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Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Guava is a plant with several medicinal uses, which are known and categorize

worldwide, and studies and researches are still being conducted to discover its other

uses.

Guava is a very good source of vitamins, fibers as well as minerals. Being rich in

Vitamins C; guava is effective in treating male infertility caused by sperm clumping,

adhesion and other abnormalities. It has been associated with healing wounds, when

applied externally. Also, guava has general hemostatic properties and can be used for

treating bleeding nose, gums and minor inter hemorrhaging.

Guava is also effective in lowering cholesterol and blood sugar levels due to the

presence of complex carbohydrates and dietary fibers. The term guava also is used for

the fruit, which is a true berry. The name guava particularly is associated with the

commercially important common or apple guava, Psidium guajava, which is grown for

its sweet, juicy fruit. The cattley guava, Psidium littorale (syn. P. cattleianum) is another

well-known species, with two notable varieties: the red-fruited strawberry guava, and the

yellow-fruited lemon guava. There are about 100 species of guava, with the plants

native to Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America and northern South America, but now

cultivated in the parts of the United States and other tropical areas. The name is drawn

from the Arawak via Spanish guayaba. The guava fruit, which is so important for

the reproduction of the plants, also serves as a nutritious and flavorful food for people

as well as for various birds and mammals (who also act as dispersal agents for

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the seeds). In folk medicine, guava leaves have been used for treating ailments ranging

from cancer to inflammation and diabetes. The plant itself is used for ornamental

purposes. Since the 1950s, guava, particularly its leaves, has been the subject of

diverse research initiatives to map the chemical identity of its

constituents, pharmacological properties, and history in folk medicine (Gutiérrez et al.

2008). From preliminary medical research in laboratory settings, extracts from guava

leaves or bark are implicated in possible therapeutic mechanisms

against cancer, bacterial infections, inflammation, and pain (Chen et al. 2007: Mahfuzul

et al. 2007; Ojewole 2006). Essential oils from guava leaves have shown strong anti-

cancer activity in vitro (Manosroi et al. 2006).Guava leaves are used as a remedy for

diarrhea (Kaljee et al. 2004), and for their supposed antimicrobial properties. The same

anti-diarrheal substances useful in folk medicine may also cause constipation when

large amounts of guava fruits are consumed. Guava leaves or bark have been used

traditionally to treat diabetes (Mukhtar et al. 2006; Oh et al. 2005).

The researchers will conduct this study with the objective of determining the

effectiveness of guava leaves extract as an alternative surface disinfectant. This is also

to know what the components of guava are and what the benefits of it to everyone. This

study can also achieve a safe, clean and free from any sickness acquired from any

bacteria or microorganisms that can be found in every persons or things that is used

regularly. This study can also help at saving money for they can create their own

disinfectants by using a guava leaves extract.

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Guava Leaves extract is frequently used by elders in cleaning households, and it

can also help with healing wounds. It is also effective in treating male infertility caused

by sperm clumping, adhesion and other abnormalities. Guava Leaves extract is used so

that it could kill the living microorganisms. Researchers will also conduct this experiment

to make an alternative surface disinfectant for table’s that is mainly used for restaurants,

canteens, and even in our house.

Researchers want to know if we can use the extract of Psidium Guajava for

surface disinfectant, with the use of Psidium Guajava leaves extract for an alternative

surface disinfectant that is non-toxic, we can assure that this is safe compared to the

other surface disinfectant. This alternative surface disinfectant is also for those people

who are struggling at choosing unsafe or toxic surface disinfectant. Instead of buying

chemical products they can use natural resources as disinfectant.

According to Marlina, E., (2014) stated in “Effectiveness of guava leaves juice as

an Anti-bacterial in Poultry Egg Incubator Disinfection’’ that the study was able to

determine the effectiveness of guava leave juice as an anti-bacterial disinfection of

poultry egg incubator.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Guava Leaves

extract as an Alternative Surface Disinfectant.

The following questions need to be answered:

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1.) What is/are the most effective concentration of guava leaves as surface disinfectant?

2.) Is there any significant difference on the following concentrations of guava leaves as

surface disinfectant?

a. 100%

b. 75%

c. 50%

d. 25 %

3.) Is there any significance difference on the concentrations used compared to

negative control?

4.) How may the findings of the study become helpful and useful as surface

disinfectant?

NULL HYPOTHESIS

There is no significant difference on the effectiveness of guava leaves as surface

area disinfectant compared to existing household disinfectant (positive control).

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section provides an overall picture of what have been written or studied

about the subject under study and the contribution given to the researcher.

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FOREIGN STUDIES

. Nowadays, studies are being conducted by many researchers to discovernew

scientific uses of many natural sources. Psidium Guajava Linn (Myrtaceae) isone of

such natural sources which can have many potential scientific uses.

Dweck (2002) in her study revealed that the guava leaves containan essential oil

rich in cineol, and 4 triterpenic acids as well as 3 flavonoids,quercetin, its 3-L-4-4-

arabinofuranoside (avicularin) and its 3-L-4-pyranoside,components with strong

antibacterial action.

Karibasappa GN, NAgesh L, Sapatha BK (2011) stated that Guava (Psidium

guajava) has high level of antibacterial activity. This anti-bacterial has also used for the

prevention and treatment of diarrhea. Guava (Psidium guajava)may also used as an

anti-septic in as well as in treatment of different illnesses.P. guajava (guava) is proven

for its antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antitussive, hepatoprotective, antioxidant,

antigenotoxic, antimutagenic, antiallergic, anticancer, and antihyperglycemic effects in

medical field.

“Antimicrobial efficacy Punicagranatum mesocarp, Nelumbo nucifera Leaf,

Psidium guajava Leaf and Coffee Canephora extract on common oral pathogens’’ As

studied by Metha VV, Rajesb G, Rao A, Shenoy R (2014), the various studies evaluated

the efficacy of antimicrobial activity of guava leaves against common oral pathogens be

costgffective in developing economies.

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Chanda, KaneriaM.(2011) conducted a study which supports the finding of the

present study in which the quava extract was able to have inhibitory effects against

Staphylococcus and Bacillus and no effect on Escheeichiaand salmonella, the findings

concerning the gram-negative bacteria. P.guajava leaves posses the capabilities of

being a good candidate in the search for a natural antimicrobial agent against infections

and diseases caused by B.ceruesand S.aureus. Guava leaves contain an essential oil

rich in cineol, and 4 triterpenic acids as well as 3 flavanoids,quercetin, its 3-L-4-4-

arabinofuranoside (avicularin) and its 3-L-4-pyranoside, components and strong

antibacterial action.

‘’ Anti-bacterial Activity of guava (Psidium guajava Leaf), leaf extract on diarrhea

causing enteric bacteria isolated from seasob shrimp’’ stated that the guava leaves

commonly used as a medicine against gastroentetris and child diarrhea by those who

cannot afford or do not have access to antibiotics.

Psidium Guajava L. has extensive use in folk medicine. This study will aims

quantify the levels of phenolic, flavanoids, anti-oxidant activity. In dry guava leaves

mentioned that were high levels of phenolics ( 766.08± 14.52 mg/g), flavonoids

(118.90±5.47 mg/g) and antioxidant activity (87.65%). (Braga T, Dores R, Ramos C,

Evangelista F, Tinoco L, Varotti F, 2014). It was concluded that the dry extract of guava

leaves has a promising activity to be used in other uses.

(Mailao, MN, et.al., 2014) stated that the best solvent to obtain tannin extract of

guava leaf is ethanol 30%. It has antimicrobial activities against

E.coli,S.aureus,P.aureginosa,A.nigger and C.albicans.

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(Bipul, B et. Al, 2013) stated that antimicrobial potential of guava (Psidium

guajava) leaf extracts against two gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and

Salmonella enteridis) and two-gram positive bacteria ( Staphylococcus aureus and

Bacillus cereus) which are some of foodborne and spoilage bacteria.

Chandra, Kaneria M. (2011) conducted a study which supports which supports

the finding of the present study in which the guava extract was able to have inhibitory

effects against Staphylococcus and Bacillus and no effect on the Escheeichiaand

Salmonella, the findings concerning the gram-negative bacteria. P.guajava leaves

posses the capabilities of being good candidate in the search for a natural antimicrobial

agent against infections and diseases caused by B.cerues and S.aureus.

Naseer, et.al, (2018), stated in “The Phytochemistry and Medicinal Value of

Psidium Guajava (guava) that the leaf of guava is being used in cough, diarrhea, and

oral ulcers and in some swollen gums wound. In addition, the leaf extract of guava has

contains high content of organic and in organic compounds like secondary metabolites,

like for example are antioxidants, polyphenols, antiviral compounds. The presence of

terpenes, caryophyllene oxide and p-selinene is produces relaxation effects.

Furthermore, Quercetin is considered as most active antioxidant in the guava leaves

and it is responsible for its spasmolytic activity. The ethyl acetate extract of guava

leaves can stop the germ infection and thymus production.

The study” In vitro Anti-Microbial Activity of Psidium Guajava Extracts” of Ahmed,

et.al, (2018), tested the petroleum ether, methanol and water extract of guava leaves to

determine the possible anti-microbial activity against to the gram-positive

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(staphylococcus aureus and bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative bacteria ( E.coli and

salmonella typhi) and fungi ( aspergillus niger and candida albicans). The experiment

was used an extract concentration of 100%, 50%, 25%, 10%.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

There were 5 types of bacteria that present in the offices; the first one is e-coli, it

is live in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organism and are spread and expelled

through faucal matter. The main cause of these bacteria is bad hygiene. They can be

found in keyboards, bathroom sink taps or doorknobs, and the effects are often

abdominal cramps or food poisoning.

Brown (2018) stated that guava fruits are rich in antioxidants, vitamin C,

potassium, and fiber. This nutrient content gives the people many health benefits.

Brown mentioned that guavas may help boost heart health in several ways.

Since, high blood pressure and high levels of LDL cholesterol are linked to higher risks

of heart disease and stroker, taking guava leaf extract could lead to valuable benefits.

(Brown, 2018).

According to Ahuja A. (2018), that guava is one of the richest sources of dietary

fiber. On the other hand, guava also promotes fertility. Due to rich fiber content and low

glaycaemic index, guavas prevent the development of diabetes. The low glycemic index

inhibits a sudden spike in sugar levels are well regulated.

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Many scientist believe that the high levels of antioxidants and vitamins in guava

leaves may help protect your heart from damage by free radicals. (Km S, et, Al, 2016).

LOCAL STUDIES

Aquino SC et al. (2016) in her study revealed that will able to demonstrate the

antimicrobial properties of an ointment compounded from guava leaves extract studies

are scarce the ability of the guava extract to inhibit growth of common skin pathogens

affecting burn wounds which included Staphylococcus, B-hemolytic streptococcus and

Pseudomonas. It is also showed that the ointment from guava extract also limited

bacterial colony.

According to Lacuna M. et al. (2013) antimicrobial activity of supercritical fluid

extract of two Philippine medicinal plants, Psidium guajava and Euphorbia hirta:

Implications to community health, stated that Psidium guajava apply in inhibitory action

against the gram-positive bacteria but very small against the gram-negative species and

fungi. Psidium guajava extract should stronger bactericidal effect against gram-positive

bacteria when compared with the standard antibiotic chloramphenicol which may

scientifically validate its effectiveness as alternative herbal medicine to treat ailments

common in rural areas.

BayawaH., et.al, (2014) stated in “Guava leaves as an anti-bacterial Agent” that

the anti-bacterial potential of guava (psidiumguajava) leaf extracts determine against

Escherichia coli which is foodborne and spoilage bacteria. The present findings of this

study is the guava leaf-extract is a good candidate in search of ant-bacterial agent.

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LOCAL LITERATURE

Manila Standard Lifestyle (2014) narrated that Traditional and Alternative

Medicine Act promoted and advocated the use of traditional and alternative health care

modalities through scientific research and product development. One of the popular

traditional medicines is the guava, guava used and accepted as an antiseptic for wound

disinfection. It also helps to clean off bacteria and germs found in the wound in order to

prevent complications and infections.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study aims to benefit the following populations:

To the researchers, this may help us to have the ability to put any foods directly on the

surface without the need of worrying about the bacteria’s that will contaminate in their

food.

To the utilities, this may be a help for them to make sure that safety and cleanliness is

present to the tables used by every person in DMMCIHS. This can also help them to

spend less for its affordable price.

To the students and teachers, this may be a help for them to prevent sickness that can

be get from living microorganisms in tables and arm chairs that they use every day.

To the canteen, this may be a help for them to maintain cleanliness on tables that

costumers used and for the safety of the people who are using it.

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SCOPES AND LIMITATION

Basically, this limited to the students and teachers who didn’t know if their

amenities or food will be safe if they put it in the table or just put it aside. Thus, this can

also be used by maintenance in cleaning each room for it is safe to use.Also for the arm

chairs and tables that is used every day by the teachers and students in a

classroom.However it also applicable to the canteens any kind of food especially in the

equipment that they are using that is needed to be clean but cannot afford. This can

also used to sanitize the utilities used for the surfaces that is used by every person in

the school to prevent any sickness that can be gained by bacteria’s or microorganisms

present in different surfaces that can be found. The selection of the respondents are

only limited to those people who find the most organic and alternative surface

disinfectants than using toxics disinfectants.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms are conceptually and operationally defined for better

understanding of the readers.

Anti-microbial is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth

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Bacteria are microscopic living organism, usually one celled, that can be found

everywhere that cause infection, or beneficial, as in the process of fermentation ( such

in wine) and that of decomposition.

Chemicals are a form of matter having constant chemical composition and

characteristic properties.

Concentrations is the ratio of solute in a solution to either solvent or total solution.

Refers to the amount of a substance per defined space.

Culture Media is a liquid or gel designed to support the growth of microorganism.

Disease an illness that affect a person, animal or plant: a condition prevents the body or

mind from working normally.

Disinfectant is a chemical liquid that destroy bacteria.

Efficacy is the ability to produce a derive or intended result

Erlenmeyer Flask is a device usually constructed from glass, used to measure liquids,

usually in a chemistry or other science laboratory.

Ethanol it is used for distilling and dehydrating the liquid produced to get rid of the

water it contains.

Flavonoids are any of a large class of plants pigments having a structure base on or

similar to that of parasitic diseases.

Growth the increasing in size and changes in shape of a developing organism depend

on the increase in the number and size of cells that make up the individual.

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Microorganism is an organism which is microscopic, which means too small to be seen

by the unaided human eye. It includes bacteria, fungi, archaea, and viruses.

Nutrient Agar used in laboratory to help feed and grow bacteria and other

microorganism.

Saline Solution used clean wounds, clear sinuses, and treat dehydration.

Surface the flat top of a table, cupboard, etc. It is also used one of the primary tool to

collect the data needed.

Psidium Guajava is a scientific name for guava.

THEORETRICAL FRAMEWORK

GERM THEORY

(Jemima H. 2015), Stated that infectious diseases like flue, chickenpox and

pneumonia are caused by microscopic organisms – bacteria and viruses. Without this

knowledge, we might have never developed ways to treat and prevent such infections.

However, this understanding – known as the ‘germ theory’ of disease was a remarkably

recent discovery.

People have created theories to explain human disease for millennia: the Greek

physician Hippocrates, born in 460 BCE, thought that ‘bad air’ from swampy areas was

to blame. In the 19th century, improvements in microscope technology enabled a

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generation of microbiologists to investigate further the world of previously unseen

disease-causing organisms.

` Many of these scientists carried out research that contributed towards the

formation of the germ theory. However, scientific proof of the theory was the

achievement of two European scientist; Louis Pasteur, a French man, and Robert Koch,

who was a German.

Germ theory states that many diseases are caused by the presence and actions

of specific micro-organisms within the body. The theory was developed and gained

gradual acceptance in Europe and the United States from the middle 1880s. It

eventually superseded existing miasma and contagion theories of disease and in so

doing radically changed the practice of medicine. It remains a guiding theory that

underlies contemporary biomedicine.

Awareness of the physical existence of germs preceded the theory by more than

two centuries. Discoveries made by several individuals also pointed the way germ

theory. On constructing his first simple microscope in 1677, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

was surprised to see tiny organisms which he called ‘animalcules’ in the droplets of

water he was examining. He made no connection with disease, and although later

scientist observed germs in the blood of people suffering from disease, they suggested

that germs were an effect of disease, rather than the cause. This fitted with the then

popular theory of spontaneous generation.

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The observations and action of Ignaz Semmelweis, Joseph Lister and Joh Snow

would be retrospectively be acknowledge as contributing to the acceptance of germ

theory. But it was the laboratory researches of Louis Pasteur in the 1860s and then

Robert Koch in the following decades that provided the scientific proof for germ theory.

Their work opened the door to research into the identification of disease-causing germs

and potential lifesaving treatments.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The IPO Model

The input-process-output (IPO) model, or input-process –output pattern, is a

widely used approach in system analysis. This model will be the guide of the study to

identify if guava leaves extract is effective as an alternative surface disinfectant. The

researchers substituted the identification of growth microorganism in surface of guava

leaves extract as disinfectant after application. Analysis of data using statistical tools

and assessment in PROCESS. And recommendations for the final OUTPUT of the

study.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Identification of growth of - Analysis statistical Recommendation to use
microorganism in surfaces tools.
guava leaves as alternative
- Assessment of
of guava leaf extract as results. disinfectant on surface
disinfectant after the area.
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Figure 1. IPO Model of the study

CHAPTER 2

METHODS OF RESEARCH

This chapter shows the method of the extraction of Psidium Guajava leaves, and

identification of presence of microorganisms and procedure on performing culture and

gram staining. Proper waste management and precautions were also included.

RESEARCH DESIGN

A pretest posttest experimental design will be used in the study. It is an

experiment where measurements are taken both before and after treatment. The design

means that you can see the effects of some type of treatment on a group. Pretest-

Posttest experimental design has been usually carried out by using classic statistical

tests, such as family wise, which are strongly limited by exclusively analyzing the

intervention effects at the group level. Different Pretest-Posttest Designs are presented

in a manner that can help rehabilitation professionals to better understand and

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determine effects resulting from selected interventions. (Allessandri,2017). The

experimental method of research was utilized in the study for it was the best method of

research to establish the cause and effect relationship within the given hypothesis. The

study thrived to assess and observe the effectiveness of Psidium Guajava Leaves

ethanolic extract.

Sources of Data

The primary source of data used in the study included books, related studies,

and published journals. The Psidium Guajava was used in the study. This included the

to be extracted through ethanol. Plant was validated at University of the Philippines, Los

Banos Laguna, Museum of Natural History.

RESEARCH LOCALE

The Effectiveness of Guava Leaf will be tested as an Alternative Surface

Disinfectant at DMMCIHS Medical Technology Laboratory. The said laboratory is the

place where most of the students are conducting their experiments.

Preparation of Culture Medias

Suspend 28.0 grams in 1000 ml distilled water. Heat to boiling to dissolve the medium

completely. Sterilize by autoclaving at 15lbs pressure (121ºC) for 15 minutes. If desired,

the medium can be enriched with 5-10% blood or other biological fluids. Cool to 45-

50ºC. Mix well and pour into sterile Petri plates.

Preparation of Materials Needed

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The following materials that will be used in the study is Beaker, Wooden Steering

Rod, Rubber Gloves, Damp Cloth, and Mortar Pestle, Cotton Swab, this is where you

put all the ingredients. Wooden Steering Rod, it used to mix the ingredients. Rubber

Gloves will used to protect the hands to any hazards while doing the experiment. Damp

Cloth is used to strain the extract of the guava leaves. Mortar and pestle are used to

crush guava leaves to get the extract. Cotton Swab will use as to get a sample from a

surface.

Method and Procedure

Here are the phases in making Guava Leaves Extract as an alternative surface

disinfectant:

In making the guava leaves extract or the surface disinfectant. First, is to collect

some guava leaves and dried it under the sun, after drying all the guava leaves it will be

grinding using a blender and put it in a beaker, after that we put an exact amount of

ethanol in the beaker and wait until we get the extract of the guava leaves. Second, is to

drained the guava leaves and ethanol to get the extract, after that we measured

10grams of Nutrient Agar, in a beaker we put some water then add the 10 grams of

Nutrient Agar and mix thoroughly after it is mixed we put it in a four petri dish with the

label of 100%, 75%, 50%and 25% and then we will air dry the Nutrient Agar and

proceed to the next step. Third, get four beaker with the label of 100%, 75%, 50% and

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25%, in the first beaker which is labeled as 100%, we add an amount of 100% of pure

guava leaves extract and the second beaker which is labeled as 75% we put an amount

of 25% of distilled water then add the 75% of pure guava leaves extract. While, on the

third beaker that is labeled as 50% we put 50% of distilled water and also 50% of pure

guava leaves extract, then the last beaker that labeled as 25% we put 75% of distilled

water and 25% of pure guava leaves extract. Fourth, after mixing we inoculate all the

concentration to different surfaces such as tables, chairs and sink in the Medical

Laboratory Lab after air drying the surfaces wipe each of the surfaces using a cotton

swab and put in the petri dish with the agar. Lastly, it was incubated at 37 d C overnight.

Growth of the organism was then evaluated after 24 hours and recorded.

Preparation of Agar

Nutrient Agar is a general purpose, nutrient medium used for the cultivation of

microbes supporting growth of a wide range of non-fastidious organisms. Nutrient agar

is popular because it can grow a variety of types of bacteria and fungi, and contains

many nutrients needed for the bacterial growth. Nutrient agar was used in culturing the

organisms. About 28 grams of NA was suspended in 1000 ml of distilled water. It was

heated and boiled to dissolve the medium completely. It was sterilized by autoclaving at

15 lbs pressure (121 d C) for 15 minutes. The agar was then cooled at 40-50 d C.

Sterility test

Sterility test was performed by incubating the agar in incubator with 37 C temperature

for 18-24 hours and observed for no growth as indication for no bacterial growth.

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Collection of Specimen

In conducting the study, the researchers will get a sample form of different

surfaces to compare if there will be growth of bacteria on a selected surface’s in

DMMCIHS Medical Technology Laboratory after the application of guava leaves

disinfectant. The extract of the guava leaves and bleach will be applied into a surface

and will be incubated after 3 days in the culture media. After three days, the researchers

will check if there’s a bacteria growth on the culture media prepared. The growth will be

reported and will compared to the negative control (bleach).

Specimen Collection and Plant Extraction

Fresh Leaves of Guava were collected in Brgy. Gonzales, Tanauan City. The

plant was authenticated at Museum of Natural History at University of the Philipines Los

Baños College, Laguna.

The method was adapted to Olowa and Nuñeza (2013). The fresh plant was air

dried for about one week and ground into fine powder using a mechanical grinder.

Twenty grams of the fine powder of each plant samples were weighed and added into

an Erlenmeyer flask containing 250 mL of 95% ethanol. The solution was covered and

shaken every 30 min for about six (6) hours and allowed to stand for about 48 hours in

room temperature. Then, it was shaken and filtered using Whatman filter paper (No.1).

After filtration, the solvent was removed by evaporation using a rotary evaporator under

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reduced pressure at temperature below 55°C. The extracts were reconstituted by

dissolving in normal saline solution to the required concentrations (100%,75%,50% and

25%). The reconstituted extracts were maintained at 2–8 ºC. The procedure was done

at Medical Technology Laboratory at DMMC Institute of Health Sciences.

Procedure on the Preparation of Surface Area Testing

After the extraction of Guava leaves. The Guava Leaves extract was applied into

the different surface area (Table, Chairs, and also the Sink). Samples from the selected

area were inoculated using culture media.

Specimen Culture

Samples collected were immersed in Normal Saline Solution and incubated. It

was then streaked at Nutrient Agar in different trials to check if there’s a significant

differences on the growth of organisms. It was incubated at 37 d C overnight. Growth of

the organism was then evaluated after 24 hours and recorded.

Gram Staining Procedure

The organism isolated from the experiment was transferred into slide using

inoculating loop. It was then flooded using crystal violet staining reagent for about 1

minute. The slide was washed into gentle by tap water for about 2 seconds and stained

with a mordant (gram’s iodine). The slide was washed again by tap water and

decolorized for 15 seconds using methanol. The slide was flooded with Safranin O as

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the counterstain for 30 seconds to 1 minute. Microorganisms were visualized under the

microscope.

Proper Disposal and Handling of Specimen

Original cultures and sub-cultures and contaminated material were autoclaved at

121 º Celsius for 15-30 minutes before disposal as regular waste material. Bacteria that

were used in the study were treated as if they were all pathogenic. Proper handling of

specimen was observed by using safety equipment such as PPEs (Personal Protective

Equipment). Cultures were manipulated carefully to avoid uncontrolled release of

aerosols or the generation of large droplets or spills. Loading, removing, opening tubes

and plates, streaking, sub-culturing was done within a biological safety cabinet level 2.

Safety Precautions and Procedure

Bacteria are found everywhere in our environment, we are having contact with

them on a daily basis especially in the laboratory, while some of them are not

pathogenic and have never been shown to cause illness, under some circumstances a

few of the microorganisms that are not normally pathogenic can act as pathogens,

therefore proper safety precautions must be observed at all times. All bacteria were

treated as potential pathogens. All materials like tubes, plates, media, loops and other

items used for handling and culturing the bacteria were sterilized by autoclaving.

Operations and safe use of all materials and equipment were done. Proper use of

personal protective equipment like gloves, gown, mask, and goggles and proper

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donning and doffing was observed at all times.10% bleach or 70% ethanol solution

were used to clean the work area before and after the handling of cultures. Eating or

drinking was strictly prohibited in the laboratory during handling of cultures. All cultures,

chemicals and media were labeled with their respective names, dates and hazard

information. All items that were discarded like tubes, culture plates, swabs, loops, and

gloves were placed first in a biohazard autoclave bag and autoclaved at 121 º Celsius

for 15-30 minutes. Never eat or drink in the laboratory while doing the experiment. Keep

your fingers out of your mouth and wash your hands before and after the laboratory

experiment. Cover any cuts on your hands with a bandage. Rubber gloves maybe worn

as extra protection. The researchers will segregate the materials that used in forming

the guava leaves extract as an alternative surface disinfectant. First thing is sorting of

reuse materials like beaker, wooden steering rod, rubber gloves, and camphor powder.

The researcher will sterilize the beaker to get rid of bacteria that remains in the beaker.

Second, the rubber gloves and camphor powders that is used is not that harmful to our

environment, so it will dispose in canal. Lastly, the wooden materials like wooden

steering rod will be sterilized and will store it in a storage room. An unauthorized

experiment or procedure must not do.

Statistical Tool

For S.O.P 1 a frequency distribution table will be used. A frequency distribution is

tabular representation of a survey data set used to organize and summarize the

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data. Specifically, it is a list of either qualitative or quantitative values that a variable

takes in a data set and the associated number of times each value.

For S.O.P 2 T-test will be used. The T-Test compares two means that are from the

same individual, object, or relative units.

Interpretation of Data

Growth will be reported depending on the presence of microorganisms on

the agar. Zero (0) or no growth, 1 for slight growth, 2 for moderate growth, and 3

for heavy growth of microorganisms. By this reporting significant levels will be

determined. The growth on the culture media will be differentiated by grading.

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Identification and Authentication

Plant
Identification

Drying
Cutting
Plant Grinding
collection and
Extraction Ethanolic Extraction

Identification
Isolation of
Bacteria
Verification

Disposal
Waste
Handling
Precautions

Interpretatio
Statistical Analysis
n of Result

Figure 2. Research Processs

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Chapter III

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

This chapter comprises the analysis, presentation and interpretation of the

results and findings from this study. The framework of the analysis and interpretation is

guided by the problems stated in Chapter 1.

1. What is/are the most effective concentration of guava leaves as surface

disinfectant?

Table 1. Statistical data results of (100%, 75%, 50% and 25%) concentration of Guava

Leaves Ethanolic extract against the surface bacteria.

Valid Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent Percent

100% No growth 3 100.0 100.0 100.0

75% No growth 3 100.0 100.0 100.0

Moderate 2 66.7 66.7 66.7

50% Heavy 1 33.3 33.3 100.0

Moderate 1 33.3 33.3 33.3

Heavy 2 66.7 66.7 100.0
25%

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Table 1 shows that among the different concentration (100%, 75%, 50% and

25%), 100% and 75% are the most effective concentration as surface disinfectant

because there is no growth of microorganism, however 50% and 25% concentration are

not effective as surface disinfectant because there is a growth of microorganism found.

On the other hand, there is no significant difference between 100% vs 75%

concentration because both concentrations have no growth at all and 50% vs 25% also

has no significant difference because both of them has the growth of microorganism.

2.) Is there any significant difference on the following concentrations of guava leaves as

surface disinfectant?

a. 100%

b. 75%

c. 50%

d. 25 %

Table 2. Statistical data result comparing 75% vs 50% and 50% vs 25% concentration of Guava

Leaves Ethanolic Extract.

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Paired Differences
Std. 95% confidence

Std. Error Interval of the Sig.(2-

Mean Deviation Mean difference t df tailed)

Lower Upper

Pair 2 75% vs -.33333 .57735 .33333 - -.89912 - 2 .020

50% 3.76755 7.000

Pair 3 50% vs -.33333 .57735 .33333 - 1.1008 - 2 .423

25% 1.76755 8 1.000

Table 2 shows that the Pair 2, which are the 75% vs 50% concentration with a P-value

of .020 meaning that there is significant difference because 75% concentration has no growth

at all and the 50% concentration of guava leaves extract with the has a growth of

microorganism, so there is significant different between the two. While the Pair 3, which are

the 50% vs 25% concentration with a P-value of .423 meaning that there is no significant

different because both of them has a growth of microorganism.

3.) Is there any significance difference on the concentrations used compared to

negative control?

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Paired Differences
Std. 95% confidence

Std. Error Interval of the Sig.(2-

Mean Deviation Mean difference T df tailed)

Lower Upper

Pair 3 50% vs

Negative 2.33333 .57735 .33333 .89912 3.76755 7.000 2 .020

control
Pair 4 25% vs

Negative 2.66667 .57735 .33333 1.23245 4.10088 8. 2 .015

control 000
Table 3. Statistical data result of negative control comparing to different concentration

of Guava Leaves Ethanolic Extract.

Based on statistics on table 3, there is significance difference between 50% vs

negative control with a P-value of .020, meaning the 50% guava leaves extract are not

effective because it has a moderate growth as shown in the table 1, while the negative

control has no growth meaning that the negative control is most effective than 50%

extract of guava leaves. It also showed that there is a significance difference between

25% vs negative control with a P-value of .015 meaning that the 25% guava leaves

extract are not effective compared to negative control because it has heavy growth as

shown in the table 1.

4. How may the findings of the study become helpful and useful as surface disinfectant?

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The study will help the utilities, canteen staff, teachers and student to help them

to make sure the cleanliness and safety present to the tables used by every person in

DMMCIHS. It also develops a health awareness because most of the surface

disinfectant in the market are very toxic and dangerous to the health of everyone. On

the other hand, parents are also beneficial to this study because they don’t have to

worry if their children might be affected by the toxic disinfectant.

Discussion

This study shows that the Effectiveness of Guava Leaves Extract as an

Alternative Surface Disinfectant is effective against to the surface bacteria located at the

Medical Technology Laboratory of DMMCIHS. Among the different concentration

(100%, 75%, 50% and 25%), 100% and 75% concentration are both effective as

surface disinfectant because it can kill microorganism or using this concentration there

is no growth of bacteria at all, however 50% and 25% concentration are not effective as

surface disinfectant because there is a growth of microorganism found. Therefore, the

guava leaves extract is effective as surface disinfectant.

Chapter IV

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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter present the result of the experiment. It also contains the

recommendation of the researchers on other ways or methods in doing this experiment

as well as their conclusions in based on the result of their experiment.

Summary

The researchers chose this research to experiment the Effectiveness of

Guava (Psidium Guajava) Leaves Extract as an Alternative Surface Disinfectant. The

researchers also thought that by using this plant, it can possibly help others to save

money. It can be also used in healing wounds; it can also help male infertility because

of sperm clumping. This is also non-toxic compare to the other surface disinfectant.

The Extract of the Guava (Psidium Guajava) Leaves can be an Alternative

Surface Disinfectant. Normal saline solution was used with different concentration of

25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The researchers then collected the samples that we

inoculated in different surface area and put it in the agar. The Agar that was used to put

the samples that the researchers get from different surface is the Nutrient Agar. The

samples that were gathered were incubated in 37d C overnight. Only 100% and 75%

are the most effective of all of them because it shows no growth. This research shows

that some of the concentrations are effective and some are not.

Conclusion

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This research concludes that the Guava leaves (Psidium Guajava) extract is

effective as an alternative surface disinfectant in concentrations of 75% and 100%.

Therefore, Guava Leaves extract Surface Disinfectant is safe to use because of its

environmental friendly components. It is also non-toxic disinfectant because the

researcher makes a Guava Leaves Ethanolic Extract that make the disinfectant non-

toxic surface disinfectant compared to other toxic disinfectant. It is safe if you put any

food that applied by the Guava Leaves Ethanolic Extract on specific surface.

Recommendation

To the canteen and utilities in some schools especially in DMMCIHS where the

place that we conduct our study, this research is helpful to the school for the cleanliness

and safety of the students, teachers and people around the school.

To the community, the researcher recommends to conduct activities that can

show the importance of guava leaves especially to those urban places where anyone

can find many of this plant and make them familiar that guava leaves extract can be

useful as surface disinfectant.

For the future researcher, it can be their basis for conducting their research study

using the data that we gather in this research, they can also develop a further

experiment about this study.

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Central 

Ahuja A. 2018:15 Amazing Guava Befits: Heart Healthy, Weight Loss Friendly and 

More NDTV Food 2018 

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et al. Psidium guajava (Guava): A plant of multipurpose medicinal applications.

Med Aromat Plants 2012; 1:104. 

Bayawa, H., Sayson, D., (2014): Guava Leaves as an Antibacterial Agent.prezi.com.

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Braga T, Dores R, Ramos C, Evangelista F, Tinoco L, Varotti F, et al. Antioxidant, 

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Brown, MJ.PhD. 2018: 8 Health Benefits of Guava Fruit and Leaves: healthline.com 

Chanda S, Kaneria M. 2011:Indian nutraceutical plant leaves as an potential source of

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natural antimicrobial agents. Science against Microbial Pathogens:

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Dr. Levy Y, Dr. Timothy E (2011) A Guide for Novice Researcher on Experimental

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Gutiérrez, R. M., S. Mitchell, and R. V. Solis. 2008. Psidium guajava: A review of its

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T. Minh, L. T. K. Thoa, J. D. Clemens, and D. D. Trach. 2004. Healthcare use

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Mahfuzul, H., M. L. Bari, Y. Inatsu, V. K. Juneja, and S. Kawamoto. 2007. Antibaterial

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essential oil extracted from Thai medicinal plants on KB and P388 cell

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Mehta W, Rajesh G, Rao A, Shenoy R, B.H.M. Pai. Antimicrobial efficacy of Punica

granatum mesocarp, Nelumbo nucifera Leaf, Psidium guajava Leaf and Coffea

Canephora extract on common oral pathogens: An in-vitro study. J Clin Diagn

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Res 2014;8:ZC65-8.

Mukhtar, H. M., S. H. Ansari, Z. A Bhat,T. Naved, and P. Singh. 2006. Antidiabetic

activity of an ethanol extract obtainedfrom the stem bark of Psidium

guajava (Myrtaceae). Pharmazie. 61(8):725-7 Retrieved April 22, 2008.

Nelson-Filho P. da Silva LA. Ds Silva RA, da Silva LL, Ferreira PD, Ito IY. Efficacy of

microwaves and chlorhexidine on thedisinfection of pacifiers and toothbrushes:

An in vitro study. Pediatr Dent 2011:33:10-3.Oh. W. K, C. H. Lee, M. S. Lee, E.

Y Bae, C. B. Sohn, H.

Oh, B. Y. Kim, and J. S. Ahn.2005. Antidiabetic effects of extracts from Psidium

guajava. J Ethnopharmacol. 96(3):411-5. Retrieved April 22, 2008.

Ojewole, J.A. 2006. Antiinflammatory and analgesic effects of Psidium guajava Linn.

(Myrtaceae) leaf aqueous extract in rats and mice. Methods Find Exp Clin

Pharmacol. 28(7):441-6. Retrieved April 22, 2008.

Ravi K, Divyashree P. Psidium guajava: A review on its potential as an adjunct in

treating periodontal disease. Pharmacogn Rev 2014;8:96- 100.

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APPENDICES

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Appendix A

Letter of Request

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Appendix B
Experiment Procedure

Collection of Guava Leaves

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Drying of Guava Leaves

Cutting of Guava Leaves

Grinding of Dry Guava Leaves

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Adding ethanol in Grind Guava Leaves

Adding Foil

Filtration of Guava Leaves Ethanolic Extract

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Adding of Foil

Preparation of Agar

Autoclaving the Agar

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Dispensation and labelling of agar

Collection of specimen

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Gram Staining

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Reporting of Result

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Appendix C
Raw Data (Interpreted Result)
Guava
leaves 100% 75% 50% 25% Negative Interpretatio
extract control n

Trial 1 0 0 2 3 0 0 No growth of
microorganism
Trial 2 0 0 2 2 0 1 Slight growth
Trial 3 0 0 3 3 0 2 Moderate
growth
3 Heavy growth

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Appendix D

Statistical Data

SOP1

Valid Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent Percent

100% No growth 3 100.0 100.0 100.0

75% No growth 3 100.0 100.0 100.0

Moderate 2 66.7 66.7 66.7

50% Heavy 1 33.3 33.3 100.0

Moderate 1 33.3 33.3 33.3

Heavy 2 66.7 66.7 100.0
25%

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Paired Differences
Std. 95% confidence

Std. Error Interval of the Sig.(2-

Mean Deviation Mean difference t df tailed)

Lower Upper

Pair 2 75% vs -.33333 .57735 .33333 - -.89912 - 2 .020

50% 3.76755 7.000

Pair 3 50% vs -.33333 .57735 .33333 - 1.1008 - 2 .423

25% 1.76755 8 1.000

SOP 2

Paired Differences

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Std. 95% confidence

Std. Error Interval of the Sig.(2-

Mean Deviation Mean difference t df tailed)

Lower Upper

Pair 3 50% vs

Negative 2.33333 .57735 .33333 .89912 3.76755 7.000 2 .020

control
Pair 4 25% vs

Negative 2.66667 .57735 .33333 1.23245 4.10088 8. 2 .015

control 000

SOP 3

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Curriculum Vitae

KARYL CARANDANG GONZALES

 Juan Gonzales St. Población 4 Tanauan City, Batangas
 Contact No: (+63) 995-109-1899

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

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Secondary: Senior High School

Daniel Mercado Medical Center Institute of Health Sciences
A.Y. 2018- up to present
143 Narra St., Mountview Subdivision, Tanauan City, Batangas

Junior High School

Tanauan Institutes Inc.
A.Y. 2014-2018
Población 4, Tanauan City, Batangas

Primary: Tanauan North Central School

A.Y. 2008-2014
Brgy 1 Tanauan City, Batangas
PERSONAL DATA

Name : Karyl C. Gonzales

Sex : Female
Birthdate : August 14, 2002
Birthplace : Brgy.4, Tanauan City, Batangas
Height : 5’1
Weight : 57 kgs
Citizenship : Filipino
Name of Mother : Malou Carandang
Occupation : Housewife
Name of Father : Reynante Gonzales
Occupation : Tricycle Driver

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ANGELINE NITRO PIAMONTE

 San Pablo 1, Malvar, Batangas
 Contact No: (+63) 930-833-1321

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Secondary: Senior High School

Daniel Mercado Medical Center Institute of Health Sciences
A.Y. 2018- up to present
143 Narra St., Mountview Subdivision, Tanauan City, Batangas

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Junior High School

Malvar National Highschool
A.Y. 2014-2018
Poblacion Malvar, Batangas

Primary: San Pedro 1 Elementary School

A.Y. 2008-2014
San Pedro 1, Malvar, Batangas

PERSONAL DATA
Name : Angelne N. PIamonte

Sex : Female

Birthdate : September 13, 2002

Birthplace : San Pedro 1, Malvar, Batangas

Height : 5’4

Weight : 49 kgs

Citizenship : Filipino

Name of Mother : Nerissa Piamonte

Occupation : Housewife

Name of Father : Noel Piamote

Occupation : OFW

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JAY-R VILLENO OSUMO

 Brgy. Sta. Elena, Sto. Tomas, Batangas
 Contact No: (+63) 949-564-7450

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary: Senior High School
Daniel Mercado Medical Center Institute of Health Sciences
A.Y. 2018- up to present
143 Narra St., Mountview Subdivision, Tanauan City, Batangas

Junior High School

Jehova Shammah Christian Community School

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A.Y. 2014-2018
Bitin, Bay, Laguna

Primary: Illustre Central School

A.Y. 2008-2014
Illustre, North Cotabato
PERSONAL DATA

Name : Jay-r V. Osumo

Sex : Male
Birthdate : January 06, 2003
Birthplace : Bay, Bitin, Laguna
Height : 5’5
Weight : 61 kgs
Citizenship : Filipino
Name of Mother : Rowena Osumo
Occupation : Housewife
Name of Father : Pacifico Osumo
Occupation : Supervisor

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MARTIN LAWRENCE DE GUZMAN GONZALES

 Juan Gonzales St. Población 4 Tanauan City, Batangas
 Contact No: (+63) 930-787-2209

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Secondary: Senior High School

Daniel Mercado Medical Center Institute of Health Sciences
A.Y. 2018- up to present
143 Narra St., Mountview Subdivision, Tanauan City, Batangas

Junior High School

Tanauan Institutes Inc.

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A.Y. 2016-2018
Población 4, Tanauan City, Batangas

Primary: Tanauan North Central School

A.Y. 2011-2014
Brgy 1 Tanauan City, Batangas
PERSONAL DATA

Name : Martin Lawrence D. Gonzales

Sex : Male
Birthdate : March 7, 2001
Birthplace : Janopol Occidental, Tanauan City, Batangas
Height : 5’4
Weight : 85 kgs
Citizenship : Filipino
Name of Mother : Dulce De Guzman Occupation: Doctor
SecretaryName of Father : Perry Gonzales Occupation: Government
Employee

DMMC INSTITUTE OF HEALTH AND SCIENCES

#143 Narra St., Mt. view Subd., Brgy. 3, Tanauan City, Batangas
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CAMILLE VILLANUEVA CASTILLO

 Brgy. Gonzales, Tanauan City, Batangas
 Contact No: (+63) 936-551-0658

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Secondary: Senior High School

Daniel Mercado Medical Center Institute of Health Sciences
A.Y. 2018- up to present
143 Narra St., Mountview Subdivision, Tanauan City, Batangas

Junior High School

Tanauan Institutes Inc.
A.Y. 2014-2018

DMMC INSTITUTE OF HEALTH AND SCIENCES

#143 Narra St., Mt. view Subd., Brgy. 3, Tanauan City, Batangas
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Población 4, Tanauan City, Batangas

Primary: Gonzales Elementary School

A.Y. 2008-2014
Brgy Gonzales, Tanauan City, Batangas
PERSONAL DATA

Name : Camille V. Castillo

Sex : Female
Birthdate : February 23, 2002
Birthplace : Sto. Tomas, Batangas
Height : 5’8
Weight : 68 kgs
Citizenship : Filipino
Name of Mother : Luciana Castillo
Occupation : Factory Worker
Name of Father : Macario Castillo
Occupation : Househusband

DMMC INSTITUTE OF HEALTH AND SCIENCES

#143 Narra St., Mt. view Subd., Brgy. 3, Tanauan City, Batangas
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DMMC INSTITUTE OF HEALTH AND SCIENCES

#143 Narra St., Mt. view Subd., Brgy. 3, Tanauan City, Batangas