demand
2 TSS 6.172,00 (COD), TSS, turbidity, and pH at different time intervals
were determined to use using standard methods for the
3 BOD 920,00
examination of water and wastewater [16]. COD value
4 pH 4,77 determined through oxidation by the mixture of chromic-
5 Turbidity 1.047,00 sulfuric acid in closed reflux and spectrophotometric
reading while turbidity. TSS was determined using
6 TDS 517,00
vacuum equipment and dry in the oven for at least 1 hour
7 N Total 0,99 at 103ºC to 105ºC, after that, using a desiccator to
8 Oil & Fat 13,16 balance the temperature and weigh it. Measuring pH
using a digital pH measurement tool. However, once the
9 Total Coliform -
optimal conditions were found, the raw and treated
10 Cl- 0,001 wastewater samples were also analyzed for biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD5) as indicated in standard
methods for examination of water and wastewater.
2.2 Electro-coagulation-Sedimentation electrocoagulation will be interspersed with EC and
The electrochemical cell used in electro-coagulation step electrooxidation will be abbreviated with EO.
was an acrylic container with dimensions of 12 x 6 x 20

2
E3S Web of Conferences 125, 0 300 8 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912503008
ICENIS 2019

2.5 Method of Calculation

Determination of the optimum COD removal in the

electro-coagulation and electro-oxidation process by
looking at the efficiency of COD in electrochemical
process using alumunium electrodes in electro-
coagulation, and Ti/Pt, Ti/IrO2 in electro-oxidation. The
equation for the efficiency to be written as.

Fig.1. Acrylic container with dimensions of 12 x 6 x 20 cm

Efficiency = (CODt - CODinit )/(CODinit ) x 100% (1)

3 Result and Discussion
Where CODt was COD taken periodically (t),
CODinit was COD in fed tank or COD inlet to reactor 3.1 Preliminary Test of Electro-cogaulation
Electro-coagulation and electro-oxidation. For electro-
coagulation will be analyzed for kinetic reaction of Constant voltage that used in this electro-coagulation is
COD, and TSS removal using first-order kinetic. For 20V related to research [17], Preliminary study of
analyzing the kinetic needed concentration COD in and electro-coagulation with aluminum electrodes was
COD out from electro-coagulation. Efficiency of carried out continuously with wastewater discharge of 20
removal COD, TSS, and turbidity will be analyzed to ml/minute. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
determining the effective of aluminum electrodes in characteristics of personal care wastewater are > 4500
electrolysis using electro-coagulation. mg/L. The electro-coagulation system uses aluminum
electrodes to has removal COD 76%. Maximum
efficiency, in the 60th minutes the electrolysis process
produces an efficiency of 80.88% COD (Fig.3). Personal
care wastewater contains Total Suspended Solids
(TSS)>6000 mg/L. Electro-coagulation with aluminum
electrodes produced an efficiency of 57.67% TSS in 20
minutes, whereas in the 80 minutes this system produced
an efficiency of 94.86% (Fig.3). Turbidity decreased by
39% in 20 minutes, then increased by 84% at 60-120
minutes (Figure 3).
The pH of treated wastewater (Figure 4) does not
change significantly when compared with the pH of the
initial wastewater. For 120 minutes the electrolysis
process using Aluminum electrodes, the resulting pH
changed at 10 minutes to 4.9. However, the pH decreases
when entering minutes 20 to 120 minutes.

Fig.2. Electro-oxidation reactor design

3
E3S Web of Conferences 125, 0 300 8 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912503008
ICENIS 2019

80 minute aluminum electrodes as follows 4438,8 ±

526,23 mg/L, 3139,1 ± 309,50 mg/L, 2051,0 ± 264,11
mg/L, 1543,1 ± 134,19 mg/L, 1083,9 ± 99,03 mg/L,
1088,8 ± 52.22 mg/L, and 1058,7 ± 44,30 mg/L. The
efficiency that occurred during the Electro-coagulation
treatment using aluminum electrodes is equal to 53.8%
in the 10 minute, 65.2% in the 20 minute, and 75% in the
40 and 60 minutes, while at the 80 minute there is a 76%
removal COD.
Using aluminum electrodes, aluminum hydroxide
formed during the electrolysis process results in the
production of sludge in the reactor. Al3+ ions will
interact in the hydrolysis reaction (H2O) and the reaction
of aluminum hydroxide produces excess sludge
production resulting in color efficiency, and COD is very
Fig. 3. Removal of organic content and turbidity with Electro-
significant [18] (Figure5). The trend of COD or TSS
coagulation of aluminum electrodes
removal using personal care wastewater in Electro-
coagulation shows in (Figure 7). It may, therefore, be
Figure 3. Show that Ct/Cinit, influence of contact
appropriate to assume that the residual COD could be
time for COD, TSS, and Turbidity removal. when
related by a simple power kinetic model. The first-order
contact time increases, the organic content will decrease
kinetics in terms of residual of COD or TSS can be
due to the contact time between wastewater and
written as.
aluminum ions in reactor. Analysis result of Ct/Cinit COD
(-dy/dt)= ka (1)
value in the effect of operation time and constant
Where (y) = residual COD or TSS (mg/L) and (k) is the
voltage, as the duration of the electrolysis increases, the
rate constant. The integration of e.q (16) gives.
highest removal COD is obtained. While electrolysis
(y(t)/y0) = exp (-kt) (2)
increases from 5 to 40 minutes, the COD removal and
where, (y0) and (yt) are the initial COD and COD at any
TSS removal by using aluminum electrode increase to
time (t). Thus, y plot of ln(a(t)=y0) against t should give
79% and 81%. In 60 to 120 minutes Ct/Cinit TSS removal
a straight line for a particular current density.
increase 81% to 93,4%. Turbidity removal increase from
5 minutes to 60 minutes, the removal was 85%. Steady
state condition from preliminary Electro-coagulation was
in 40 to 120 minutes.
In the main Electro-coagulation COD and TSS,
peridicaly has taken in 0 to 80 minutes. pH using
aluminum electrode stable in 4,6-4,8 Figure 4. pH
effective in electro-coagulation using aluminum
electrode was in 4-9. Effluent from electro-coagulation
will settle in sedimentation. From sedimentation produce
3 liters supernatant for 5 hours process and gives flow
rate for oxidation was 12,5 ml/min.

Fig. 5. COD Removal using electro-coagulation of aluminum

electrodes

Fig. 4. pH value with electro-coagulation of aluminum

electrodes

3.2 Electrocogulation
Electro-coagulation of personal care wastewater, Fig. 6. Removal Rate of TSS personal care wastewater using
efficiency removal COD was 70% for 40 minutes. The electro-coagulation of aluminum electrodes
average COD allowance at the 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, and

4
E3S Web of Conferences 125, 0 300 8 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912503008
ICENIS 2019

Fig. 7. Kinetic rate of TSS and COD personal care wastewater 2 3

using Electro-coagulation of aluminum electrodes

Figure 7 shows such a plot as a rate of COD and

TSS removal. The kinetic constants for COD removal is
0,0398 min-1 and the R square of the kinetic rate is 4
0,7316 (Figure7). Contrast in TSS removal, removal TSS Fig. 9. Reactor electrocoagulation-sedimentation (1) process
during electro-coagulation is 93% TSS show in (Figure electrocoagulation and sedimentation, (2) sludge of
6) for 80 minute electrolysis shown in (Figure 7). For the electrocoagulation, (3) supernatant, (4) electrode after process.
kinetic constants of removal rate of TSS is 0,0405 for the
80 minutes electro-coagulation. Based on the Figure 7 During electro-coagulation operation various
provides information that the electro-coagulation process reaction takes place in the electrochemical cell. The first
is very dependent on the time of electrolysis, in addition initiation of electro-coagulation was the oxidation of
to the voltage and current strength. The longer the sacrificial aluminum anode yielding Al3+ ions. At the
electrolysis time process will result in high TSS removal cathode, the gydroxyl ion is produced by water
efficiency. In 40 until 80 minutes give the best result of hydrolysis. The Al3+ ions combined with OH- ions to
TSS removal. pH is a vital parameter in electro- form aluminum metal ion hydroxides create a network of
coagulation, the electrolysis process is very dependent gelatinous structure which entraps the dissolved
on the type of wastewater and the original pH of destabilized mass and particilates and initiates formation
wastewater [19]. Personal care wastewater has the pH of flocs. With passage of time, the floc size will increase
characteristics of acidic pH with a pH range of 4.7-5.0 and the smaller flocs float due to buoyancy created by
(Figure 8). To determine the effect of pH value, [20] hydrogen bubbles generated at the cathode and the
explained that at pH above 6 in the Electro-coagulation participate settles down [21].
process, more than 84% COD was removal, 90% TSS At anode, Al3+ ions are generated by the following
was removal and 91% of the color was changed. In the reaction (3)
application of the electro-coagulation process with Al (s) Al3+ (aq) + 3e- (3)
aluminum electrodes, there was an increase in pH value At the cathode, Hydrogen is generated due to hydrolysis
in the electro-coagulation process. However, the increase of water. Hydrolysis production is pH-dependent.
was not significant. Process of electrocoagulation show 2H2O (l) + 2e- H2 (g) + 2(OH)- (aq) (4)
in Figure 9. Oxygen evolution can compete with aluminum
dissolution at the anode via the following reaction:
2H2O (l) O2 (g) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e- (5)
3+ -
The Al and OH ions produced at the anode and
cathode, respectively, react to form various aluminum
hydrolyzed products. The concentration of the
hydrolyzed aluminum species depends on the aluminum
concentration and the solution pH. The Al3+ products
can be calculated from the following stability constants:
Al3+ + H2O Al (OH)2+ + H+ pK1 = 4,95 (6)
2+ + +
Al(OH) +H2O Al(OH)2 + H pK2 = 5,6 (7)
Al(OH)2++H2O Al(OH)3 + H+ pK3 = 6,7 (8)
3+ - +
Fig. 8. pH value during electro-coagulation using aluminum Al(OH) +H2O Al(OH)4 + H pK4 = 5,6 (9)
electrodes. Aluminum species behave like coagulants and the
destabilization of colloidal particles is achieved through
the adsorption of these Al species on colloidal particles
neutralizing the colloidal particle charge [22]. Hydrogen
bubbles formed at the cathode can adsorb on coagulated
suspended particulates and droplets forming flocs

5
E3S Web of Conferences 125, 0 300 8 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912503008
ICENIS 2019

inducing their flotation [23]. Initial pH gives the first Note: EC 1 is electrocoagulation with aluminum electrodes
formation for insitu coagulation using aluminum Sedimentation for the effluent Electro-coagulation
electrodes. Based analysis characteristic of EDX (Figure has a function for determining the flow rate supernatant
10) and SEM (Figure 11) of sludge in electrocoagulation from sedimentation to electrooxidation process. The
using aluminum electrodes give result that during result of sedimentation is 3 liter supernatants for the
electrocoagulation in personal care has formation Al2O3 electro-oxidation with 5 hour proses electro-coagulation
(Figure 11) in the sludge, Concentration of Al2O3 is and sedimentation. The rate of TSS removal only has
19,89%. 20%-30% removal of TSS in sedimentation.

3.4 Electro-oxidation DSA Ti/Pt and Ti/IrO2

The use of Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA)

electrodes in wastewater treatment processes is a
technology that can reduce operational costs and
investment costs [24]. Supernatant result from electro-
coagulation and sedimentation continues to electro-
oxidation. Electrode material has an important role in
electrochemical processes. The usual electrodes used are
anode electrodes Electro-oxidation for the effluent
Electro-coagulation using aluminum electrode are using
DSA Ti/Pt and DSA Ti/IrO2. The constant current used
Fig. 10. Result of EDX oxide of sludge electrocoagulation. in the system are 0,6, 0,7, 0,8, and 1,0 A. These
electrodes provide high electrocatalyst activity, stability
to corrosion on the anode and have excellent mechanical
properties. By using these electrodes the oxidation
process can occur through direct oxidation such as
electron exchange between contaminants and electrode
surfaces or with indirect processes with active species
which have high oxidizing power such as peroxide, O 3,
and active chlorine.
Ti/Pt electrodes produce a removal COD (Figure
12) show that 0,43 g (1,4 Ah/L), 0,83 g (1,6 Ah/L), 0,92
g (1,9 Ah/L) and 1,55 g (2,3 Ah/L) or 34% in 7 hours
treatment. Low efficiency in removal of COD in Ti/Pt
from electro-coagulation-aluminum electrodes can be
caused due to the oxidation process of anode material in
acidic media which is very reactive to the reaction
process of organic matter by the process of releasing
Fig. 11. SEM of sludge electrocoagulation using alumunium hydroxyl radicals to oxygen [25]. pH effects for
electrode (a 3000x, b 5000x, c 7500x, d 10.000x). performance of Ti/Pt electrodes. initial pH in wastewater
is 4.7-4.9 (Figure 13). Based on [26] the pH value of 6.0
can provide a COD removal efficiency value that
3.3 Sedimentation
increases up to 82% in 120 minutes of wastewater by
After electro-coagulation process, sedimentation process electro-oxidation process.
was needed for removal of TSS in the personal care
wastewater. The result of sedimentation is.

Table 2. The Result of Sedimentation

EC COD (mg/L) TSS (mg/L) Turbidity pH

EC 1 1081,25 696 103,0 4,75
EC 2 1068,75 696 103,0 4,83
EC 3 1018,75 696 85,6 4,90
EC 4 1003,12 536 105,6 4,87
EC 5 1084,37 816 156,3 4,87
EC 6 1087,50 772 160,3 4,97
Fig. 12. ODt/CODinit in electro-oxidation using Ti/Pt
EC 7 1018,75 696 85,6 4,90
EC 8 1003,12 536 105,6 4,87

6
E3S Web of Conferences 125, 0 300 8 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912503008
ICENIS 2019

0,38 g (1,4 Ah/L) of COD within 7 hours is successfully

carried out within 4 hours in 0,7 A. 1,01 g of COD was
successfully remove with a current of 0,8 A within 7
hours (1,9 Ah/L), but with current 1,0 A 1,01 gram COD
was successfully degradation within 5 hours (1,6 Ah/L).
The best effect for personal care wastewater
achieved in current 1,0 A using Ti/IrO2 electrode. Anode
Ti/IrO2 electrode is an electrode which is an indirect
oxidation type. This electrode will provide an increase in
COD removal in the presence of an electrolyte solution
or the presence of free oxidant in solution. Anode
Ti/IrO2 electrodes were conductive oxidation electrodes
that function at low voltages for high electrochemical
activity processes to lead to the process of oxygen
Time (Hour)
evolution, but this type of electrode has a low chemical
Fig. 13. pH in electro-oxidation using Ti/Pt reactivity to oxidation of organic matter in water [28].
With the direct oxidation process, using anode Ti/IrO2
DSA Ti/ Pt electrode is a type of electrode that has electrodes with personal care wastewater provides very
a low potential oxidation function. However, the small COD removal results, which only reaches 39,83%
function of these electrodes will be more effective if in COD removal in 7 hours. This is based on the basic
the oxidation process wastewater treatment includes nature of the electrode which has a low chemical
active oxidant species such as active chlorine, persulfate, reactivity against oxidation of organic matter. In
and Ozone [27]. The increasing current (Figure 11) will addition, based on [29], modified Ti/IrO2 electrodes with
cause the acceleration of the reaction and increase the TiO2 gave more hydroxyl radical results of 55%
production of active chlorine sepsies capable of compared to Ti/IrO2 electrodes in the oxidation process
oxidizing organic matter faster with the occurrence of in a certain time.
organic reduction competition with M (*OH) formed Ti/IrO2 electrodes are independent of the pH value
from the oxidation process. Thus, in the case of electro- of wastewater during the electrolysis process. This
oxidation using personal care waste, there is a slow shows that these electrodes perform well in a wide pH
oxidation process of organic content because this type of range, making pH effect in the electrolysis process not
waste is aromatic waste and does not contain the initials necessary. Many factors for electrochemical processes
of active chlorine species so that the oxidation process using Ti/Pt and Ti/IrO2 electrode. pH, current, and
will only be carried out by relying on the formation of M characteristic of initial personal care wastewater mostly
(* OH). factors effect in oxidation process. personal care
The result using DSA Ti/IrO2 is contrasting with wastewater contains polycyclic musks and personal care
DSA Ti/Pt for removal COD in electrooxidation. Ti/IrO2 wastewater do not have any chlorine in solution. Chlorin
electrodes in the process provide treatment for COD mostly effects in DSA electrodes in oxidation process.
removal of 0,38 g (1,4 Ah/L), 0,66 g (1,6 Ah/L), 1,01 g
(1,9 Ah/L), and 1.80 g (2,3 Ah/L), or 39,7% COD
(Figure 13) in 7 hours electrolysis. The best effect for 3.5 Ratio BOD/COD
personal care wastewater achieved in current 1,0 A using
The results of COD removal using Ti/Pt, and Ti/ IrO2
Ti/Pt electrode.
electrodes have a tendency according to the results of the
oxygen evolution potential (BDD> DSA> Ti/Pt) [28].

Fig. 14. CODt/CODinit in electro-oxidation using DSA Ti/IrO2 Fig.15. Ratio BOD/COD using electro-oxidation with DSA
Ti/Pt and DSA Ti/IrO2 electrode
The increase in current strength has a very
significant influence on the oxidation process of the The tendency to use the type of effluent from EC-
organic content of personal care wastewater. Increasing Al wastewater will produce the best COD efficiency for
current 0,6 A to 0,7 A using DSA Ti/Pt give removal of Ti/ IrO2 sequentially is Ti/IrO2>Ti/Pt. Based on the study

7
E3S Web of Conferences 125, 0 300 8 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912503008
ICENIS 2019

of the BOD/COD ratio generated from the electro- 3. R. Reif, S. Suárez, F. Omil, and J.M. Lema,
oxidation process with Ti/Pt and Ti/IrO2, BOD/COD Desalination, 221, pp. 511–517, (2008).
ratio results from Ti/IrO2 electrodes were better than the 4. B. Jan, J. NAUMCZYK, P. MARCINOWSKI,
Ti/Pt electrodes in practice for personal care wastewater. and M. Kucharska, 65, (2011).
Both of these electrodes give a BOD/COD ratio> 0.3. 5. A. Joss et al., Water Res., 39, no. 14, pp. 3139–
Anode Ti/IrO2 produces a better BOD/COD ratio than 3152,(2005).
Ti/Pt when using EC-Al wastewater which is an increase 6. F. Aloui, S. Kchaou, and S. Sayadi, J. Hazard.
of 0.3-0.45, while Ti/Pt is 0.3-0.37. Mater., 164, pp. 353–359, (2009).
BOD5 was measured to evaluate the 7. A. K. Verma, R. R. Dash, and P. Bhunia, J.
electrochemical oxidation process of personal care Environ. Manage., 93, no. 1, pp. 154–168, (2012).
waste. After 7 hours of processing, Electro-oxidation 8. C. A. Martínez-Huitle and E. Brillas, Appl. Catal.
with a strong current of 1.0 A gives an increase in the B Environ., 87, no. 3, pp. 105–145, (2009).
biodegradability index (Figure 15). An increase 9. E. Gilpavas, P. Arbeláez-Castaño, J. Medina, and
biodegradability index occurred with the use of DSA D. Acosta, 76. (2017).
Ti/Pt, and DSA Ti/IrO2 electrodes. [30] explained that 10. C. E. Barrera-Díaz, P. Balderas-Hernández, and B.
using electrodes made from Metal Oxide can increase Bilyeu, “Electrocoagulation: Fundamentals and
the BOD/COD ratio during the electro-oxidation Prospectives,” in Electrochemical Water and
process. There are two types of oxidation mechanisms Wastewater Treatment, pp. 61–76, (2018).
for organic matter in an electrochemical system. (i) an 11. S. Camcioglu, B. Ozyurt, and H. Hapoglu, Process
electrochemical conversion process in which the organic Saf. Environ. Prot., 111, pp. 300–319, (2017).
content will be transformed to become biodegradable 12. A. L. Fornazari, G. Malpass, D. Miwa, and A.
organic content. (ii) the electrochemical combustion Motheo, 223. (2012).
process to the organic content into CO2 and H2O [31]. 13. A. Yaqub, M. H. Isa, H. Ajab, S. R. Mohamed
BOD5 was measured to evaluate the Kutty, and E. Henry Ezechi, 24, (2017).
electrochemical oxidation process of personal care 14. O. Scialdone, S. Randazzo, A. Galia, and G.
waste. Electrooxidation with a strong current of 1.0 A Filardo, Electrochimica Acta, 54, no. 4, pp. 1210–
gives an increase in the biodegradability index. An 1217, (2009).
increase in the biodegradability index occurred with the 15. M. Zhou, L. Liu, Y. Jiao, Q. Wang, and Q. Tan,
use of DSA Ti/Pt, and DSA Ti/IrO2. Furthermore Desalination, 277, pp. 201–206, (2011).
[30]explained that using electrodes made from Metal 16. L. S. Clesceri, A. E. Greenberg, and A. D. Eaton,
Oxide can increase the ratio of BOD/COD during the Standar Methods for The Examination of Water
electrooxidation process. and Wastewater, 20th ed. American Public Health
Association, (1999).
17. D. Darmadi, M. Lubis, H. Sofyan, A.
4 Conclusion Chairunnisak, and B. Arifin, 18. (2018).
Aluminum electrodes have effectiveness in removing 18. V. Khandegar and A. K Saroha, 128C (2013).
COD, and TSS from personal care wastewater. 19. K. Bensadok, S. Benammar, F. Lapicque, and G.
Aluminum electrodes remove COD, and TSS 76.1% Nezzal, J. Hazard. Mater., 152, pp. 423–430,
(5.41 g) and 90.3% (6.10 g). Under initial pH, (2008).
aluminum electrode does not cause a changes pH from 20. A. Samir, S. Chelliapan, Z. Zakaria, and S. A.
the initial pH (4.8-4.9). Removal efficiency of Abbas, 10. (2015).
aluminum electrocoagulation effluent COD using Ti/Pt 21. V. Sangal, I. Mishra, and J. Kushwaha, 48. (2013).
and Ti/IrO2 were 34,30% (1,55 g) and 39,71% (1,80 g). 22. J. Duan and J. Gregory, Adv. Colloid Interface
The increasing current when using Ti/IrO2 causes the Sci., 100–102, pp. 475–502, (2003).
COD removal rate to be more effective than using Ti/Pt. 23. P. K. Holt, G. W. Barton, M. Wark, and C. A.
Removal for COD with 1.0 A gave the optimum COD Mitchell, Colloids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Asp.,
allowance of 34,30% (2,3 Ah/L; 1,55 g) with Ti/Pt, and 211, pp. 233–248, (2002).
39,71% (2,3 Ah/L; 1,80 g) with Ti/IrO2 compared to 0,6 24. E. Chatzisymeon, A. Dimou, D. Mantzavinos, and
A (1,4 Ah/L), 0,7 A (1,6 Ah/L), and 0.8 A (1,9 Ah/L) A. Katsaounis, J. Hazard. Mater., 167, pp. 268–
using electrocoagulation effluent of aluminum 274, (2009).
electrodes. 25. A. Kapałka, G. Fóti, and C. Comninellis, 38.
(2008).
26. V. de O. Campos, L. B. Do Amaral, A. M. S.
References Solano, D. M. De Araújo, C. A. Martínez-Huitle,
and D. R. da Silva, (2018).
1. Santiago Esplugas, Daniele M. Bila, Luiz Gustavo 27. E. Lacasa, J. Llanos, P. Cañizares, and M. A.
T. Krause, and M´arcia Dezotti, J. Hazard. Mater., Rodrigo, Chem. Eng. J., 184, pp. 66–71, (2012).
149, pp. 631–642, (2007). 28. G. Chen, Sep. Purif. Technol., 38, no. 1, pp. 11–
2. C. Mie`ge, J.M. Choubert, L. Ribeiro, M. Euse` 41, (2004).
be, and M. Coquery, Environ. Pollut., 157, pp. 29. D. Chun, C.-R. Lim, H.-S. Lee, W.-S. Yoon, T.-K.
1721–1726, (2009). Lee, and D. K. Kim, J. Water Process Eng., 26, pp.
1–9, (2018).

8
E3S Web of Conferences 125, 0 300 8 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912503008
ICENIS 2019

30. D. Shao, J. Liang, X. Cui, H. Xu, and W. Yan,

Chem. Eng. J., 244, pp. 288–295,(2014).
31. C. Comninellis, Electrochimica Acta, 39, pp.
1857–1862, (1994).