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Framework & Hypothesis Development: The Research Process - Theoretical

The theoretical framework outlines the relationships between variables and proposes hypotheses. It identifies the dependent and independent variables, and explains how the independent variables are expected to influence the dependent variables. The dependent variable is the main focus of the research, while independent variables impact the dependent variable. Hypotheses are testable statements about the expected relationships between variables and can be directional or nondirectional.

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Ahmed Mostafa Elmowafy
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51 views18 pages

Framework & Hypothesis Development: The Research Process - Theoretical

The theoretical framework outlines the relationships between variables and proposes hypotheses. It identifies the dependent and independent variables, and explains how the independent variables are expected to influence the dependent variables. The dependent variable is the main focus of the research, while independent variables impact the dependent variable. Hypotheses are testable statements about the expected relationships between variables and can be directional or nondirectional.

Uploaded by

Ahmed Mostafa Elmowafy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

The Research Process - Theoretical


Framework & Hypothesis
Development
Theoretical Framework
◆A theoretical framework represents
your beliefs on how certain
phenomena (or variables or
concepts) are related to each other
(a model) and an explanation on why
you believe that these variables are
associated to each other (a theory).
Theoretical Framework
◆ Basic steps:
– Identify and label the variables
correctly

– State the relationships among the


variables: formulate hypotheses

– Explain how or why you expect these


relationships
The research process (2)

◆Variables

◆Hypotheses development
Variables
◆A variable is anything that can take
on differing or varying values.

◆ The values can differ at various


times for the same object or person.

◆ The values can differ at the same


time for different objects or persons.
Examples

◆ Production Units

◆ Absenteeism

◆ Motivation

◆ Satisfaction

◆ Performance
Types of variables

◆ The dependent variable ( the

Criterion/ core variable)

◆ The independent variable ( the

predictor variable)
The dependent variable (s)
◆ The variable of the primary interest
to the researcher.
◆ The researcher’s goal is to
understand and describe the
dependent variable or to explain its
variability or predict it.
◆ It is the core of the research.
An Example
◆A manager is concerned that the
sales of a new product
introduced after test marketing,
do not meet with his
expectations.
◆ The dependent variable is:
Sales……
The sales can vary; can be low, medium or high….
So it is a variable, and it is the main focus of the
researcher, therefore it is DV
Independent variable (s)
◆ An independent variable is one that
influence the dependent variable in
either positive or negative way.
◆ When the IV is present, the DV is
also present,
◆ And with each unit of increase in the
IV, there is an increase or decrease
in the DV also.
◆ The variance in the DV is accounted
for by the IV.
An example
◆ Research studies indicate that
successful new product development
has an influence on the stock market
price of the company.
◆ The more successful the new product
turns out to be, the higher will be the
stock market price of that firm.
The Answer
◆ IV: the success of the new product
◆ DV: the stock market price

New product Stock


success market
price
Hypotheses
◆A hypothesis is a testable statement
of the relationship among variables.

◆ It can test whether there are


differences between two groups ( or
among several groups) with respect
to any variable (s).
Hypotheses Formats
◆ If-then statements

◆ Directional and Nondirectional


hypotheses
If-then statements

◆If employees are more


healthy, then they will
take sick leave less
frequently.
Directional hypotheses

◆The greater the stress


experienced in the job, the
lower the job satisfaction
of the employees.
Non directional hypotheses

◆There is a relationship
between age and job
satisfaction.
Argumentation
◆ The expected relationships /
hypotheses are an integration
of:
– Exploratory research

– Common sense and logical


reasoning

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